Cape Town - Africa' Gateway. A traveller' and cultural guide to Cape Town and surrounds, with educational Xhosa language phrases" : development and evaluation of a hypermedia application for language learning
57
0
0
Hele tekst
(2) 'HFODUDWLRQ . , WKH XQGHUVLJQHG KHUHE\ GHFODUH WKDW WKH ZRUN FRQWDLQHG LQ WKLV WKHVLV LV P\ RZQ RULJLQDOZRUNDQGWKDW,KDYHQRWSUHYLRXVO\LQLWVHQWLUHW\RULQSDUWVXEPLWWHGLWDWDQ\ XQLYHUVLW\IRUDGHJUHH . 6LJQDWXUH. . . . 'DWH . . . . LL.
(3) $EVWUDFW . ,W LV D FRPPRQ FRQFHUQ IRU PDQ\ WUDYHOOHUV WR IHHO ORVW LQ WKH ODQJXDJH DQG FXOWXUH RI DQRWKHU FRXQWU\ ,W FDQ EH H[FHSWLRQDOO\ IUXVWUDWLQJ WR WRXU D UHJLRQ DQG QRW EH DEOH WR FRPPXQLFDWH ZLWK WKH ORFDOV 7KHUHIRUH ILQGLQJ \RXU ZD\ DURXQG ILQGLQJ DFFRPPRGDWLRQRUEDUJDLQLQJIRUWKHULJKWSULFHZLOODOVREHSUREOHPDWLF . 7KH K\SHUPHGLD FRPSXWHU DSSOLFDWLRQ µ&DSH 7RZQ ± $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\ ± $ WUDYHOOHU¶V. DQG FXOWXUDO JXLGH WR &DSH 7RZQ DQG VXUURXQGV ZLWK HGXFDWLRQDO ;KRVD ODQJXDJH SKUDVHV¶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
(4) WKURXJK LLL.
(5) WKH FRPSDULVRQ RI ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ WKHRULHV DQG UHVHDUFK LQ ZHEVLWH GHVLJQ 7KHVH. WKHRULHV DQG ZHEVLWH GHVLJQV ZHUH XVHG DV DQ DLG WR FUHDWH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQDO DQG HGXFDWLRQDOVHFWLRQVRIWKHK\SHUPHGLDDSSOLFDWLRQ . LY.
(6) 2SVRPPLQJ . 'LWLVµQDOJHPHQHJHYRHOYLUPHQLJHWRHULVRPLQGLHWDDOHQNXOWXXUYDQµQYUHHPGHODQG YHUORUHWHZHHV'LWNDQXLWHUVIUXVWUHUHQGZHHVRPGHXUµQODQGWHWRHUHQQLHE\PDJWHWH ZHHVRPPHWGLHLQZRQHUVWHNRPPXQLNHHUDDQJDDQGHYHUEO\IHQGLHUHJWHSU\VQLH . 'LHKLSHUPHGLDUHNHQDDUWRHSDVVLQJµ&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V*DWHZD\±$WUDYHOOHU¶VDQG. FXOWXUDOJXLGHWR&DSH7RZQDQGVXUURXQGVZLWKHGXFDWLRQDO;KRVDODQJXDJHSKUDVHV¶LV. JHVNHS RP WRHULVWH ZDW GLH .DDSVWDGDUHD GHXUUHLV WH KHOS (QJHOV HQ $IULNDDQV ZRUG DOJHPHHQ LQ GLH :HV.DDS JHEHVLJ HQ (QJHOV ZDW Zr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µQWRHUJLGV . 'LHKLSHUPHGLDUHNHQDDUWRHSDVVLQJLVRSVRµQPDQLHURQWZHUSGDWWRHULVWHLQOLJWLQJRRU .DDSVWDG HQ ;KRVD IUDVHV RRU GLHVHOIGH RQGHUZHUS NDQ YLQG 9LGHRV HQ NODQN KHOS GLH JHEUXLNHUV YDQ GLH ZHEEODG RP KXOVHOI YHUWURXG WH PDDN PHW GLH ;KRVD WDDO +RRI WRHULVWHEHVWHPPLQJVLQ.DDSVWDGZRUGEHVSUHHNHQGDDULVµQZRRUGHO\VPHWYHUWDOLQJV. YDQ;KRVDZRRUGHHQRRNµQXLWJHEUHLGHKXOSOHrURPJHEUXLNHUVWHKHOSZDWVXNNHOGHXU GLHZHEEODG . ,QKLHUGLHWHVLVZRUGGLHPRWLYHULQJYLUGLHRQWVWDDQHQRQWZLNNHOLQJYDQGLHKLSHUPHGLD. UHNHQDDUWRHSDVVLQJXLWHHQJHVLWHQµQYHUGXLGHOLNLQJYDQGLHSURJUDPVHOIJHJHH'LHWHVLV. ZLO YHUGHU RRN E\GUD WRW UHNHQDDUJHVWHXQGH WDDORQGHUULJ 5*72 RI LQ (QJHOV &$// &RPSXWHU $VVLVWHG /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ
(7) GHXU GLH YHUJHO\NLQJ YDQ WDDOOHHUWHRULHs Y.
(8) ZHEEODGRQWZHUS HQ GDDUGLH WHRULHs HQ ZHEEODGRQWZHUSH ZDW JHKHOS KHW LQ GLH RQWZHUS YDQGLHLQIRUPDVLHHQRQGHUULJDIGHOLQJVLQGLHSURJUDP. YL.
(9) $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV . 2Q FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKLV VWXG\ DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ , FUHDWHG , ZRXOG OLNH WR WKDQNDIHZSHRSOHIRUWKHLURQJRLQJVXSSRUWDQGLQWHUHVW . )LUVWO\ , KDYH WR WKDQN P\ VXSHUYLVRU 0UV 52 GX 7RLW DW WKH )DFXOW\ RI $UWV 'HSDUWPHQW 0RGHUQ )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJHV
(10) IRU KHU RQJRLQJ VXSSRUW DQG DGYLFH RQ PDQ\. PDWWHUVFRQFHUQLQJWKHFRXUVHDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIP\DSSOLFDWLRQ7KHHQWKXVLDVPLV UHDOO\DSSUHFLDWHG . , KDYH WR WKDQN P\ IDPLO\ IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW WKURXJKRXW WKH WZR\HDU GXUDWLRQ RI WKLV. FRXUVH 7KDQN \RX IRU OLVWHQLQJ WR DQG HQGXULQJ DOO WKH SUREOHPV DQG WULXPSKV RI P\ SURMHFWDQGDOZD\VEHLQJWKHUHIRUPHHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQVRPHWKLQJQHHGHGVRPHDWWHQWLRQ RUWHVWLQJ . $ ELJ WKDQN \RXWRWKHVWDII DW.LG&UX 7\JHUEHUJ+RVSLWDO
(11) IRU DOZD\V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQGEHLQJSUHSDUHGWRKHOSLQWKHWHVWLQJSKDVHV . $ ILQDO WKDQNVWR9LYLDQIRUKHOSLQJPHZLWKWKH;KRVDVHFWLRQV . $QGODVWEXWQRWOHDVWDOORI\RXZKRZRUNHGPDQ\KRXUVWRWHVWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQDQGJLYH DGYLFHWKDQN\RXVRPXFK . YLL.
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
(13) &RJQLWLYH/HDUQLQJ3V\FKRORJ\DQG&RQVWUXFWLYLVW/HDUQLQJ7KHRU\. . &RJQLWLYH7KHRULHVRI,QGXVWULDO'HVLJQ. . . . . . &RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ &$//
(14) . . . . . &XOWXUH. . . . . . . . . . . &RQFOXVLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . &KDSWHU +\SHUPHGLD:HE'HVLJQ . . ,QWURGXFWLRQ . . . . . . . . . . :HE'HVLJQHOHPHQWV. . . . . . . . . 3ODQQLQJWKH6LWH. . . . . . . . . 7KH8VHU,QWHUIDFH. . . . . . . . . 7KH6LWH'HVLJQ. . . . . . . . . 0XOWLPHGLD. . . . . . . . . . &RQFOXVLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &KDSWHU 4XDQWLWDWLYH5HVHDUFK . . ,QWURGXFWLRQ . . 4XDQWLWDWLYH5HVHDUFK. . . L[.
(15) 8VHRIWKH4XHVWLRQQDLUH VHH$SSHQGL[
(16) . . . . . 5HVXOWV . . . . . . . . . . &RQFOXVLRQ . . . . . . . . . &KDSWHU 'LVFXVVLRQRIILQGLQJVDQGFRQFOXVLRQ . . ,QWURGXFWLRQ . . . . . . . . &RQFOXGLQJWKRXJKWVDQGILQGLQJV . . . . . . . &RQFOXVLRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . $SSHQGL[ 4XHVWLRQQDLUH . . . . . . . . 5HIHUHQFHV. . . . . . . . . . . . [.
(17) /LVWRI)LJXUHV . 3DJH. . )LJXUH /LQHDUQDYLJDWLRQWKURXJKWKHXVHRI3UHYLRXVDQG1H[WEXWWRQV . . )LJXUH /RZHUOHYHOPHQXEXWWRQEDUZLWKJUDSKLFEXWWRQVDQGMXPSPHQX. . )LJXUH 0DLQ 0HQX ZLWKEXWWRQJUDSKLFVDQGORJR. . . )LJXUH 6HFRQG OHYHORIQDYLJDWLRQ%DQQHUJUDSKLFZLWKK\SHUWH[WOLQNV. . )LJXUH ([DPSOHRISKUDVHVWRXULVWVFDQSULQWRXWDQGWDNHZLWKWKHP. . . )LJXUH 7KHXVHRIJUDSKLFVWRH[SODLQFRQFHSWV . . . . . )LJXUH *UDSKRIXVHU¶VIHHGEDFNLQSHUFHQWDJH . . . . . . . . [L.
(18) &KDSWHU . ,QWURGXFWLRQ. 7KH5HVHDUFK7RSLFDQG&RQWHQW . 7KHFRPSXWHUDSSOLFDWLRQ³&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V*DWHZD\±$WUDYHOOHU¶VDQGFXOWXUDO. JXLGH WR &DSH 7RZQ DQG VXUURXQGV ZLWK HGXFDWLRQDO ;KRVD ODQJXDJH SKUDVHV´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¶V SKUDVHV VHFWLRQV )LQDOO\ LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHGLIIHUHQWFXOWXUHVRIWKH:HVWHUQ&DSHSXWVWKHKLVWRU\DQGFKDUDFWHU RIWKH&DSHDQGLWVSHRSOHLQWRFRQWH[WLQDVSHFLDOO\GHVLJQHGµ&XOWXUDO$LG¶VHFWLRQ . 7KHFRPSXWHUDSSOLFDWLRQLVQRWDIXOOEORZQEHJLQQHU¶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
(19) 8VHUVZKRDUHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHLQWHUQHWFDQFOLFNRQWKHH[WHUQDOOLQNV IRUH[DPSOHOLQNV. WR KRPHSDJHV RI +RWHOV HWF
(20) DQG JR WR RWKHU SDJHV RQ WKH :RUOG :LGH :HE ZLWKRXW OHDYLQJWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ DQRWKHUEURZVHUZLQGRZSRSVXS
(21) . 7KHUROHRIWKLVPLQLWKHVLVLVWRH[SODLQWKHSODQQLQJODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJPHWKRGRORJ\DQG ZHE GHVLJQ UHVHDUFK VLWH GHVLJQ DFFHVVLELOLW\ PXOWLPHGLD XVH HWF
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
(23) LQYHU\EDVLF;KRVDWRPHHW WKHLURZQQHHGV7KHVHQHHGVFRXOGEHWRRUJDQLVHDFFRPPRGDWLRQWRPDNHDUHVHUYDWLRQ DW D UHVWDXUDQW WR EX\ IRRG DQG FORWKHV DW D VXSHUPDUNHW RU WR PDNH XVH RI SXEOLF WUDQVSRUW . .
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¶V QHHGV FRQFHUQLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ WKH ;KRVD ODQJXDJH 7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI DQ HGXFDWLRQDO DQG LQIRUPDWLRQDO ZHEVLWH FDQ JLYH SHRSOH GLUHFW DFFHVV WR ZKDW WKH\ DUH. ORRNLQJIRU LQIRUPDWLRQRQ&DSH7RZQRU;KRVDSKUDVHV
(27) DQGLWFDQDOOEHIRXQGLQRQH ORFDWLRQ . 4XDQWLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKFODULILHVZKHWKHUWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQKDVVXFFHHGHGLQVXSSO\LQJXVHUV ZLWKHQRXJKLQIRUPDWLRQRQWUDYHOOLQJLQ&DSH7RZQDQGOHDUQLQJ;KRVD . .
(28) &KDSWHU . . /DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ0HWKRGVDQG$SSURDFKHV&RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG. ,QWURGXFWLRQ. /DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJDQG&XOWXUH . 7KHµYLUWXDOFODVVURRP¶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¶VQDWLYHODQJXDJHDQGQRWVSRNHQIUHHO\LQ WKHLULPPHGLDWHVXUURXQGLQJVLWLVFDOOHG)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ7RWHDFKDIRUHLJQ ODQJXDJHDVSHFWVRIWKHIRUHLJQFXOWXUHPXVWDOVREHFRQVLGHUHG . /HDUQHUVPXVWWDNHDJUHDWHUGHJUHHRIFRQWURORYHUWKHFRQWHQWDQGPHWKRGVRIOHDUQLQJ ZKLOVW DFTXLULQJ D IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH $V WKH\ KDYH WR GHYHORS D FDSDFLW\ WR OHDUQ. LQGHSHQGHQWO\WKHFRQWH[WZKHUHLQWKH\OHDUQVKRXOGDOORZWKHPWRGRVR,QWKLVFKDSWHU /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ PHWKRGV DQG DSSURDFKHV ZKLFK LQIOXHQFH PDQ\ DVSHFWV RI )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ )/7
(29) DQGOHDUQHUDXWRQRP\ZLOOEHGLVFXVVHG . . /DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ0HWKRGVDQG$SSURDFKHV. 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQµ&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V*DWHZD\¶FRQVLVWVRIDQHGXFDWLRQDOVHFWLRQDQG. DQ LQIRUPDWLRQDO VHFWLRQ 7KLV VHFWLRQ RQ /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ 0HWKRGV DQG $SSURDFKHV. FRQVLVWVRIWKUHHSDUWV $KLVWRULFDORYHUYLHZ&RJQLWLYH/HDUQLQJ3V\FKRORJ\ &/3
(30) DQG &RQVWUXFWLYLVW /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU\ &/7
(31) DQG &RJQLWLYH 7KHRULHV RI ,QVWUXFWLRQDO .
(32) 'HVLJQ7KHKLVWRULFDORYHUYLHZ&/3DQG&/7ZLOOWU\WRH[SODLQWKHWKRXJKWVEHKLQG WKH HGXFDWLRQDO VHFWLRQ RI P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG WKH &RJQLWLYH 7KHRULHV RI ,QVWUXFWLRQDO 'HVLJQZLOOWU\WRH[SODLQWKHWKRXJKWVEHKLQGWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDOVHFWLRQ . $QRYHUYLHZRIWKHKLVWRU\RI)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH7HDFKLQJ . 7KHDSSURDFKWRWHDFKLQJDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFKDQJHGWKURXJKRXWWKH \HDUV,QWKHPLG. V WR WKH PLG V WKH ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ SURIHVVLRQ ZDV LQYROYHG LQ D VHDUFK IRU ³PHWKRGV´WKDWZRXOGVXFFHVVIXOO\WHDFKVWXGHQWVDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH . (GZDUG $QWKRQ\
(33) JDYH D GHILQLWLRQ RI WKUHH KLHUDUFKLFDO HOHPHQWV QDPHO\. DSSURDFKPHWKRGDQGWHFKQLTXH$QµDSSURDFK¶LVDVHWRIDVVXPSWLRQVGHDOLQJZLWKWKH QDWXUH RI ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ DQG WHDFKLQJ µ0HWKRG¶ LV DQ RYHUDOO SODQ IRU V\VWHPDWLF SUHVHQWDWLRQRIDODQJXDJHEDVHGXSRQDVHOHFWHGDSSURDFKµ7HFKQLTXHV¶DUHWKHVSHFLILF. DFWLYLWLHV PDQLIHVWHG LQ WKH FODVVURRP WKDW DUH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK D PHWKRG DQG WKXV LQ KDUPRQ\ZLWKDQDSSURDFK$QWKRQ\¶VDSSURDFKPHWKRGDQGWHFKQLTXHZHUHUHQDPHGE\. ODQJXDJH WKHRULVWV WR DSSURDFK GHVLJQ DQG SURFHGXUH ZLWK D VXSHURUGLQDWH WHUP WR GHVFULEH WKLV WKUHHVWHS SURFHVV 7KH SURFHVV ZDV QRZ FDOOHG µ0HWKRG¶ 7KH WHUP. µ0HWKRG¶ZDVDQXPEUHOODWHUPIRUWKHLQWHUUHODWLRQRIWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH %URZQ S
(34) . ,QWKHZHVWHUQZRUOG HDUO\*UHHNDQG/DWLQWLPHV
(35) IRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJZDVWKRXJKW WR SURPRWHLQWHOOHFWXDOLW\ DQGZDVLQGLVSHQVDEOHWRDKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ)RUKXQGUHGV RI \HDUV ODQJXDJH ZDV WDXJKW E\ XVLQJ WKH µ&ODVVLFDO 0HWKRG¶ 7KHUH ZDV D IRFXV RQ JUDPPDWLFDO UXOHV PHPRUL]LQJ RI YRFDEXODU\ DQG RI YDULRXV GHFOHQVLRQV DQG FRQMXJDWLRQV7UDQVODWLRQRIWH[WVDQGZULWWHQH[HUFLVHVZHUHFRPSXOVRU\ . ,QWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKHµ&ODVVLFDO0HWKRG¶ZDVNQRZQDVWKHµ*UDPPDU7UDQVODWLRQ 0HWKRG¶7KLVZDVGXHWRWKHXVHRIJUDPPDWLFDOUXOHVDVWKHEDVLVIRUWUDQVODWLRQIURP WKH IRUHLJQ WR QDWLYH ODQJXDJH 0DMRU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKLV PHWKRG ZHUH WKDW FODVVHV. ZHUHWDXJKWLQWKHPRWKHUWRQJXHZLWKOLWWOHDFWLYHXVHRIWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJH9RFDEXODU\ .
(36) ZDVWDXJKWLQWKHIRUPRIOLVWVRILVRODWHGZRUGV*UDPPDUSURYLGHGWKHUXOHVIRUSXWWLQJ WKHVH ZRUGV WRJHWKHU 7KH UHDGLQJ RI FODVVLFDO WH[WV EHJDQ DW DQ HDUO\ VWDJH 7KH RQO\ GULOOVZHUHH[HUFLVHVLQWUDQVODWLQJGLVFRQQHFWHGVHQWHQFHVIURPWKHWDUJHWODQJXDJHLQWR. WKH PRWKHUWRQJXH ZKLOH OLWWOH RU QR DWWHQWLRQ ZDV JLYHQ WR SURQXQFLDWLRQ 8QWLO YHU\ UHFHQWO\WKHµ*UDPPDU7UDQVODWLRQ0HWKRG¶ZDVXVHGLQPDQ\VFKRROVDURXQGWKHZRUOG. 0DQ\OHDUQHUVGLVOLNHGWKLVPHWKRGRIVWXG\LQJDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH %URZQ SS
(37) . $W WKH WXUQ RI WKH FHQWXU\
(38) %URZQ SS
(39) WKH µ'LUHFW 0HWKRG¶ EHFDPH. LQFUHDVLQJO\SRSXODUDQGZLGHO\NQRZQ7KHEDVLFXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHµ'LUHFW0HWKRG¶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µ*UDPPDU 7UDQVODWLRQ0HWKRG¶ . %HWZHHQWKH VDQG V HVSHFLDOO\LQ$PHULFD
(40) WKHUHZDVDUHYROXWLRQLQODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ ,QWHQVLYH ODQJXDJH FRXUVHV ZHUH GHVLJQHG ZKLFK IRFXVHG RQ RUDODXUDO VNLOOV. $OPRVW QRQH RI WKH JUDPPDU DQG WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH HDUOLHU PHWKRG ZDV IRXQG LQ WKHVH IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ FODVVHV 7KLV QHZ PHWKRG WKH µ$XGLROLQJXDO 0HWKRG¶ ZDV. ILUPO\ JURXQGHG LQ OLQJXLVWLF DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO WKHRU\ 1HZ PDWHULDO ZDV SUHVHQWHG LQ GLDORJXHIRUP7KHUHZDVDGHSHQGHQFHRQPLPLFU\PHPRUL]DWLRQRIVHWVRISKUDVHVDQG. WKH VWUXFWXUDO SDWWHUQ ZDV WDXJKW XVLQJ UHSHWLWLYH GULOOV 9RFDEXODU\ ZDV VWULFWO\ OLPLWHG DQG OHDUQHG LQ FRQWH[W 0XFK XVH ZDV PDGH RI WDSHV ODQJXDJH ODEV DQG YLVXDO DLGV. .
(41) 6XFFHVVIXOUHVSRQVHVZHUHLPPHGLDWHO\UHLQIRUFHG7KHµ$XGLROLQJXDO0HWKRG¶HQMR\HG PDQ\\HDUVRISRSXODULW\ %URZQ SS
(42) . ,Q WKH V³GHVLJQHU´ PHWKRGV ZHUHPDUNHWHG E\ HQWUHSUHQHXUV DVWKHODWHVWDQGEHVW. DSSOLFDWLRQ RI PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ UHVHDUFK ILQGLQJV RI WKH GD\ 2QH RI WKHVH ³GHVLJQHU´ PHWKRGVZDVµ&RPPXQLW\/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ¶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
(43) DV DFFXUDWHO\DVSRVVLEOH7KHFRQYHUVDWLRQFRQWLQXHGLQWKHJURXSWKURXJKWKHFRXQVHORU . ,I QHHGHG WKH FRXQVHORU WRRN D PRUH GLUHFWLYH UROH DQG SURYLGHG VRPH H[SODQDWLRQ RI. FHUWDLQ OLQJXLVWLF UXOHV 7KHUH ZDV DOZD\V WKH SUREOHP WKDW WKH FRXQVHORU FRXOG EH WRR QRQGLUHFWLYH 6WXGHQWV RIWHQ QHHG GLUHFWLRQ LQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH ILUVW VWDJHV RI IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJLHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJH %URZQ SS
(44) . 2QH RI WKH RWKHU QHZ PHWKRGV ZDV µ6XJJHVWRSHGLD¶ ³7KLV PHWKRG ZDV GHULYHG IURP D. %XOJDULDQSV\FKRORJLVW*HRUJL/R]DQRY¶V
(45) FRQWHQWLRQWKDWWKHKXPDQEUDLQFRXOG SURFHVV JUHDW TXDQWLWLHV RI PDWHULDO LI VLPSO\ JLYHQ WKH ULJKW FRQGLWLRQV IRU OHDUQLQJ. 7KHVHLQFOXGHGDVWDWHRIUHOD[DWLRQDQGKDQGLQJRYHURIFRQWUROWRWKHWHDFKHU´ %URZQ S
(46) . 0XVLFLVFHQWUDOWRWKLVPHWKRG%DURTXHPXVLFZDVLGHDOIRULWKDVDVSHFLILFUK\WKP,W OHDGV WR UHOD[HG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ WKXV GHFUHDVLQJ EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG SXOVH UDWH 6WXGHQWV ZRXOGEHFRPH³VXJJHVWLEOH´,QWKHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVHVVLRQWKHUHZRXOGEHVLOHQFHLQ WKH FODVVURRP 7KH PXVLF ZDV WXUQHG RQ DQG WKH WHDFKHU ZRXOG UHDG SDVVDJHV IURP WKH. WH[WERRNRURWKHUWHDFKLQJPDWHULDOZKLOHVWXGHQWVIROORZHGLQWKHLUERRNV7KHUHZRXOG EHVLOHQFHIRUDZKLOHDQGWKHQVWXGHQWVZHUHLQVWUXFWHGWRFORVHWKHLUERRNVDQGH\HVDQG .
(47) UHOD[ ZKLOH WKH WHDFKHU UHDGV WKH SDVVDJHV DJDLQ 6WXGHQWV ZRXOG QRW UHFHLYH JUDPPDU KRPHZRUNRQWKHVHSDVVDJHV7KH\RQO\KDGWRUHDGLWRQFHEHIRUHWKH\ZHQWWREHGDQG DIWHUWKH\JRWXSLQWKHPRUQLQJ$OWKRXJKKLJKO\FULWLFL]HGµ6XJJHVWRSHGLD¶JDYHVRPH. LQVLJKW LQWR WKH SRZHU RI WKH KXPDQ EUDLQ 7HUWLDU\ LQVWLWXWHV DOVR XVH WKLV PHWKRG IRU H[DPSOHWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI0RGHUQ)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJHVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI6WHOOHQERVFK QHDU&DSH7RZQ6RXWK$IULFD
(48) LQWHDFKLQJ*HUPDQWRILUVW\HDUVWXGHQWV . $QRWKHU WHDFKLQJ PHWKRG FDOOHG WKH µ1DWXUDO $SSURDFK¶ LV FHQWHUHG RQ WKH WKHRULHV RI. VHFRQGDQGIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJZKLFKZDVZLGHO\GLVFXVVHGE\6WHSKHQ.UDVKHQ .UDVKHQ
(49) IHOW WKDW ³OHDUQHUV ZRXOG EHQHILW IURP GHOD\LQJ SURGXFWLRQ XQWLO. VSHHFK µHPHUJHV¶´ %URZQ S
(50) ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR SURPRWH D UHOD[HG FODVVURRP DWPRVSKHUHVRWKDWOHDUQLQJRIWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJHFDQWDNHSODFH/HDUQHUVVKRXOGQRW. IHHO VWUHVVHG RU DQ[LRXV LQ WKH FODVVURRP IRU WKLV PLJKW LQKLELW WKHP IURP SURGXFLQJ VSHHFK µ&RPSUHKHQVLEOH LQSXW¶ LV HVVHQWLDO IRU WULJJHULQJ WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI ODQJXDJH 7KH µ1DWXUDO $SSURDFK¶ ZDV DLPHG DW WKH JRDO RI EDVLF SHUVRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VNLOOV. ZKLFKLVHYHU\GD\ODQJXDJHVLWXDWLRQVOLNHFRQYHUVDWLRQVVKRSSLQJOLVWHQLQJWRWKHUDGLR HWF7KHWDVNRIWKHWHDFKHUZDVWRSURYLGHFRPSUHKHQVLEOHLQSXWLHVSRNHQODQJXDJHWKDW. ZDVXQGHUVWDQGDEOHWRWKHOHDUQHU/HDUQHUVQHHGQRWVD\DQ\WKLQJXQWLOWKH\IHOWUHDG\WR GRVR . ³7KH WHDFKHU ZDVWKHVRXUFHRIWKHOHDUQHU¶VLQSXWDQGWKHFUHDWRURIDQ LQWHUHVWLQJDQG. VWLPXODWLQJYDULHW\RIFODVVURRPDFWLYLWLHV«´ %URZQ S
(51) $OWKRXJKWKHµ1DWXUDO $SSURDFK¶ZDVFULWLFL]HGIRUOHWWLQJWKHOHDUQHUGHFLGHZKHQWRµVSHDN¶LWLVDYDOLGSRLQW DVPRVWWHDFKHUVDUHSURQHWRLQVLVWWKDWOHDUQHUVVSHDNLPPHGLDWHO\ . µ1RWLRQDO)XQFWLRQDO6\OODEXVHV¶HYROYHGIURPWKHDERYHQDPHGPHWKRGVZKLFKLQWXUQ SURYLGHG VWUXFWXUH WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI FRPPXQLFDWLYH WH[WERRNV DQG PDWHULDOV IRU ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ$W\SLFDOXQLWLQVXFKDWH[WERRNLQFOXGHGDSUHVHQWDWLRQRIGLDORJXHV FRQYHUVDWLRQSUDFWLFHUROHSOD\VDQGDQDUUD\RIODQJXDJHH[HUFLVHV %URZQ S
(52) . .
(53) 7KH)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVHFWLRQRIWKH&$//DSSOLFDWLRQµ&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶ ZDV FDUHIXOO\ FRPSULVHG DIWHU ORRNLQJ DW HDFK RI WKH DERYH PHQWLRQHG. 0HWKRGV (DFK PHWKRG KDV YDOXDEOH SRLQWV DQG D IHZ LQVSLUHG VRPH LGHDV IRU P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KH µ'LUHFW 0HWKRG¶ FRQWULEXWHG WKH IROORZLQJ YDOLG SRLQWV JUDPPDU LV. LPSRUWDQW EXW QRW DV LPSRUWDQW DV LQ WKH µ*UDPPDU 7UDQVODWLRQ 0HWKRG¶ 6SHHFK DQG OLVWHQLQJFRPSUHKHQVLRQLVDOVRLPSRUWDQW7KHµ$XGLROLQJXDO0HWKRG¶DQGµ)XQFWLRQDO. 1RWLRQDO 6\OODEXVHV¶ DUH LPSRUWDQW GXH WR WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI GLDORJXHV DQG FRQWHQW. VSHFLILFYRFDEXODU\7KHµ1DWXUDO$SSURDFK¶DQGLWVHPSKDVLVRQ FRPSUHKHQVLEOHLQSXW KDGDGHILQLWHLQIOXHQFHRQKRZ,VWUXFWXUHGP\ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJVHFWLRQV . %\ NHHSLQJ WKH DERYHQDPHG DSSURDFKHV LQ PLQG OHDUQHUV ZHUH VXSSOLHG LQ WKH. DSSOLFDWLRQ
(54) ZLWKFRPPHQWVZKLFKPRWLYDWHVWKHPWRZDUGVSURGXFLQJWKHLURZQVSHHFK. SURGXFWV LQ ;KRVD
(55) EXW QHYHU SUHVVXULQJ WKHP WR GR VR /DVWO\ LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR UHPHPEHUWKDWWKHFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWLVWKHNH\WRODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ,WFDQEHEHQHILFLDO. WRWKHOHDUQHULIµ,QWHUFXOWXUDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ¶WDNHVSODFH7KLVPHDQVWKDWHYHQWKRXJK WKH OHDUQHU EHORQJV WR D GLIIHUHQW FXOWXUH KHVKH FDQ DFFHSW WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ KLVKHURZQFXOWXUHDQGWKHIRUHLJQFXOWXUHWKURXJKWKHVWXG\RIWKHIRUHLJQODQJXDJH . ³/DQJXDJH DQG FXOWXUH DUH LQWULFDWHO\ LQWHUWZLQHG $Q\WLPH \RX. VXFFHVVIXOO\OHDUQDODQJXDJH\RXZLOOOHDUQVRPHWKLQJRIWKHFXOWXUHRIWKH VSHDNHUV DQG WKDW ODQJXDJH«:KHQHYHU \RX WHDFK D ODQJXDJH \RX DOVR. WHDFKDFRPSOH[V\VWHPRIFXOWXUDOFXVWRPVYDOXHVDQGZD\VRIWKLQNLQJ . IHHOLQJDQGDFWLQJ´ %URZQ S
(56) . 7KH OHDUQLQJ RI WKH FXOWXUH FDQ WKXV PDNH DFTXLVLWLRQ HDVLHU :KHQ WKH OHDUQHU KDV WKH FKDQFH DIWHUVWXG\LQJWKHDSSOLFDWLRQµ&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V*DWHZD\¶
(57) KHRUVKHPD\. EH DEOH WR VSHDN WR ;KRVD PRWKHUWRQJXH VSHDNHUV WKXV KDYLQJ WKH LQVLJKW RI FXOWXUDO GLIIHUHQFHV :KDW QRW WR VD\ RU GR WUDGLWLRQDO HOHPHQWV HWF DV VDLG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV TXRWH
(58) 6HHVHFWLRQIRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHLQIOXHQFHRI&XOWXUH . .
(59) &RJQLWLYH/HDUQLQJ3V\FKRORJ\DQG&RQVWUXFWLYLVW/HDUQLQJ7KHRU\ . ³%HQHDWK DOO WKH PHWKRGV OLHV D SURJUHVVLRQ RI SHGDJRJLFDO HIIRUWV DQG. WKHRULHV WR ORRN FDUHIXOO\ DW WKH SURSHUWLHV RI FRPPXQLFDWLYH ODQJXDJH DQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ WR DVN KRZ OHDUQHUV FDQ EHVW LQWHUQDOL]H D VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DQG WR H[SHULPHQW V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ WRZDUGV DFFRPSOLVKLQJ OHDUQHUV¶ . FRPPXQLFDWLYHJRDOV´ %URZQ S
(60) . &RJQLWLYH /HDUQLQJ 3V\FKRORJ\ &/3
(61) DQG &RQVWUXFWLYLVW /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU\ &/7
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
(63) DQG LQFRPLQJ VWLPXOL 7KHVH PHQWDO RSHUDWLRQV RSWLPL]H WKH NQRZOHGJH V\VWHP LH WKH\ FRQWURO WKH LQFUHDVH LQ NQRZOHGJH DQGDOVRUHDUUDQJHWKHNQRZOHGJHWKXVPDNLQJLWDYDLODEOH . &RQVWUXFWLYLVW /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU\ IHHOV WKDW FRQVWUXFWLRQ SURFHVVHV GLIIHU EHWZHHQ LQGLYLGXDOVDQGWKHUHIRUHWKHUHVXOWVRIOHDUQLQJSURFHVVHVDUHQHYHUWKHVDPH/HDUQLQJLV. DOZD\V µVXEMHFWLYH¶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
(64) VHOIUHVSRQVLELOLW\+XPDQEHLQJVDUHDOVRUHVSRQVLEOHIRUOHDUQLQJRQWKHLURZQ7KLVFDQ. EHOLQNHGWROHDUQHUDXWRQRP\ZKHUHOHDUQHUVPXVWOHDUQRQWKHLURZQWKURXJKWKHXVHRI HIIHFWLYHOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHV,QWKLVZD\WKH\HQVXUHWKHLUVXUYLYDODVV\VWHPV . /HDUQLQJ FDQ WKXV EH VHHQ DV D GLVFRYHU\ SURFHVV LQ ZKLFK K\SRWKHVHV DUH FRQVWDQWO\. IRUPXODWHGDQGWHVWHG/HDUQLQJLVDQDXWRQRPRXVSURFHVVDQGLVWKXVGRQHLQGHSHQGHQWO\ E\WKHOHDUQHU,W OHDUQLQJ
(65) LVVHHQDVDQDFWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVZKHUHERWKLQFRPLQJ VWLPXOL DQG DOUHDG\ DYDLODEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ IRUP D ZKROH /HDUQLQJ LV DOVR D FRXUVH RI. DFWLRQGULYHQE\VWUDWHJLHVZKLFKDUHVXSSRUWHGE\H[WHUQDOPHDVXUHV,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKH OHDUQLQJSURFHVVLVHQKDQFHGWKURXJKDULFKDQGDXWKHQWLFOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW :ROII SS
(66) . &RQVWUXFWLYLVPVXJJHVWV WKDWDOWKRXJKWKHUHLVDUHDOZRUOGRXWWKHUHLWKDVQRLQKHUHQW. PHDQLQJDQGPHDQLQJLVLPSRVHGRQWRWKHZRUOGE\SHRSOHDQGFXOWXUHV7KHSURFHVV LH. OHDUQLQJSURFHVV
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
(68) FRUUHVSRQGZLWKUHDOLW\%\FUHDWLQJDOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKUHDO. OLIH WKH VNLOOV DQG NQRZOHGJH GHYHORSHG PXVW DOVR EH VXLWDEOH WR XVH LQ UHDO OLIH IRU H[DPSOH . :KHQ LQ FHUWDLQ UHDOOLIH VLWXDWLRQV LH µJUHHWLQJ¶ ZKDW VHQWHQFH VWUXFWXUHV VKRXOG EH XVHG":RXOGLWEHDFFHSWDEOHIRUDOHDUQHUWRXVHZKDWKHVKHOHDUQWLQWKHFODVVURRPLQ. HYHU\ µJUHHWLQJ¶ VLWXDWLRQ" 6XUHO\ HYHU\ µJUHHWLQJ¶ VLWXDWLRQ LV GLIIHUHQW :KHQ JUHHWLQJ SHRSOHLQDIRUHLJQODQJXDJH IRUH[DPSOH;KRVD
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µ&DSH 7RZQ ± $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶
(70) , FUHDWHG GLDORJXHV DQG VSHHFK DFWV EDVHG RQ UHDOZRUOG VLWXDWLRQV. /HDUQHUV FDQ XVH WKH SKUDVHV WKH\ OHDUQHG LQ GLIIHUHQW SODFHV IRU H[DPSOH SKUDVHV. FRQFHUQLQJµJUHHWLQJ¶µEX\LQJIRRGRUFORWKHV¶µVHHNLQJDFFRPPRGDWLRQ¶RUJRLQJRQDQ µRXWGRRUH[FXUVLRQ¶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¶V RZQ .
(71) OHDUQLQJSURFHVV$XWRQRPRXVOHDUQLQJFDQWDNHSODFHZKHQDOHDUQHULVDZDUHRIKLVKHU. RZQ OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV 7KH\ PXVW EH DEOH WR GHWHUPLQH WKHLU RZQ OHDUQLQJ PHWKRGV FRQWHQWDQGSURJUHVV$QDXWRQRPRXVOHDUQHUFDQFKRRVHKLVKHURZQOHDUQLQJPHWKRGV DQGWHFKQLTXHVDQGWKHQHYDOXDWHWKDWZKLFKKDVEHHQOHDUQW . $XWRQRPRXVOHDUQLQJLQP\DSSOLFDWLRQPHDQVWKDWWKHXVHUOHDUQHUPXVWEHDEOHWROHDUQ RQKLVKHURZQEHFDXVHWKHUHZRQ¶WEHWKHKHOSRIDWHDFKHURUVWXG\DLG7KHOHDUQHUKDV. WRILQGKLVKHURZQZD\RIRYHUFRPLQJVWXPEOLQJEORFNVVXFKDVSURQXQFLDWLRQDQGWKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH ODQJXDJH 7KH OHDUQHU ZLOO KDYH WR PDNH XVH RI WKH UHVRXUFHV VXSSOLHG ZLWKLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQ . %HVLGHV EHLQJ DQ DXWRQRPRXV OHDUQHU LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR NQRZ KRZ OHDUQHUV WKLQN &RJQLWLYHDQGOHDUQLQJVW\OHVSOD\DELJUROHKHUH . ³&RJQLWLYH VW\OHV UHIHU WR WKH SUHIHUUHG ZD\ DQ LQGLYLGXDO SURFHVVHV. LQIRUPDWLRQ >«@ VW\OHV GHVFULEH D SHUVRQ¶V W\SLFDO PRGH RI WKLQNLQJ UHPHPEHULQJRUSUREOHPVROYLQJ)XUWKHUPRUHVW\OHVDUHXVXDOO\FRQVLGHUHG. WREHELSRODUGLPHQVLRQVZKHUHDVDELOLWLHVDUHXQLSRODU UDQJLQJIURP]HURWR PD[LPXPYDOXH
(72) +DYLQJPRUHRIDQDELOLW\LVXVXDOO\FRQVLGHUHGEHQHILFLDO. ZKLOHKDYLQJDSDUWLFXODUFRJQLWLYHVW\OHVLPSO\GHQRWHVDWHQGHQF\WREHKDYH LQ D FHUWDLQ PDQQHU &RJQLWLYH VW\OH LV XVXDOO\ GHVFULEHG DV D SHUVRQDOLW\. GLPHQVLRQ ZKLFK LQIOXHQFHV DWWLWXGHV YDOXHV DQG VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ´ .HDUVOH\D
(73) . /HDUQLQJVW\OHVVSHFLILFDOO\GHDOZLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVW\OHVRIOHDUQLQJ.HDUVOH\ D
(74) SURSRVHGDWKHRU\RIH[SHULHQWLDOOHDUQLQJWKDWLQYROYHVIRXUVWDJHV7KHVHDUHNQRZQDV . &RQFUHWHH[SHULHQFHV. 5HIOHFWLYHREVHUYDWLRQ. $EVWUDFWFRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQ $FWLYHH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ. .
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
(76) OHDUQLQJ SDWK LQ WKH OHDUQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ +\SHUWH[W. VHTXHQFHRILQVWUXFWLRQJLYHVWKHOHDUQHUWKHIUHHGRPRIGLVFRYHULQJQHZLQIRUPDWLRQRQ KLVKHU RZQ E\ JRLQJ WKURXJK WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ DQ\ VHTXHQFH KHVKH FKRRVHV ,W LV. LPSRUWDQWWRDGDSWLQVWUXFWLRQWRWKHH[SHULHQFHRULQWHUHVWVRIOHDUQHUV .HDUVOH\F
(77) . &RJQLWLYH7KHRULHVRI,QVWUXFWLRQDO'HVLJQ . 7KH OLQN EHWZHHQ LQVWUXFWLRQDO GHVLJQ DQG P\ ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ LV WKDW LQVWUXFWLRQDOGHVLJQLVIRXQGHGRQJRRGJURXQGVRILQIRUPDWLRQSUHVHQWDWLRQ$VDUHVXOW LQIRUPDWLRQPXVWEHDYDLODEOHIRUOHDUQHUVDQGEHDSSOLFDEOHWRWKHUHDOZRUOG . ,QVWUXFWLRQDO 'HVLJQ FDQ EH LGHQWLILHG DV WKH GHVLJQ RI V\VWHPV FRPSXWHU UHODWHG
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
(79) 6FKQHLGHU
(80) TXRWHV*DJQp
(81) RQKLVQLQHXQLYHUVDOVWHSVRILQVWUXFWLRQZKLFK VKRXOGEHIRXQGLQDQ\LQVWUXFWLRQDOFRQWH[W . )LUVWO\ WKH DWWHQWLRQ RI WKH DXGLHQFH PXVW EH JDLQHG E\ SUHVHQWLQJ WKHP ZLWK D JRRGSUREOHPDQHZVLWXDWLRQDQGSOHQW\RIPXOWLPHGLD. 7KH JRDO WDVNDQGVWDWHRIDOHVVRQVKRXOGEHGHVFULEHGE\DVNLQJZKDWVWXGHQWV ZLOOEHDEOHWRDFFRPSOLVKDQGKRZWKH\ZLOOEHDEOHWRXVHWKHNQRZOHGJH. 7KH UHFDOORISULRUNQRZOHGJHUHOHYDQWWRWKHFXUUHQWOHVVRQVKRXOGEHVWLPXODWHG IDFWVUXOHVSURFHGXUHVRUVNLOOV
(82) ,WPXVWVKRZKRZNQRZOHGJHLVFRQQHFWHGDQG SURYLGH D VWXGHQW ZLWK D IUDPHZRUN WKDW KHOSV OHDUQLQJ DQG UHPHPEHULQJ 7HVWV PD\EHLQFOXGHG. $ FRQVLVWHQW SUHVHQWDWLRQ VW\OH DQG FKXQNLQJ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ PXVW EH IROORZHG HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQPDWHULDOVXFKDVWH[WJUDSKLFVVLPXODWLRQVILJXUHVSLFWXUHVDQG VRXQG DUH WR EH OHDUQHG 0HPRU\ RYHUORDG VKRXOG EH DYRLGHG DQG WKH UHFDOO RI LQIRUPDWLRQVKRXOGEHSURPRWHG. 7KHUH VKRXOG EH JXLGDQFHIRUOHDUQLQJDQGKRZWKHFRQWHQWVKRXOGEHSURFHVVHG. 7KHUH VKRXOGDOVREHSHUIRUPDQFHµSUDFWLFH¶7KHOHDUQHUPXVWEHSUHVHQWHGZLWK. H[HUFLVHVSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHUHFHQWO\DFTXLUHGEHKDYLRXUWRSUDFWLFHVNLOOVRUDSSO\ WKHNQRZOHGJH. ,QIRUPDWLYH IHHGEDFN VKRXOG EH SURYLGHG WR VKRZ FRUUHFWQHVV RI WKH OHDUQHU¶V. UHVSRQVH DQG WR DQDO\]H WKH OHDUQHU¶V EHKDYLRXU 7KLV IHHGEDFN
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
(84) IORZRILQIRUPDWLRQHIIHFWLYHQHVVDQGDSSHDORIWKHLQVWUXFWLRQDOVWUDWHJ\DQGWRJHWXVHU IHHGEDFNDQGUHDFWLRQV . 7KHUHLVDSDUDGR[LQYROYHGZKHQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHVDUHWDXJKW$GHFLVLRQPXVWEHPDGH DVWRKRZPXFKKHOSWKHOHDUQHUUHFHLYHV HJWUDQVODWLRQLQWRWKHQDWLYHODQJXDJHHWF
(85) . 0DQ\ILHOGVZKHUHOHDUQLQJLVFRQFHUQHGKDYHWKHVDPHSUREOHPDVFDQEHVHHQIURPWKLV VWDWHPHQW . ³6KDOO , VLPSOLI\ WKH SUREOHP DQG OHDG VWXGHQWV E\ WKH QRVH RU VKDOO , WKURZ. WKHPKHDGILUVWLQWRWKHZKLUOSRRORIQHZLQIRUPDWLRQDQGWU\DQGKROGWKHPXS DVWKH\JDVSIRUDLU"´ :LOVRQ &RJQLWLYH$SSURDFKHV«
(86) . 7KHUHLVDFRQWLQXLQJSUREOHPEHWZHHQVLPSOLILFDWLRQDQGFRQWUROYHUVXVH[SORUDWLRQDQG H[SRVXUH WR UHDOZRUOG FRPSOH[LW\ 7KLV VLPSOLILFDWLRQ FDQ DOVR EH FDOOHG µVSRRQ IHHGLQJ¶ . ³7R OHDUQ XVHUV PXVW LQWHUDFW PHDQLQJIXOO\ ZLWK WKH V\VWHP EXW WR LQWHUDFW ZLWK WKH V\VWHP WKH\ PXVW ILUVW OHDUQ"´ :LOVRQ &RJQLWLYH. $SSURDFKHV«
(87) . 7KLV VDPH SUREOHP RFFXUUHG ZKLOH , ZDV GHVLJQLQJ µ&DSH 7RZQ ± $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶ 7KH WDUJHW DXGLHQFH DUH WRXULVWV ZKR DUH XVHG WR VXUILQJ WKH ZHE 7KH SUREOHP DULVHV ZKHUH WKH ;KRVD SKUDVHV DUH FRQFHUQHG 6KRXOG DOO WKH SKUDVHV FRQWDLQ (QJOLVK. WUDQVODWLRQVRUVKRXOGWKH\DWVRPHVWDJHEHDEOHWRUHFRJQL]HZRUGVDQGVWUXFWXUHV"$OO WKH SKUDVHV ZHUHHYHQWXDOO\ JLYHQ(QJOLVKWUDQVODWLRQVDQGDXGLRILOHVVRWKDWXVHUVFDQ. OLVWHQWRWKHSKUDVHV LQ;KRVD
(88) WRR7KHXVHUVDUHQRZVXIILFLHQWO\HTXLSSHGZLWKDOOWKH OHDUQLQJPDWHULDODQGUHVRXUFHVWRKHOSWKHP . 7KH FRJQLWLYH DSSURDFK DOVR VWUHVVHV WKH XVH RI DXWKHQWLF WH[WV WR WHDFK NQRZOHGJH DQG. VNLOOVLQFRQWH[WVWKDWUHIOHFWWKHZD\WKHNQRZOHGJHZLOOEHXVHIXOLQUHDOOLIHVLWXDWLRQV. .
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µ&DSH 7RZQ ± $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶ PDNHV XVH RI UHDOZRUOG VLWXDWLRQV. 7RXULVWVDUHFRQIURQWHGZLWKGLDORJXHVDQGSKUDVHVZKLFKWKH\ZRXOGEHXVLQJLQUHDOOLIH ZKHQWRXULQJ7KHDSSOLFDWLRQDOVRKDVPDQ\K\SHUWH[WEDVHGOLQNV7KHOHDUQHUXVHUFDQ GHFLGH ZKHUH WR JR LQ WKH SURJUDP WKXV JLYLQJ KLPKHU FRQWURO RI WKHLU OHDUQLQJ HQYLURQPHQW$OORIWKLVSUHYHQWVWKHFRQVWULFWHGµFODVVURRPVLWXDWLRQ¶ . 3HRSOHFRQVWUXFWPHDQLQJIURPWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV)RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJVKRXOGEH. PHDQLQJIXO DQG GHULYHG IURP DQ DXWKHQWLF FRQWH[W 3HRSOH VKRXOG WKXV EH DOORZHG WR SXUVXHLQGLYLGXDOOHDUQLQJJRDOV . . &RPSXWHU$VVLVWHG/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ &$//
(90) . &RPSXWHU $VVLVWHG /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ &$//
(91) PD\ EH GHILQHG DV ³WKH VHDUFK IRU DQG. VWXG\ RI DSSOLFDWLRQV RI WKH FRPSXWHU LQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ´ /HY\ S
(92) . 2QH RI WKH XVHV RI ODQJXDJH WHFKQRORJ\
(93) &$// LV WR DXWRPDWH LUUHOHYDQW DQG WHGLRXV WDVNVLQPXFKWKHVDPHZD\FRXUVHZDUH VXFKDVWH[WERRNV
(94) GRHV7KLVJLYHVWKHWHDFKHU DQGOHDUQHUWKHIUHHGRPWRFRQFHQWUDWHRQPRUHHVVHQWLDOWDVNV&$//VRIWZDUHLVXVHGLQ LQGLYLGXDO VHOILQVWUXFWLRQ LQ EXVLQHVVHV DQG LQ XQLYHUVLWLHV WR WHDFK IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJHV. &$// VXUSULVLQJO\ UHOLHV RQ WHFKQRORJ\ WKDW LV QRW VSHFLILFDOO\ GHVLJQHG IRU ODQJXDJH .
(95) WHDFKLQJIRUH[DPSOHK\SHUWH[WVLPSOHGDWDEDVHWHFKQRORJ\QHWZRUNLQJDQGDXWKRULQJ V\VWHPV HJ$XWKRUZDUH
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
(97) PDLQWDLQVWKDWWKHUHDUHWZRVWUDQGVWRWKHWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUNIRU&$// 2QH VWUDQG LV JXLGHG E\ GHYHORSHUV ZKR UHO\ RQ LQWXLWLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ RQ UHVHDUFK RI. OHDUQLQJ 7KH RWKHU VWUDQG LV JXLGHG E\ FRJQLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\ DQG VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQWKHRULHV . /HY\ S
(98) DOVR IHHOV WKDW (QJOLVK DV D )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJH DQG )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJHWHDFKHUVKDYHEHHQDWWKHYDQJXDUGRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGXVHRIFRPSXWHUVLQ WKHKXPDQLWLHVDQGFRPSXWHUVLQHGXFDWLRQ . $FFRUGLQJWR/HY\ S
(99) ³DWKHRU\RI&$//ZRXOGDOPRVWFHUWDLQO\GHULYHIURP WKH ILHOG RI VHFRQG ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG KXPDQFRPSXWHU LQWHUDFWLRQ´ $ &$// GHVLJQHUVKRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHDZDUHRIWKHWDUJHWDXGLHQFHV¶FRPSXWHULQWHUDFWLRQWRKHOS KLPKHUWRGHVLJQDVXFFHVVIXO&$//DSSOLFDWLRQ . 0DQ\VWXGHQWVDUHPXFKPRUHDWKRPHZLWKDNH\ERDUGPRXVHPRQLWRUDQG&'¶VWKDQ WKH\ DUH ZLWK SHQFLO SDSHU DQG ERRNV )RUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV DUH VWDUWLQJ WR UHDOLVH WKDWWKH\FDQVWLPXODWHFUHDWLYLW\DQGLPDJLQDWLRQE\IRFXVVLQJDOHDUQHU¶VDWWHQWLRQRQ. VFUHHQ7HDFKHUVVKRXOGPDNHDQDSSOLFDWLRQVRLQWHUHVWLQJWKDWWKHOHDUQHUZDQWVWROHDUQ. .
(100) DQG NHHS FRPLQJEDFNIRUPRUH7KLVLVRQHRI WKHSRVLWLYHWKLQJVDERXW&$// ,WFDQ UHYROXWLRQLVHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJLQPDQ\ZD\V . 1RWDOOVWXGHQWVPDVWHUDODQJXDJHDWWKHVDPHUDWHDQGDOOGRQRWKDYHWKHVDPHDSWLWXGH SURILFLHQF\ FRQILGHQFH PRWLYDWLRQ RU EDFNJURXQG 7HGLRXV WDVNV OLNH JUDPPDU DQG. YRFDEXODU\
(101) ZKLFKWDNHXSDORWRIFODVVURRPWLPHFDQHDVLO\EHWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRD&$// DSSOLFDWLRQ6ORZHUOHDUQHUVFDQ XVHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRXWVLGHWKHFODVVURRPDQGFDWFKXS RQJUDPPDU . ³&$//KDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRHQKDQFHDOPRVWHYHU\IDFHWRIODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ. WR FUHDWH QHZ FRQILJXUDWLRQV IRU WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP. GLIIHUHQW VRXUFHV DQG GLIIHUHQW PHGLD WR LQGLYLGXDOLVH LQVWUXFWLRQ DQG WR FKDQJHSDWWHUQVRIXVHRIOHVVRQWLPHDQGOHVVRQSURJUDPPLQJ´ 0F&DUWK\ .
(102) . &DURO &KDSHOOH
(103) ZULWHV WKDW WKHUH DUH FHUWDLQ K\SRWKHVHV UHOHYDQW IRU GHYHORSLQJ. PXOWLPHGLD &$// ,Q RQH RI WKHVH K\SRWKHVHV VKH VWUHVVHV WKDW WKH OLQJXLVWLF. FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWDUJHWODQJXDJHLQSXWQHHGWREHPDGHVDOLHQW7KLVUHODWHVWR.UDVKHQ¶V
(104) LGHDWKDWDOOWDUJHWODQJXDJHLQSXWIDFLOLWDWHVVHFRQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ7KLVLV. GRQH E\ GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ EHWZHHQ XVHOHVV ODQJXDJH QRLVH DQG WDUJHW ODQJXDJH LQSXW WKDW PD\ LQIOXHQFH ODQJXDJH GHYHORSPHQW 0DWHULDOV XVHG PXVW SURPSW OHDUQHUV WR QRWLFH. FHUWDLQV\QWDFWLFIRUPV&$//GHVLJQPHWKRGVPXVWKDYHHIIHFWLYH³LQSXWHQKDQFHPHQW´ ,QIRUPDWLRQWREHOHDUQHGPXVWWKHUHIRUHEHHQKDQFHGE\LQWHUHVWLQJJUDSKLFVPHGLDRU FRORXUV . $QRWKHU K\SRWKHVHV VWDWHV WKDW OHDUQHUV QHHG WR KDYH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR SURGXFH WDUJHW. ODQJXDJH RXWSXW 2XWSXW FDQ EH SURGXFHG PLQGOHVVO\ RU FDQ EH FUHDWHG E\ WKH OHDUQHU. XQGHU FRQGLWLRQV WKDW IDFLOLWDWH DFTXLVLWLRQ 7KLV LV FDOOHG FRPSUHKHQVLEOH RXWSXW /HDUQHUVPLJKWQHHGDQDXGLHQFHIRUWKLVOLQJXLVWLFRXWSXW . .
(105) ,Q WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ µ&DSH 7RZQ ± $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶ WKH PXOWLPHGLD DVSHFWV RI WKH. SURJUDPDUHYDOXDEOHLQSXWIRUWKHOHDUQHUV9LGHRVRXQGDQGJUDSKLFVSOD\DELJUROHLQ ODQJXDJH DFTXLVLWLRQ /HDUQHUV DUH HQFRXUDJHG E\ DXGLR ILOHV ZKLOH RQ WKH VDPH SDJH. WKH\ FDQ IROORZ WKH GLDORJXH 7ZR W\SHV RI FRPSUHKHQVLEOH LQSXW DXGLR DQG WH[W
(106) FROODERUDWHVRWKDWFRPSUHKHQVLEOHRXWSXWFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\WKHOHDUQHUV . . &XOWXUH. &XOWXUHFDQEHGHILQHGDV . ³7KH FRPSOHWHZD\RIOLIHRIDSHRSOH WKHVKDUHGDWWLWXGHVYDOXHVJRDOV DQG SUDFWLFHV WKDW FKDUDFWHUL]H D JURXS WKHLU FXVWRPV DUW OLWHUDWXUH UHOLJLRQ SKLORVRSK\ ODQJXDJH HWF WKH SDWWHUQ RI OHDUQHG DQG VKDUHG. EHKDYLRXUDPRQJWKHPHPEHUVRIDJURXS´ 'HILQH &XOWXUH&REEOHVWRQH. . 3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\
(107) . ,Q P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ FXOWXUH LV DQ LPSRUWDQW DVSHFW RI ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ &XOWXUH LV WKH µKRZ¶DQGµZK\¶RISHRSOH±KRZWKH\GRWKLQJVDQGZK\WKH\VD\WKLQJV7KH;KRVDDUH D YHU\ µREHGLHQW¶ FXOWXUH±WKHVSLULWVRIWKHIRUHIDWKHUVSOD\ DELJUROHLQWKHLUUHOLJLRQ. DQGHOGHUVJHWWKHXWPRVWUHVSHFW,QWKHXVHRILGLRPDWLFH[SUHVVLRQVWKHVHFXOWXUDOWUDLWV DUHYHU\LPSRUWDQW . )RUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGFXOWXUHDUHGHHSO\LQWHUWZLQHG,WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWKDWWKH IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQHU LV SUHVHQWHG ZLWK DOO WKH DVSHFWV RI WKH IRUHLJQ FXOWXUH ZKRVH. ODQJXDJHKHVKHLVVWXG\LQJ,IWKLVGRHVQRWKDSSHQWKHUHPLJKWEHWKHULVNRIWKHOHDUQHU H[SHULHQFLQJ D FXOWXUH VKRFN ,W &XOWXUH VKRFN
(108) LV GHILQHG DV IROORZ RQ WKH +\// ZHEVLWH &XOWXUH
(109) ³$VHQVHRIFRQIXVLRQDQGXQFHUWDLQW\VRPHWLPHVZLWKIHHOLQJV RI DQ[LHW\ WKDW PD\ DIIHFW SHRSOH H[SRVHG WR DQ DOLHQ FXOWXUH RU HQYLURQPHQW ZLWKRXW DGHTXDWHSUHSDUDWLRQ´ . 7KLV KDVPDQ\LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDSSOLFDWLRQV7KH. FRQWHQWRIWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVKRXOGEHFXOWXUDOO\DFFHSWDEOHWRWKHXVHUVDQGWRWKHFXOWXUHLQ .
(110) TXHVWLRQ 0XOWLPHGLD XVH VKRXOG DOVR EH FRQVLGHUHG ([SODQDWLRQV FRQFHUQLQJ YLGHRV JUDSKLFVRUDQ\WKLQJIRUHLJQWRDFHUWDLQFXOWXUHVKRXOGEHJLYHQ . ,WLVYHU\LPSRUWDQWWRUHPHPEHUWKDWZKHQ\RXOHDUQDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHLWLQYROYHVDQ. XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFXOWXUH<RXFDQQRWMXVWVWULQJDIHZZRUGVWRJHWKHU PDNHDTXLFNVHQWHQFHRXWRILWDQGDFFHSWWKDWWKLVLVWKHFRUUHFWXVHRIWKHODQJXDJH . $QRQ 7DNLQJLW*OREDO«
(111) VD\V . ³,WLVRIWHQXQFRPIRUWDEOHWREHLQDFRXQWU\ZKHUHHYHU\RQHRQO\VSHDNVWKH. QDWLYH ODQJXDJH :K\ VKRXOG WKHUH EH WKLV SUREOHP" &RPPXQLFDWLRQ LV WKH NH\WRVXFFHVV$VWKHZRUOGDGYDQFHVPRUHDQGPRUHFRXQWULHVDUHKDYLQJWR. WHDPXSDQGZRUNWRJHWKHUWRVROYHSUREOHPVWKDWRFFXUJOREDOO\7KHSHRSOH. ZLWKLQWKRVHQDWLRQVVKRXOGEHMXVWDVUHVSRQVLEOHDVWKHLUOHDGHUVWRNQRZWKH FXVWRPVDQGODQJXDJHVRIWKRVHZKRWKH\ZRUNZLWK2QO\WKHQFDQWKHUHEH . SHDFH«´. 'LIIHUHQWFXOWXUHVKDYHGLIIHUHQWZD\VWRQHVDQGKLGGHQPHDQLQJVLQZKDWWKH\VD\:LWK WKH ;KRVD ODQJXDJH DV LQ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ µ&DSH 7RZQ ± $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶
(112) WKHUH DUH. PDQ\LGLRPDWLFH[SUHVVLRQVZKLFKDUHEHLQJXVHGLQHYHU\GD\VSHHFK7KLVLVDOVRNQRZQ DV ILJXUDWLYH VSHHFK 0DQ\ IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH OHDUQHUV PLJKW QRW NQRZ ZKDW D FHUWDLQ VHQWHQFHPHDQV+HUHLVDQH[DPSOH . µ$NXNKRNUHEH"¶± $UH WKHUH DQ\VKDUNV". 7KHOLWHUDOPHDQLQJRIWKLVVHQWHQFHLQ(QJOLVKLV µ$UHQ¶WWKHUHDQ\6KDUNV"¶. 7KH;KRVDVHQWHQFHLVZULWWHQLQDQHJDWLYHFRQVWUXFWLRQ,ILWZDVZULWWHQLQWKHSRVLWLYH DV LQ (QJOLVK LW VHHPV OLNH VRPHRQH LV ORRNLQJ IRUZDUG WR WKH SURVSHFW RI WKHUH EHLQJ VKDUNVDVLVHYLGHQWLQWKLVH[DPSOH . µ.XNKRRRNUHEH"¶±$UHWKHUHDQ\VKDUNV". 7KH PHDQLQJ VWD\V WKH VDPH LQ (QJOLVK 7KH DERYH LV RQO\ D VPDOO H[DPSOH EXW PDQ\. PRUHDUHLPSRUWDQWWRNQRZ,QWKHVHFWLRQLQYROYLQJµ*UHHWLQJV¶LQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQLWLV H[SODLQHG WKDW WKHUH LV D JUHDW GHDO RI WUDGLWLRQ LQYROYHG ZKHQ \RX JUHHW ;KRVD SHRSOH. .
(113) 8SRQZDONLQJLQWRDURRPZLWKSHRSOHRIGLIIHUHQWDJHJURXSVLWLVSROLWHWRDOZD\VJUHHW ROGHUSHRSOHILUVW . 7KH JUHHWLQJ RI PDQ\ SHRSOH DW RQFH ZLOO DOVR DOZD\V EH DLPHG DW ROGHU SHRSOH LQ WKH URRP RXWRIUHVSHFW
(114) 6HHWKHH[DPSOHEHORZ . µ0ROZHQLPDQHQHND]L¶±+HOORODGLHV DVRSSRVHGWR. µ0ROZHQLPDNKRVD]DQD¶± +HOOR\RXQJODGLHV . &RQFOXVLRQ. . 7KHGLIIHUHQW/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJWKHRULHVFHUWDLQO\KDYHDJUHDWLPSDFWRQ&$//DQGWKH. GHVLJQ RI P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ &RJQLWLYH /HDUQLQJ 3V\FKRORJ\ DQG &RQVWUXFWLYLVW /HDUQLQJ 7KHRU\ KROG YDOLG SRLQWV FRQFHUQLQJ OHDUQHU DXWRQRP\ DQG OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV 7KLV LV. SDUWLFXODUO\ UHOHYDQW WR P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH XVHUV ZLOO EH ZRUNLQJ DORQH QRFODVVURRPRUWHDFKHUJXLGDQFH
(115) DQGZLOOKDYHWRGHYHORSWKHLURZQDXWRQRPRXV OHDUQLQJVNLOOV)RUWKLVWREHVXFFHVVIXOWKHDSSOLFDWLRQKDVHQRXJKUHVRXUFHV LH;KRVD SKUDVHVYLGHRDQGVRXQGPDWHULDOVSURQXQFLDWLRQDQGVWUXFWXUHJXLGHDQGDJORVVDU\
(116) WR KHOSWKHOHDUQHUDFTXLUHWKHODQJXDJH . ,QVWUXFWLRQDO 'HVLJQ FRQWULEXWHV LWV VWUXFWXUDO DQG LQVWUXFWLRQ IULHQGO\ DWWLWXGH WR ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ7KLVLQFOXGHVWKHIDFWWKDWOHDUQHUVPXVWEHFRQIURQWHGZLWKUHDOZRUOG VFHQDULRVDVLVGRQHLQP\DSSOLFDWLRQ . &$// GHILQLWHO\ KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR WDNH ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ WR QHZ OLPLWV 7RGD\¶V. FRPSXWHUVDUHDEOHWRKDQGOHELJYLGHRDQGVRXQGILOHVZKLOHSURFHVVLQJVSHHGLVJUHDWHU DQG IDVWHU 7KH LQIRUPDWLRQ PHQWLRQHG DIRUH DOO FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH YLGHRV DQG VRXQG. SOD\LQJ VPRRWKO\ FOHDU DQG HDVLO\ 0RQLWRUV KDYH JUHDWHU UHVROXWLRQ DQG PLOOLRQV RI. FRORXUV DV RSSRVHG WR WKH FRORXUV RI DERXW ILYH \HDUV DJR $OO RI WKLV PDNHV LQWHUDFWLYLW\SRVVLEOHDQGPXFKHDVLHU/HDUQHUVGRQRWKDYHWRZDLWHYHUPRUHZKHQWKH\. FOLFNRQOLQNVWRKHDUWKHVRXQGRUIRUWKHYLGHRWRSOD\)HHGEDFNLVLPPHGLDWHDQGFDQ .
(117) DOVREHVXSSRUWHGE\VRXQGYLGHRRUJUDSKLFV7KHDSSOLFDWLRQ µ&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V. *DWHZD\¶
(118) KDVVPDOOµMDYDVFULSW¶TXL]]HVZKLFKHQDEOHXVHUVWRWHVWWKHLUNQRZOHGJHRQD FHUWDLQWRSLF,WDOVRVFRUHVWKHPEXWJLYHVYDOXDEOHIHHGEDFNLQWKHSURFHVV . )LQDOO\LWFDQQHYHUEH VWUHVVHGHQRXJKKRZLPSRUWDQWFXOWXUHLVDQGKRZELJDSDUW LW SOD\VLQIRUHLJQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJ/DQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGFXOWXUHVKRXOGEH. FRPELQHGLQDOOIRUHLJQODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJ)RUWKLVUHDVRQP\DSSOLFDWLRQLVVHWXSZLWK µ'LG \RX NQRZ¶ SRSXS¶V ZKLFK KDYH FXOWXUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ ;KRVD DQG WKH ;KRVD VSHDNLQJSHRSOH . .
(119) &KDSWHU . ,QWURGXFWLRQ. +\SHUPHGLD:HE'HVLJQ . +\SHUPHGLD LV GHILQHG DV PXOWLPHGLD K\SHUWH[W +\SHUWH[W LQ WXUQ LV GHILQHG DV WH[W. ZKLFKLVQRWFRQVWUDLQHGWREHOLQHDU+\SHUPHGLDLVDWHUPXVHGZLWKK\SHUWH[WZKLFKLV QRW FRQVWUDLQHG WR WH[W DQG FDQ WKXV LQFOXGH JUDSKLFV YLGHR DQG VRXQG 7KH XVH RI K\SHUPHGLDLQFOXGHVOLQNLQJEHWZHHQLQWHUDFWLYHSLHFHVRIZRUN VRXQGYLGHRWH[WZKLFK IRUPVDOLQNWRRWKHUGRFXPHQWV
(120) RQWKH,QWHUQHW . :KHQ GHVLJQLQJ +\SHUPHGLD &$// DSSOLFDWLRQV WKHUH DUH PDQ\ WKLQJV WR UHPHPEHU. FRQFHUQLQJSDJHGHVLJQDFFHVVLELOLW\PXOWLPHGLDXVHDQGPRUH7KHUHVWRIWKLVFKDSWHU ZLOO FRQVLVW RI D IHZ LGHDV IRU GHVLJQLQJ K\SHUPHGLD &$// DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG ZKLFK RI WKHVHZHUHLPSOHPHQWHGLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQµ&DSH7RZQ±$IULFD¶V*DWHZD\¶ . . :HE'HVLJQHOHPHQWV. 3ODQQLQJWKH6LWH . :HQG\:LOODUG
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
(122) VRXQGDQGG\QDPLFFRQWHQW VOLGHRXWPHQXVG\QDPLF+70/HOHPHQWV
(123) DUHGHILQHGDQG DSSURYHG . 7KH WKLUG SKDVH LQFOXGHV GHVLJQLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ 'HVLJQHUV PXVW ZRUN WR DGG YLVXDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQWRWKHWKRXJKWVDQGLGHDVSUHVHQWHGLQWKHILUVWWZRSKDVHV7KHORRNDQG. IHHO RI WKH ZHESDJH OD\RXW PXOWLPHGLD JUDSKLFV WH[W
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
(125) LQWHUIDFHZLWKDGHVNWRSDQGLFRQVRQWKHGHVNWRS%\FOLFNLQJRQWKHLFRQVRUWKHVWDUW EXWWRQ\RXDUHPDNLQJXVHRIWKHJUDSKLFDOXVHULQWHUIDFHWRLQWHUDFWZLWKWKHFRPSXWHU . *UDSKLFXVHULQWHUIDFHV *8,¶V
(126) ZHUHGHVLJQHGWRJLYHSHRSOHFRQWURORYHUWKHLUSHUVRQDO FRPSXWHUV 7KLV OHYHO RI GHVLJQ VRSKLVWLFDWLRQ LV H[SHFWHG IURP ZHE SDJHV WRR 7KH GHVLJQHUQHHGVWRSURYLGHIRUWKHQHHGVRIDOOWKHSRWHQWLDOXVHUVDQGQHYHUUHTXLUHUHDGHUV WRFRQIRUPWRDUHVWULFWLQJLQWHUIDFH$XVHULQWHUIDFHFDQEHUHVWULFWLQJZKHQDXVHUKDV. .
(127) OLWWOHPHDQVRIQDYLJDWLQJWKURXJKWKHVLWH7KHXVHUVKRXOGKDYHWKHIUHHGRPRIGHFLGLQJ ZKHUHWRJRLQWKHVLWH . 1DYLJDWLRQDOZD\VQHHGVWREHFOHDUDQGFRQVLVWHQW8VHUVVKRXOGDOZD\VEHDEOHWRHDVLO\ UHWXUQ WR WKH µ+RPH¶ SDJH DQG RWKHU PDLQ QDYLJDWLRQ SRLQWV *UDSKLF EXWWRQV SURYLGH EDVLF QDYLJDWLRQ OLQNV DQG WKH JUDSKLF WHOOV WKH XVHU H[DFWO\ ZKDW WR H[SHFW *UDSKLF. KHDGHUV RU EDQQHUV VKRXOG DOVR EH FRQVLVWHQW $ EXWWRQ EDU VKRXOG EH SUHGLFWDEOH DQG SURYLGHDFRQVLVWHQWJUDSKLFLGHQWLW\WKURXJKRXWWKHVLWH VHHSDJH RIWKLVPLQLWKHVLV IRUDQH[DPSOHRIDFRQVLVWHQWEXWWRQEDUZKLFKFDQEHIRXQGLQP\DSSOLFDWLRQ
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¶VZKHUHDERXWVLQWKHVLWHHLWKHU LQ WKH WLWOH EDU LQ WKH GHVLJQ SDUW RI D JUDSKLF QDYLJDWLRQ EXWWRQV RU XQLIRUPO\ SODFHG K\SHUWH[WOLQNV . $FFHVVLELOLW\LVYHU\LPSRUWDQW$GHILQLQJSULQFLSOHRIWKHZHELVWKDWLWVKRXOGSURYLGH DOOSHRSOHUHJDUGOHVVRISK\VLFDORUWHFKQRORJLFDOUHDGLQHVVZLWKDFFHVVWRLQIRUPDWLRQ. :KHQWKHUHLVLQIRUPDWLRQLQDQ\PHGLXPEHVLGHVSODLQWH[WLQ\RXUZHEVLWHWKHUHVKRXOG DOZD\V EH DQ µDOWHUQDWH¶ RU IDOOEDFN 2QH H[DPSOH LV µDOWHUQDWH¶ WH[W 8VHUV ZLWKRXW. JUDSKLFVFDSDELOLWLHVFDQWKHQIXQFWLRQRQWKHSDJHV ZLWKGHVFULSWLRQVRQO\ %OLQGXVHUV XVLQJ VSHFLDOO\GHVLJQHGVRIWZDUH
(129) ZLOOKHDUWKHDOWHUQDWHPHVVDJHVDQG ZLOOQRWIDLO WR EHQHILWIURPWKHFRQWHQWRISLFWXUHVDQGJUDSKLFEXWWRQV . 7RPDNHFRQWHQWGHVLJQPRUHXQLIRUPDQGFRQVLVWHQWFDVFDGLQJVW\OHVKHHWVFDQEHDGGHG. WR WKH ZHEVLWH D YHU\ VLPSOH VW\OHVKHHW LV DOVR XVHG LQ P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ
(130) 3DJHV FDQ EH FXVWRPLVHGDQGIRUPDWWHGE\XVHUVLIIRUH[DPSOHFRORXUVSUHVHQWWREHDSUREOHP:LWK .
(131) &66VW\OHG SDJHV WKH XVHU FDQ WUDQVIRUP ZHE FRQWHQW LQWR D IRUPDWWKDWDGGUHVVHV WKHLU UHTXLUHPHQWVIRUDFFHVVLELOLW\7KHGHVLJQHURUWKHXVHUFDQFKDQJHWKHVW\OHVKHHWWRVXLW KLVKHUQHHGV7KHVHQHHGVFDQUDQJHIURPFRORXUXVH XVHUPD\EHFRORXUEOLQG
(132) WRWH[W VL]H7KHXVHRIVW\OHVKHHWVDOVRKHOSVWRPDNHWKHXSNHHSRIDZHEVLWHHDVLHU . $ ELJ SUREOHPWKDW,DOVRH[SHULHQFHGLVQRWNQRZLQJWKHVWDWHRIDXVHU¶VFRPSXWHUDQG EURZVHU 0RVW XVHUV GRQ¶W KDYH XS WR GDWH HTXLSPHQW DQG D IDVW LQWHUQHW FRQQHFWLRQ $ VROXWLRQ FDQ EH QRW WR GHVLJQ IRU \RXU PDFKLQH RU WKH ORZHVW PDFKLQH YHUVLRQV RI. EURZVHUVDQGHTXLSPHQWZLVH
(133) EXWWRGHVLJQIRUDQDYHUDJHUHDGHUXVHU . $QLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIQDYLJDWLRQWKDW,KDYHDSSOLHGLQP\DSSOLFDWLRQ µ&DSH7RZQ±. $IULFD¶V *DWHZD\¶
(134) LV DSSO\LQJ µSUHYLRXV¶ DQG µQH[W¶ EXWWRQV LQVWHDG RI µEDFN¶ DQG. µIRUZDUG¶ EXWWRQV :LWK µSUHYLRXV¶ DQG µQH[W¶ EXWWRQV LQ WKH GRFXPHQW WKH EXWWRQV DUH IL[HGOLQNVWRDVVRFLDWHGGRFXPHQWV . :LWK µEDFN¶ DQGµIRUZDUG¶EXWWRQVD UHDGHUPLJKWZDQWWR UHWUDFHKLVKHU VWHSVWRRWKHU SDUWVLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQWKDWKHVKHDOUHDG\YLVLWHG7KHVHEXWWRQVZLOOZRUNRQWKHVDPH. SULQFLSOHDVDEURZVHU¶VµEDFN¶DQGµIRUZDUG¶EXWWRQVZKLFKFDQWDNH\RXWRDQ\SODFHLQ. WKHDSSOLFDWLRQZKHUH\RXKDYHEHHQ7KHµSUHYLRXV¶DQGµQH[W¶EXWWRQVLQP\DSSOLFDWLRQ FDQ RQO\ WDNH WKH XVHU WKURXJK D SUHGHWHUPLQHG SDWK DV ODLG RXW E\ PH
(135) LQ D OLQHDU VHTXHQFH . 7KHEXWWRQVGRQ¶WSUHYHQWXVHUVIURPUHDGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQZKHUHYHUWKH\FKRRVHEXWWKH\ DOORZWKHUHDGHUVWRIROORZWKHVHTXHQFH,KDYHODLGRXW)RUH[DPSOH . )LJ. /LQHDUQDYLJDWLRQWKURXJKWKHXVHRI3UHYLRXVDQG1H[WEXWWRQV. .
(136) %XWWRQEDUVFDQEHEXLOWZLWKWH[WEDVHGOLQNVRUDVHULHVRILQGLYLGXDOEXWWRQJUDSKLFVDW WKH WRS RU ERWWRP RI WKH SDJH , KDYH DGGHG JUDSKLF EXWWRQV DQG D MXPS PHQX DW WKH. ERWWRPRIWKHSDJHVLQP\DSSOLFDWLRQ%HORZLVDQH[DPSOHRIWKHEXWWRQEDU7KLVLVWKH ORZHUOHYHORIQDYLJDWLRQ UGOHYHORIQDYLJDWLRQ
(137) . . )LJ. . /RZHUOHYHOPHQXEXWWRQEDUZLWKJUDSKLFEXWWRQVDQGMXPSPHQX. 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQLVIUDPHEDVHG7KHSULPDU\ ZD\ RI JHWWLQJDURXQGWKH VLWHLVWKHPDLQ. PHQXZKLFKLVDOZD\VSUHVHQW 6HH)LJ
(138) 7KHVHFRQGOHYHORIQDYLJDWLRQDUHK\SHUWH[W OLQNVDWWKHWRSRIWKHSDJHMXVWEHORZWKHEDQQHUJUDSKLF 6HH)LJ
(139) . . )LJ. . . 9XND$IULND /RJR
(140) . . 0DLQ0HQX%XWWRQV. . 6HFRQGOHYHORIQDYLJDWLRQ%DQQHUJUDSKLFZLWKK\SHUWH[WOLQNV. )LJ. 0DLQ0HQXZLWKEXWWRQJUDSKLFVDQGORJR. .
(141) 7KH6LWH'HVLJQ . 7KHVLWHGHVLJQLVGHSHQGDQWRQDQRUJDQLVDWLRQDOIUDPHZRUN7KLVRQFHDJDLQGHSHQGVRQ. WKHXVHUQHHGVDQGKRZ\RXµFKXQN¶\RXULQIRUPDWLRQ:HEVW\OHJXLGH /\QFKDQG+RUWRQ
(142) SURSRVHVILYHEDVLFVWHSVLQRUJDQLVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ 'LYLGHFRQWHQWLQWRORJLFDOXQLWV. (VWDEOLVKDKLHUDUFK\RILPSRUWDQFHDPRQJWKHXQLWV 8VHWKHKLHUDUFK\WRVWUXFWXUHUHODWLRQVDPRQJXQLWV. %XLOGDVLWHWKDWFORVHO\IROORZV\RXULQIRUPDWLRQVWUXFWXUH . $QDO\]HWKHIXQFWLRQDODQGDHVWKHWLFVXFFHVVRI\RXUV\VWHP. 7KHEHVWZD\WRRUJDQLVHLQIRUPDWLRQLVWRµFKXQN¶LW$µFKXQN¶LVDQHDV\OHJLEOHSLHFH RIWH[WRUJUDSKLFVZKLFKFRQWDLQVLPSRUWDQWSRLQWVRILQIRUPDWLRQLQDSDJHDQGGRHVQ¶W ILOOPRUHWKDQRQHFRPSXWHUVFUHHQDWDQ\WLPH7KHFRQFHSWRIDFKXQNRILQIRUPDWLRQ. PXVW EH FRQVLVWHQW ZLWK FRPPRQ VHQVH ORJLFDO RUJDQLVDWLRQ DQG FRQYHQLHQFH &RQFLVH µFKXQNV¶ILOODFRPSXWHUVFUHHQ/RQJZHESDJHVWHQGWRGLVRULHQWDWHUHDGHUV . ,Q P\ DSSOLFDWLRQ , KDYH RUJDQLVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ LQWR ORJLFDO XQLWV ,QIRUPDWLRQ LV. µFKXQNHG¶DFFRUGLQJWRWRSLFV LHVHFWLRQVZLWKVLPLODUWRSLFVRILQWHUHVW
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
(145) ZKLFKFDQDOVREHXVHGZKHQ. WKHWUDYHOOHU'HSDUWV7KHRWKHUVHFWLRQVDOOKDYHEDVLFSKUDVHVDERXWWKHUHOHYDQWWRSLFV ZKLFKFDQEHXVHGWRREWDLQPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQIURP;KRVDVSHDNHUV . ³(GXFDWLRQEDVHG VLWHV DUH RIWHQ VHOIGLUHFWHG OHDUQLQJ DQG GHVLJQ VWUDWHJLHV. FDQ EH YHU\ UHVWULFWLYH DQG OLQHDU (GXFDWLRQEDVHG GHVLJQ PXVW SHUPLW IDVW DFFHVV WKLVFDQEHGRQHWKURXJKWKHQDYLJDWLRQDQGDFFHVVLELOLW\RIDVLWH
(146) WRD. ZLGHUDQJHRIWRSLFVVKRXOGEHZHOOGHVLJQHGZLWKJUDSKLFVDQGLOOXVWUDWLRQV ZKLFKH[SODLQFRQFHSWV
GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN
Die eerste is Karaktersterktes herontdek in die Sielkunde, tweedens is Validation of the Values in action inventory of strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth) in a group of
Ook wordt er aangegeven dat voor de landelijke invoering het belangrijk is aan te geven dat het werken met deze richtlijn gefaciliteerd moet worden middels bijvoorbeeld
Formuleer hier 3 verschillende antwoorden op en schrijf deze in 3 vakken op de lijn boven je startvraag.. Bij deze 3 antwoorden stel je jezelf weer 2x de
In dit onderzoek wordt het Mackey-Glassmodel uit het onderzoek van Kyrtsou en Labys (2006) gemodificeerd zodat het een betrouwbare test voor Grangercausaliteit wordt, toegepast op
Note: a goal-setting application is more-or-less a to-do list with more extended features (e.g. support community, tracking at particular date, incentive system and/or
The interaction effect between gender and competence does yield a significant effect on perceived competence (b=0.231, sd.=0.269), which entails that competent male candidates
De conclusie van het onderzoek is dat het aantal dagen tussen de balansdatum en de datum waarop de controleverklaring van de accountant is afgegeven van invloed is op het wel of
Deficits that occur in the brainstem affect understanding and integrating of the auditory context (Cohen-Mimran & Sapir, 2007:175). The different research results
