• No results found

Rond verschillende individuele casus zien we een coalitie opstaan van asielzoekers zelf en hun naasten (waaronder advocaten en sympathisanten), maatschappelijke organisaties en de media die een human interestframe van de casus naar voren brengen. Conform de bevindingen van Ihlen en Thorbjørnsrud (2014: 11) zijn het vaak gezaghebbende actoren die tot de autochtone bevolking behoren die er in slagen om media-aandacht voor een individuele asielzoeker te genereren. Bij veel van deze gepersonificeerde casus zorgde het human interestframe uiteindelijk voor beleidsimpact. Dit is opmerkelijk, aangezien vaak door beleids- en bestuurlijke actoren gesteld wordt dat zij niet reageren op individuele casus. Bij casus rond het vreemdelingenbeleid brengen media vaak de menselijke maat succesvol in op de beleidsagenda. Aandacht voor individuele casus in de media is echter door een meerderheid van actoren ongewenst: bewindspersonen worstelen hiermee en spreken liever niet over individuele gevallen. Ook belangenorganisaties van asielzoekers zien personificatie als een onwenselijk laatste redmiddel wanneer stille diplomatie niet gewerkt heeft, zo stellen zij in verschillende mediaberichten.

Er lijkt echter een punt van ‘saturatie’ te bestaan wanneer er recentelijk veel

media-aandacht is geweest voor een individuele casus. Er is dan een gebrek aan media-media-aandacht voor nieuwe casus die individuele migranten betreffen. Zo zien we dat er in de nasleep van de casus Mauro Manuel twee nieuwe individuele asielzoekers aandacht voor hun

dreigende uitzetting vragen: Patricio Dos Santos en Yossef Kallid Abuzeynrea. Hun dossiers krijgen echter weinig media-aandacht en leveren veel kritische reacties op. In de literatuur wordt ook wel gesteld dat er ‘compassion fatique’ optreedt, waarbij media-aandacht na

176

verloop van tijd of bij opeenvolgende tragedies afneemt (Moeller 1999). Dit betekent dat naast kenmerken van de casus die dit onderzoek naar voren heeft gebracht, ook de context waarin de casus in de media komt een deel van de verklaring vormt voor media-aandacht en of dit uiteindelijk kan leiden tot beleidsimpact.

177

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Aelst, P. van & Vliegenthart, R. (2014). Studying the Tango: An Analysis of Parliamentary Questions and Press Coverage in the Netherlands. Journalism Studies, 15(4): 392-410. Aelst, P. van & Walgrave, S. (2011). Minimal or Massive? The Political Agenda-setting Power of the Mass Media According to Different Methods. International Journal of Press/Politics, 16: 295-313.

Altheide, D.L., & Snow, R.P. (1979). Media Logic. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Baker, P. & McEnery, T. (2005). A Corpus-Based Approach to Discourses of Refugees in UN and Newspaper Texts. Journal of Language and Politics, 4(2): 197-226.

Baumgartner, F.R. & Jones, B.D. (1993). Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Baumgartner, F.R. & Jones, B.D. (Eds.) (2002). Policy Dynamics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bennett, W.L. (1990). Toward a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States. Journal of Communication, 40(2): 103-125.

Bennett, W.L. (2012). News: The Politics of Illusion (9e editie). Boston: Longman. Benson, R. (2013). Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Benson, R. & Wood, T. (2015). Who Says What or Nothing at All? Speakers, Frames and Frameless Quotes in Unauthorized Immigration News in the United States, Norway and France. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(7): 801-821.

Bonjour, S. & Schrover, M. (2015). Public Debate and Policy-making on Family Migration in the Netherlands 1960-1995. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(9): 1475-1494. Boyd, D.M. & Ellison, N.B. (2007). Social Network Sites: Definition, History and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13: 210-230.

Chong, D. & Druckman, J. N. (2007b). Framing Theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10: 103-26.

Cook, T.E. (2006). The News Media as a Political Institution: Looking Backward and Looking Forward. Political Communication, 23(2), 159-171.

Cronqvist, L. (2011). Tosmana: Tool for Small-N Analysis [Computer Programme], Version 1.3.2.0. Trier: University of Trier.

D’Angelo, P. & Kuypers, J.A. (2010). Doing News Framing Analysis. Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Routledge.

D’Haenens, L. & Lange, M. de (2001). Framing of Asylum Seekers in Dutch Regional Newspapers. Media, Culture & Society, 23: 847-860.

Druckman, J.N. (2001). On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who can Frame? The Journal of Politics, 63(4): 1041-1066.

178

Edelman, M.J. (1993). Contestable Categories and Public Opinion. Political Communication, 10(3): 231-242.

El Refaie, E. (2001). Metaphors we Discriminate by: Naturalized Themes in Austrian Newspaper Articles about Asylum Seekers. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 5(3): 352-371. Entman, R.M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4): 51-58.

Entman, R.M. (2003). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Figenschou, T.U. & Beyer, A. (2014). Elites, Minorities, and the Media: Primary Definers in the Norwegian Immigration Debate. Tidsskrift for Samfunnsforskning, 55(1): 23-51. Figenschou, T.U. & Thorbjørnsrud, K. (2015). Faces of an Invisible Population: Human Interest Framing of Irregular Immigration News in the United States, France and Norway. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(7): 783-801.

Friese, S. (2011). Qualitative Data Analysis With ATLAS.ti. London: Sage Publications. Galtung, J. & Ruge, M. (1965). The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Foreign Newspapers. Journal of International Peace Research,1: 64-90.

Gamson, W.A. & Modigliani, A. (1987). The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action. Research in Political Sociology, 3: 137-177.

Gamson, W.A. & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power – A Constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1): 1-37. Gans, H.J. (1979). Deciding What's News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. Northwestern University Press.

Gorp, B. van (2005). Where is the Frame? Victims and Intruders in the Belgian Press Coverage of the Asylum Issue. European Journal of Communication, 20(4): 484-507. Gorp, B. van (2006). Framing Asiel: Indringers en Slachtoffers in de Pers. Leuven: Acco. Harcup, T. & O'Neill, D. (2001). What Is News? Galtung and Ruge Revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2): 261-280.

Hayes, A.F, & Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data. Communication Methods and Measures, 1: 77-89.

Horsti, K. (2003). Global Mobility and the Media. Presenting Asylum Seekers as a Threat. Nordicom information, 3: 41-54.

Ihlen, Ø. & Thorbjørnsrud, K. (2014). Making News and Influencing Decisions: Three Threshold Cases Concerning Forced Return of Immigrants. European Journal of Communication, Early view online: 1-14.

Ihlen, Ø., Figenschou, T.U. & Larsen, A. G. (2015). Behind the Framing Scenes: Challenges and Opportunities for NGO’s and Authorities Framing Irregular Immigration. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(7): 822-838.

179

Jones, B.D. & Baumgartner, F.R. (2005). The Politics of Attention. How Government Prioritizes Problems. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Jørgensen, M.B. & Merel, S. (2012). Framing Scandinavian Conceptualizations of Irregular Migration. Nordic Journal of Migration Research, 2(4): 289-297.

Kaye, R. (2001). ‘Blaming the Victim’ An Analysis of Press Representation of Refugees and Asylum-seekers in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. In: King, R. & Wood, N. (Eds.). Media and Migration: Constructions of Mobility and Difference (pp. 53-70). London: Routledge. Korthagen, I.A. (2011). Media-aandacht Maakt het Verschil: Invloeden van Mediatisering op het Beleid in Gouda. Bestuurswetenschappen, 65: 14-31.

Korthagen, I.A. (2015). Media Logic Versus the Logic of Network Governance. The Impact of Mediatisation on Decision Making Processes. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit

Rotterdam.

Krippendorff, K. (2004). Reliability in Content Analysis. Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30(3): 411-433.

Lievrouw, L.A. & Livingstone, S. (2002) (Eds.). Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Social Consequences. London: Sage Publications.

Lippmann, W. (1922[1961]). Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan.

McCombs, M. (1994). News Influence on our Pictures of the World. In: Bryant, J. & Zillmann, D. (Eds.). Media Effects. Advances in Theory and Research (pp. 1-16). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

McCombs, M. & Ghanem, S. I. (2001). The Convergence of Agenda Setting and Framing. In: Reese, S.D., Gandy, O.H. Jr. & Grant, A.E. (Eds.). Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and our Understanding of the Social World (pp. 67-81). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Melenhorst, L. (2015). The Media’s Role in Lawmaking: A Case Study Analysis. The International Journal of Press/Politics, Early view online: 1-20.

Moeller, S.D. (1999).Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York: Routledge.

Nickels, H. (2007). Framing Asylum Discourse in Luxembourg. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20(1): 37-59.

Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1993). Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse. Political Communication, 10(1): 55-75.

Raad voor Maatschappelijke Ontwikkeling (2014). Meerstemmigheid laten klinken.

Journalistiek in een veranderend medialandschap. Den Haag: Raad voor Maatschappelijke Ontwikkeling

Reese, S.D., Gandy, O.H., & Grant, A.E. (Eds.). (2001). Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and our Understanding of the Social World. New York: Routledge.

Rihoux, B. & Ragin, C.C. (Eds.) (2009). Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative

180

Roggeband, C.M. & Vliegenthart, R. (2007). Divergent Framing: The Public Debate on Migration in the Dutch Parliament and Media, 1995-2004. West European Politics, 30(3): 524-548.

Schneider, A.L. & Ingram, H. (1993). Social Construction of Target Populations: Implications for Politics and Policy. The American Political Science Review, 87(2):334-347.

Schneider, C.Q. & Wagemann, C. (2012). Set-theoretic Methods for the Social Sciences: A Guide to Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schön, D.A. & Rein, M. (1994). Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies. New York: Basic Books.

Schrover, M. & Schinkel, W. (2013). The Language of Inclusion and Exclusion in the Context of Immigration and Integration [Special Issue]. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(7): 1123-1250. Semetko, H. & Valkenburg, P. (2000). Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication, 50(2): 93-109.

Snow, D.A. & Benford, R.D. (1992). Master Frames and Cycles of Protest. In: Morris, A. & Mueller, C. (Eds.). Frontiers in Social Movement Theory (pp. 135-155). New Haven: Yale University Press.

Soroka, S.N. (2002). Issue Attributes and Agenda-Setting by Media, the Public, and

Policymakers in Canada. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(3): 264-285. Tankard, J.W. (2001). The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing. In: Gandy, O.H., & Grant, A.E. (Eds.). Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and our

Understanding of the Social World (pp. 95-106). New York: Routledge.

Van Atteveldt, W. & Ruigrok, N. & Takens, J. & Jacobi., C. (2014). Inhoudsanalyse met AmCAT. Beschikbaar via: http://vanatteveldt.com/uploads/amcatbook.pdf

Verweij, S. & Gerrits, L.M. (2012). Systematische Kwalitatieve Vergelijkende Analyse. Kwalon, 17(3): 25-33).

Vliegenthart, R. (2007). Framing Immigration and Integration. Facts, Parliament, Media and Anti-Immigrant Party Support in the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.

Vliegenthart, R. & Roggeband, C.M. (2007). Framing Immigration and Integration. Relationships between Press and Parliament in the Netherlands. International Communication Gazette, 69(3): 295-319.

Vliegenthart, R. & Walgrave. S. (2011). When the Media Matter for Politics: Partisan

Moderators of the Mass Media’s Agenda-setting Influence on Parliaments in Belgium. Party Politics, 17(3): 321-342.

Vliegenthart, R., & Zoonen, L. van (2011). Power to the Frame: Bringing Sociology Back to Frame Analysis.European Journal of Communication,26(2): 101-115.

Walgrave, S. & Van Aelst, P. (2006). The Contingency of the Mass Media’s Political Agenda-setting Power. Towards a Preliminary Theory. Journal of Communication, 25: 814-836. Wolfe, M. (2012). Putting on the Brakes or Pressing on the Gas? Media Attention and the Speed of Policymaking. Policy Studies Journal, 40(1): 109-26.

181

Wolfe, M., Jones, B.D. & Baumgartner, F.R. (2013). A Failure to Communicate: Agenda Setting in Media and Policy Studies. Political Communication, 30(2): 175-92.

182

APPENDICES