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Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914

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(1)Muslim merchants and working-class in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914 Çetinkaya, Y.D.. Citation Çetinkaya, Y. D. (2010, May 26). Muslim merchants and workingclass in action : nationalism, social mobilization and boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire 1908-1914. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15553 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15553. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) CHAPTER I. CLASSES AND THE PROBLEM OF AGENCY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. ;†p/Æƚ“G–šÔ^šÆÆ,šÑp“p–ÆƆGÆG¦¦pG»pgUpÆÒpp–¡—ØuG–g¡—¡ ÒG¾G¾š^‰G“šÑp“p–Æ^š“¦»‰¾pgš|g‰||p»p–ƾš^‰GG–g¦š‰Æ‰^GG^ƚ»¾« 7š‰Æ‰^Gš»€G–‰×GƉš–¾¾Ë^†G¾Ɔpš““‰ÆÆppš|<–‰š–G–g7»š€»p¾¾À ^‰Ñ‰¾š^‰pƉp¾G–gg‰||p»p–ƾš^‰G–pÆҚ»¾ÀÑG»‰šË¾¾š^‰G^G¾¾p¾¾Ë^†G¾ ,˾‰“Æ»Ggp»¾G–gҚ»‰–€^G¾¾p¾À¦»š|p¾¾‰š–G^G¾¾p¾¾Ë^†G¾¦ËU‰^ š||‰^‰G¾eÆpG^†p»¾eGÒÔp»¾G–gƆp‰pÀG–gƆp,˾‰“¦ËU‰^‰–€p–p»ˆ G¦GÔpg¾‰€–‰|‰^G–Æ»šp¾‰–Ɔ‰¾“šÑp“p–Æ«;†p“šgp»–‰×GƉš–¦»š^p¾¾ G–gƆp‰–Æp€»GƉš–š|Ɔpp“¦‰»p‰–ÆšƆpҚ»gp^š–š“Ô‰–Ɔp^šË»¾p š|Ɔp¡—Ɔ^p–ÆË»ÔU»šË€†Æg»G¾Æ‰^^†G–€p¾ƚƆp¾š^‰GG–gp^š–š“ˆ ‰^¾Æ»Ë^ÆË»pš|Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»p«;†pÆ»G–¾|š»“GƉš–š|Ɔp¦ËU‰^ ¾¦†p»pG–gƆpp“p»€p–^pš|G“šgp»–^‰Ñ‰¾š^‰pÆÔ‰–Ɔpp“¦‰»p¦GÑpg ƆpÒGÔ|š»g‰||p»p–ƾp^Ɖš–¾š|¾š^‰pÆÔƚ¦GÔƆp‰»¦G»Æ¾«;†p»p|š»peƆp ¦ËU‰^¾¦†p»pG–gƆp^‰Ñ‰¾š^‰pÆÔeƆp¦š‰Æ‰^GG–g¾š^‰GG^ƚ»¾š|Ɔp UšÔ^šÆÆ“šÑp“p–Æe“G¾¾¦š‰Æ‰^¾e“šgp»–‰gpšš€‰p¾G–g^š“¦pƉ–€g‰¾ˆ ^šË»¾p¾G»pƆp“G‰–¾ËUŽp^ƾš|Ɔ‰¾Ɔp¾‰¾« ¾G¾š^‰G“šÑp“p–ÆeƆp/Æƚ“G–šÔ^šÆÆ,šÑp“p–Æ“Ggp˾pš| “šgp»–Æp^†–šš€ÔG–gp“U»G^pgg‰||p»p–ÆG€p–gG¾G–g‰–Æp»p¾Æ¾š|ÑG»ˆ ‰šË¾¾p^Ɖš–¾š|¾š^‰pÆÔ«;†p“G‰–¾š^‰GG^ƚ»¾w¾Ë^†G¾“p»^†G–ƾe Қ»‰–€ˆ^G¾¾p¾e¾ÆGÆpUË»pGË^»G^Ôe¦»š|p¾¾‰š–G¾G–g¦»šÑ‰–^‰G–šÆGˆ Up¾w†GgщÆG»šp¾‰–ƆpUšÔ^šÆÆ“šÑp“p–ƾG–gƆp¦š‰Æ‰^GG–g¾šˆ ^‰G‰|pš|Ɔpp“¦‰»p«–pÓ¦G–g‰–€¦ËU‰^¾¦†p»pG–gG|šË»‰¾†‰–€^‰Ñˆ ‰¾š^‰pÆÔ¦»šÑ‰gpgG–š¦¦š»Æ˖‰ÆÔ|š»Ɔp^š““Ë–‰^GƉš–G–gš»€G–‰×Gˆ Ɖš–UpÆÒpp–g‰||p»p–ƾš^‰GG^ƚ»¾« %'.

(3) 1.1. Non-Muslim Bourgeoisie and the State /–pš|Ɔp^»Ë^‰G|pGÆË»p¾š|;Ë»pÔ¸¾¾š^‰G†‰¾Æš»Ô‰¾Ɔpp‰“‰–GƉš–š| Ɔp–š–ˆ,˾‰“¦š¦ËGƉš–G–gƆpp“p»€p–^pš|–GƉš–ˆ¾ÆGÆp¾¾Ë^^ppgˆ ‰–€Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»p«;†‰¾p‰“‰–GƉš–¦»š^p¾¾‰¾^š–¾‰gp»pg‰–Ɔp †‰¾Æš»‰š€»G¦†ÔG¾‰|¾špÔG¦š‰Æ‰^G¦»šŽp^Æ«^^š»g‰–€ƚƆppӉ¾Æ‰–€‰Æˆ p»GÆË»pš–;Ë»pÔeƆp“G‰–G^ƚ»š|Ɔ‰¾¦»š^p¾¾ÒG¾Ɔp¾ÆGÆpš»UË»pGˈ ^»GƉ^p‰Æp«;†p¦š‰Æ‰^G^Gg»p¾š|Ɔpš““‰ÆÆppš|<–‰š–G–g7»š€»p¾¾ G¾š¦GÔGgp^‰¾‰Ñp»šp‰–Ɔp¾p–G»»GƉÑp¾«;†‰¾Æp–gp–^Ô‰–Ɔp†‰¾Æšˆ »‰š€»G¦†Ô‰¾g‰»p^ƐԐ‰–pgƚƆp“G‰–G»€Ë“p–ƾš|Ɔp»ppÑG–Ɔ‰¾Æšˆ »‰š€»G¦†Ô«;†p“G‰–¦‰G»¾š|†‰¾Æš»‰š€»G¦†ÔÆGp‰–ÆšG^^šË–Æ“G‰–Ô Ɔp¾ÆGÆpG–gƆp¾ÆGÆpp‰ÆpG¾G€p–Æš||˖gG“p–ÆG^†G–€p¾‰–Ɔp†‰¾Æšˆ »Ôš|Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»pG–g;Ë»pÔ«;†Ë¾e‰Æš“‰Æ¾ƆppӉ¾Æp–^pš|g‰|ˆ |p»p–ƾš^‰GG^ƚ»¾‰–†‰¾Æš»Ô«1#šÒpÑp»e¾š^‰GG–g¦š‰Æ‰^G¦†p–š“p–G ‰pƆp/Æƚ“G–šÔ^šÆÆ,šÑp“p–ÆG||š»g˾G–š¦¦š»Æ˖‰ÆÔƚ˖^šÑˆ p»Ɔp¾‰€–‰|‰^G–^pš|Ɔp¾p҉gpÔ–p€p^Æpg¾š^‰GG–g¦š‰Æ‰^GG^ƚ»¾« ;†p/Æƚ“G–šÔ^šÆÆ,šÑp“p–ÆÒG¾G^»Ë^‰G^š“¦š–p–Æš|Ɔpp‰“ˆ ‰–GƉš–¦»š^p¾¾š|Ɔp–š–ˆ,˾‰“^š““Ë–‰Æ‰p¾‰–Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»p« $–¡—Øue‰Æp“p»€pgG¾G–/Æƚ“G–‰¾Æ“šÑp“p–ÆG–gÆG»€pÆpg“G‰–Ô|š»ˆ p‰€–¦šÒp»¾«‰||p»p–Æ|š»p‰€–“p»^†G–ƾG–gU˾‰–p¾¾G^ƉщƉp¾š||š»ˆ p‰€–^šË–Æ»‰p¾w¾Ë^†G¾˾ƻ‰Gˆ#˖€G»Ôeː€G»‰Ge$ÆGÔe<–‰Æpg:ÆGÆp¾ G–g"»pp^pw‰–Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»pÒp»pG||p^ÆpgUԉƫ#šÒpÑp»eG|ˆ ¡. %(. /–p¾†šËgG¾š˖gp»‰–pƆp|G^ÆƆGƉ–ƆpG¾Ægp^Ggp¾Ɔp»pG¦¦pG»pgG–Ë“Up»š|¾p“ˆ ‰–G¾ÆËg‰p¾š–Ɔp¾š^‰G†‰¾Æš»Ôš|Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»pG–g;Ë»pÔ‰–҆‰^†g‰||p»p–ƾšˆ ^‰GG^ƚ»¾†GÑpp–Æp»pgƆp¾ÆG€p«#šÒpÑp»eGÆ†šË€†Ɔp°ËG–ƉÆÔš|Ɔp¾p¾ÆËg‰p¾^š–Ɖ–ˆ Ëp¾ƚ‰–^»pG¾peƆpÔG»p¾Æ‰“G»€‰–G҉Ɔ‰–Ɔp‰Æp»GÆË»p«,š»pšÑp»eƆp‰»‰“¦G^Æš–¾šˆ ^‰GG–g¦š‰Æ‰^GƆ‰–‰–€‰–^š–Æp“¦š»G»Ô;Ë»pÔ‰¾»GƆp»ÒpG«$Қːg‰pƚ“p–Ɖš– 8ËGÆGp»Æ¸¾Қ»G¾š–pš|Ɔp¾p¾p“‰–G¾ÆËg‰p¾ƆGÆgpp¦Ô‰–|Ëp–^pgԚ˖€¾^†šG»¾‰– ;Ë»pÔdš–Gg8ËGÆGp»Æe<¡`‘I˜‘Å‘Ís†ÂI͑¡Ij9¡­Ò˜IÂ;sőÅÍI`s‘͎s1ÍÍ¡›I› ­‘Âsg¨xx¨¨žßxf;sI`͑¡ÅÍ¡Ò¡­sI`¡¡›‘`9ssÍÂI͑¡e¨-pÒDš»d-pÒDš»<–‰Ñp»ˆ ¾‰ÆÔ7»p¾¾e¡—uÇ©«:ppG¾š8ËGÆGp»Æ¸¾G»Æ‰^pš––pÒgpÑpš¦“p–ƾ‰–†‰¾Æš»‰š€»G¦†ÔƆGƉ–ˆ Æp–gƚ€šUpԚ–gƆp–G»»GƉÑp¾“G‰–Ô|š^˾pgš–Ɔp¦š‰Æ‰^GG–g“‰‰ÆG»Ôp‰Æp‰–;Ë»ˆ pÔ¸¾†‰¾Æš»Ôdš–Gg8ËGÆGp»Æeµ/Æƚ“G–#‰¾Æš»ÔB»‰Æ‰–€GÆ»š¾¾»šGg¾e¶=Ò—‘ÅŽ<ÍÒj‘sÅ ‘͎s>‘Ísj<ÍIÍsÅe¨g«©š–Gg8ËGÆGp»ÆG–g:GU»‰:GÔG»oe¨šš“‰–€Æš–d$–g‰G–G<–‰ˆ Ñp»¾‰ÆÔ7»p¾¾eÊØØÇ©e¦¦«¡}ˆÇØ«DpÆeƆ‰¾gšp¾–šÆ“pG–ƆGÆƆp»pg‰g–šÆpӉ¾ÆG–Ô¾ÆËg‰p¾ “p–Ɖš–‰–€¾š^‰G»p¾‰¾ÆG–^p¦»G^Ɖ^p¾‰–Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»pG–g;Ë»pÔUp|š»p«:ppƆp |ššÒ‰–€Қ»¾G¾Ñp»Ô‰“‰ÆpgpG»ÔpÓG“¦p¾dG GÆGÔ<Ë`GÔeEC&&&ØsE&E²FÕÞÛr˜˜IÂjI <IÂҎI¿jI —‘ÛI˜r—Øs%I˜—%IÂs—s͘s‘e¨

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(7) Ɖš–š|Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»p‰–ÆšƆppÓ¦G–g‰–€Қ»gp^š–š“ÔÀƆpšÆ†ˆ p»ÒG¾Ɔp»p|š»“p||š»Æ¾š|Ɔp“šgp»–‰×‰–€/Æƚ“G–»Ë‰–€p‰Æp«;Қ g‰¾Æ‰–^ƾš^‰G€»šË¦¾p“p»€pgG¾G»p¾ËÆš|Ɔp¾pgpÑpš¦“p–ƾdƆp–š–ˆ ,˾‰“UšË»€pš‰¾‰pG–gƆp“šgp»–¾ÆGÆpUË»pGË^»G^Ô« ;†p‰–^»pG¾‰–€Æ»GgpUpÆÒpp–Ë»š¦pG–gƆp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»p‰–Ɔp ^šË»¾pš|Ɔp¡—Ɔ^p–Æ˻ԾƉ“ːGÆpgƆp»‰¾pš|Ɔp–š–ˆ,˾‰“UšË»ˆ €pš‰¾‰p҆š¦GÔpgG–‰–Æp»“pg‰G»Ô»špUpÆÒpp–ƆpҚ»g“G»pƾG–g Ɔp“GŽš»‰ÆÔš|Ɔp¾“G¦pG¾G–ƻԫ;†pp^š–š“Ôš|Ɔpp“¦‰»pÒG¾ƚ G€»pGÆpÓÆp–ÆUG¾pgš–G€»‰^ːÆË»p«;†p‰–Æp»–GƉš–GÆ»GgpUpÆÒpp–Ɔp /Æƚ“G–“¦‰»pG–gƆpҚ»g“G»pƾgp¦p–gpg“G‰–Ôš–G€»‰^ːˆ ÆË»pG–g¾“G¦»šgË^p»¾«-p‰Æ†p»G–g¾–š»G€»‰^ːÆË»pÒG¾“š–š¦šˆ ‰×pg‰–Ɔp†G–g¾š|GG–gˆšÒ–‰–€^G¾¾«;†p¦»p¾p–^pG–g¦p»¾‰¾Æp–^p š|¾“G¦pG¾G–Ʀ»šgË^p»¾ÒG¾š–pš|Ɔp“G‰–¦p^ː‰G»‰Æ‰p¾š|Ɔp/ƈ ƚ“G–p^š–š“Ô«;†‰¾p^š–š“‰^¾Æ»Ë^ÆË»pÒG¾ƆpUG¾‰¾|š»Ɔp»‰¾pš|G –š–ˆ,˾‰“UšË»€pš‰¾‰p«2 ;†p¦»pgš“‰–G–^pš|¾“GG–g‰–gp¦p–gp–Æ|G“‰Ô|G»“¾e¦G»Æ‰^ːG»ˆ Ô‰–Ɔp–Gƚ‰G–G€»G»‰G–¾Æ»Ë^ÆË»pe¦»pÑp–ÆpgƆp»‰¾pš|GG»€p»G–gˆ šÒ–‰–€^G¾¾«;†pG^š|GG»€pG–gšÒ–‰–€^G¾¾‰–Ɔp¦»šÑ‰–^p¾|Gˆ ^‰‰ÆGÆpgƆp»p^p–Æ»G‰×GƉš–š|ƆpG€»G»‰G–š»gp»eGÆÆp“¦Æ¾ƚ“šgp»–ˆ ‰×pƆp¾ÆGÆpG–gƆp˖gp»“‰–‰–€š|Ɔp¦šÒp»š|Ɔp¦»šÑ‰–^‰G–šÆGUp¾ ¨IÛI¾©«3¾G»p¾ËÆeƆpG€»‰^ːÆË»G¦»šgË^Ɖš–¦G»Æ‰^ːG»Ô‰––Gƚˆ ‰GÒG¾–šÆUG¾pgš–G¾‰–€p^»š¦eUËÆš–ƆppÓ¦š»Æš|ÑG»‰šË¾¦»šgË^ƾ ¾Ë^†G¾€»G‰–¾e»GÒ“GÆp»‰G¾|š»gÔp¾eš»p¾e|‰€¾e»G‰¾‰–¾e|‰Up»Æ¾e^šÆƚ– G–gƚUG^^š«4;†p»p|š»pe‰ÆÒG¾G“š¾Æ‰“¦š¾¾‰UpG–g|ËƉp|š»|š»p‰€– ‰–Ñp¾Æš»¾G–g“p»^†G–ƾƚ^š–Æ»š¾“G¦»šgË^p»¾eUp^G˾pš|Ɔp‰»‰“ˆ “p–¾p–Ë“Up»G–g¾¦p^‰G‰×GƉš–‰–g‰||p»p–Ʀ»šgË^ƾ«;†p“pg‰GƉš– UpÆÒpp–¦pG¾G–Æ|G»“p»¾G–gƆpҚ»g“G»pƦ»šÑ‰gpgG–p^š–š“‰^ š¦¦š»Æ˖‰ÆÔeG–g‰ÆÒG¾Ɔp–š–ˆ,˾‰““p»^†G–ƾ҆šƚšGgÑG–ÆG€p š|Ɔ‰¾š¦¦š»Æ˖‰ÆÔƆGÆ»p¾ËÆpg|»š“UšÆ†ƆppÓ¦G–g‰–€Қ»gp^š–šˆ “ÔG–gƆpG€»G»‰G–¾Æ»Ë^ÆË»pš|Ɔp/Æƚ“G–“¦‰»p«5 Ê Ç.  }. %*. G G»*pÔgp»e=Õ—‘Ûs¿jssؘsÍØs<rr˜IÂe¨

(8) ¾ÆG–Uːd

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