Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914
49
0
0
Hele tekst
(2) CHAPTER IV. THE MUSLIM PROTEST: THE ECONOMIC BOYCOTT AS A WEAPON IN PEACETIMES, 1913-1914. p|»pÆpGGBG»¾eUÔ^ÆƾGgUpp»G×pgGG¾Æ Ë»¦p G^ËÆ»p¾GgÆp»p^^»p¦»p¾pÆGÆÑp¾Æp/ÆÆG ¦»p«#ÒpÑp»eG¾gp¾Æ»GÆpgÆp¦»pÑ˾^G¦Æp»eÆp,˾ /ÆÆG¾G¾¾Ë||p»pg|»ÆpUÔ^Æƾ«;p»¾¾p¾ÒpÆGg GgÒÆÆp»¾p|;Ë»¾Ã,˾GÆG¾«ÆËÆpÔ^ÆÆ ,ÑppƸ¾¾ÆGÆppƾpÑp»¦pÔÆG»pÆpg/ÆÆG^Æ×p¾e¦Æ^G Ggp^^gpÑp¦pƾÆp¡Æ^pÆË»ÔGg¦GÑpgÆpÒGÔ|» G^G¾UpÆÒppg||p»pÆ»p˾GgpÆ^^ËÆp¾«¾¾Ògp ÔG»ËpgÆp;Ë»¾¾Æ»»G¦Ôe;Ë»¾GÆG¾pÑpÆËG ÔGpgG˦»p^pgpÆpg¦Òp»Æpp¦»pG|Æp»ÆpGGBG»¾« ;p^p|»Æ;Ë»¾Ã,˾GÆG¾Æ¾^»pG¾ÔpÓ^ËgpgGÆÑp ,˾¾|»p^^Gg¾^GpÆÒ»¾«1$ƾ^ÆpÓÆeÆp Ô^ÆÆ,ÑppÆeGÆp¡¡Çe¦»¦GGÆpg¾gG»ÆÔÒÆÆp,˾ ^ËÆÔGgUpGÆpÓ^Ëgp,˾¾pG»Ô¡¡« $ƾ^G¦Æp»e$Ò|»¾ÆGGÔ×pÆpÒgpÔg¾Æ»UËÆpg¦G¦pƾ ÆGÆGgg»p¾¾pg,˾¾Gg^Gpg|»p^^Gg¾^G¾gG»ÆÔ« ;pg¾Æ»UËÆ|pG|pƾGgG¾¾¦»¦GGgG|»G-GÆG ^ Ô^^gpgÒÆÆp»pÑÑG|ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆ«;pg¾^Ë»¾p GgÆp»G×GÆ|ÆpÑppÆg»p^ÆÔÆG»pÆpg,˾¾ Gg¦»¦GGÆpgÆpgGÆ|,˾¾Æpp^ÔeÒ^ÒG¾ ¡. »)GFλ^p»eµ"» dp»G|,Îpg¾ Ñp,gp»;λÔp¸ Ë Ëe¶ IÂIÍ¡ÂÒÍIÒÒÂÛsÍs=ÕÂÛs¿js Í IÍr Ie g« »)GFλ^p»e¨
(3) ¾ÆGUËd
(4) pÆ DGÔoG»oeÊØØ©e¦«¡¡«. %,-.
(5) ¦pgƦGÑpÆpÒGÔ|»Æp|˦Òp»|,˾¾Ã;Ë»¾Æp/ÆÆ G ¦»p«Ap^pGg||p»pÆ^ËÆp¾G^^¦GpgÆp Ô^ÆÆ,ÑppÆGgÒG¾ÆpƦ^|¦ËU^g¾^˾¾¾Ggg¦ GÆ^pÆGƾ«;¾¾ÒÔÆp»pÆGÆ,˾G¾¦GÔpgÆp Ô^ÆÆ,ÑppÆUp^GpG¾¾|^GÆG¾ÆpU×GÆ|ÆpG¾¾ p¾«$Æp^Ë»¾p|ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆeg||p»pƦÆ^GGg¾^G G^Æ»¾^¦pÆpgGgpÆGÆpgÒÆpG^Æp»«;pUÔ^ÆÆ»G×G ƾÒp»ppp»GÔ^¦»¾pg|^GÆGUp¾e^GUË»pGË^»GƾeGg »Gƾ«;pÑp»pÆGgÆpÆÆpp|<Gg7»»p¾¾ Òp»p|»ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆeUËÆGÆÆp¾GpÆpÆ»pgÆ^ƻƫ ;p,˾¾e¦G»Æ^ËG»ÔÆp"»pp¾GgÆp»pG¾eÒ¾Ë| |p»pg|»ÆpUÔ^ÆÆÆ»pgƦËU^×pÆp»¦»Up¾ÒÆÆpÆp» GÆG¦ËU^«;˾eÆp¦GÆ»G»^¾|Æp¾p^ËÆp¾¦ËƦ»p¾¾Ë»p Æp/ÆÆGÑp»pÆUÔ|»Æp"»pGÆ7Òp»¾«;p"»pGÆ 7Òp»¾GgÆp»g¦GÆ^»p¦»p¾pÆGÆÑp¾Òp»pË^»pÑÑpg ƾÆG¦»pÑ˾^G¾p¾«!»Æ¾»pG¾Æ¾^»Ë^G|»Æp¾ÆËgÔ| ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆÆËgp»¾ÆGgÆp¾Æ»ËpGg»pGƾ¦¾Up ÆÒppÆp"»pGÆ7Òp»¾eÆp¦GÆ»G»^GÆp¾GgÆp^Ë»^pÆÒ»eÆp ÆÆpp|<Gg7»»p¾¾Ggƾ¾^GUG¾p¾G,»e,˾ Ã;Ë»¾GÆG¾Æ»G×GƾGgÆp»^Gg»p¾eGgÆpG¾¾p¾| ,˾»Gƾ|ÒÆÆp/ÆÆG ¦»p|»Æp¾ÆÆp» »Æ»p¾« 4.1. The Political Milieu ;pÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆ^GpÆg||p»pÆÆÒ¾|¾G,»G¦¦»Ó GÆpÔ!pU»ËG»Ô|¡¡GgÆG»pÆpg¦G»Æ^ËG»Ô/ÆÆG"»pp¾ GgeÆGp¾¾p»pÓÆpÆe»pG¾GgËG»G¾«$»gp»Æ»G¾¦Æp pp»G^G»G^Æp»¾Æ^¾|ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆ¡¡epG¾Æ|^˾ Æp^Æp¦»G»Ô¾^GGg¦Æ^GGpgG«¦G»Æ|»Æppp» GgpÑG¾ÆGƾ^G^¾p°Ëp^p¾|ÆpGGBG»¾eÒ^gpp¦Ô |Ëp^pg/ÆÆG:^pÆÔeÆp»pÒp»pG¾¦Æ^GGgg¦GÆ^¦»U p¾ÆGÆÆp/ÆÆGpÆp˾pg»gp»ÆGÑG×pÆp¾pÆpƾ| ,˾¾Æp/ÆÆG ¦»p« p|»pÆpgp^G»GÆ|B»gBG»$eÆp/ÆÆG¦»p¾¾^¾pÔ| ÒpgÆpGG^p|»GÆGÆp"»pGÆ7Òp»¾«¦G»Æ|»Æp¾ ¾Ëp|ÆpUGG^p|¦Òp»eÆp/ÆÆG¦ËU^¦ÒG¾G¾ÆpÓ ^˾ÑpÔ^^˦pgUÔÆÒ^»Ë^Gg¦GÆ^°Ëp¾Æ¾dp|ÆpÒG¾ %-$.
(6) Æp$¾Gg¾8Ëp¾Æ¨jIIÂ.sÅssÅ©«$ÆÒG¾¾¾|^GÆÆGÆpÒ¾¦G ¦p»¾^ËgpgG¾¦p^G^Ë»p¾p»Ñpg|»pÒ¾Gg^pƾ»pG»g ƾ°Ëp¾Æ«2;p°Ëp¾ÆÑÑpgÆp^Æ»Ñp»¾ÔGUËÆÆp¾Ñ p»pÆԻƾ|Æp/ÆÆG ¦»pGg"»pp^pÑp»ÆpppG¾ Gg¾«;pg¾¦ËÆpUpÆÒppÆpÆÒ¾ÆGÆp¾^ÆËpgËÆ)ËÔ¡¡e ÒpÆpÆÒ¾ÆGÆp¾^GpÆÆp»¾ÒÆpG^Æp»G¾ÆpÔ»pG×pgÆGÆ ÆpÒ»gÒG¾G¦¦»G^G»pGÆÒG»«3#ÒpÑp»eËÆÆpÆp¾¾Ëp ^ÆËpgÆ^G˾pÆp¾UpÆÒppÆpÆÒ^ËÆ»p¾« ;p¾p^g¦»UpUpÆÒpp"»pp^pGgÆp/ÆÆG ¦»pÒG¾Æp °Ëp¾Æ|,G^pgG«;p¦Æ|,˾¾,G^pgG¦»Ñpg GÆG¾ÆGg»p˾¾pÆpƾG/ÆÆG,˾¾«4;p»p |»peÆp,G^pgG8Ëp¾Æ¾¾|^GÆ|»Ëgp»¾ÆGgU×G ƦGÆÆp»¾Ggg¾^Ë»¾p¾»pGÆpgÒÆÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆ«;p/Æ ÆG;Ë»¾¦»p¾¾ËÆ×pgÆp¾¾Ëpƾƻ˦GÆGGg»p˾ ¾pÆpƾ«;p»pG¦¦pG»pgÑË˾pÒ¾Æp¾GgGԻ˻¾ »pG»gÆp¦p»¾p^ËÆ|,˾¾ÆppÒÔ¾Æ,G^pgG«;p ¾p»Ô|Æp»GƾÒÒp»p^¾ÆGÆÔ|ÒÆÆp/ÆÆG ¦»p|ËppgÆp»p¾pÆpÆ|,˾¾«5 $G^|gpÆGp»GgËeÆp»Æ¾^¾ËB««B«,GÆÆpÒ¾ »p¦»ÆpgÆGÆÆppgË^GÆpg;Ë»¾Òp»p^Ñ^pgÆGÆÆp¾¾|Æp¾ Gg¾|+p¾U¾e:^Gg:G¾Æ"»pp^pÒËg»p¾ËÆÆpµg¾Æp »GÆ|Æp;Ë»¾¦¾¾p¾¾¾¾G«¶;pÆÆpp|<Gg 7»»p¾¾^¾gp»pgÆp¾Gg¾GÆ»pGÆÆÆpÆp»GgeGÆG«6 ;p;Ë»¾¦»p¾¾UGpgÆp"»pGÆ7Òp»¾|»Æp»Ë¾Æ^pÆÒG»g¾ Æp;Ë»¾Gg|»Æpp¦Æp»Ò»g¾¾G¾ÆµG¾¾¾Æ;Ë»pÔÆ^ ¾gGÆpp»¦¾Æ¾G«¶;p;Ë»¾¦»p¾¾eG^^»gÆÆpp »GgËeG¾¾p»ÆpgÆGÆÆp¾p¾Gg¾ÒËgUpGUG¾p|»"»ppG¾|» GÆGÆGgGÆÆG^G¾G,»eG¾ÆGgG¦¦ppg,G^pgG« Ê. Ç }. Â. !»¾ÆG^pe¾ppdµgGG»,p¾pp¾e¶jIeu!pU»ËG»Ô¡¡e:ËgGÔe¦«ÊÀµgGG»,p¾p p¾e¶jIe¡Ø!pU»ËG»Ô¡¡e;Ëp¾gGÔe¦«ÊÀµgGG»,p¾pp¾e¶jIe¡¡!pU»ËG»Ô ¡¡eBpgp¾gGÔe¦«¡«:G»pÒ¾Òp»p^ÆË˾ԦËU¾pgpÑp»ÔgGÔ« :G e+¤=ÕÂsÂØsÍÍIÍ=sÂIe¨G»Gd
(7) pDGÔoG»oe¡u©e¦«ÇuÇ« !»pÆgGo»eµËG»¾ÆGeDËG¾ÆGÑp;λÔp?`pgp<˾
(8) G¾oÑp-Î|˾ p e¶IÂIÍ¡ÂÒÍIÒÒÂÛsÍs=ÕÂÛs¿js Í IÍr Ie¦«ÊÊ« !»pÓG¦p¾|¾Ë^pÒ¾Æp¾|»jIe¾ppdµAG»G¸gG,ÆeDËG,p×Ge¶ jIe})Ëp¡¡e!»gGÔe¦«ÇÀµDËG,p×Ge¶jIe¡¡)Ëp¡¡e;Ë»¾gGÔe¦«ÇÀ µDËG,p×Ge:pGpGGÆ
(9) ¾GÔp¾,ËÆo»G¾oe¶jIe¡Ê)Ëp¡¡e!» gGÔe¦«ÇÀµDËG,p×Ge¶jIe¡Ç)Ëp¡¡e:GÆË»gGÔe¦«« !ËGÆÎG»e.¡jsÂ=ÕÂÛs¿ÂsÅfÍÍIÍØs=sÂI¿ ÍÅÍs.Õsjů¨¨Î ¨¨x°e¨
(10) ¾ÆGUËd
(11) pÆ DGÔoG»oeÊØØu©e¦«¡Ç«. %-%.
(12) ,GÆÆpÒ¾G¾»p|p»»pgÆÆppÓÆ»p¾ÆGg^GËѾÆÑpÒ¾pÒ¾¦G ¦p»¾¾Ë^G¾=Ie,¤ÛÕGg=IÅØ IÂeÒ^^ÆpgGÆ Ë»¦p GGgGÆ"»pp|pp¾G,˾¾«;p¾ppÒ¾¦G¦p»¾eGgG ÔUG¾¾e»p¦»ÆpgGUËÆÆ»pGÆpÆ|,˾¾,G^pgGGg Æp¾Gg¾eG^^»gÆÆp»Æ¾^¾Ë«;p¾Æ»p¾¾Æ|Æp°ËÆ pgÆp¾ppÒ¾Òp»pÆp¾Æ|G"»pp|GÑp»ÆpÂIW ¨¦»GÔp» ^p©|Æp#GG:|GeÆp^¾^»¦Æ|^G"»pp¾ÆÆp#p p^|ppÆeGgÆppUp¾pÆ|$¾ÆGUË|»Æp¦»¾¦p^ÆÑpG»»Ñ G|Æpƻ˦GÆ"»pp*¾ÆGÆp«;pp»Gg˾ÆGÆ pgÆGÆÆp¾p^G¾Òp»pÆUËÆUG¾pp¾¾GpGƾÆGƾÆGÆpg ,˾¾¸¾pÆpƾGG¾Æ/ÆÆG"»pp¾«7 ;p$¾Gg¾8Ëp¾ÆGgÆp,G^pgG8Ëp¾Æ^»pGÆpgG˾ÆG UpGƾ¦p»p|»Æp/ÆÆG"»pp¾¾^pUƾ¾Ëp¾Òp»p»pGÆpgÆ "»pp^p«!Ë»Æp»»peÆp/ÆÆGÃ;Ë»¾¦»p¾¾¦ËU¾pgpÒ¾|Æp GÆ»^Æp¾GgG¾¾GËƾ|"»ppG¾,˾ÑGp¾e»|Æpp¾ ¾¾ÆGËÆ"»pp¾^¾e»|Æp¾ÆGÆp|,˾¾¦G^p¾gp¾pÔ ¦¦ËGÆpgUÔ"»pp¾«;p¾p»Ë»¾^»^ËGÆGÆp,˾¦¦ ËGÆ^»pG¾pgÆpÆp¾¾UpÆÒppÆpÆÒ^ËÆp¾8Gg|G^ ÆGÆpgÆpU×GÆ|,˾¾GG¾Æ/ÆÆG"»pp¾gË»Æp Ô^ÆÆ,ÑppÆ« Æp;Ë»¾pÆpeGg¦G»Æ^ËG»ÔÆpÆÆpp|<Gg 7»»p¾¾eÆp»pÒG¾Ògp¾¦»pGg|pG»|GÑG¾|¾G,»«;p ¦»p¾p^p|,˾¾;»G^pGgGÆp^G¾ÆG»p¾ÒG¾ ^¾gp»pgG¾GÆ»pGÆ«;p»p|»peÆpÆÆpp|<Gg7»»p¾¾ ¦»UGUÔÒGÆpgÆ»p¦G^p,˾¾ÒÆ,˾¾ÒÆpÔ^ ¾gp»pgÆUp»pÔG«9 ;¾Ë˦eÆp»pÒp»p¾Ë||^pÆ»pG¾¾|»Æp¾pÆp¾UpÆÒpp ÑG»Ë¾pppƾ|Æp/ÆÆG ¦»p«+G¾ÆUËÆÆpG¾ÆeÆppp^ ƾ|»Æp/ÆÆG7G»GpÆeÒ^ƦG^pUpÆÒppÆpÒ Á u. . %-&. !/«¡}ÃÊ}ue!p|µÆ»¾ÆGÔ^ÆÆe¶¨|»p»»p|p»p^pÇØÂÃÇØuØ©e ^¾Ë»p -«Êe,p»GgËe¦¦«}ÇÁ}Çu« µ9Ë,pÆpUp»gppp»ËÆËËÔ»e¶jIeu)Ëp¡¡e,gGÔe¦«ÊÀµ:Go׸gG,ξ ÎGG»;ppgpg»e¶jIe¡Ø)Ëp¡¡eBpgp¾gGÔe¦«ÊÀµ
(13) ×»¸gp*ξÆGoG»e¶ jIeu,G»^¡¡e:ËgGÔe¦«¡«!»¾ÆG^peGpgG»pGgGËG»g|Æp9pp Òp»ppgGG¾¾GËÆG¦^p¾ÆGÆ*G»G»p¾Ã:Ô»G«jI^GpgÆGÆƾ G¾¾GËÆGgÆUpppÓp^ËÆpgUÔ"»ppUGg¾»"»pp¾gp»¾eUËÆUÔÆpGÆÑp"»pp¾« ;ppÒ¾¦G¦p»pÓ¦»p¾¾pgµ»p|¶Ñp»Æ¾^gpÆ«µ
(14) ×»AGGe¶jIe¡Á)Ëp¡¡e Bpgp¾gGÔe¦«Ê« ;¾gpGÒG¾pÓ¦»p¾¾pgÆp»p¦»Æ¾|Æp»Æ¾^¾Ë¾«!»¾ÆG^pe¾ppd!/« ¡}ÃÊ}ue-«ÇØueÂ,GÔ¡¡e¦«ÇÊ«.
(15) Æp»|¡¡ÇGgÆp¾¦»|¡¡e^Æ»UËÆpgÆƾËpG¾Ô¾^Gp Ñ»pÆ«;p»p^^Ë»»pgËp»Ë¾^gpƾUpÆÒppÆpÆ Æpp|<Gg7»»p¾¾Gg¦»pÆpUp»¾|Æp»pGGg "»pp^ËÆp¾«10;p»p|»peÆp¾^GGg¦Æ^GpËpÆ ×pgÆpG^ƾ|g||p»pƾppƾ|,˾¾^pÆÔGgÆp^Gg»p¾ |Æp;Ë»¾GÆG¾ÆÑppÆeÒÒGÆpgƦ»ÑpÆp¾^G Gg¦Æ^G¦¾Æ|,˾¾ØÅOØÅ,˾¾«;p¾pÆÆÒG¾ ^ÑppÆ|»GÆGÆGG¾Æ,˾¾« 4.2. Pamphleting the Muslim Public ÆÆppg|¡¡ÇeËp»Ë¾¦G¦pƾÒp»pGgpgËÆ|»|»ppeGg g»p¾¾Æp,˾¾Gg;Ë»¾|Æp/ÆÆG ¦»p«;pG| Æp¾ppG|pƾÒG¾ÆU»GUËÆG»pÑÑG|Æp,˾¦¦ËGÆ« ;¾ÒG¾Gp^^»pÑÑGÒ^ÒG¾¦pgÆ»p¾^Ëp,˾¾Gg ;Ë»¾|»Æpµp»^p¾¾Gg¾¶|Æp,˾¾ÒÒp»pÒ» GG¾ÆÆpp¦»p« ^G|»ÍÅIͨ-GÆG ^Ô©GgUppÆpGpgG ¾^pÆp¦»ËGÆ|Æp^¾ÆÆËÆ¡Øu«Æ|»¾Æe-GÆG ^Ôp»pÔ¦pgÆpgpÑp¦pÆ|GGÆÑpp^ÔGg g˾ƻԫ;p|»¾ÆG¦¦»G^ÆGGÆGp^Ô^ËgpgG»p˾ ^ËÆp¾Æpp¦»pGg¦»¦GGÆpgÆÆGgpÑp¦pÆGg»p ^Ñp»Ô« #ÒpÑp»e¦G»Æ^ËG»ÔG|Æp»ÆpGGBG»¾eÆpg¾^Ë»¾p-GÆ G ^ÔUp^Gp»p^»Æ^G|Æpp^^|p»»ÆÔ|,˾¾ ØÅOØÅÆp»¾ÆG¾«,ppg9p geÆpÑp»»|*G»p¾eÒ»Æp ¾gG»ÔÇØ)ËÔ¡¡ÇÆGÆGÆG¾pÆpƾÒp»pÆp»¾pGg ÆGÆGGÆGp^^GÒGpÒG¾ÆG¦G^pGÆp,˾ ¦¦ËGÆ| g»pÆ«Ë»¾Ñ¾ÆepG¾Ëgp»pgÆGÆÆp,˾ ¾| g»pÆGgË»GÔpÒp»pppg|GGÆGUG|»Æp» p^^¦»»p¾¾«#p^GpgÆGÆ,˾¾Gg¾ÆG»ÆpgÆ^¦pÆpÒÆ Æp»¾ÆG¾«11 /ÆppGgeÆÒG¾^GpgÆGƾƦ»G»Ô,˾¾¦»| Æpg|»Æp^Ë»»pƾÆGÆp|Æpp^Ô«-,˾¾Òp»p¦»|p¾ ¡Ø ¡¡. !p»×GgeÍÍIÍØs=sÂI¨ßx¨¨e¨
(16) ¾ÆGUËd*GÔGDGÔoG»oe¡}©e¦¦«¡ÁÁ ¡Áu« -pgpƨ g«©e ².ssj;s jIÂIÛ%IÛIÍrØs%IÍrÂIIÂre¨
(17) ×»dGgp* ÆGUpÑe¡Á©e¦¦«ÂÂÁ¡«. %-'.
(18) ¾G×pgg||p»pÆ^»G|ƾeÒpÆp,˾¦¦ËGÆ^¾ÆÆËÆ pgÆp»^¾Ëp»¾GgUËÆÔ|»Æp«-,˾¾Up^Gp ÒpGÆÔÆG¾ÆÆppÔÆGÆ,˾¾¾¦pÆ«/ÆpÆp»Gge ,˾¾Ë¾pgÆppÔÆpÔpG»pgGG¾ÆÆpÆp»p¾Æ¾|Æp/Æ ÆG ¦»p«;GƾƾGÔe,˾¾eGg¦G»Æ^ËG»ÔÆp"»pp¾e Òp»pUpÆ»GÔÆp^ËÆ»ÔeUÔp^^GԾ˦¦»Æ"»pp^pÒÆ Æp»pgÒpƾGggGƾ« ¾G»p¾ËÆeÆp»pG¦¦pG»pgG¾|ÆÆpUÔ^ÆÆp»¾¸g¾^Ë»¾pÒ^ g»p^ÆÔÆG»pÆpg,˾/ÆÆG¾«;¾gpGUp^Gp¦»pÑGpÆ GÆp/ÆÆGpÆpGgÒG¾p^pgÆppÒ¾eG»Æ^p¾eGg^ pÆG»p¾|Æp;Ë»¾pÒ¾¦G¦p»¾«7G¦pƾGgg»p¾¾pg,˾¾Gg Æ»pgƦ¦ËG»×pƾpÒ^^p¦Æ|-GÆG ^ÔGÆp ,˾Gg;Ë»¾Òp»^G¾¾p¾«ÆpG¾Æ|Ë»¦G¦pƾÒp»p¦ËU ¾pg¡¡ÇGg¡¡$¾ÆGUËeGgGÆp»p:Ô»G¡¡« $|G^ÆeÆp|Ë»¦G¦pƾ¦ËU¾pg$¾ÆGUËG»pÆG»pGÆpÓÆpÆ gpÆ^GGg||p»G¾ÆÆp¾Gp¦Æ«;˾eÆpGÔÆG|g||p» pÆÑp»¾¾|G¦G»Æ^ËG»ÆpÓÆ«;˾Gg¾|Æp¾ppG|pƾÒp»pg¾Æ»U ËÆpg|»|»ppeUÆ$¾ÆGUËGgÆp¦»Ñ^p¾«;pÔGgÑp»Ô¾ G»eUËƾÆÔg||p»pÆÆÆp¾«;Ò|ÆpÒp»pGpg.ÕÅÕIIÂI .IÅÒŨ ¾¦p^G|»,˾¾©eGgÆpÆp»¾Òp»pÆÆpg.ÕÅÕIIÂI .IÅÒÅ,ÒÂÍÒIF¡Ò¨7GÆ|:GÑGÆ|»,˾¾©Gg.ÕÅÕI Øs=ÕÂsÂs¨;,˾Gg;Ë»¾©«12;p»pGÔUp¾pÑp»GÆp»Ñp» ¾¾e¾^pÆp¾»ÆÑp»¾¾gÆ^ËgpÆp¾Æ|p»^GƾÆGÆ Òp»pGÆÆG^pgÆÆp¾p¦G¦pƾÆp¦,˾^¾Ëp»¾|g ,˾p»^Gƾ«13:p^gG»Ô|»GÆ»pG»gÆp¾p¦G¦pƾ g^GÆp¾ÆGƾp|Æp¾p¾»ÆÑp»¾¾ggp^¾pG¾Æ« ;pGËÆ»¾|Æp¾ppG|pƾÒp»pGÔ˾«#ÒpÑp»eÆG¾ÆÆp ¦ËU^GÆ|ÆpgG»Ô|pÆ-pg:p»ÑpÆ;»eÒ^pÒ»Æp ¡Ê. ¡Ç. %-(. .ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅe¨Z«¦«[e¡ÇÊ©«;¾¾G¾»ÆÑp»¾Gggp¾ÆÑÑpG¾Æ |,˾p»^Gƾ«.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅe¨Z«¦«[e¡ÇÊ©¾Æpp¾ÆÑp»¾eÒÆ G»pg^Ñp»¦GpeGg^Ëgp¾G¾Æ|,˾p»^Gƾ«;¾¾¦»UGUÔÆpG¾Æ Ñp»¾Gg¦ËU¾pgGÆÆpÑp»ÔUp|¡¡«.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅ,ÒÂÍÒIF¡ Òe¨Z«¦«[e¡ÇÊ©«.ÕÅÕIØs=ÕÂsÂse¨Z«¦«[e¡ÇÊ©¾Æp¾»Æp¾ÆÑp»¾eUËÆgp¾ GÑpG¾»Æ¾Æ|,˾p»^Gƾ«;¾¾»Æ¾Æg^GÆp¾ÆGÆÆÒG¾¦ËU¾pg¦G» Æ^ËG»Ô|»Æp¾G¦G»Æ|$¾ÆGUËe¾^pÆpGgg»p¾¾p¾|Æp¾pp»^GƾUpÆ Æ¾»p« FG|p»;¦»GG¾Æ»gË^pg.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅÆÆp¾Æ»»G¦Ô;Ë»pÔ«#¾ Æ»G¾Æp»GÆ|Æp¦G¦pÆG¾»pÑpG¾Æp|G^ÆÆGÆÆp»pG»p¾|^GÆg||p»p^ p¾UpÆÒppg||p»pÆpÓ¾ÆpG|pƾ«FG|p»;¦»Geµ¡¡Ç¡¡,ξÎGÔÆGoe¶ =¡ÒØse-«ÊÃÇØeGG»DGסu}e¡Á¡«.
(19) GUËÆÆpgGÔÆgGÔ|p|¾ÆÆpgGËÆp»-pÑ×eeÒpÒGÑpG ¦p|»GÆGUËÆÆp¾p¦G¦pƾ«14pÆ-pgÒG¾G^ÑUË »pGË^»GÆÒ»Æp,¾Æ»Ô|BG»Gg¦ËU¾pg¦GÆ»Æ^GgG ÆG¾Æ¦G¦pƾGg¦p¾»gp»Æpp»GÆpGU×GÆG Æp,˾¾Gg;Ë»¾G|Æp»ÆpGGBG»¾«15#¾U»Æp» gU:p»ÑpÆ pÔÒG¾GÆpÆppUp»¾|ÆpsÛsÍIÛs¨¾ËUpUG»g©| ÆpÆÆpp|<Gg7»»p¾¾Up|»pÆp»pÑËÆ«16;¾|G^Æe Gg¾UpG||^p»Æp,¾Æ»Ô|BG»eg^GÆp¾ÆGÆÆp¾ÆGÆp GgÆpÆÆpp|<Gg7»»p¾¾GgGË^»pG^ÆÑp»p ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆG|Æp»ÆpGGBG»¾« ;p|»¾Æ|Æp¾pUpƾÒG¾.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅ«17pÆ-pg |»¾ÆpÆpgƾ¦G¦pÆÆpgG»ÔpÆ»Ô|¡Ø-ÑpUp»¡¡ÇeG¾ GpÓ^˾pGgG¦Ô|»Æ^^pÆ»GÆÆpgG»Ô|»GUËÆÆÒ Æ¾«#p¾ËG»×pgÆpÆ»gË^Æ|.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅ» gp»ÆpÓ¦GƾgGËÆp»Æp»pG¾¾ÒÔpGgpUG»pg¾Ë^ GpgpGÑ»«;pµG»Æ^p¾ÆppÒ¾¦G¦p»¾GgÆp»¦ËU^Gƾ ÍÅIÍÒp»ppÓ¦^ÆGgU¾^Ë»pGgÆp»p|»pÒp»pÆp||p^ÆÑp ¦p¦pe¶Ò»Æp¾pÆ-pg«;p»p|»pepgp^gpgÆGgg»p¾¾,˾ ¾g»p^ÆÔ»gp»Æ|»^p,˾p»^GƾeG»Æ¾G¾GgÆ»Ggp¾p Ƶ¾¦pgÆp»^G¦ÆG¶ÒÆÆpp¦»pGgÆgË^p,˾¾ÆUËÔ GÆÑp¦»gË^ƾ«#pÒGÆpgÆ»pG^ƾp¦p¦pÒÒp»pG»pÔ Æp»GÆpeggÆ»pGgpÒ¾¦G¦p»¾eGgggÆGÑppÔƾ¦pg U¾«;¾¾ÒÔpGgpgËÆÆp¦G¦pƾ|»|»ppGgÒ»ÆpG Ñp»Ô¾¦pGgUG¾^;Ë»¾« Æ|»¾Æepg¾Æ»UËÆpgÊeØØØ^¦p¾«;p¦G¦pÆGÆÆ»G^Æpg¾Ë^ GÆÆpÆÆGÆÆp¾p^g¦»ÆG¦¦pG»pgG|Æp»GÑp»Ô¾»ÆÆpeƾÆp ÊØeØØØ^¦p¾«;Æp¾p^gpgÆpGggpgG¾Æ|p»^Gƾ«#p ¡. ¡}. ¡Â ¡Á. pÆ-pg:p»ÑpÆ;»e/sØÞ¿$ÕÕÕ¼ sÍsÂ%IÍrÂIg½¨
(20) ¾ÆGUËdDG¦o*»pg DGÔoG»oeÊØØØ©«-pÑ×»p^pÑpgGÔ¦»p¾pƾ|»p»»pGÆÑp¾GÆp»U»Æ«¾G»p ¾ËÆep»|GÆp»gp^gpgÆpGÑpp»GÂÕÞIsIÛIͨgG»Ô©G¾G¦»p¾pÆ»gp»ÆpGÑp p»ÒÆp»p¾|p»^gg«$ƾgG»ÔepG¾pÆpg^»Ë^G¦Æ^GGg ¾^GgpÑp¦pƾÆp/ÆÆG ¦»peGggÆÆ|GÔG||G»¾«;G¾Æƾ gG»ÔÒpG¾GÑp|»GÆGUËÆpÆ-pg¸¾¦»¦GGgGG^ÆÑÆp¾« #¾¾GgÆpU»Æp»|-pÑ×ÒG¾ApgGÆ-pg;»«ApgGÆ-pgÒG¾pgË^GÆpg p»Gg¦G»Æ^¦GÆpgÆp^˾ÆÑppÆ;Ë»pÔËÆÆp;Ë»¾Ë ¾Æ7G»ÆÔÒG¾¦ËÆÆ»G¡ÊÁ«;p»pG|Æp»pÆË»pgÆ*pG¾Gg^ÆËpgÆUp G|ËpÆG|Ë»p;Ë»pÔ¸¾^ËÆË»G|p« ;G»oFG|p»;ËGÔGe=ÕÂÛs¿js<ÛIÅI9IÂÍsÂgÍÍIÍØs=sÂIg IrgÂ,Ò Irg Â9IÂÍ=IÂe¨
(21) ¾ÆGUËd
(22) pÆ DGÔoG»oeÊØØØ©e¦«Çu« $Ò»p|p»ÔÆÆpp»Gg¾ÆgpÑp¦pgÑp»¾|ƾ¦G¦pÆƾ^G¦Æp»«. %-).
(23) pƾÆGÆÆp¦»p¦G»GÆ|Æp¦G¦pÆÆG¾ÆGÆ« /¡Ø-ÑpUp»¡¡Çep^¾gp»pg¦»ÆGÆp»¡ØØeØØØ^¦p¾« pg-pgÒG¾^ÆpÆÒÆÆpgpGg¾|»Æp¦G¦pÆGgÆp GÆÆpÆÆGgG»p»pgGÆp¦p¦p«#pÒG¾G¾Ñp»ÔG¦¦Ô¾^p pGgpG»g|ÆpUG»Ë¦Æ^p¾||Ñp»¾Ó;Ò¾¨/ÆÆG"»pp¾© g||p»pÆ°ËG»Æp»¾|$¾ÆGUË«18pÆ-pg^GpgÆGÆÆp¦ËU ^GÆ|Æp¦G¦pƾ¦»pgGrIWrÍÅIjØsÍ`IÂÛs¨p^ ^Gg^p»^G»pÑËÆ©«#pÒG¾¦»Ëg|Æp|G^ÆÆGÆÆp¦G ¦pƾGgƾ^ÆpƾUp^GpG¾ËUp^Æ|gGÔ^Ñp»¾GƾG» gG»Ô¦p¦p«19;p"»pp^¾ËÔÑGo»p¦»ÆpgÆÆp"»pp!» p,¾Æ»ÔÆGÆÑp»pÆGpƾƻËËÆÆp^ËÆ»ÔGgÆ»pg ÆpÆ^p,˾¾Æ¦G»Æ^¦GÆpÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆeUÔg¾Æ»UËÆ UpƾÆGƦ»Ñpg,˾¾GG¾ÆÆp"»pp¦¦ËGÆ«20;p "»pppÒ¾¦G¦p» W¡Åe¦ËU¾pgÆp¾eG¾»p¦»Æpg|pG|pƾ ÆGƾÆGÆpg,˾¾G»Ëg:Ô»G«21;p¾p¾Ë»^p¾g^GÆpÆGÆ Æp¾p¦G¦pƾgppggg»pG^,˾¾g||p»pƦ»Ñ^p¾« $ÆÒG¾ÆÔÆp¦G¦pƾ|ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆÆGÆ|Gpg ,˾¾GG¾Æ"»pp¾eUËÆG¾UpƾһÆÆpUp|»p«;ppÆ»¦ ÆGU¾¦| ¦p¾Ë¾^GpgÆGÆGU^Gpg,IØsjj¨;p-pÒ -GÆ©e22Ò^¾Ë¦¦¾pgÔ^Ë»¾pg)p¾Ë¾»¾ÆeÒG¾¦»Ñ,˾¾«23 .ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅUp¾UÔ»pgƾ»pGgp»¾|ÆpÆp»»|Ô gp|pGÆ|ÆpGGBG»¾«ÆË g»pGgÆpG»pG¾G»Ëg *o»¾pÒp»pÆGpUG^eÆppp»G¾¾|Æp»»Æ»ÔÒG¾Æ»pp g˾«;p¦G¦pÆpƾ¾ÆÆÒ¾¾Ë^G¾
(24) ¾p`pe:G^GeDG ÔGe,GG¾Æo»eGg
(25) g»GeÆpppG$¾Gg¾GgÆpGp¾e»Ñp»¾e|p»Æp ¦G¾eGg|»p¾Æ¾ÆGÆÆp¾ppU»G^pg«;p,˾¾Æp¾pÆÒ¾Gg »p¾Òp»pGUGgpgGggp¾ÆÆËÆp« ÑpÆpÒpGÆÔÒpg¾p» GUpÑp¾«g»pÒp»pUpÆp¾Æ»ppƾeGg¾p|ÆpÒp»p ¾p»ÑÂIrÆppÔ¾gp»¾ÆpÆGÑp»¾«24 ¡u ¡ ÊØ Ê¡ ÊÊ ÊÇ Ê. %-*. pÆ-pg:p»ÑpÆ;»e/sØÞ¿$ÕÕÕe¦¦«¡ÊÊ¡ÊÇ«;p¦G¦pƾÒp»p|»pp|» Æp¦p¦peUËƾGp|»p»^Gƾ»gp»Æ^p^ÆpÔ|»Æp»»p¦»Æ« $Ug«e¦«¡Ê« D eÊ¡Ge¡¡eÔÑGoe-«ÂÊ}¡eÊÇ!pU»ËG»Ô¡¡« µÆp¾p¾Æ,»G¾Ge¶ W¡Åe¡,G»^¡¡« ,IØsjj¨;p-pÒ-GÆ©ÒG¾Ò»ÆÆpUÔ<UpÔgËG|GGg¦ËU¾pg ¡¡Ç« µ;G7GÆGÆGÆ/pe¶¨Æ»^Æp¾^Ë»»pgUÔÆp-GÆ©e ÅIÅÍÍsIe u,G»^¡¡« .ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅe¦¦«ÇÀ.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅ,ÒÂÍÒIF¡Òe¦««.
(26) ¦G»pgÆ.ÕÅÕIIÂI.IÅÒÅe.ÕÅÕIØs=ÕÂsÂsG¾GË^ »pUÆÆp»Gg|p»^pÆpGg¾»p¾^pÆ|Æp¾pÆpÆGG»Æ^p¾ ^Æp¦»G»Ô;Ë»¾pÒ¾¦G¦p»¾«$Æ|»¾Æ»p|p»¾ÆÆpµ»ÆÆp¾¾¶ Ggµ^G»ÑpgpÔp¾¶|,˾¾Æp¾ÆGg¾eÆpp¾ÆÆGGUËÆ Æpppp¾ÒpgÆp»U»Æp»¾ÒÆUGÔpƾe»G¦pgÆp»¾Gg ¾¾Æp»¾eGgG|Æp»ÒG»g¾g»GÒp«25 ;p¦G¦pƦËU¾pg:Ô»GÒG¾Ë^»pgp»GÆp^ ¦G»pgÆÆpÆp»¾«ÞÂ=Õ``IÂIØs ÅsIrÅIÛÛsÅs.IÅÒÅ;s Ws¨"Ëgp|»,˾,p»^GƾGg»Æ¾G¾|:Ô»G©gp¾Æ GÑpG¦»Ñ^GÆÑpÆpeUËÆÒG¾Ò»ÆÆpGgp»GÆpGËGp» gp»Æ^Ñ^pƾ»pGgp»¾«;p»pÑpËp¾|»Æp¾Gp|ÆppG|pÆÒpÆ ÆÆp ¡IIsÛsÍeGÆÔ¦^GGÆG¾ÆG^Æ|ÆpÆp«;p»p|»pe ƾ¦G¦pÆÒG¾Æ|»pp|^G»p«$ÆÒG¾^¦»¾pg|GgpÆGpg¾Æ |p»^GƾGgG»Æ¾G¾|:Ô»GGgÔgo«26;¾"ËgpG¾»p|p»¾ ÆÆpGGBG»¾G¾GÆË»¦Æ/ÆÆG¾Æ»ÔeÒ^pGUpg Æp,˾¾Ã;Ë»¾Æ¾ppgpÑp¦pƾ»p^pG»Ô«;p¦G¦pÆpÓ ¦G¾Æ¾»pGgp»ÒÔÆ»GgpGgpÔG»p^»Ë^G|»GGÆ«;pÒ»Æ p»eÆpÆp»Gge¾G¾»GÆp|Ë|»Æpp^^Gg^p»^G GÒGpGÆp;Ë»¾Gg,˾¾«ÆËÆp»p¾G¾Æ| p»^GƾGÆÆppg|ÆppG|pÆeÆpÒ»Æp»°ËÆp¾¾pÑp»GpÓG¦p¾| ,˾pÆ»p¦»ppË»¾»gp»Ægp¦^ÆÒGÆ,˾ÒpGƾËgG^ ^¦¾«;p¦G¦pÆpƾ,ppÆ9G¾pÔeÒ^¾Æ»Ë^Æ pgG|G^Æ»Ô||GU»^;G»¾Ë¾ÃgGGÒÆG^G¦ÆG|¡ØØeØØØ»G«27 ,ppg9G¾G¾GgGGpÆe¾Go:ËGg×GgpUgËG# pÔeg^GÆÆGÆ,˾p»^GƾÆÔ^¾Æ»Ë^Æpg|G^Æ»p¾e UËÆG¾UËÆGU˾p¾¾pÆÒ»ÒÆÆpp¦»p« ;p¦G¦pÆp»GgpgpÒÔpp»GÆG^¦Gp¾*ÔGe $¾ÆGUËeGg
(27) ×»«+pÆp»pG|pƾGg¦ËU^Gƾ;Ë»¾¦p »g^G¾eÆp¾|^G^p|»^p»¾ÒG¾Æpg«,¾Æ|Æp¦¦ËG ƾG,»ÒG¾¾GgÆgp¦pgÆppÆÒ»|"»pp»^p»¾« Ê} ÊÂ. ÊÁ. .ÕÅÕIØs=ÕÂsÂse¦«Ê« ÞÂ=Õ``IÂIØs ÅsIrÅIÛÛsÅs.IÅÒÅ;sWsÂe¨Z«¦«[e¡ÇÇØ©«;p¦G¦pÆ pƾÆpG»»Gp^p»pÔ| Ñp»7G GGg-G^Ôp:ËÆGeÒ^ƦG^p },G»^¡¡«;p»p|»peÆp¦G¦pÆ˾ÆGÑpUpp¦ËU¾pgG|Æp»Æ¾gGÆp«;¾ ¦G¦pÆG¾UppÆ»G¾^»UpgGg¦ËU¾pgUÔ p»Up»« p»Up»¨;»G¾G Æ»©eÞ¨xÈÉØs¨ßx¯FÒI`I;sWsÂsÂs$¤Âs.s ÂÒÍÛsÍÍsÞ°e¨
(28) ×»d
(29) *pÆ *ÆG¦o oeÊØØu©e¦¦«¡¡}¡Ç}« $Ug«e¦«ÂÀ,ppÆ9G¾ZË»[^Æ»UËÆpgÆÆpBG»|$gp¦pgp^pUÔ¾pg ^ÆÆÆpG»Ô«;p»p|»pe¾|»¾ÆѾÆÆ;G»¾Ë¾e,˾ÆG|G*pG¨ÒÆ+GÆ|p #Go©Ñ¾ÆpgGgGggp»Gƾ˾p«. %-+.
(30) ;p»p|»peÆppp»p^p|,˾»^p»¾ÒG¾GÑÆGgpÑp¦pÆ|» ,˾Ã;Ë»¾GÆG¾Æ¾«;¾¾ÒÔÞÂ=Õ``IÂIØs ÅsIr ÅIÛÛsÅs.IÅÒÅ;sWsÂgp¾Æp¦ÔÆpÆp»µUÔ^Æƶ|»Æp pÒpÆ»p¦»ppË»¾¦|,˾¾p^ÔGgÆ»Ggp«!»ÆpÒ»Æp»e ƾÒG¾G¾Æ»Ëp|»ÑÀG¾Æ»Ëp|»¾Ë»ÑÑG«;ppG|pÆp¦Ôpg ÆpÆ|µ^GÆ^˦¶UԾƻp¾¾Æp¦»p|p»p^p|,˾¾ |»Æp»^»p¾Æ¾«;pÒ»Æp»^GpgÆGÆ;Ë»¾eGÆG¾ÆeÆÆp p^ÔGgÆpÆ»Ggp|Æp^ËÆ»ÔÆÆp»ÒGg¾GgÒËg pËpÔGgG^ÆËGÔÒÆp«28;p¾pG»ËpƾÒ^ÒËgG ¾¦»pÑGÆpg¾^Ë»¾p|;Ë»¾GÆG¾Òp»pG^GÆ»p^ °Ëp»Æp^Ëƻԫ$Æp»¾|Æ»GgpGg^p»^pe,˾¾Gg;Ë»¾ GgÑ»ÆËGÔUppG¾pp¦eÒ^»pgË^pgÆpÆÆppÑp|¾GÑp»Ô Æp»Ò^Ëƻԫ;p»p|»pe,˾¾¾Ëgp¦pG^Æp»Gg¦G» Æ^ËG»ÔƾpÒÒp»p»^¾ËgÑp¾ÆÆpp^ÔGg^pÆ pÆp»Æp¾ÆGU¾UG¾« ¦G¦pƾGÆÆ»UËÆpgÆp»p¾¦¾UÆÔ|»Æp¾pGÆ»^Æp¾Æƾp Ò¾Æpg|»p|G¾eGgËÆGÆpÔÆƾp,˾¾Ò¾Ë»»p gp»pgÆp¾pÑp¾ÆÆp,˾¾UÔUËÔ|»ÆpGgG Æp»^«;p,˾p»^Gƾ^ËgÆ^¦pÆpÒÆÆp» ,˾^ËÆp»¦G»Æ¾Up^G˾p|Æpµ¾Ô¦»p|p»p^p¾¶|,˾^ ¾Ëp»¾«-,˾¾Òp»pµ¾Ë^ÆpUg|,˾¾e¶GgG¾G»p ¾ËÆ,˾¾Òp»pµ|G^ÆpUËpƾÆGÆÆp»^»p¾Æ¾«¶ ;p¾pgpG¾Up^Gp¦»pÑGpÆGÆp;Ë»¾pÆpÆp^Ë»¾p| ÆpÔ^ÆÆ,ÑppÆ«!»¾ÆG^peÆppg^G¾ÆËgpƾp`pÆ:Ge ,GËÆ#GÆGg,˾ÆG|G,Ë×G||p»gpÑp»pg¦ËU^p^ÆË»p¾Ôpp Æp¦»Ñ^p|ÔgoGg»p¦pGÆpgÆpG»Ëpƾ|Æp¾p¦G¦pƾ« ;pG^ƻƾ^¾Ëpp»G:Ô»Ge#pGÆ^Æp:Æe°ËÆpg ¾»p¦»ÆG¦G»Æ|Æp»p^ÆË»pdµBpG»pU»ppG»ÆpgGÆ|gÔË ,˾¾G»p¾ÆG¾pp¦«;p»¾ÆG¾e¦»|Æ|»Ë»»G^pe GÑpÒ|»Gp¾UppÆGË»¦G^pGgÆGGÒGÔË»»Æ¾« ;p¾pѦp»¾ÒÒpG»pË»¾GÑpUpp¾Ë^ËÆGÆp|p Ug|ÆpGÆ«;pÔG»pÆp¦G»G¾Æ^GÒ»¾pGÆÆË»|p¾ ÒÒp˾Ægp¾Æ»ÔGggGÒGÔÒÆ«$ƾÆpÒp|»ppgË»¾pÑp¾ |»Æp¾pgÑgËG¾eUÔGpG¾GÒ|ËGgËGÒ|Ë«««¶29 ;p^¾Æ|,˾^¾Ëp»¦GÆÆp»¾ÒG¾GppgÔ}eØØØ,˾ Ñp¾9Ëp«;ppG|pÆÒG»¾Æ¾»pGgp»¾ÆGÆÆpÔÒp»ppÓÆGgÆGÆ Êu Ê. %-,. $Ug«e¦«Á« !/e¡}ÃÊ}ue-«ue¡¡)ËÔ¡¡e¦«ÁØ«.
GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN
The British ambassador wrote that the “ligh- termen found themselves victimized for the benefit of Turkish and Jewish ship owners.” 232 The most active social group of the
Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D... Muslim merchants and
Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D... Muslim merchants and
Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D... Muslim merchants and
Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D... Muslim merchants and
Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D... Muslim merchants and
Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D... Muslim merchants and
Several sources refer to a clear majority of foreign women working as volunteers.⁴² At the Kandilli hospital, for example, founded at the palace of Celâleddin Bey⁴³ with a capacity
