Human-powered waterpumps for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia

Human-powered waterpumps for small scale irrigation

purposes in Zambia

Citation for published version (APA):

van Schijndel, J. J. (1990). Human-powered waterpumps for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia: a survey and a preliminary selection of pumps to be tested. Eindhoven University of Technology.

Document status and date: Published: 01/01/1990

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Human-powered waterpumps for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia; a survey and a preliminary selection of pumps to be tested.

J.J. van Schijndel February 1990

Eindhoven University of Technology The Netherlands

Summary

This paper describes part of a selection process of human-powered water pumps for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia.

First, a survey was done using criteria established by TDAU. TDAU (Technology Development and Advisory Unit) is an organization part of the University of Zambia. TDAU develops, adapts and takes care of extension of

technology appropriate to the local situation in

Zambia. The survey (chapter 3) resulted in 95 pumps that might be appropriate for the intended purposes. Second, nine pumps are selected (chapter 4) that are worth further testing in Zambia. These tests should provide data of importance whEm selecting, designing and adapting human-powered water pumps for irrigation. The selection is only preliminary.

contents.

1. Introduction. . 1.1. General.

1.2. Objectives of this paper.

2. Some remarks w.r.t. methodology. 3. The survey.

3.1. Criteria.

3.2. Arbitrariness. 3.3. Literature used.

3.4. List of pumps that meet the requirements.

4. Selection of pumps from the list • • 4.1. Some remarks on the requirements.

to be met.

4.2. Preliminary selection of pumps tested by the World Bank.

4.3. The final selection of pumps. 5. Conclusion. Literature Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Information on pump 1-95.

Pump selection guide World Bank. Some literature covering the field of human-powered pumping. page 1 1 2 3 5 5 7 7 8 24 24 24 26 31

1. Introduction. 1.1. General.

This text in fact tries to describe a process of selecting water pumps as accurate as possible. You will ask yourself what kind of selection and water pumps this is about and what's the purpose of all this? I will try to give an answer on these questions in this introduction.

TDAU (Technology Development and Advisory unit) is an organization part of the University of Zambia. TDAU

develops, adapts and takes care of extension of

technology appropriate to the local situation. It appeared to TDAU there is a demand for human-powered

water pumps suitable for small scale irrigation

purposes in Zambia. In the past TDAU had acti vi ties going on in this field and still has at the moment. For the very near future (mid 1990) TDAU has planned a

research project on human-powered pumps for small

scale irrigation purposes. The project includes among other things laboratory testing and field testing of such pumps to collect technical and socio-economic data that are of importance when selecting, designing, adapting and redesigning water pumps.

At the moment TDAU feels the need for a survey of existing human-powered water pumps that, after a first

roughly made selection, could serve the intended

purposes in Zambia. Such a survey should be seen as a first elementary step in coming to appropriate pumps. Next, 5 to 10 pumps will be selected which will be built or bought by TDAU to be further tested. These tests should provide the kind of data mentioned before.

Unfortunately TDAU has little access to literature on

pumps compared to the Eindoven University of

Technology and similar institutions in The

Netherlands. For this reason the survey is done in The

Netherlands. It forms the content of this paper

together with the selection of the pumps to be tested. As a major disadvantage I would like to mention that at the time of writing this paper I'm unfamiliar with the Zambian situation.

1.2. Objectives to be achieved with this paper. This paper has two objectives:

One :

~o

Doing a survey of existing human-powered water pumps that could be suitable for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia.

From the list of pumps that results from the survey, select 5 to 10 pumps that are worth testing in Zambia.

2. Some remarks w.r.t. methodology in general.

It is almost impossible to say on beforehand wether a

pump is appropriate for small scale irrigation

purposes in Zambia.

In theory it would be easy. We could draw up a

comprehensive list of requirements that have to be met. Next, for every pump a detailed list of all pump qualities could be drawn up. Having done both, we

could check in detail which pumps meet all the

requirements.

The problem is that many of the requirements are not known. They do not appear to be a requirement until for example a field test is done. The above can also be said for the pump qualities. Furthermore we do not have a list of all existing pumps and even if we did we could impossible test them all.

Doing a survey like this can be seen as the first step in a selection process to find appropriate pumps. Due to constraints w.r.t. time and funds only 5-10 pumps will be bought or built by TDAU for further testing (objective two). This can be seen as a second step in a selection process. Figure 1 represents the selection

process. First a rough selection is done using a

limited small scope of investigation. Many technical

and socio-economic requirements as well as pump

qualities are not known. Later subsequent tests should

scope off this paper

pumps entering the process objective one

I

'!Jo1Iiii scope of investigation time modifications/ manufacturing/ application

resul t in more information about requirements to be met and qualities of pumps. The selection then becomes more refined and detailed, using a broader scope of investigation. At every moment during the selection process "new" pumps (that did not enter the process at the time of beginning) may enter the process. Of

course the condition is new pumps meet the

requirements already set, like the other pumps. Figure 1 also clearly shows the scope of this paper.

3. The survey (0bjective one). 3.1. criteria.

Like mentioned before at the time of writing this

paper I'm not familiar w~th the Zambian situation. In

making a list of pumps that could be appropriate for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia I therefore rely on TOAU' s experience. At my request TOAU sent criteria that were to be used when establishing the survey. These criteria were:

1 The pumps should be human-powered, this includes

both manual and foot-driven pumps, as long as the human body is the source of energy.

2 The ex-factory price of the pump should not

exceed $750. This limit is a practical limit

during the initial stage of the selection

process. The price affordable by the Zambian users is probably lower but this has to be found

out during a later stage (field tests) •

Furthermore of course a pump bought for $750 does not have to cost the same if it is modified and

manufactured in Zambia. A 400$ limit can be used

in second instance.

3 Irrigation water in Zambia can be taken either

from shallow wells or surface water. Water from

deep wells is too expensive to use for

irrigation. Shallow wells are a few meters deep and mostly hand dug. TOAU has converted the above

in the following technical requirements but

explicitly mentions i t are rough estimates:

- maximum delivery head 10 meters

- minimum delivery head 0.5 meters

- maximum suction head 6 meters - minimum suction head 0.1 meters.

The yield of the pump should be at least 0.6

m3/h, i t may increase to 12 m3/h. Again these are rough estimates

Total head is delivery head plus suction head.

delivery head 0.5-10 m

suction head 0.1-6 m

\ \

Figure 2. Delivery head and suction head.

,

total head 0.6-16 m

I assume the loss as a result of friction, also

expressed as m head, is included. So e.g. if is said a pump has a head of 10 m it can actually pump water up over a vertical distance of 10 m.

Besides the criteria above TDAU made some remarks on the mobility of the pumps and the materials to be used.

On forehand there are no criteria on mobility. However an expensive pump could still have advantages over a cheap one if the first is mobile. An objective of course is that the pumps will serve the farmer with the least possible problems. The complexity of the pumps and the materials used are of great influence on maintenance, repair, durability etc. TDAU stated that in principle all materials can be used even imported ones. Their rules of thumb are:

1 If a part has to be replaced within 1 year i t

should be available locally, or be supplied with the pump.

2 If a part has to be replaced within 3-10 years i t should be available in the country.

3 If a part has to be replaced after 10 years i t

may even be imported.

The factor materials is hard to use during the initial

selection. In literature it's often not or only

briefly described which materials are used for a particular pump. It's almost unpredictable which parts will have to be replaced within a certain time span if

test results. are lacking. Furthermore I don't know

exactly which parts are available locally or wi thin the country. All together i t makes sense not to use criteria on mobility and materials in this stage. The

tree criteria stated at the beginning of this

paragraph are the only criteria used for doing the survey.

3.2. Arbitrariness.

Since we don't have a list of all existing pumps this will generate a bias from the best survey possible. It means one never knows if all pumps have entered the selection process. There will always be pumps that are over looked. There was only a limited time available to wri te this paper so in practice only a I imi ted amount of literature has been used. Furthermore the selection of literature itself is a arbitrary process. Some pumps encountered in literature were not listed although they met the requirements. the reason is not extending the list to much. This is only done when to my idea the pump is similar to pumps already listed.

Listing such a . pump would not add significant

information and would only make a selection more

difficult. Nevertheless it gives a certain amount of arbitrariness.

Finally in some cases the pump qualities were

insufficiently known to apply the criteria (prices

often lack). In those cases sometimes estimations

could be made or the pump is listed anyway.

3.3. Literature used.

Quite a lot of books have been written on hand pumps but the maj or part of them deal with pumps intended for community water supply. These books focus on water supply for human consumption sometimes combined with cattle watering. Human-powered pumps used specifically for small scale irrigation are not much written about. Small scale irrigation has a long tradition and the pumps written about are often of the traditional type like e.g. the Egyptian shaduf and the Persian wheel, see figure 3. Such pumps are rarely manufactured on a commercial basis.

As mentioned much literature deals with human-powered

pumps for communi ty water supply. I don't see any

reason why such pumps couldn't be used for small scale irrigation purposes. Of course the condition is that they meet the requirements stated in § 3.1.

Another problem is that much of the literature

available has become dated. It is therefore a question if information on prices and manufacturers is still correct. In such case pumps are I isted anyway. I f a pump seems worth it, more effort can be put in tracing updated information.

Canal

Literature came from the Eindhoven University of

Technology including the library of CICA and the CWD group, the TOOL foundation in Amsterdam, the CICAT library of the Delft University of Technology and other sources. A list of literature used is enclosed at the and of this paper. Some references I found to literature that covers the field of human-powered pumping are put together in Appendix C.

Le"e,~

Pole

----

-Figure 3. The Egyptian shadoof and the Persian wheel. 3.4. List of pumps that meet the requirements.

Every pump that meets the requirements of paragraph 3.1. is listed, taking account of what is said in

paragraph 3.2. By way of illustration sometimes

attention is given to the literature used in other cases it is only referred to. The literature referred to between brackets also comprises information on the particular pump(s) in question.

In the case of some pumps, for the moment, only

designs are available. These pumps are not

manufactured anywhere on a commercial basis. Such

pumps are entered together at the end of the list. On every pump listed more information is given in Appendix A. In Appendix A the pumps are arranged in the same order as in the list that follows at the end of this paragraph on page 13.

i

pump 1-38

"Community Water Supply; the hand pump option", l i t

[1], ([2],120]).

This book summarizes the results of the rural water supply hand pump project carried out by the World Bank. The project covers an extensive laboratory and field testing programm on many existing hand pumps. The authors of the book introduce the VLDM concept

which stands for Village Level Operation and

Maintenance. Their conclusion is that many of the problems are caused by a serious lack of maintenance.

They recognize the important role of not pure

technical factors like "organizing the maintenance".

Only pumps were tested that were thought of as

potential VLOM pumps, but after testing not many

deserved this designation.

The results have been put together in a section called lithe hand pump compendium". For 42 pumps ratings have been given for factors that are of importance when

selecting hand pumps, see Appendix A and B. This

information appeared very useful in chapter 4.

I think it's important to mention that quite a lot of

deep well pumps are listed. This may be a little

confusing since the pumps will be applied in a shallow well or surface water setting. For the moment however I don't see a reason why they i] be listed since they do meet the requirements. Most of the pumps have been tested in a 7 meter lift setting so in those cases data are available on deep well pumps in a shallow well setting. Now and then the report refers to cases in which a deep well pump is used for such low lift applications.

Pump 37 and 38 were not tested by the project but were found interesting enough to be listed.

pump 39-59

"Hand pumps Testing and Development; Progress Report on Field and Laboratory Testing", l i t [2].

Appendix C of the book referred to above is a

translation of a Chinese report concerning a survey of the production and use of hand pumps in China. The report comprises information on irrigation hand pumps in China. Unfortunately i t is not clear wether these pumps are exported and prices are lacking. Sometimes the information given in the table is in conflict with the subscriptions of the photographs, see Appendix A.

Nevertheless I think the report contains some

pump 60-61

"The Cumberland General store; wish and Want Book", l i t [3].

pump 62-64

"Handpompen verslag van een ON60 opdracht", l i t [4].

This report contains information on 33 hand pumps.

Most of them have already been mentioned in l i t [1]. The report also mentions tree designs which are very interesting. The designs will be listed at the end. Unfortunately the report is in Dutch language.

pump 65-74

"Tools for agriculture; A buyers guide to low cost

agricultural implements", l i t [5], ([12],[18]).

The bellows pump is also listed as a design. No prices are available.

pump 75-76

"Tools for agriculture; A guide to hand-operated and animal drawn equipment", l i t [6], ([19]).

pump 77

"Monster; Industrie en scheepvaart catalogus", l i t [7].

pump 78

"Catalogus Pompen Compagny BEDU Bv.", l i t [8].

pump 79

"Catalogus budget marine VETUS", l i t [9].

DESIGNS

pump 80

"The Salawe pump; construction manual", l i t [10],

pump 81

"IRRI diaphragm pump, a simple way to pump water", l i t [11], ([12]).

pump 82-84

"Water pumping systems using renewable energy", l i t [12].

This paper contains information on 15 water lifting devices using renewable energy. The pumps listed from

this paper are the inertia pump from the Asian

Institute of Technology, the bellows pump from the

International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and a

chain pump for irrigation by VITA.

pump 85-90

"VITA, Technical Bulletin 14,15,16,17,24,27", l i t [13], ([4],[17]).

In each bulletin a human-powered water lifting device is described. The bulletins are of the "built i t yourself" type with simple construction instructions and drawings. The listed pumps with the corresponding number of the bulletin are: Inertia, 14; Pitcher, 15; Diaphragm, 16; Rotating centrifugal, 17; Archimedes screw, 24; Bicycle powered, 27.

pump 91

"de zuigerpomp: een bouwbeschrijving", l i t [14]. In Dutch language. Rather comprehensive.

pump 92

tI Waterpumping devices; A handbook for users and

choosers", l i t [15].

Very limited information on a pump using a tyre of a car. Listed to keep in mind.

pump 93

"Bamboo or PVC pipe water pump", l i t [16].

A very limited description of a hand pump design.

pump 94-95

"six simple pumps; a construction guide", l i t [17],

( [ 4] , [13] ) •

This paper contains information on 6 designs for water pumps. Four pumps are already listed (pump 85, 86, 87 and 89). The animal driven chain pump is also listed

because I think i t can easily be modified into a

human-powered chain pump. The other pump listed is the Sprankler pump.

Explanation of abbreviations and symbols used in the list.

Abbreviations: AS: Archimedes Screw

c:

centrifugal D: Diaphragm IN: Inertia pc: Progressing Cavity PL: Piston Lift PS: Piston suction SR: Semi Rotary

cw:

Chain Washer FB: Foam Belt RW: Rope Washer (DA): Direct Action

For convenience I distinguished pumps using a piston

into piston lift (PL) and piston suction CPS) pumps.

In case of a PL pump (mostly used for deep well

purposes) the piston is positioned under the static water level. In case of a PS pump (mostly used for shallow wells) the piston is placed above the static water level. The suction head of a PS pump is limited

by the vapour pressure which depends on the

temperature.

Direct action means that no leyer is used to move the piston up and down.

Symbols: e.g.

The lower thin line represents the static water level. The upper thin line represents the level to which the water is pumped. The distance entered in the table

(e.g. 0-45 m) refers to the vertical distance between

these two levels, the two thin lines. The round (0)

refers to the place (level) of the part of the pump that actually displaces or moves the water e.g. piston diaphragm or fan. The asterisk (*) refers to the place (level) of the person that operates the pump. The arrow refers to a flow of water.

An example:

39

SY-81

China 0-6m

!

P5

1§

±r

2 m t/#/,'vu'l posrih/4 (+2.)

PrJ'"

j.J,e sjJ(Juf Pump number: 39.

Pump identification: SY-81 China.

Head: 0-6 m ( plus 2 m from place of operation). Price: not known.

Pump type: piston suction. Mode of operation:

{r

Compilation / setting:

Remark: "2m delivery possible from the spout II

Nota Bene:

Prices are those found in literature and thus in a lot of cases will have become dated. Within the time span of this paper updated prices could not be traced. I assumed 1 US $

=

Dfl 1.90.

If not explicitly mentioned otherwise in literature, all heads are assumed to be based at sea level.

$

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4. Selection of pumps from the list (objective two). 4.1. Some remarks on the requirements to be met.

Objective two was: From the list of pumps select 5-10

pumps that are worth testing in Zambia.

The selected pumps to my idea have to meet two kinds of requirements.

On one hand the pumps selected should be serious candidates for being or becoming (after modifications) appropriate for small scale irrigation in Zambia. In

fact all pumps listed so far are candidates so

additional criteria will be needed to select the best candidates.

On the other hand the range of pumps selected should be composed so that tests can provide an optimal amount of relevant technical and socio-economic data. This means that different pumps should be selected, different with respect to. design, mode of operation, etc. For example to assess the ease of operation of a pump i t is desirable if not necessary to test other pumps with other modes of operation to compare with.

4.2. Preliminary selection of pumps tested by the World Bank.

Before doing a final selection I will first carry out

a preliminary selection according to a procedure

described in [1] by the World Bank, see Appendix B. This procedure only applies to pumps sufficiently tested within the rural water supply hand pump project of the World Bank, so pump 1-36 from our list. The procedure recognizes a number of important factors that play a role when choosing a hand pump. These factors are: - Discharge rate. - Ease of maintenance. - Reliability. - Corrosion resistance. - Abrasion resistance. - Manufacturing needs.

For each pump tested the World Bank has given a rating for each of the factors above for different local situations (e.g. a rating for the ease of maintenance of a pump applying different maintenance systems). According to the procedure, criteria have to be set

applications. In box 1. these criteria are given. See Appendix B for more details.

Box 1. criteria that reflect the Zambian situation.

Maximum pumping lift: 7 m

m max.

Daily output: 4 m3

Maintenance level: A (village caretaker)

corrosion resistance: Adequate

(most downhole components corrosion resistant)

Abrasion resistance: Adequate

(may be suitable for trace sand pumping)

Manufacturing: 1 (low level industrial base)

A maximum daily output of 4 m3 seems sufficient to me. According to Freankel [15, page 19) a "typical" peak net irrigation requirement is 50-200 m3/day ha. with 4

m3 available this makes i t possible to irrigate

200-800 sq meter of land. This seems SUfficient to me since only small plots of land have to be irrigated. Furthermore to irrigate more land will cost more time. Stern [21] states that under favourable conditions not more than 500 sq meter can be irrigated by one man

using a watering can. According to TDAU, thus far

small plot irrigation in Zambia is often done by using a bucket or a watering can.

As a result from the procedure described in Appendix B, 5 pumps are selected. These pumps are :

2 AFRIDEF (PL) - 18 VOLANTA (PL) - 22 BLAIR (PL/DA)

- 26 NIRA AF 85 (PL/DA) - 34 ROWER (PS/DA)

Doing a final selection i t can be kept in mind that, apart from other factors that can be of influence, on

the average the 5 pumps above meet requirements w.r.t. discharge, maintenance etc. better than the rest of the pumps tested by the world bank.

4.3. The final selection of pumps

As stated in § 4.1. it's desirable to test pumps that are significantly different from each other. Only then tests can result in an optimal set of technical and socio-economic data relevant for selecting pumps.

On the other hand only pumps which are likely to be more appropriate for small scale irrigation purposes in Zambia than others should possibly be selected. They do not necessarily differ significantly from each other.

Selecting the most appropriate pumps from the 95 pumps included in the survey requires a more comprehensive list of criteria than used so far. However even if we had such a list i t would be very hard to use. not only time is lacking but moreover the necessary data on pumps are lacking in this stage. the problem we face here is that we want to select a number of pumps to be tested but without the tests data are lacking that would support a selection.

Therefore when selecting pumps at this stage I want to stress the obj ecti ve of data collection and use the method described below.

I want to distinguish pumps according to type (e. g . PL, D, C, etc.) and mode of operation (e.g. pedal,

lever handle, direct action etc.). I think both

factors will have great influence on technical and socio-economic data to be collected.

As far as advisable for each pump type one or more

pumps are selected keeping factors like ease of

maintenance, price, mobility, yield etc. in mind. It is made sure that the range of pumps composed this way should also include different modes of operation.

I do agree that quite some arbitrariness is involved but to my idea it's the best I can do under the given conditions.

AS: Archimedes screw.

There is only one design available, pump 89. Although the application of this archimedes screw is restricted

to pumping heads of not more than about O. 75 meter

(30"), I think i t ' s worth testing. The pump is

relatively easy to built not using expensive

C: Centrifugal pumps.

All human-powered centrifugal pumps in the survey are made in China. There's one design available from VITA. The centrifugal pump will not be easy to manufacture in Zambia. I think the fan in particular requires rather complex casting. An other disadvantage of the pump is that i t probably needs priming. An advantage

is that it uses pedal operation which allows

relatively high energy demands which enables a

relatively high discharge. Also a centrifugal pump is not so vulnerable to sand loaded water because i t has no valves. The design by VITA does not really provide in a drive, i t is only shown how a bicycle could do the job. The VITA centrifugal pump however does not require casting. I think i t would be advisable to do tests with pump 53, l-~-JB made in China. This pump is widely used in China and exports to Africa have already taken place. This pump also uses a bicycle setting.

D: Diaphragm pumps.

Diaphragm pumps have the advantage that they are relatively simple compared to most other pumps. There is no piston moving and there are no seals needed. Except for the valves, which always form a vulnerable part, diaphragm pumps are more abrasion resistant than many other pumps. It is therefore often used to pump liquids that contain solid particles. Diaphragm pumps

thus can be very useful for pumping water for

irrigation. Pump 87 by VITA is selected. This pump is easy to built, i t uses no close fittings or machined parts. It can be made mobile by mounting i t on a little cart. As alternatives I want to mention pump 40

(China), pump 79 (VETUS The Netherlands) and pump 81 (IRRI The Philippines). Pump 79 is readily available but is largely constructed in plastics, pump 81 is relatively difficult to built compared to the pump by VITA. Pump 92, the tyre pump, is very interesting but information on it is to scarce to opt for this pump.

IN: Inertia pumps.

There are only two designs available of this pump

type, a bicycle driven version (82) and a version

using a lever bar (85). I choose the lever bar

operated version because it is less complex. The

inertia pump itself is an extremely simple pump to built and maintain. It is made of galvanized sheet metal but bamboo can also be used. It has only one

valve which is easily accessible. A disadvantage is that the pump needs priming and some exercise is needed to operate the pump.

pc: progressive cavity pumps.

The Two pumps listed, number 14 and 15 are to complex

to my idea. Besides that they did not pass the

preliminary selection of pumps tested by the World Bank, see § 4.2. Therefore they are not selected.

PL: Piston lift pumps.

A lot of PL pumps have been listed. Most of them have been tested by the World Bank. I think i t makes sense in that case to rely on the results of these tests. There are four pumps then to be considered: 2 Afridef, 18 Volanta, 22 Blair and 26 the Nira AF 85.

It was stated earlier that the 750$ limit could be reduced to 400$ at second instance. Using the 400$ limit the Afridef and Volanta will not be selected. Two pumps remain, the Blair PL(DA) and the Nira AF 85 PL(DA). Pump number 22 Blair is selected because it's cheaper than the Nira AF 85. The Blair pump is a seal-less design using plastic below ground parts and has the possibility to deliver under pressure. A hose can

be connected to the pump outlet. A disadvantage

compared to the Nira AF 85 is the low discharge of the Blair, nevertheless according to the World Bank i t will pump at least 1.1 m3jhour at 7 meter lift. The Blair can be regarded as a VLOM pump. The Nira AF 85 should be kept in mind as an alternative.

PS: Piston suction pumps.

From the pumps tested by the World Bank one pumps has had a lot of publicity. It's pump number 34 the Rower PS(DA). According to the World Bank the Rower' pump is

ideal for small plot irrigation. It's a true VLOM

pump. It's low cost, easy to manufacture and to

service and has a high capacity. Because of the above I think it's worth testing the Rower pump.

An other pump that's worth testing 'is pump 86, the pi tcher pump design by VITA. It's the only ordinary lever handle piston suction pump that doesn't require casting. This pump if necessary can be made mobile by mounting it on a simple cart using a hose as a suction inlet. The pump requires welding and is made from standard pipe, stripe etc. It will need priming.

SR: semi rotary pumps.

All semi rotary pumps listed are very much alike so there not much to choose. The semi rotary pump is

worth testing because of its broad usability.

Furthermore it's relatively mobile because i t ' s small and hoses can be used for suction and delivery. The semi rotary pump has to be primed. Pump 77 Monster SR has been selected because of its availability.

FB: Foam belt pump.

There is one pump listed using a foam belt. It is not selected because it seems a very vulnerable design to me. To my idea the foam belt easily gets clogged and can be easily damaged.

CW and RW: Chain washer and rope washer pumps

Both types are considered together because they don't differ significantly. The pump selected is pump number 38 Rope ("Sogall_{) , made in Peru. According to the World}

Bank [1] this pump seems to be suitable for village level operation and maintenance. It's also suitable for local manufacturing. It has a high discharge rate.

The nine pumps selected are listed on the next page. Of course this list is only preliminary and close consul tation with TDAU will be needed before any of these pumps will be bought or built by TDAU. As one can see the list of pumps contains different pump types and modes of operation.

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5. Conclusion.

Literature on human-powered pumps used for small scale irrigation is scarce. Reliable data on pump qualities are often lacking. Probably some pumps listed would have been crossed out when more information on pump qualities was available. Nevertheless I hope to have succeeded in achieving the objectives of this paper

literature. [lJ Arlosoroff S. [2J Arlosoroff S. [3] [4] Schepers A. Reyen A. Dingemans M. [5] Boyd J. [6 ] [7] [8] [9] [10] TOOL [11] IRRI [12] Heber G. [13] VITA

Community watersupply, the handpump option; rural watersupply handpumps project, The World Bank, Washington 1987.

Handpumps Testing and Development: Progress Report on Field and Labora-tory testing, The World Bank,

Washington, 1984.

Cumberland General Store; Wish and Want Book, Cumberland, Crossville, Tennessee, USA, 1975.

Handpompen verslag van een ON60 op-dracht, faculty of mechanical engi-neering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 1984. Tools for agriculture; a buyers guide to low cost agricultural

implements, Intermediate Technology, London, 1976.

Tools for agriculture; a guide to hand operated and animal drawn

equipment, Intermediate Technology, London, 1973.

Monster; Industrie en Scheepvaart Catalogus, Monster, Gorinchem , The Netherlands, 1981.

Catalogus Pompen Compagny BEDU BV.i PCB, Ederveen, The Netherlands,1986. Catalogus Budget Marine; VETUS , The Netherlands.

The Salawe pump; construction manual ; TOOL, Amsterdam.

IRRI Diaphragm pump, a simple way to pump water; IRRI, Manila.

waterpumping systems using renewable energies; GATE, Eschborn, Germany, 1978.

VITA Technical Bulletin; numbers 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 27; VITA, Mt Rainier

[14) TOOL [15] Freankel P. [16) Chatikotu S. [17] Crouch M. [18] [19) [20) [21)

De zuigerpomp een bouwbeschrijving; TOOL, Amsterdam.

waterpumping devices: A handbook for users and choosers; Intermediate Technology, London, 1986.

Bamboo or PVC pipe waterpump; WHO, Nigeria, 1975.

Six simple handpumpsi A Construction Guide; VITA; Arlington, virginia, USA, 1982.

GODWIN "HLS" Handpumps; leaflet HLS/3, GODWIN Ltd, Quenington, England, 1975.

Pompe elevatrice "L'Africaine" pour tous profonds: Champenois,

Chamouilley, France, 1975.

SWS Rower pump; SWS Filtration Ltd, Northumberland, England.

Small scale irrigation; Intermediate Technology, London, 1980.

Other relevant literature: FAO

Mc Junkin F.E.

Kennedy W.K.

Watt S.

Proceedings of the FAO/DANIDA Work-shop on Waterlifting Devices in Asia and the Near-East. held in Bangkok; FAO, Rome, 1981.

Handpumpsi for use in drinking water supplies in development countries; IRC, Rijswijk, The Netherlands,1977. Human and animal powered

water-lifting devices; a state of the art survey; Intermediate Tech-nology, London, 1985.

Chinese chain and washer pumps; Intermediate Technology, London, 1977.