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Supportive care in head and neck cancer patients Jansen, F.

2018

document version

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link to publication in VU Research Portal

citation for published version (APA)

Jansen, F. (2018). Supportive care in head and neck cancer patients: Patient-reported needs and costs.

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(2)

ŽƐƚͲƵƟůŝƚLJŽĨƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů

ĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐŝŶŚĞĂĚĂŶĚŶĞĐŬĐĂŶĐĞƌĂŶĚůƵŶŐ

ĐĂŶĐĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ

Femke Jansen Anna MH Krebber Veerle MH Coupé Pim Cuijpers Remco de Bree Annemarie Becker-Commissaris Egbert F Smit

Annemieke van Straten Guus M Eeckhout Aartjan TF Beekman C René Leemans

Irma M Verdonck-de Leeuw

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7

INTRODUCTION

ZĞĐĞŶƚƌĞǀŝĞǁƐŽŶƚŚĞĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĐŽƐƚͲƵƟůŝƚLJŽĨƉƐLJĐŚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƌĞŝŶĐĂŶĐĞƌ ƉĂƟĞŶƚƐŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůĨŽƵŶĚƚŚĂƚƉƐLJĐŚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƌĞŝƐůŝŬĞůLJƚŽďĞĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞĂƚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJ ĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞǁŝůůŝŶŐŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲƉĂLJƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚƐϭ͕Ϯ͘DŽƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ǁĂƌƌĂŶƚĞĚ͕ƐŝŶĐĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƐĐĂƌĐĞĂŶĚŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞŶĞŝƚLJĂŵŽŶŐƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŚĂŵƉĞƌƐĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ ŽĨĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ͘ůƐŽŶŽƐƚƵĚLJƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚŶŽǀĞůƉƐLJĐŚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐĂƐƐƚĞƉƉĞĚ ĐĂƌĞ͘dŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞďĂƌƌŝĞƌƐƚŽƵƐĂŐĞŽĨƉƐLJĐŚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂŶĐĞƌĐĂƌĞ͕ĂƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐŝŶĐĂŶĐĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĐŽŶƐŝƐƟŶŐŽĨĨŽƵƌ ƐƚĞƉƐ͗ϭ͘ǁĂƚĐŚĨƵůǁĂŝƟŶŐĨŽƌƚǁŽǁĞĞŬƐ͕Ϯ͘ŐƵŝĚĞĚƐĞůĨͲŚĞůƉ͕ϯ͘ĨĂĐĞͲƚŽͲĨĂĐĞƉƌŽďůĞŵͲ ƐŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ͕ĂŶĚϰ͘ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĐŽŐŶŝƟǀĞďĞŚĂǀŝŽƌĂů ƚŚĞƌĂƉLJͿĂŶĚͬŽƌƉƐLJĐŚŽƚƌŽƉŝĐŵĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶϯ͘WĂƟĞŶƚƐƉƌŽĐĞĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŶĞdžƚƐƚĞƉŽŶůLJǁŚĞŶ ƐLJŵƉƚŽŵƐŽĨĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐĚŽŶŽƚƌĞƐŽůǀĞ͘ ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚŝƐƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚƚŽŚĂǀĞďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂůĞīĞĐƚƐŽŶĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ ƚŽ ĐĂƌĞͲĂƐͲƵƐƵĂů ;hͿ ŝŶ ŚĞĂĚ ĂŶĚ ŶĞĐŬ ĐĂŶĐĞƌ ;,EͿ ĂŶĚ ůƵŶŐ ĐĂŶĐĞƌ ;>ͿƉĂƟĞŶƚƐϰ͘,EĂŶĚ>ƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚ͕ƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞLJĂƌĞƐĞůĚŽŵŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶ ƌĂŶĚŽŵŝnjĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚƚƌŝĂůƐ;ZdƐͿŽĨƉƐLJĐŚŽƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƌĞ͕ĚĞƐƉŝƚĞĂŚŝŐŚƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨ depressionϱ͘WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŽĨƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐ ƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĐĂƌĞƉĂƟĞŶƚƐϲͲϵ͕ŽůĚĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐϭϬ͕ϭϭ͕ƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚĚŝĂďĞƚĞƐϭϮ͕ϭϯ͕ŽƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚ

acute coronary syndromeϭϰ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐ͕ ŚĂǀĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ͕ ĞdžĐĞƉƚ ĨŽƌ

one studyϭϬ͕ƚŚĞƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJͲĂĚũƵƐƚĞĚůŝĨĞLJĞĂƌƐ;Y>zƐͿŽƌ

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ϭϰϭ

7

Eligible patients with increased HADS (n=265)

Baseline assessment t0 Randomized (n=156)

Allocated to intervention (n=75)

Step 1, Watchful waiting (n=75) Step 2, Guided self-help (n=50)

Step 3, Problem solving treatment (n=11) and 3 patients directly to step 4

Step 4, Psychotherapy or medication (n=6)

Allocated to control group (n=81)

Did not receive psychosocial care (n=52) Did receive psychosocial care (n=20) Missing (n=9)

t1 assessment (after stepped care)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=61) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=14)

t2 assessment (3 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=58) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=16)

t3 assessment (6 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=55) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=18)

t4 assessment (9 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=54) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=18)

t5 assessment (12 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=55) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=16)

t1 assessment (4 months after t0)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=72) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=8)

t2 assessment (3 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=60) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=16)

t3 assessment (6 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=59) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=12)

t4 assessment (9 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=53) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=16)

t5 assessment (12 months after t1)

- Completed EQ-5D (n=52) - Not completed EQ-5D (n=14)

Excluded (n=109)

- Declined to participate (n=102) - Could not be reached (n=7)

Died (n=1) Died (n=4) Died (n=5) Died (n=2) Died (n=3) Died (n=1) Died (n=1) Died (n=1) Died (n=1) Screening for psychological distress by HADS using OncoQuesta

1-11-2009 untill 1-8-2013 2885 times in 920 patients

Screening for psychological distress by

HADS using telephone

1-12-2012 untill 1-8-2013 in 378 patients

a

At the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck surgery and at the Department of Pulmonary Diseases of the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Analysed (n=75) Analysed (n=81)

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ϭϰϮ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬ;ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĞŝƐŵͿŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĨŽƵƌǁĞĞŬƐ͘>ŽƐƐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĞŝƐŵ ǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚďLJŵƵůƟƉůLJŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĂLJƐŽĨůĞƐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJĂƚǁŽƌŬďLJƚŚĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚ ĂŵŽƵŶƚŽĨůŽƐƚƋƵĂŶƟƚLJŽƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŽƌŬ;ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϬͲϭϬͿ͘/ŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ŶŽŶͲŵĞĚŝĐĂůĐŽƐƚƐĨƌŽŵƉĂŝĚǁŽƌŬǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚďLJŵƵůƟƉůLJŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJůŽƐƐĞƐďLJ ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJĂŐĞͲĂŶĚŐĞŶĚĞƌͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐŽƐƚƐϭϲƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŚƵŵĂŶĐĂƉŝƚĂůĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚ͘ dŚĞƵƌŽYŽůͲϱĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ;YͲϱͿǁĂƐƵƐĞĚƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŚĞĂůƚŚͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ dŚĞYͲϱƵƟůŝƚLJƐĐŽƌĞǁĂƐŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƵƚĐŚŝŶĚĞdžƚĂƌŝīϭϴ͘ dĂďůĞϭ͘ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨŚĞĂůƚŚĐĂƌĞƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ ŽƐƚƐ;ΦͿ ^ĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐ Ͳ ^ĐƌĞĞŶŝŶŐĨŽƌĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐ ϳ͘ϵϳ Ͳ ŽŶƐƵůƚĂƟŽŶďLJĂŶƵƌƐĞĨŽƌϭϱŵŝŶƵƚĞƐ ϳ͘ϵϳ ^ƚĞƉϭǁĂƚĐŚĨƵůǁĂŝƟŶŐ Ͳ DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐďLJ,^ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ϳ͘ϵϳ ^ƚĞƉϮŐƵŝĚĞĚƐĞůĨͲŚĞůƉ Ͳ ^ĞůĨͲŚĞůƉŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚƚŽŽůŽƌŬůĞƚ ϯϵ͘ϬϬ Ͳ &ĞĞĚďĂĐŬďLJĞͲŵĂŝůŽƌƚĞůĞƉŚŽŶĞĨƌŽŵĂŶƵƌƐĞ;ŝŶƚŽƚĂůŽŶĞŚŽƵƌͿ ϯϭ͘ϴϴ Ͳ DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐďLJ,^ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ϳ͘ϵϳ ^ƚĞƉϯĨĂĐĞͲƚŽͲĨĂĐĞƉƌŽďůĞŵͲƐŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ Ͳ &ŝǀĞͲƐĞƐƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƉƌŽďůĞŵͲƐŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĂƉLJďLJĂŶƵƌƐĞ ϭϱϭ͘ϰϮ Ͳ DŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĚŝƐƚƌĞƐƐďLJ,^ĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚ ϳ͘ϵϳ ^ƚĞƉϰƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐĂŶĚͬŽƌƉƐLJĐŚŽƚƌŽƉŝĐŵĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶ Ͳ Costs were calculated per person individually since type of treatment and

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ϭϰϴ

dĂďůĞϯ͘DĞĂŶĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌƟŵĞƉŽŝŶƚŽĨĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĐĂƐĞƐ1

/ŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶŐƌŽƵƉ;ŶсϰϳͿ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƉƌŝĐĞ

ƉĞƌƵŶŝƚ;ΦͿ ĂƐĞůŝŶĞ;ƚϬͿ ƚϭ ƚϮ ƚϯ ƚϰ

Direct medical costsϮ ϭϴϵ;ϯϬϯͿ ϮϬϯ;ϮϯϬͿ ϭϳϲ;ϮϮϮͿ ϭϴϲ;ϮϰϬͿ ϭϰϴ;ϭϲϵͿ

'ĞŶĞƌĂůƉƌĂĐƟƟŽŶĞƌ Ϯϵ Ϯϲ;ϰϵͿ ϮϬ;ϮϳͿ Ϯϯ;ϯϳͿ ϭϳ;ϯϭͿ ϮϮ;ϯϱͿ Company doctor ϲϱ ϭϭ;ϯϰͿ ϭϭ;ϮϱͿ ϭϮ;ϮϵͿ ϳ;ϮϰͿ ϯ;ϭϯͿ ^ŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌ;ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJͿ ϲϴ ϭ;ϭϬͿ ϭ;ϭϬͿ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ ^ŽĐŝĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌ;ŐĞŶĞƌĂůͿ ϲϴ ϭϬ;ϯϮͿ ϰ;ϭϳͿ ϯ;ϮϬͿ ϳ;ϯϱͿ ϲ;ϮϴͿ Physiotherapist ϯϴ ϲϱ;ϭϵϯͿ ϱϴ;ϭϬϬͿ ϰϲ;ϵϵͿ ϱϮ;ϭϭϳͿ ϯϭ;ϳϮͿ ŝĞƟƟĂŶ Ϯϴ ϭϮ;ϮϰͿ ϳ;ϭϵͿ ϴ;ϮϮͿ ϴ;ϮϬͿ ϰ;ϭϮͿ WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŚĞůƉ ;ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞƉƌĂĐƟĐĞͿ ϴϭ Ͳ ϭϮ;ϯϴͿ ϯ;ϭϳͿ ϯ;ϭϳͿ Ϯ;ϭϮͿ WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŚĞůƉ;ŽƵƚͲƉĂƟĞŶƚͿ ϭϳϵ ϭϵ;ϭϬϳͿ ϭϵ;ϳϳͿ ϭϱ;ϲϯͿ ϯϬ;ϭϮϬͿ ϭϱ;ϲϯͿ WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŚĞůƉ;ĂĚĚŝĐƟŽŶͿ ϭϳϵ Ͳ ϭϱ;ϭϬϰͿ ϭϵ;ϭϬϳͿ Ͳ Ͳ WƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŚĞůƉ ;ŵĞŶƚĂůŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůͿ ϭϴϭ Ͳ ϭϱ;ϲϯͿ ϰ;ϮϲͿ ϰ;ϮϲͿ ϰ;ϮϲͿ ^ƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐƚ;ŐĞŶĞƌĂůŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůͿ ϲϳ Ϯϲ;ϭϬϬͿ Ϯϰ;ϰϵͿ ϭϲ;ϰϮͿ ϭϵ;ϯϵͿ ϮϬ;ϯϵͿ Priest ϭϮϮ Ͳ Ͳ ϯ;ϭϴͿ ϯ;ϭϴͿ ϯ;ϭϴͿ ,ŽƵƐĞĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐ Ϯϱ ϭϭ;ϱϵͿ ϭϰ;ϲϮͿ ϭϵ;ϳϵͿ ϯϮ;ϭϬϮͿ ϯϴ;ϭϭϮͿ Personal care ϰϲ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ Ͳ sŝƐŝƟŶŐŶƵƌƐĞ ϲϴ ϳ;ϰϭͿ ϭ;ϭϬͿ ϰ;ϭϳͿ ϯ;ϮϬͿ ϭ;ϭϬͿ KƚŚĞƌĚŝƌĞĐƚŵĞĚŝĐĂůĐŽƐƚƐ DĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶϮ Ϭ͘ϭϵʹϳ͘ϱϴƉĞƌ ϭϵ;ϯϯͿ ϭϳ;ϯϬͿ ϭϳ;ϮϴͿ ϭϳ;ϮϵͿ ϭϮ;ϮϭͿ Specialistϯ ϭϯϬ Day treatmentϯ ϮϱϮ ,ŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶϯ ϱϳϲŽƌ Ϯϭϴϰ;/Ϳ ŝƌĞĐƚŶŽŶͲŵĞĚŝĐĂůĐŽƐƚƐϮ ϴϬ;ϭϳϳͿ ϯϰ;ϴϯͿ ϳϵ;ϮϯϬͿ ϲϬ;ϭϱϴͿ ϰϵ;ϭϰϲͿ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚŐƌŽƵƉƐ ϭϮ͘ϴϬʹϱϳ͘ϱϬ ϯϰ;ϭϯϴͿ ϰ;ϭϰͿ ϭϴ;ϱϰͿ ϯϳ;ϭϱϬͿ ϭϲ;ϱϱͿ Informal care ϭϮ͘ϴϬ ϰϭ;ϭϮϯͿ Ϯϰ;ϴϬͿ ϱϳ;ϮϮϯͿ ϭϵ;ϱϵͿ ϯϬ;ϭϯϳͿ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂŶĚƉĂƌŬŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐ Ϭ͘ϮϬƉĞƌŬŵͬϯ͘ϬϬ ƉĂƌŬŝŶŐ ϰ;ϴͿ ϲ;ϳͿ ϰ;ϲͿ ϰ;ϲͿ ϯ;ϰͿ /ŶĚŝƌĞĐƚŶŽŶͲŵĞĚŝĐĂůĐŽƐƚƐϰ ϯϳϮ;ϭϭϮϳͿ Ϯϲϰ;ϵϭϰͿ ϮϬϱ;ϱϴϮͿ ϭϳϮ;ϳϰϳͿ ϭϮϰ;ϰϮϮͿ

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ϭϱϬ ďLJŵƵůƟƉůLJŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĞĂŶĐŽƐƚƐĂƚƟŵĞƉŽŝŶƚƚϭďLJƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐƟŵĞƉĞƌŝŽĚ;ƟŵĞ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚϬĂŶĚƚϭͿ͘hŶůŝŬĞƉĂƟĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŐƌŽƵƉ͕ĨŽƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐƌĂŶĚŽŵŝnjĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶŐƌŽƵƉ͕ƚŚĞĐŽƐƚƐĂƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞd/ͲWĂŶĚWZK/^YĂƚƚϭǁĞƌĞŶŽƚ ĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŝnjĂďůĞƚŽƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƉĞƌŝŽĚ;ĂƉĂƟĞŶƚǁĂƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚ ƚŽŚĂǀĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽƐƚƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƐƚĞƉϰƚŚĂŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƐƚĞƉϭͿ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĐŽƐƚƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚϬĂŶĚƚϭĨŽƌŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚďLJƐƵŵŵŝŶŐĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌƐƚĞƉ͘ DĞĂŶĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌƐƚĞƉƉĞƌϰǁĞĞŬƐǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨŽƌĂůůƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁŚŽϭͿƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶ ƐƚĞƉϰ͕ϮͿƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƐƚĞƉϯďƵƚŶŽƚŝŶƐƚĞƉϰ͕ϯͿƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƐƚĞƉϮďƵƚŶŽƚŝŶƐƚĞƉ ϯŽƌϰ͕ĂŶĚϰͿƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁŚŽƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƐƚĞƉϭďƵƚŶŽƚŝŶƐƚĞƉϮ͕ϯŽƌϰ͘^ƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͕ ĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚďLJŵƵůƟƉůLJŝŶŐŵĞĂŶĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌ ƐƚĞƉƉĞƌϰǁĞĞŬƐďLJƚŚĞƟŵĞĂƉĂƟĞŶƚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƐƚĞƉ͘ŽƐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚϭĂŶĚƚϱĂƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞd/ͲWĂŶĚWZK/^YĨŽƌďŽƚŚŐƌŽƵƉƐǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚ ƵƐŝŶŐůŝŶĞĂƌŝŶƚĞƌƉŽůĂƟŽŶ͘dŽƚĂůĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚǁĞƌĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚďLJƐƵŵŵŝŶŐ ĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞĐŽƐƚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞd/ͲWĂŶĚWZK/^YǁŝƚŚŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚ ĐŽƐƚƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘dŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨY>zƐƉĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚ ǁĂƐĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚďLJŵƵůƟƉůLJŝŶŐƚŚĞYͲϱƵƟůŝƚLJƐĐŽƌĞďLJƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƟŵĞƉĞƌŝŽĚŝƚ ĂĐĐŽƵŶƚƐĨŽƌƵƐŝŶŐůŝŶĞĂƌŝŶƚĞƌƉŽůĂƟŽŶ͘ ŶŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽƐƚͲƵƟůŝƚLJƌĂƟŽ;/hZͿǁĂƐĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚƚŽŽďƚĂŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌŐĂŝŶĞĚ Y>zďLJĚŝǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽƐƚƐďLJƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůĞīĞĐƚƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂ;ŵĞĂŶŽƐƚƐŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶʹŵĞĂŶŽƐƚƐcontrolͿͬ;ŵĞĂŶY>zƐŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶʹŵĞĂŶY>zƐ

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ϭϱϲ ƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶůŽǁĞƌŵĞĂŶY>zƐĂŶĚŝƐĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŵĞĂŶƚŽƚĂůĐŽƐƚƐ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ƚǁŽĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐǁĞƌĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ͗ŽŶĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂůůĚŝĞĚƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞ ĞdžĐůƵĚĞĚĂŶĚŽŶĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĨŽƌĂůůĚŝĞĚƉĂƟĞŶƚƐĐŽƐƚĂŶĚƵƟůŝƚLJĚĂƚĂǁĞƌĞŝŵƉƵƚĞĚ ĂƐƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞLJǁĞƌĞƐƟůůĂůŝǀĞ͘/ŶďŽƚŚĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽƐƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽ ŐƌŽƵƉƐĐŚĂŶŐĞĚƐŽŵĞǁŚĂƚ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞŝŶĐƌĞŵĞŶƚĂůY>zƐĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƚŽĂŶŽŶͲƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂůůLJ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶŐƌŽƵƉƐƟůůŚĂĚĂƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϴϰйͲϵϬй ƚŚĂƚĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞY>zƐǁĞƌĞŚŝŐŚĞƌƚŚĂŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚĂƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϵϲй ͲϵϵйƚŚĂƚŝƚǁĂƐůĞƐƐĐŽƐƚůLJ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚǁŚĞŶƐƚĞƉƉĞĚĐĂƌĞĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ ƐƵƌǀŝǀĂů͕ŝƚŝƐƐƟůůůŝŬĞůLJƚŽďĞĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞ͘ KƵƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞŝŶĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚŽŶĞƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƐƚƵĚLJƚŚĂƚƚĂƌŐĞƚĞĚĐĂŶĐĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ with increased levels of distressϮϲ͘ůůŽƚŚĞƌƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚĂƌŐĞƟŶŐĐĂŶĐĞƌƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ

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