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Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914

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(1)Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D.. Citation Çetinkaya, Y. D. (2010, May 26). Muslim merchants and workingclass in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15553 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15553. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) MUSLIM MERCHANTS AND WORKING-CLASS IN ACTION: NATIONALISM, SOCIAL MOBILIZATION AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1908-1914. G´£JŸtϒŸ˜JÝJ. .'0 Óáªá.

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(4) MUSLIM MERCHANTS AND WORKING-CLASS IN ACTION: NATIONALISM, SOCIAL MOBILIZATION AND BOYCOTT MOVEMENT IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1908-1914. 7»šp|¾^†»‰|Æ Æp»Ñp»»‰Ž€‰–€ÑG– gp€»GGgÑG–š^ƚ»GG–gp<–‰Ñp»¾‰Æp‰Æ+p‰gp–e š¦€p×G€ÑG–9p^ƚ»,G€–‰|‰^˾¦»š|«“»«7«!«ÑG–gp»#p‰Žgp–e њ€p–¾Up¾Ë‰ÆÑG–†pÆšp€pњš»7»š“šÆ‰p¾ ÆpÑp»gpg‰€p–š¦Қp–¾gG€ÊÂ,p‰ÊØ¡Ø šp¡}dØØËË». gšš» G´£JŸtϒŸ˜JÝJ "pUš»p–Æp

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(9) Contents. Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................................................................... ix INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................................................1 C H APTE R I. CLASSES AND THE PROBLEM OF AGENCY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE ..................................................................................................................................................13 1.1. Non-Muslim Bourgeoisie and the State ..........................................................................................................14 1.2. Muslim Merchants .............................................................................................................................................................................23 1.3. The Muslim Working-Class ...................................................................................................................................................35 1.4. Culture, Class Consciousness, and Islam ........................................................................................................42 C H APTE R II. THE EMERGENCE OF THE ECONOMIC BOYCOTT AS A POLITICAL WEAPON, 1908 ............................................................................................................................47 2.1. People Take Action: Mass Actions and Public Demonstrations ................................50 2.2. The Organization .................................................................................................................................................................................66 2.3. The Workers’ Boycott: Oscillating between Strike and Boycott.................................72 2.4. Merchants during the Boycott: The Weakest Link...........................................................................87 2.5. The Popularization of the National Economy ........................................................................................96.

(10) CHA PTE R III. THE SHIFT FROM FOREIGN TO “INTERNAL” ENEMIES, 1910-1911.....................................................................................................109 3.1. The Cretan Question...................................................................................................................................................................111 3.2. Meetings, Direct Actions and the Mobilization of Society............................................112 3.3. The Boycott Society .....................................................................................................................................................................134 3.4. Muslims versus non-Muslims: “Our Greek Citizens are Exempt from the Boycott!”..........................................................143 3.5. National Economy, Muslim Merchants and the Working Class..............................161 3.6. The State and the Boycott Movement ...........................................................................................................172 CHA PTE R IV. THE MUSLIM PROTEST: THE ECONOMIC BOYCOTT AS A WEAPON IN PEACETIMES, 1913-1914 ........................................................................................................................................189 4.1. The Political Milieu ........................................................................................................................................................................190 4.2. Pamphleting the Muslim Public...............................................................................................................................193 4.3. The National Economy and an Open Letter to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate .................................................................................................................203 4.4. “Henceforth Goods to Be Purchased from Muslim Merchants” ............................207 4.5. Banditry and Agency in the Boycott Movement...........................................................................222 EPI LOGUE. THE MASS POLITICS IN THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD AND THE BOYCOTT MOVEMENT .............237 The Popularization of Politics and the Shift in Mass Politics ...................................................237 Mass Politics, National Economy, and the Boycott Movement............................................250 Popular Ideology, Islam, and the Mobilization of the Masses...............................................261. Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................................................267 Samenvatting ............................................................................................................................................................................................281 Curriculum Vitae ..................................................................................................................................................................................285.

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