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Clinical and biochemical risk factors for first and recurrent episodes of venous thrombosis Christiansen, S.C.

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Christiansen, S.C.

Citation

Christiansen, S. C. (2010, September 28). Clinical and biochemical risk factors for first and recurrent episodes of venous thrombosis. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15992

Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version License:

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15992

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

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