Responsive DNA G-quadruplex micelles
Cozzoli, Liliana; Gjonaj, Lorina; Stuart, Marc C A; Poolman, Bert; Roelfes, Gerard
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Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)
DOI:
10.1039/c7cc07899d
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Publication date:
2018
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Citation for published version (APA):
Cozzoli, L., Gjonaj, L., Stuart, M. C. A., Poolman, B., & Roelfes, G. (2018). Responsive DNA G-quadruplex
micelles. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England), 54, 260-263.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc07899d
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ratingh Institute etherlands. E‐mail: roningen Biomolec G Groningen, The N rrent address: Dep enter, Einthovenwe Electronic Su : 10.1039/x0xx000 eived 00th January epted 00th January : 10.1039/x0xx0000 w.rsc.org/ novel and versa e assembly o uctures is esse bility. By hybr e micelles we mbination wit and, the releas e molecular‐r cleic acids m mplex supram mposition, str own double he n‐canonical st motifs.6–8 Am rticular interes gh stability an anine tetrads t π‐π stacking ked the form ological procomerase inhib Here, we p celles, in whi oved to be mphipiles into m
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NICATIO
for Chemistry, N : j.g.roelfes@rug.n cular Sciences and Netherlands. partment of Chemi eg 20, 2333 ZC Leid upplementary 000x 20xx, 20xx 00xR
Lil
atile design of of the DNA ential for the ridization with re destabilized h a hairpin D se is obtained s ecognition pr make them id molecular struc ucture and fu elix conformat tructures such mong these, st because of nd versatility.6 that are able t g interactions mation of G‐4 esses, such bition.13resent a nov ch the assem crucial for micelles. Mod oduction of a with the lipid h elease of a dy pt is highly v s. Through th at release the
ON
Nijenborgh 4, 97 l Biotechnology Inst ical Immunology, L den, the Netherland Information (Eesponsive
iana Cozzoli,
DNA‐lipid conj headgroups formation of a complemen d, resulting in DNA aptamer selectively by th roperties and eal scaffolds ctures that allo nction.1–5 In a tion, DNA is a h as G‐quadrup G‐quadruplex their well‐def 6,9 G‐4s are co to accommoda s10–12 and re 4s in vivo to as gene vel design o mbly of the h the self‐aggr ulation of mic complement headgroup, un e (fig. 1). Furt ersatile and a is approach w ir cargo in re747 AG Groninge titute, Nijenborgh 4 Leiden University M ds ESI) available:
e DNA G‐
a
Lorina Gjo
jugates is prese into G‐quadr f micelles and tary oligonucle n cargo relea as compleme he presence of polymorphism for the desi ow for contro ddition to the lso able to fol plexes, i‐motif xes (G‐4s) a fined conform omposed of p ate small mole ecent studies
o be relevan transcription f DNA G‐4 eadgroup in regation of celle stability c ary oligonucle folding the G‐ thermore, we applicable in we engineered esponse to a t
en, The 4, 9747 Medical See
‐quadrupl
onaj,
a§Marc
ented. ruplex d their eotide se. In entary ATP. ms of gn of ol over e well‐ d into fs and re of ation, planar ecules have nt for and based a G‐4 these can be eotide ‐4 and show more d DNA target mole Inspi resea as sc with energ deliv In with struc allow desta oligo O modi the 5 In th
lex micell
C. A. Stuart
ecule, such as a red by the h arch groups haaffolds for the different app gy transfer18,1 ery.20
n a recent rep a 2’OMe RN ctures.20 Thes wed for the
abilization of nucleotide. Our design re
ified DNA stra 5’‐terminus to he presence o
es
,
a,bBert Poo
adenosine 5’‐t ierarchical se ave exploited e developmen plications, suc 19
or as pote port Wilner e NA sequences se micelles
controlled the quadrup lies on a com and, that was lipophilic tails of K+, the sho
olman
band G
triphosphate ( lf‐assembly o these non‐can nt of new biom ch as sensing, ential nanostr et al. enginee able to self‐ displayed hig release of plex with an mmercially av s subsequent s of different ort G‐rich DNAGerard Roelf
(ATP). f the G‐4s m nonical structu molecular syste 14,15 catalysis, uctures for d red lipid mice ‐assemble in gh stability a cargo u n antisense R vailable 5’‐am ly conjugated length (C12‐C1 A oligonucleofes
*amany ures ems 16,17 drug elles G‐4 and pon RNA ino‐ d on 18:1). tide
CO ass tail sol we hyd len S1) lipi TTT con G‐4 pH con olig neg par nea con olig sho stru mic GG 1‐3 stru con ESI mic Thi hea sur Fig. 2 and B disso deter incub MMUNICATION sembled into ls in proximit ution, self‐or re synthesiz droxysuccinim ngths with the ). As a negativ ds that are u TTT‐3’). After njugates were The purified 4 by annealin =7.2) and su nfirm the form gonucleotide‐l gative band a rallel G‐4.21,22 ar 250 nm and nfirming that i Next, we set gonucleotide‐l owed that t uctures that celles. DLS m GGTTT surfacta 3 nm average uctures were njugates with ), which sug celles are not is result highli adgroup into a rfactants and h 2 Characterization o B) C16‐GGGTT. Sca olved in Tris‐HCl 3 rmination of the o bated with 2.5 μM N
N Journal Name
a parallel G‐4 ty and formin rganize into s zed by rea mide (NHS) este
e 5’‐amino‐mo ve control we a unable to ass r purification characterized oligonucleoti ng in buffer bsequently a mation of G‐4 lipids showed at 240 nm, ch For the cont d a positive ba n this case no out to study t lipid conjugat he G‐4 surfa because of t measurements ans confirmed e radius (Fig. detected in the 5’‐TTTTT ggests that formed, or th ights that the a G‐4 is impor hence in favou of the DNA G‐4 conj le bar represents 5 30 mM KCl 80 mM oligonucleotide‐lipid Nile Red. e 4, bringing the ng the surfact stable micelle action of t ers of carboxy odified oligon also synthesiz semble into a by reversed d by UPLC‐MS de‐lipids were (30 mM Tris nalysed by C 4 (fig. 2c). The a positive ban haracteristic o trol conjugate and near 280 o G‐4 structure the aggregatio es in solution actants are their size can
of the C16‐G the presence S10). In con the Cryo‐TE T‐3’ sequence either under hey are too sm assembly of t rtant for the s uring micelles jugates. A) Cryo‐TE 50 nm. B) CD spect M pH=7.2 at 25 ˚ ds in Tris‐HCl 30 m
e four hydrop tants, that on es. The DNA‐ he activated ylic acid of diff nucleotide (Sc ed oligonucleo G‐4 structur d‐phase HPLC (Fig. S2, ESI). e assembled i s‐HCl, 80 mM CD spectrosco e CD spectra o nd at 260 nm of a tetramole es, a negative
nm were obse e was formed. on behaviour o . Cryo‐TEM st self‐assemblin n be attribute GGGTT and C e of aggregates ntrast, no mi M studies fo (fig. 2 and fi these cond mall to be obse the oligonucle self‐assembly o formation. M images of C12‐G ra of the G‐4 conju ˚C. C= 30 μM D) mM KCl 80 mM p phobic nce in ‐lipids d N‐ ferent cheme otide‐ re (5’‐ C, the into a M KCl, opy to of the and a ecular band erved, of our tudies ng in ed to C18:1‐ s with icellar or the ig. S4, ditions erved. eotide of the T conju prob phas polar show (λmax the conce in fig lengt CMC than confi hydro stabi highe μM f B demo contr mice the c GGGT hypo with detec struc Base the G and cargo oligo was comp G‐4 synth contr Fi po La 8: O GGGTT ugates CMC pH=7.2 he critical mi ugates was d e. Nile Red h e behaviour o rity of the mi ws a consisten ) at surfactant λmax of Nile
entration we g. 2d. It was o th of the hydr of C18:1‐GGGT that of C12‐G rmed that the ophilic head lization of th er when the G or C12‐TTTT).‡ oth cryo‐TE onstrate that ributes signific
lles still maint cationic porp TT, as evide ochromicity (41 these results cted in the ca cture. d on these re G‐4 would cau potentially to o. Toward th nucleotide se synthesized plementary st and formati hesized a sim
rol. ig. 3 Monitoring olyacrylamide gel e ane 4: C18:1‐OL2; La : C18:1‐OL2 + c‐OL2. L1:
5’‐GGGTTTAAG celle concent determined u as been exten of amphipiles
croenvironme nt change in
t concentratio Red as a were able to observed that rophobic tail o TT (1 μM) is o GGGTT (10 μM e presence of group of th he self‐assem G‐4 is not form M studies the assembly cantly to mice tain the funct hyrin TMPyP4 enced by th 1 %) of the Sor s, no change
se of C12‐TTTT
esults we env se a decrease their disrupt his end, a ne equence on th (C18:1‐OL1), s
rand would re on of duple milar conjuga the destabilizati lectrophoresis. Lan ne 5: c‐OL1; Lane 6 TGTAGTT‐3’; OL2:
5 ration (CMC) sing Nile Re nsively utilize s, due to its ent.23,24 In pa the maximum ons above the function of estimate thei the CMC is d of the surfact one order of M). Moreover, a G‐4 forming he surfactan mbly: the CM med (10 μM f and the m y of the head
elle formation tion of G‐4, si 411,25 was ob he red shift ret band (fig S in the UV/Vis T, which does visioned that e in the stabili tion, allowing ew conjugate he 3’ terminu such that th esult in the di exes. Also in ate (C18:1‐OL2
ion of the G‐4 ne 1: OL1; Lane 2: O 6: c‐OL2; Lane 7: C1
5’‐TTTTTTAAGTGTA
of the DNA‐l d as fluoresc d to monitor sensitivity to rticular, Nile m of its emiss
CMC. By plot the conjuga ir CMC, as sho dependent on
tants. In fact, magnitude lo , the results a g sequence in nts leads to C is significa or C12‐GGGTT measured CM group into a n. Moreover, ince binding w served with t (11 nm) S5 ). In agreem s absorption not form the destabilization ty of the mice the release o e with a lon us (Table S1,
e addition o isassembly of n this case,
) as a nega using native 10 OL2; Lane 3: C18:1‐OL 18:1‐OL1 + c‐OL1; La AGTT‐3’. ipid cent the the Red sion ting ates own the the wer also the o a ntly ; 50 MCs G‐4 the with C12‐ and ment was G‐4 n of elles of a nger ESI) of a the we tive 0% L1; ne
con seq (Fig com ban for pre for ret In o dis hyd me A dio don tet acc exc tra em wh in d of ser nm Enc Fig. occu caus Fig. oligo head chan inte FRET OL3 Using native nfirmed that quence destab g. 3, lane 3 mplementary nd appeared, mation of th esence of the long oligonu ention of the order to estim ruption of drophobic pro easuring Förste well know octadecyloxaca nor and ramethylindoc ceptor. When citation at 450 nsfer due to mission at 575 hen the micelle decrease in th The fluoresce C18:1‐OL1 and rum albumin ( m, monitoring capsulation of 4 FRET experimen
urs. Upon addition sing a loss of the FR
5 Normalized FR
onucleotide. An ol dgroup of the mic nge in FRET efficie ract with the G‐4 ( T signal resembles t : 5’‐GACATGTCTGA Additi e polyacrylam indeed the bilizes the G‐4 3) disappeare oligonucleoti , suggesting e duplex. Mo alkyl chain pro ucleotides, as bands in lane mate whether the G‐4, w obes from the er resonance e FRET pair20,2 arbocyanine carbocyanine both dyes a 0 nm (excitatio their close pr 5 nm (emissio es disassembl e FRET efficien ence experime d C18:1‐OL2 di BSA) in PBS (4 the emission f the dyes insid nt. When both dye
of the complemen RET efficiency.
ET ratio upon add igonucleotide that celle, allowing dup ency. On the contr (orange) doesn`t af the one of C18:1‐OL1
ACCTTG‐3’
ion of the complemen
mide gel elect presence of 4. In fact the ed after inc de c‐OL1 (lan
disassembly oreover the g omotes the fo s can be see
1 (OL1) and la micelle stabil we monitored core of the m energy transfe 26,27 was cho perchlorate 1,1’‐di perchlorate re encapsulat on of the dono roximity, leadi on of the acce
e, the two dye ncy should be ents were per
ssolved in a 45 mg/mL) at 3 n in the rang de the micelle s DiO/DiI are enca ntary oligonucleotid
dition of 1 equiva t can hybridize wit plex formation (pu rary an oligonucleo ffect stability of the 1 alone (black).
t
trophoresis it a compleme e band of C18
cubation with ne 7) while a of the G‐4 gel shows tha ormation of th n by the diff ane 3 (C18:1‐OL ity was affect d the releas icelles over tim er (FRET) effic osen, where (DiO) acts ioctadecyl‐3,3 e (DiI) acts
ted in one m or) results in e ing to fluores eptor). In con es are release observed (fig formed on sam solution of b 37 ˚C with λex ge of 465‐700 es was confirm apsulated energy tr de the dyes are re
alent of antisense th the hydrophilic urple), leads to a otide that doesn`t e micelles and the t was entary :1‐OL1 h the a new 4 and at the he G‐4 ferent L1). ted by se of me by iency. 3,3’‐ s as 3,3’,3’‐ s as icelle, energy cence ntrast, ed and . 4). mples bovine = 450 0 nm. med by UV‐V preci core T C18:1‐ form dyes sugge enou othe initia dye m After equil cond U comp mice fluor inten of th initia dyes mice maxi indic The F relati (the FRET purp syste the o G‐4 d dyes. a non 5, or beha W ransfer eleased Fig. blue resp stra dom dom lead Vis (fig. S6, ES pitation of th of the micelle he FRET assay ‐OL1 and C18:1
ing micelles C was observed esting that the ugh to keep t
r. For C18:1‐OL
lly observed, molecules from r 60 min the F
ibrium is rea itions for at le Upon additio plementary ol lles is decreas escence emis nsity at 575 nm e donor at firs l decrease co located at th lles, as obse mum of the e ating the cha FRET ratio, I57
ive peak shift emission of D T ratio of C18:1
le). This conf em could be u
oligonucleotid due to hybridiz . To support t n‐complemen range), but in viour is simila We envisioned 6 A) Design of the
e) and a responsiv ponsive domain is nd in the G‐4 micel main, the structure main. This promote ds to micelle disrupt
SI). The use he dyes after
s.
y indicated a
1‐OL2 (fig. S6,
C18:1‐OL1 ener
d, no FRET was e micelles form the two prob L1 a small dec probably due m the micelles RET ratio no lo ched and the east 4h (fig. 5, n of an e igonucleotide sed, as can be ssion spectra m significantly st slightly decr ould be relate he hydrophob erved in simi emission is shi nge in the loc
5/(I575 + I510),
between I510
DiI). Upon add
1‐OL1 showed
firms that the used to tune m
e headgroups zation, the mic this, we teste tary strand w this case no r as in the con the incorpora e DNA hairpin comp ve domain (in oran locked and the in les is disfavored. C e of the hairpin re
s the hybridization tion and release of c
of BSA is ne release from significant dif ESI). In fact rgy transfer b
s detected in med in this ca es in close p crease in the e to the releas
s when diluted onger changed e micelles are
black).
equimolar a e the stability observed by t
(fig. S6b). T y decreased, w reased and the ed to the bur bic‐hydrophilic ilar studies26. ifting from 51 cal environme was calculate (the emission dition of the d a significant e presence o micelle stabili s are not able celles release d whether the would affect th
o change is o ntrol experime ation of this d
posed of the ATP‐b nge). B) In the ab nteraction with th C) When ATP binds rearranges, exposin n with its complem
cargo.
ecessary to av the hydropho fference betw
while in the G between the case of C18:1‐O ase are not sta proximity of e FRET efficienc se of some of d in BSA solut d, suggesting t e stable in th amount of y of the C18:1‐
the change in The fluoresce while the emiss en increased. st release of c interface in . Moreover, 10 nm to 505
ent of the pro ed to monitor
n of DiO) and complement,
decrease (fig f the G‐4 in ity. In fact, w to assemble the encapsula e incubation w he FRET ratio observed and ent (fig. 5, blac
esign into a m
binding domain (in sence of ATP the he complementary to the recognition ng the responsive entary strand and
void obic ween G‐4‐ two OL2, able each cy is the tion. that hese the OL1 the ence sion The the the the nm, obe. the I575 the g. 5, the hen in a ated with (fig. the ck). more
CO com pre seq ass pre the con for pre res Con rea hyb com Up and doe (fig com usi fig. res not ind DN sho a for the stra rele sui as the suc F r d m o fo s
MMUNICATION mplex system esence of a sm quence28,29 wa sumes two d esence of its l e ATP‐recogni nsisting of a ming sequen eferentially in sponsive dom nversely, upo arranged, libe bridize with th The FRET ex mposed of C18 on addition of d the dyes w es occur in th g.7 black) but mpared to the The selectivit ng ATP analog . 7 orange) and sults show tha t different com dicating that th In conclusion NA G‐4 micelle ow how the as G‐4 plays a mation. We d e micelles is p
and that lead ease of enca table for the d was demonst eir cargo selec ch as ATP. Thi
Fig. 7 Normalized F
esponsive to ATP. destabilized but wit mM ATP (purple). In observed upon addi or ATP, since the a tability of the mice
N Journal Name
m, i.e. a DNA mall molecule as engineered different conf igand (fig. 6). tion domain DNA sequen nce. In the a n a locked c main to inte on binding of erating the r he G‐4 micelles xperiment w 8:1‐OL4 (fig. 7 f ATP the mice were released. e presence of at a much s e system in the
ty of the syst gues, such as d 5’‐citosine t at in this case mpared to the he response of n, we present es. Cryo‐TEM ssembly of the an important demonstrate th possible, by in ds to disasse apsulated dye development trated by the ctively in the s DNA aptame FRET ratio over tim The system in the h lower efficiency a n the latter case, an ition of ATP, indicat addition of GTP (or
lles.
e
G‐4 micelles e. The ATP‐bin d to obtain a formations, d The hairpin i and (b) the nce compleme absence of A conformation eract with t f ATP the h responsive do s, thus leading as performed and table S1 elles were imm . Destabilizati f the aptamer slower rate an e presence of A tem for ATP w 5’‐guanosine riphosphate (C
the decrease e system with f the system is t a novel and studies and C e oligonucleot t role in de
hat modulatio ntroduction of embly of the es. The syste of novel DNA‐ e DNA G‐4 m
presence of er based appr me measured for t presence of the ap and slower rate tha n immediate decrea ting dye release. Th range) or CTP (blue
responsive t nding DNA apt a DNA hairpin depending on is composed o responsive do entary to the TP, the hairp that inhibits the G‐4 mic airpin structu omain, which g to cargo rele d on G‐4 mi for the seque mediately disr
on of the mi (APT) withou nd lower effic ATP (fig. 7, pu was determin triphosphate CTP, fig.7 blue in the FRET ra the aptamer a s selective for versatile desi CMC determin tide headgrou etermining m on of the stabi f a compleme G‐4 micelles em proved t ‐based nanode icelles that re a target mole roach to G4‐m the DNA G‐4 micel ptamer (APT, black n in the presence o ase of the FRET ratio he response is spec e) does not affect t
to the tamer n that n the of: (a) omain e G‐4 pin is s the celles. ure is h can ease. icelles ence). upted icelles ut ATP ciency rple). ed by (GTP, e). The atio is alone, ATP. ign of nation p into micelle ility of entary s and to be evices elease ecule, micelle disas to dif T Adva Start the N (Grav
Not
‡ Det in the alway could 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 lles k) is of 5 o is cific thessembly is hig fferent kind of his research w nced Materia ing grant 280 Netherlands M vitation Progra
es and refe
ermination of t e results than w ys significantly be due to the lo F. Zhang, J. N 136, 11198– F. Wang, X. L 1098–1129. P. W. K. Roth K. E. Bujold, J 138, 14030–E. Stulz and
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