life fifty

217

-SUMMARY

(a) Within the fifty years of the development of the Arab theme in

Israeli literature, a gradual and continuous aloofness from the

Arabs and from the Arab way of life may be discerned.

(b) In place of a description of the Arab way of

the Arabs are

now perceived as ideas.

(c) Three basic approaches to the Arabs were discussed:

The Romantic-Exotic approach

The Problematic approach

The Existential-Historiosophic approach

(d) The perception of the Arabs as an existential condition

becomes a reality in the light of Jewish relationship towards

the Arab states.

The Arabs have become a threat to Jewish

existence in the region, and to the very political existence

of the State of Israel.

218

-CONCLUSIONS

Two distinct periods can be discerned in the approach to the Arabs

and the Arab problem in Israeli Hebrew literature.

The first period

comprises the

years

before the Second World War, the first

four decades

of this century.

The second period is the years since the War of

Liberation of 1948.

The period from the beginning of the Second World

War up to the end of the War of Liberation must be viewed as a time of

fluctuation and transition.

The literature in the different periods does not present a uniform

approach to the Arabs, but there are certain preponderant trends in the

different periods.

The aim of this study was to define the different

trends in the different periods, with emphasis on the second period.

The trends are summarised in this chapter to show the development in

the approach to the Arabs in the different periods.

This summary is

followed by a discussion on the different trends in the different periods.

In the first period, the first four decades of this century,

the

main approach to the

Arabs

was romantic,

simplistic and

even idealistic

(Chapter

1).

A few

writers had an eye for the problematic side of the

relation between the Jews and the Arabs, but they remained in the

minority (Chapter 2).

During the years of the Second World War and immediatel

y

afterwards,

different trends .can be discerned, as is shown in Chapter 3.

Some of

the writers, chiefly the older writers, tried to keep the romanticism

of the first period alive, despite the harsh realities of their time.

Others, especially the native-born writers

(sabras),

present an

ambivalent approach.

There is something of the romantic approach in

their literature on

the

one hand and even envy of the Arabs who are so

completely at home

in

the

coveted

land.

On the other hand these

writers were confronted with the reality of the approaching war against

the Arabs and they felt revulsion

at

the primitive lifest

yle and the

filth of the Arabs in their settlements.

219

-In the second period, since the Jewish War of Liberation of 1948,

three main trends can be defined.

The first one is encountered in the

literature aimed at the youth throughout this period.

It is a naive

approach to the problem, expressing a yearning for the good old days of

friendship that are no more (Chapter 4).

The second trend can be seen

in the literature of the time immediately following the War of

Liberation, and also in literature following the subsequent wars between

Israel and the Arab states.

The Arab problem is a daily reality for

these writers.

The political problems, the alienation between Jews

and Arabs and the expulsion of the Palestinian Arabs resulted in

remorse and feelings of guilt in the minds of these Israeli Hebrew

writers.

The social disintegration of the Arabs is noted and linked

to the political and military problems (Chapter 5).

The third trend in the period since the War of Liberation appears

at the beginning of the Sixties, when a new generation of writers, the

so-called Canaanites, came to the fore (Chapter 6).

The writers of

the first period wrote against the backdrop of the Diaspora and the

writers of the years following the Second World War paid special

attention to both the Diaspora and the Holocaust.

These writers of

the new generation saw their work as a continuation of Biblical times,

ignoring the Diaspora.

They regarded the confrontation between Arab

and Jew as a part of a life and death struggle, such as faced the

Israelites at the time of their entrance into the promised land.

The

Israelites had to face the Philistines, the Moabites and all the other

hostile nations of Canaan in their struggle for survival and the new

Israelites have to face the Arabs.

For these writers terrorism is

part and parcel of their daily life, leading to further alienation

between Arab and Jew.

overcome by force.

To them the Arabs are a menace that has to be

The writers of the first period hailed mainly from Eastern Europe.

The strange surroundings of Irael made deep impressions on them,

creating the feeling that they were carried back to the ancient Eretz

Israel of the Bible.

The romantic idea that the Arabs were the Jewish

peasants who were forced to abandon their faith appears with some

220

-frequency in their work.

The main exponent of this romantic approach

was M Smilansky.

He was indeed a friend of the Arabs.

In his

sentimental approach to the Arabs he was charmed by their romanticism

and simplicity.

This romantic approach can clearly be discerned in the many stories

of the sentries

(Chapter

1.1).

The sentries became well acquainted

with the Arabs and even copied their way of life and language.

They

wanted to be shepherds and tillers of the soil - and the Arabs gave

them an example to copy.

Friendship between Arab and Jew is a common

theme.

The literature of this period reveals an intimate knowledge

of the Arab way of life, of Arab thought, aspirations, values and

virtues.

The tragic side of the Arabic existence is the object of

many sympathetic portrayals by writers such as Smilansky and Churgin

(1.3).

These writers, and especially Smilansky, were inspired by a strong

desire for a peaceful and friendly co-existence with the Arabs.

This

ideal is the starting-point of many stories from this period.

The negative side of the relationship between Jews and Arabs was

touched on by a

smaller

group of writers from this period, with

Steinberg and Brenner

as

the more important figures.

They had an eye

for the human situation of strangers, rivals, claiming the same

motherland.

Tension and mistrust must be seen beneath the surface.

Amongst these writers were quite a few native-born writers who had the

desire to understand the Arabs but who remained suspicious of them.

The problem came more to the fore with the awakening of Arab national

consciousness which led to the riots of

1929 and 1939.

This slowly

eroded the Jewish romantic illusions about the Arabs.

The main

stumbling blocks were ownership of the land, competition between Arab

and Jewish labourers and the alienation of the Jewish farmers from their

Jewish worker brethren

(p.

These problems resulted in

more

realistic and critical

approach

to the whole matter.

The

Arabs

were

seen as part of the hostile landscapej as a physical factor threatening

the existence of the Jewish minority in the Land of Israel.

As a

result of this Brenner was quite critical of the romantic and optimistic

approach of Smilansky and others like him.

Brenner saw the chasm that

221

-existed between Jews and Arabs, even describing the Arabs as a volcano

about to erupt (p. 43).

In the transition period from the beginning of the Second World War

until the end of the War of Liberation the romantic approach continued,

especially in the works of the older writers who were unable to adapt

to the new menacing circumstances.

Some writers, like Sharoni and

Ravina, still strove for a better understanding of the Arabs linked u1ith

an identification with the primitive Arab way of life

(pp.

49, 50), as

something reminding them of the biblical past

(p.

58).

A new development can, however, be discerned in the writings of the

younger writers of that time.

An ambivalent approach

appears

in

their

work.

Something of the romantic approach of the first period lingers

on in their work.

They also express the desire to live in peace with

the Arabs.

There are even traces of envy on their part of the Arabs'

attachment to the ways of the land.

On the other hand they are faced

with the reality of

the

military preparations for the coming war against

the Arabs.

They also feel revulsion at the filth of the Arab

settle-ments and their primitiveness.

This ambivalence can even be found in

the second period, after the Jewish War of Liberation.

T

here is

a

yearning

for the friendship and brotherhood of days gone by, set

against the depressing reality of their own time

(p.

76).

The motive

of love and hatred appears frequently in the literature of this period

(p.

82).

The three main motives of the Arab way of life that are

described are vengeance, sexual lust, and treachery.

In the second period,

after

the Jewish War of Liberation of

1948,

several approaches to the Arabs appear in the Israeli Hebrew literature.

A naive approach can be discerned

in

works written for the

youth

(Chapter

4).

The literature for the

youth

consists of two main types,

namely legends, folk-tales, travel and adventure stories with a didactic

purpose on the one hand, and stories in which the author reminisces about

bygone days on the other hand.

In these stories the Arab problem is

touched on in a naive and simplistic manner.

The brotherhood between

Jews and Arabs is often emphasised, linked to the idea of peaceful

222

-co-existence.

This is especially true of the stories about the early

shepherds and pioneers.

This can be seen from the repetition of one

of the ideas of the early writers in a work of Agmon of 1960, namely

that the fellahin are no other than the Hebrews left behind in the

land after the exile (p. 119).

Romanticism is indeed one of the

important elements of these stories.

A clear distinction is often

made between the Arabs as a group - chiefly a hostile group - and the

individual Arab- being often quite friendly and peaceful (p. 123).

For didactic purposes the human relationships of mutual responsibility,

neighbourfiness and peace are often emphasised (p. 124).

The stories in which the authors reminisce about the time of their

youth constitute an important landmark in Israeli literature in the

transition to a problematical approach to the Arabs.

The authors of

these stories were sabras from the generation of the Palmach.

They

knew the Arabs as an unseparable part of the way of life of their

childhood.

A yearning after the world of childish simplicity can

often be found in their stories (p. 127).

That world disappeared due

to the new tensions.

That world that will be no more, with its peace

and brotherhood, is remembered with nostalgia.

The complications of

the situation after the War of Liberation are forgotten in the memories

of the time that was.

Another section of the writers of the generation of the Palmach

faced the problems of their own times squarely.

They commenced writing

in the years of the Second World War and immediately afterwards, and were

almost exclusively graduates of the pioneer youth movement.

Many of

them had ties with Kibbutzim.

Their world view was socialistic,

stressing the ideals of the equality of man, the brotherhood of nations,

and the importance of the class struggle.

These values started to

disintegrate due to Israel's confrontation with the Arabs.

Their

starting-point was their own war experiences.

The Arabs were part of

their childhood experiences, but they became enemies in war.

This

resulted in confusion in their souls, confusion that is often expressed

in their writings.

223

-The political problems that started with the awakening of Arab

nationalism before the Second World War increased the hostility between

Jews and Arabs.

many stories.

the part of the

Jews (p. 140).

This increase in hostility plays the central role in

The enmity of the Arabs is even ascribed to env

y

on

Arabs of the agricultural and other successes of the

Before the War of Liberation there were some binding

factors, such as the common struggle against the British authorities,

but after the war the alienation increased rapidly.

This caused complex feelings of guilt in the minds of some of

these writers, remorse, conflicting emotions and even self-flagellation.

This remorse was caused by the actions the Jews had to take against the

Arabs.

Yizhar, for example, saw the moral problems quite clearly,

matters of conscience playing an important role in his writings.

He

pointed out the experiences of the Jews during the Holocaust and

demonstrated that the Jews did comparable things to the Arabs after

the War of Liberation.

In his The Story of

K

hirbet Hazi

y

ah

(

1949

)

he illustrates the rough handling of the Arabs by the Jewish soldiers

(pp. 148, 9

)

.

He touches on the moral problem in this manner and has

an eye for that which is wrong in one's own midst.

The didactic aims

of this description are quite clear.

This story stirred up quite a

controversy, the public seeing in the very fact of the expulsion of the

Arabs a failure inherent in the Israeli victory.

Although the expulsion

can be militarily justified, it amounts to the repression of one nation

by another that has experienced repression in its own history.

These

moral problems also find expression in the works of other authors of

this period, such as J bar Yosef.

They were faced by a struggle between

two peoples for the right to one homeland

(

p. 154).

This tendency can

also be discerned after the subsequent wars between Israel and the

A

rab

states (pp. 154, 5).

The Arab refugees are often referred to by these writers and their

situation is compared to the experiences of the Jews through the ages.

This whole matter of the Arab refugees became a central political

problem in the Israeli-Arab conflict.

The attention, even sympathetic

attention as in the case of A Meged, paid to this problem need therefore

not cause surprise (pp. 157, 8).

224

-Closer to the present time the ties of acquaintances

h

ip which tied

the Hebrew writer to the person of the Arabs and to their way of life,

gradually loosened.

These ties can still be seen in the work of

Yizhar, but since his time it has gradual

l

y faded.

The focus is

directed to the Arabs who remained in the land with their demands for

education, their desire to flee or to change the situatio

n

by way of

social progress.

The old Arab way of life is no more.

The social

changes are described.

This caused a struggle in the mi

n

ds and life

of the Arabs.

This struggle between the world of a previous era and

the new situation is often quite sympathetically described.

The political and security implications of the Arab problem also

receives due attention in the literature.

The ideal to displace

hostility with friendship by way of personal contact betw

e

en Arabs and

Jews is frequently expressed.

This ideal is often thwarted by mutual

reticence, as can be seen in stories dealing with love between members

of the two peoples (pp. 182-6).

Since the beginning of the 1960's a new generation of writers

appeared on the scene, the Young Guard, also called the Generation of

the State.

Important figures amongst them are Y Retush and A Amir.

In their works a spiritual severance from the Jewish cultural heritage

of the Diaspora and a return to the ancient Canaanite mythology, to the

sources of the Canaanite Hebrew culture of the biblical period can be

discerned.

The people of the settlements are for them the Canaanites

or the Hebrews.

They see their work as an organic continuation of the

Bible and its ancient Canaanite-Semitic literature.

T

h

ere are also

many themes of the writers of the first period that recur in the work of

the so-called Canaanites, especially the romantic chalutzic ideals of

the Second Aliyah.

The fateful meeting between the two peoples and the struggle for

their birthright in the homeland are expressed in terms of a decisive

life and death confrontation.

There is a political and militaristic

trend in their approach against the romantic and legendary solution to

the corresponding problems of the first period.

The Arabs are for them

225

-an existential condition -and -an historical destiny with which one had

to struggle, and overcome by force.

The fight against terrorism plays

an important role in their work.

Some of these writers even display

a tendency to chauvinism, eg, Shamir, furthering hatred and alienation

by a one-sided approach to the problem (p. 192).

These feelings of hatred and alienation did make their first

appearance in the first period, especially in the writings of Brenner.

In his time the Jews were a minority amongst the Arabs in Palestine.

This is paralleled in modern times by the state of Israel being

encircled and dissected by hostile Arab states and an insecure and

artificial border (p. 200).

The Arab problem has implications for the

daily existence of the Jews in Israel.

The tragic side of the conflict

does not escape notice.

Yizhar saw the moral problem but for Oz the

Arabs are an existential condition (p. 202).

The Arabs are a daily

threat, with the result that Oz even regards the landscape as part of

the menace of the enemy, that lives in and infiltrates the landscape.

Although these writers like to see their work as a continuation of

the literature of the biblical period, they cannot totally ignore the

Holocaust, the fate of the Arabs being seen as a reflection of the

historic fate of the Jews.

Remorse also plays a part i

n

their work,

the state of Israel having been built on Arab ruins.

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i 7 -'7Y D7_{1910il nil).N '~lil .0}7_{91?1 .119}7_{0 ;11J.nJ. 7lp} ---.1961 ,1 7J.i

.1961 ,iiiOTl 1J.i ,J. 7J.N-'7n .1J'll1 ;1'1lYJ. 7yJ.

---8.10.71 ,n11901 n1J.1n ,Y1Nil .N711J. ili1il7_{'7 1}7_{1lYJ. 7YJ. :i1iiN ,1TY-1J.}

7N11?7_{J. D71910il nil>.N ,l>.-nll1 .0}7₁₁₉7₀ ;ill)f~il _71p'1

.l":>fJn DlfJl i117 _{,(l011'l'7) NfJI'l .i1'7:> 'llil :l'l ,'fJ'.lN}

.341-339 'Y ,T":>fJn ;p 11:> .n7_{'71'l1:> .ili)!Xil '7li7'7 :i"fJ ,Pll.:}}

'7N1fJ7 _OlD 7_{Jnn .Ol1Dl.l llTn .N'71l.l ililil' '1l!l'0'7 Nlll'l :'7'7i1·.,'7T1.l} .257 'Y .'7"e~n ,Pin' ,l'.lN-'7n .('7T1.l '7'7n n:>'1Y.l)

, 1":>fJn lJ 11J ,0 7JTNI'l .N'711l ilili1 7 nNll ili)!Yil '11i7'7 :ViN , lilJ

-177 'l'lY

.32-20 1

)1 ,1":>fJn D.lfJ '.l 'lln ,fJA!ll'l .1HJ70 ;1lA 11i ---,lD 11J ,D 7JTNll .N'711l ililil 7 n17_{Y'l D''nlJI'lNil} C')l~l'lNil

---48 'Y ,A":>fJn-l":>e~n

-446 'l'l)l ,T":>fJn-l"JfJn ,.D 11:> ,D 7JTNll .N'711l ilili1 7 n1'7''7Y :'7N1fJ 7 ,lilJ .1968 ,ll~ 7_{l!l0 ,l}7_{lN-'7n •}7_{Ji1 ll'l}7_{'710 n1'7''7Y :11'ln ,l''DfJllll}

.1959 ,i 'lln ,nfJj7 .11D 70 ;'fJ''7fJn 1nn :nin ,OfJ1l

.1967 .ill)! C)l .l'lN-'7n .1197_{0 :D 7T11iil i11'l :fJN1i1}7 _.1l7_.l .1965 ,iliOI'l .l'lN-'7n .119'0 ;D'1)1nOI'l D'fJ1!l

---.1970 .ill)! DY .l7_{lN-'7n .119 70 ;iiAll'l lYfJN :11YI'lfJ .0'7l} .1967 ,illY DY ,l7_{lN~'7n .119}7_{0 ;l1j7il :l'1' .11i1N-ll}

.n1.1nnn nNn '"Nl D7i'77_n 77_{nn :11nn .119'0 ;D 7JNnn 1Jll'l :ninn ,ililil'-ll} .1904 ,il'fJln ,ne~11

.1010 N7 :'7'71:> .1966 .liA1N .D7_'7fJ117 _.D7_{1 7fJ ;illj7n :(}7_{"l 7).'}

0ililil'-ll

.07'70

.6 •ny 18.7~1958 .nlJI'lN1 n119o'7 qi .11'lfJ1lil '7y .17_{fJ ;i1D 7'79:11J1N .clnl-ll} .1964 .i:> 'lln ,nfJj7 .11D 70 ;'71iAil 1iJOi7'7N :j7n~, ,1J-ll .nlJI'lNl n1190'7 9i .ll'lfJI'lil '7y .1ilj7il l1 71'liil TlOI'l 1lY'7 :ilD'A .11l 7lN

.4 'Y 17.10.1965

.T"JfJn ,illY DY .l 7lN-'7n .11ll1 ;DfJI'l fJ 7Nil ---n"JfJn .lJ 11:> .D7JTN1l .''7N1fJ'il 1NI'l11l nnN i1111'ln '7y :'Jil1l ,'fJ'.lN

-433 •ny

.n":>fJn ilJfJil fJN1 l1Y ,41 •on , (ln1n'7) NfJil .nnnon ,cyn ,Y1Nil :D"n , 1N.l

-481 'Y ,n":>fJn-T"JfJn ,ilJ 11J ,D7_{JTN1l .DfJil fJ'Nil :1}7iN , lil:>

.20 'Y .1967 .48 'lln .l'YYil '7Yl!lil .DfJil fJ'Nil :901' .ll'7-ilfJ ,nl1D01 nll1n ,Y1Nil .11D7_{0 ;'7nJn i''7 NfJil '7,'7n '1li7 --}

---.4.10.67

.30.9.70 ,nl1901 n1l1n .YlNil .910l'N'7 i71lYil nlJ1 ---·'ilil' NY11lll D711i.l :'7'71:> .1963 1Nll7 _{,D 7JTNI'l .Y1Nl DlfJ1l :n 7NJ}7 _{'7n1 ,'lr-ll}

.llnllil nNll C7_{.lJ1) ll1lil :llnll.119}7_{D ;nllll'7Yil lNYil} 7_{lj7Y :ilfJil .'71NfJ-l.l} . 1966 , 9"'7N ,.l7_lN-'7n

,1lno~ n~o D7_{~11Y~ nyl~ :11no .11n7o :1~11o nJ1JO~ 7JI10 :lilY ,1~l}

.111_{fln ,1n1~on Y1l7j7i1 ,l7l~-·m}

:'7'71.:> .111~1n ,'7l 7Dfl •7 .~ ,l7l~:..7n .D 71HPD ;1liO 7'7i1Hl :non ,l11~-1l 01 nopJ ,i1Y11i1 11~JO ,j7ni!IOi1 i1Y11i1 ,0~11 1l~ .7'7Y-1l~

n1n~ ,iln1Dni1 ,n111~ ,'111~ ,n1110n ,1nlli1~1 101y ,17l~ .i101fl7 ,fl 71111 07i11l7_{~ ,1~101 .l~Yil TA ,170~i1}

:'7'71.:> .111_{Jfln ,illY oy ,l7l~-'7n .D711n 7D ;D71noo 07010}

.'7 7n ll ~1n ,n'7ro

,711_{fln ,7j701lD .J} ,l7l~-7n _{.non7on 711n,oo} ;i11~0i1 _{7JJ. :Yfl1i17 ,I:J01'-1l} .IJ07n7_{~nn ,D7fi1Y1n :'771.:>}

-7n .1J.non n~o 110 71 n 7l 7f1J~ :11no .11n 7o ;77Y-1l~ ---.n117fln , 7n 70Y ,l7_l~

l'l~-7n .1J.non n~o ~o1op 1 7Y :11no .11n 7o ;ln1Dn nl

---407 'Y .n .. :>fln .1:> 11.:> ,D7_{JT~o .11n 7o ;lPI~nn 171!1}

---.412

,o77y1n n 71no ,i1 7ln1o .1011 ;1D~1~ 1nJ1 7 71!1 1n101 1 77 n :1:]01 7 ,I:J017-1l

.5.6.59 .~n77_{01 ~1no ,l 71YO .111nfln non7o 7y 1011 11y :o ,lj7Y7-1l} ~13 •oy ---325 'Y ,711

in '7 11J ,D7JT~O .ilTnD ;ill!llJil ---,l7lN-7n .1J.non nNo 1101n 7xJ. :l~Hn .11n7o ;07~J.~ 17~ :T ,n1:>1J.

• 1954 ' 7j701liJ • J

:771.:> .T11_{1JI!In ,lnl~Oil Y1l 7j7i1 ,l 7lN-'7n .07~llj70i1 D7lnJi1 :onn,I:]OP ,1J1l}

,j71P-PJ .1011) 1171!1.:>1 71.:>1!1 ,1NJ01 l~JII ,0707 070 Pl

,(07~J.1PO D'J.n:>)OpJn :11no D70I1ni1 771YI!IOJ. ,(1920 ,7J. 7DI!I .n'7nnno ,D:"UY

.1970 no 'J.ln ,nflp .nP~J..n n1l 7'7Y P l 1J1l n11_{7 :11iiN ,1TY-ll}

.26-11 •y ~11_{'71!1n NJ 'J.1n ,nl!lp •}11_{n 7J.1Yi1 n7NI!Ii1}11_{1 1J1l .n. 7}

---,l7J.N-7n .1J.non nNo 710nN 01 7 :11~~ .11n7o ;111ln :li pn~7 .Y'l1i71l

.1962 ,17ll

-no1 .1lnn~ nNo 10nJ 1n 7l1 1!1 7N :11no .D 711n 7D i11!1171!1 ;D7~7J.1Y :11!/N ,1!11l .110n0 ,ii7_{1~1Jil ~}7_{nl!l ,D7iJ1lN ·~n :771.:> .1969 ,iiiDO ,1~}

:771.:> .D'' 71!1n ,iiiOO ,J. 7J.N-7n .D77_{00Y D711n70 ;l1Y mn71!JD ·}

---71!1 Yl~ 1~7 _{,1:]1Y 77l llY l7N ,n7Bil nOpJ ,D 7XY J.IJlnJ. iii!IYO}

171.:>1!1 iii!IYO ,iii!IO llj7 ,I:Jlj7~ iii!IYJ IX7_{J ,TYill} ~1!/J.Jil _,1J7_{D ll} .~J.J~

.1950 ~D7~Y1D n7_{1DO ,o}7_3n1D .D71'1~D _{0'119'0 :D1nJ ,lDD1A}

,(n1J11nN n1Y7_i 7 11Y13~) ₀7_D7 _{7 .0}7_119'0 ;19'~ 1~n ~N _{,'J3n :'11A ,D,,n}

.n 'Y ,N"~~n non

.48 'Y ,1"J~n N~ ;31n .n~p ,,,~ :11Jn ,N'A .1969 , 7_{T1Y ,3}7_{3N-~n .lD11 ;~n1J3 t1}7_{JnJ~n :D,n , '113'A} .14 'Y 24.5.63 ,ND77_{01 NlDO ,3}7_1YD ,1'~ ;oiTln~ :n7D~l~ ,i~1AJ'A .N"J~n ,17_3i ,373N-~n _.1197_{0 ;1JY} 7!l~DY _:PD7_J3 ,'N~A

.1963,n11DO~ n113nn ,373N-~n ;D7_11D7₀ ;D'~DAn _Y1N ~N _'YOD ---.5 'Y 8.5.63 ,37_{1YD .n~3io ~y 'N~A l'D}7_{J3 :'11N ,'10'i7} ,37_{3N-~n .13nnn nNn 91nn ~Y nn,~ :~lnD .119}7_{0 ;D}7₁7_T1T :~3311T ,iY~A

.1958 ,inlNnn Y137_i7o

,T"J~n ,A7 _11J ,n7~ll1J _.1197_{0 ;3AJn Y1Nll 111D'Y} 'Ill~,, _:n"'I1o' .~YA

.209-204 'Y

.1967 ,nion ,1A-nll1 .lllll ;lll nnp ~no :Y~1n7 _,n1J1A

I

,n'JT1 1n1T :~~lJ .1970 ,nion ,1A-nll1 .07₁₁₉7_{0 ;o}7_{JT1 1n1T :'7J}7_ll .N~i N~D .D7_{31Y DY} D71~j71 7~~3 ₁₁₉7_{0 ,DnJ!l ,3A1 .D}7_{0'j71Jo j7llY}

-7 'Y ,N"~~n1iN3D"J ,13 •on ,(3n1n~)

cy ,373N-~n .13nnn nNll inN 1~1p3 :11nn .1197_{0 ;901}7 _{13N :D}77_{n ,TTn}

.1963 ,i31Y

.i111_{.Y1n,mJDN '.Y1i1 .i1}7_{l~o n~'7Yi1} 7_D7_{D 0}7_{117-Y ;iP'7Yi1 'll'3 :1}7_{ND ,}7_j70Ji7'7'1 .n~7_{~Ail ,1}7_J1Y 71J'~ :~'71J

.27.8.71 ,n11D01 n131n .y1No .'j70Jj7~'1 17_{Nll~ o}7_{~yn 'll}7_{3 :N ,lTY-13}

.15 •ny

.140-137 'Y ,l"~n-n"~n ,n' 11J ,nlJ17~A .1197_{0 ;n1nnnn l'11AD :9017 ,Y'l}

,37_{3N-~n .13nnn nN!l ~31}7 _{n1pnn1n :11nn .11D'D ;n~i3Y 1'~ :}7_{3-Y ,'1'1NT} .n",~n .in1Nnn Yl37_Pn

37_{3N-~n .13nnn nNn nl'P~il 1DJ :11nn .119}7_{0 ;91TJn} ,,~n .~N1~7 _,'n1T

. 1 948 , i 31 Y DY

:'7'71J .1968 ,D7_{~YlD n}7_{1DO ,o}7_{3n1n .0}7₁₁₉7₀ ;11D'~'o n~3D _:DiN ,~D1T .11D7_~7_{il n~3D ,}7_{.Y1N 1}7_{Jli lDY}

.5 'Y 6.6.1969 ,Dl'il .llD'I!Pil n'7ltJ :iP3'70 ,ili-13 ,o1'J1D :~'71J .1944 ,1DJ'7_{'7 . .Y} 1_{.Y1o .0}7₁₁₉7₀ ~tlij7 Di1'73 :3j7Y7 _,17_A11n

.tl7_1DN 7_{11i1 l}7_{l ,19}7 _n17_{J1~ 1}7₃

-'7n .378-377 'Y ,l 11J .1J11il n7_{13Yi1 n11non n1i'71n:;11nN ,llN-13}

.n"7_{~n ,'7NY1T}7 _,37_3N

-263 'Y .A"J~n ,37_{J ,3}7_{3N-'7n .mnnn 1Jnnno :9017 ,Dl3JDJ}7_'7

,All3TJ7_{A .D ,3'3N-'7n .0}7₁₁₉7_{0 ;'7}7_'7n n~yn .~'77i110

-51 'Y ,1"!11n ,M11 11.:> ,n1'71'i1 .11!170 ;11nl'i1 111nM ---234 'Y ,il"D1n , 111 11.J ,n1'71'i1 • 11£170 ; PTM111i1 -T".JI'n ,.l7-D '.l1n ,il.J 11.:> ,n 7TA .11!170 ;n111NJi1 7nn

---15 'Y ,n".JI'n

.1.ln11i1 nN11 11'1n.1 iln1T 1'111'i1 :11n11 .11£1 70 ;111nN '71' 1'17'1n :~017 ,7JJn .1960 ,"T.J111" ,i11j7n-nnn

nN11 0 711!170 ;n11Y 7i1 '1111 :11n11 .11!1 70 ;n11Y7i1 '1111 :.l Oil1.lN ,YI'1i17 .n".JI'n ;1n1N11i1 Yl.l7j7i1 ,.l7.lM-'7n .1.ln11i1

.10.5.1968 ,Y1Ni1 .077_'7M1Dj7'7DJ7_{Ni1 n11 71.li1 n11Y'.l :901' ,j11N} .1968 ,N 1_{.l1n ,TD 11.J ,0 7JTM11 .YI'1i1}7 _{• .l.N} 7_{11!1'0 :i11'11 ,'7 7A}

.1968 1.l11~1 ,1'1111 .Y 7.li1'7 n'71.J7_{i11 1£10'7} j1~1i1 _{:901 7 ,11} -265 'Y ,D".JI'n 2 1_{.l1n ,i1111Ni1 .n''7N11' 7i1 n11~l'O.l >.1'}7_{i1 :OJ'7N ,'.lilT}

.268

.N '.l1n ,TJ 11.J ,07_{JTM11 .1n1nn!lnil.l 'l11111 1!1011 :'7M,1.lA ,1j7111,} .40-34 'Y ,n"JI'n

.30.8.1968 ,Y1Nil ,Y1'1i17 _{• .l.N '11!1}7_{0 '71' 0111j711 :111.l} ,'7~711~11j7 30.9.70 ,n11!101 n1.11n ,Y1Nn _,n11!lO 111n!IJ O'.l1Yi1 :7.J1111 ,1'71'

• 51 -50 I 11)1

-79 'Y ,n"Jf.ln D'7 '.l1n ,nf.lp .nny'n '11n :11fl1>. ,1i7f.l ,n11n ,,,J ,'7Y!l111 n111 7.l ··~1n .nTn11 ;1nf.ll n'7''7 .l1Y- 7N11

---. 1969

:'7'71.:> .1959 ,1n1N11i1 Y1.l'i7i1 ,.l'.lN-'7n .0'11!1 70 i1Y.l1N :(7j70J'7'110) 1i1T7 .nyTn n.l1'n 11!1 70 , 71.lf.lil

,1950 1.l11~1 ,1 '.l1n ,j 7>.1711N .i11ln'111.l i11'.Y~il i1T11!li1 : • .l.N ,i19 7 . 192 I Y

n7_{190 ,.l'.lN-'7n .n 71.l.Yi1 n1190i1 7y n1011 :CJ11T j 7.l'7 CJ7.l :111 ,'JYJJ} -117 'Y .1955 ,D'7.Y1!l

• .l"Jf.ln .li71fl ,D,'7f.l11 7 .1l'11 7-n.l n 71.l.Yil n11!lO.l O'J!l .Y.l1N :11 ,111'11 -267 '11Y

,1 7.l1 1 7'7 D'1!110i1 n11>.N ·~1n ,n11i7.l n1011 ;n1 7.Jf.l1l :l111fl' ,nf.lj7 -240 1_{Y ."T"}7_~n

.185 1

)/ "T"Jf.ln ,1.ll.Y O.Y ,.l'.lN-'7n .nl111lf.IN fl1'7fl :1T.Y7'7N ,17.lf.l , 7 "f.ln ,.l 1_{.ll n ; T 11.:> ,0 711 N . il.YTil n.11} 1 _{n 11 !170 : ~Ol' , l.l'7-i1f.l}

.158-157 'Y :'7'7l.J ."T"Jf.ln ,1n1Nlli1 Yl.l 7j7i1 ,l7lN-'7n .11f./7_{ll 711!170} .ny.l>..l 1f.IN ilf.l11nn ,jf.I"Til n1l7_{1Y ,'7}7_{nnn N'7f.l 11!1'0}

N~l ~ll~ ~O~tlt ~l4l 4~ld·

CL44: ~X4 XN4tO'~dLl' ~UtN~l' ~~4,,~ 4LY4' ~~,,~

--- ~X4 XN4tO! OtGLLta· U4-N~t~' ~· XoLtdl~L' 6961.

8S6l.

a,~,~ (tll~t4l~)' ~l[,: ~!LL~,Q ~aL~L! OtGLL,a· aLU~t~' QGLLU Gl~4t0'

t~LN4 C~L· U4-N~t~' NYLLU ~QlGLtO 4'L L~L' U/il,,y·

till' ~gLN4: Cltll lil4 UQl! Q,GLL. Gtl4'~~ L~L' QlGLtO X~tltO' ~~L,CU

tlYL' au,: QLGL ~tll ~4 L,! OtGLL. a/i!N (4tlLU~)' LXtl~L 9S6l.

CN' U~C~~~· ~.

ZlS-N~t[LL' y,~~: ~UtGl~ NULt LLC,-~,~lt UL~LU - ~Ut ~4 ~au· tlN![tO' CLl

--- ~u, ~4 ~au! uat· u4-N-r,~· ~a ~L~L' u~c .. ~·

aYL' N~Lll: ~aatHl! OtGLVLLLLII' . UL~, N' 6tr6l"

~aU'tl" U4-N~,~· ,~ru trtr6l"

~aN,Lt' N~tYLLL: NUtll ~N4 N,[l LLXU! [l~~~~· auLl: ~tl 4,4~ 44t4U ClNU 4Lal' d1LN4: LLHLU 4tYN4! OtGLV U4-N~t~' ~[] ~l~L' Utac,u·

YtLLN' u~u= a,GLL' NL,~ 4tGta,A· ~NLA' uL~Lu LaGLLU' lL·z·s ~l trl" H4l' ~Wh. LULL! U~dQ LL!LL~· U~N (4ULUt:) ua, t,' C,l! ~~~U U~4uN·

LYotlt4~· ~OCtl l~NL!LU"

4tGiiltA'

Nlt~:

U~tlO-LL!LLt!

UQl~'

Y~ltl~N

4ld' tl[~l!: UNl! 4t4lU ttGl ~~UtL!~! Lltll' U4-N~tt' tUld' ULXuU" QGLtU Gl~4t0'' 096l"

~4lt' ~r,u,l: U4U NlGl ~N~L~ OtGLL. tlULl: NLL, L~'Ll UNU ~UU~L· ULU~,~·

,

4t' tYN~: tN~l~tC-NUH' N[, ~LrN NU ~tl~UU~! LlaL· U~-N~t~' ~tUl' L96l"

ua, B96l"

C~l' tl[~: UCQ YL~ll Q[U~U ~U~Ll! GLL!t ~ll' tll~~a,· tll~~'Q' L"

,LL~~u,• ruLe: aLL!NLL ~UUL! LLaL· tLL~~,a· L. aa• LE6l"

tLL[,: 'CLL,[]: OtGll" ~UL' Cll No ULQ"!"

~lNLLll) •

UlU tU!dN~ [,Q[lt' UlU ~LltlG~LlL' dLUU (tlNU tlOb

t~Lt-Gl~tOL!d' ': Ul~tlLC l~lUtltC" GUU-UL!l~' ~·!. y,ad' ULGu~· Cl~~:

LtN ~~u~·

NlYLl' Utac,~· Cl~~: t d ~C~t l~Ll~~· L!l XtGLL' l!LU ~~tllil

,~L' • ,~LL~= LLc,a LN~~,a: a,GLL,a· ,ulil~,a· NnLu l!aLGL,a ~~rL,a ~ .. e~ tlYL'N~Lt: lii~L~ LL/illU lGUL l!LtL!lU" tl~N (LtL)' aa, Ll' /(Lt GQU U~~ .. t·

Ur.1Lt UliiCuL' ~.

.n11_{J~n ,0}7_{'7YHl n'19'D ,iPln17l •} ,.,~ _{0'1:lC7l :'7n1 , 'lJll}

oy ,l'lN-'7n .1lnnn nNn 07_7l7 '7:~el _{:11nn .119''D} ;~nJn _{nn.:>n :N1TY ,onJnn} .1947 ' illY

.1966 ,7_{J1P ,l}7_{lN-'7n .11ll1 ;~in 11Nl :n'7'7NDY ,11:lCJ7l} .168-166 •y ,111_{J~n ,N7 'l1n}

·""i7

•:~e1n .1lnnn nNn n~11nl ~N :11nn .1197_{'D ;ON7ln 1lN7l 1lnn :}7_'D1' ,n,'7~1D .D117_{~n ,llll'J}

,n'ln17l .1lnnn nNn 17l~1Nn y1p :11nn .119''D ;i119n1 n7lD9 :ni1n7 _,'l~Jn .1958 ,o''7Yl9 n7_19'D

.29 'Y 19.3.71 ,l'1Y11 .1'~ ;17_{nNl 1l:lC :nP'7Y ,1lnJ}

.1965 .n~p .119''D ;n1lN n~yn =Y~1n' ,7ll1'D ,nlJllNl nl19D~~qi,17l~nn 7y .1ilpn ll'llin r1nn 1lY7 nD'A ,11J7_lN

.4 'Y 17.10.65 .1964 ,illY 0)1 ,l7_{lN-7n .119}7_{0 ;0}7_1nl ~N _:nilo7 _,N)7D .1lnnn nNn 111i 7~ 11l17n :11nn .1l97_{'D ;n7}7_onn 7_{11ll~l 10n} ---.~ .. .J~n ,ili'Dll ,l'lN-7n .1966 ,o'7Y19 n7_{19D ,n}7_{ln17l .0}7_{119''D i1Y1 1l1Nn n11nn} ---.111.J~n nlDl 111_{D ,(ln17l7) N~ll .nl~1ll-'1197'D 7y =~ .n~}

.1952 ,nJl' ,l'lN-7n .~inn n7y :11nl y~91n .1197_{'D :n71nn :N ,117l17o}

.ll 'ln.J)1937-1934 ,1~li ,l'lN-7n .0'1197_{'D ;l1)1} 7_Jl :il~ll ,'PDJ7'7l'D -1lN :77l.J .T11_{'~n ,1'li ,l}7_{lN-7n ,(7-5 0}7_{.J1J ,}7_p'DJ77_1l'D

,Din 7N1A ,'in 71ilY .1'~il nl ,ilP'~J nn7_{7l ,1n1n ,l7.J-7N} .i1Yl n97_{D7 ,l''A1} .n~'Y _{,111l7l ,i7ln17l}

-245 'Y .i11_{1!1n ,}11_7nN11 _,P1P-i7_{J .pln17l1 l11P1l :Oi11lN} ,177D~9N

,l'lN-7n -224 •y ·~ 11.:> .n~inn n7_{1lYil n119'Dn n1i7ln :11nN ,11N-ll} .nu,~n ,7NY1T7

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-23 I)/

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