Elderly Care and Upwards Solidarity

ELDERLY CARE AND UPWARDS SOLIDARITY

European Family Law Series

Published by the Organising Committee of the Commission on European Family Law

Prof. Katharina Boele-Woelki (Utrecht) Prof. Frédérique Ferrand (Lyon)

Prof. Cristina González Beilfuss (Barcelona) Prof. Maarit Jänterä-Jareborg (Uppsala) Prof. Nigel Lowe (Cardiff )

Prof. Dieter Martiny (Frankfurt/Oder) Prof. Velina Todorova (Plovdiv)

ELDERLY CARE AND UPWARDS SOLIDARITY

Historical, Sociological and Legal Perspectives

Edited by Elisabeth Alofs Wendy Schrama

Cambridge – Antwerp – Chicago

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Elderly Care and Upwards Solidarity. Historical, Sociological and Legal Perspectives © Th e editors and contributors severally 2020

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Intersentia v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), which financed the Scientific Research Network (WOG) ‘ Rethinkin . Rethinking legal kinship and family studies in the Low Countries ’ (2015 – 2019), in which context this work came about. We are also very grateful to Intersentia Publishing, and particularly Rebecca Moffat, for supporting the significant editorial work that needed to be undertaken and which was handled expertly. Finally, we would like to thank the contributors of this volume for their work.

Intersentia vii

CONTENTS

Acknowledgements . . . v

List of Cases . . . .xi

List of Contributors. . . xv

An Introduction to Ageing, Care and Upwards Solidarity Elisabeth Alofs and Wendy Schrama . . . 1

PART I. INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON AN AGEING SOCIETY AND CARING FOR THE ELDERLY Historical Perspectives on Ageing: ‘Old People and Th ings that Pass’ Froukje Pitstra . . . 9

1. Ageing Today . . . 9

2. Th e Rise of the Staircase . . . 12

3. Th e History of the History of Ageing . . . 14

4. New Historical Perspectives . . . 19

Sociological Perspectives on Changing Family Constellations and Intergenerational Support in Ageing Societies Leen Heylen, Dimitri Mortelmans and Jeroen Knaeps . . . 23

1. Introduction . . . 23

2. Th eory of Intergenerational Solidarity . . . 25

3. Changing Intergenerational Family Relationships . . . 26

4. Upwards Intergenerational Solidarity from a Societal Perspective . . . 37

5. Conclusion . . . 42

PART II. LEGAL PERSPECTIVES ON ELDERLY CARE Th e Recognition of Informal Care in English Private Law Brian Sloan . . . 47

1. Introduction . . . 47

2. Th e Social Context of Informal Care: Justifying a Private Law Approach . . . 48

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3. Informal Care in Substantive Private Law . . . 53

4. Conclusion . . . 65

Maintenance Law and Elderly Care in Western Societies Jordi Ribot . . . 67

1. Introduction . . . 67

2. What is the Future of Legal Maintenance Claims of the Elderly? . . . 70

3. Legal Family Solidarity as a Catalyst for Refamilialisation of Care . . . 73

4. Sharing Responsibilities and Encouraging Responsible Behaviour in Elderly Care . . . 79

5. Concluding Remarks . . . 81

Th e Recognition of Care Services in Austrian Inheritance Law Ute Christiana Schreiner and Christian Dorfmayr . . . 83

1. Introduction . . . 83

2. Family Law Obligations . . . 84

3. Compensation Claims under Civil Law . . . 86

4. Legacy for Care Services . . . 89

5. Conclusion . . . 95

Protecting the Elderly in German and French Tort and Consumer Law Frauke Wedemann . . . 97

1. Special Rules for Elderly People . . . 98

2. Need for Reforms? . . . 99

3. Conclusion . . . 109

Elderly Protection Measures in Belgium Veerle Vanderhulst . . . 111

1. Introduction . . . 112

2. Elderly Protection Measures in Belgium . . . 114

3. Protection of Interests by the Administrator . . . 117

4. Family Administrator . . . 122

5. Remuneration of the Administrator. . . 134

6. Conclusion and Personal Position . . . 141

Long-Term Care Policies and Statutory Care Leaves for Employees in Dutch and German Law Susanne Burri and Susanne Heeger-Hertter . . . 147

1. Introduction . . . 148

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Contents

2. Similar Societal Ageing Context, but Diff erent Long-Term

Care Models . . . 150

3. Care Leaves in Dutch Statutory Law . . . 158

4. Care Leaves in German Statutory Law . . . 160

5. Comparison of Dutch and German Care Leaves . . . 163

6. Assessment . . . 168

7. Some Conclusions . . . 174

Conclusion: A Roadmap for Future Research on Care for the Elderly Elisabeth Alofs and Wendy Schrama . . . 177

1. Allocation of Responsibilities between the Care Actors . . . 177

2. State of the Art in Research . . . 179

3. Relevant Fields and Questions . . . 180

4. Outlines for Future Research . . . 185

Intersentia xi

LIST OF CASES

AUSTRIA

Supreme Court 26 June 2001, 1 Ob 135/01m – Evidenzblatt 2001, 890 . . . 87

Supreme Court 6 October 2005, 2 Ob 79/05i – Zivilrecht aktuell 2006, 32 . . . 85

Supreme Court 20 October 2005, 3 Ob 157/05t – Zivilrecht aktuell 2006, 13 . . . 86

Supreme Court 9 June 2009, 1 Ob 88/09m – Zivilrecht aktuell 2009, 312 . . . 86

Supreme Court 2 July 2009, 6 Ob 29/09x – Zeitschrift f ü r Familien- und Erbrecht 2009, 213 . . . . 84 – 85 , 87 Supreme Court 30 June 2010, 9 Ob 83/09k . . . 84

Supreme Court 22 June 2012, 6 Ob 76/12p – Interdisziplin ä re Zeitschrift f ü r Familienrecht 2012, 269 . . . 87 – 88 Supreme Court 29 January 2015, 6 Ob 149/14a – Interdisziplin ä re Zeitschrift f ü r Familienrecht 2015, 116 – Zeitschrift f ü r Familien- und Erbrecht 2015, 266 . . . 85 , 88 Supreme Court 25 February 2016, 2 Ob 2/16g – Zeitschrift f ü r Familien- und Erbrecht 2016, 214 . . . 88

Supreme Court 24 May 2016, 8 Ob 37/16y – Anwaltsblatt 2016, 417 – Zeitschrift f ü r Familien- und Erbrecht 2016, 262 . . . 85 , 87 Supreme Court 24 January 2019, 6 Ob 175/18f – Interdisziplin ä re Zeitschrift f ü r Familienrecht 2019, 85 . . . 85

BELGIUM

Court of Appeal Li è ge 15 September 2010, (2012) 1 Ius & actores 105 . . . 119

Court of Appeal Mons 10 September 2009, (2010) 19 Revue de jurisprudence de Li è ge, Mons et Bruxelles 907, (2010) 3044 Revue du notariat Belge 515 . . . 120

Labour Court Li è ge 29 June 2009, (2008) 128 Revue régionale de droit 429, (2009) 1052 Journal des tribunaux du travail 446 . . . 138 , 140 Labour Court Li è ge 21 May 2010, (2012) 9 Sociaalrechtelijke kronieken 486 . . . 140 – 141 Court of First Instance Antwerp 6 January 2014, (2014 – 2015) 37 Rechtskundig weekblad 1473 . . . . 119

Court of First Instance Bruges 8 December 2006, (2007) 5 Tijdschrift voor Gentse rechtspraak-Tijdschrift voor West-Vlaamse rechtspraak 305 . . . 118

Court of First Instance Bruges 4 May 2011, (2013) 7–8 Tijdschrift van de vrederechters 378 . . . 129

Court of First Instance Brussels 19 May 1998, (1999) Tijdschrift voor Belgisch burgerlijk recht 390 . . . 131

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xii

Court of First Instance Brussels 20 December 2000, (2001) 8 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 339 . . . 118 , 129 – 130 Court of First Instance Brussels 9 June 2009, (2010) 3039 Revue du notariat Belge 157 . . . . 129 Court of First Instance Dinant 29 June 2011, (2012) 3061 Revue du notariat Belge 207 . . . . 129 Court of First Instance Ghent 16 June 1995, (1996) Tijdschrift voor Gentse

rechtspraak 4 . . . 127 Court of First Instance Nijvel 8 January 2013, (2013) 2 Revue trimestrielle de

droit familiale 479 . . . 115 Labour Tribunal Bruges 18 May 2011, (2014) 1 Revue trimestrielle de droit familial

206 (summary), (2013) 7 – 8 Tijdschrift van de vrederechters 380 . . . 140 Labour Tribunal Brussels 20 June 2002, (2005) 8 – 9 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 470 . . . 118 Labour Tribunal Li è ge 11 June 2003, (2004) 9 Sociaalrechtelijke kronieken 522 . . . 140 Labour Tribunal Li è ge 29 November 2006, < http://www.juridat.be > . . . 140 Labour Tribunal Mons 6 March 2013, (2014) 2 Sociaalrechtelijke kronieken 97 . . . . 118 , 140 Cantonal Court Elsene 18 February 1993, (1994) Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 112 . . . 119 Cantonal Court Etterbeek 18 March 2009, (2010) 1 – 2 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 10 . . . 118 Cantonal Court Fl é ron 11 April 2013, (2014) 7 – 8 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 333 . . . 130 Cantonal Court Ghent 21 December 2001, (2001) 1 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 197 . . . 134 – 135 Cantonal Court Marche-en-Famenne-Durbuy 11 January 2012, (2013)

7–8 Tijdschrift van de vrederechters 434 . . . 127 Cantonal Court Roeselare 16 December 1997, (1998 – 99) 2 Rechtskundig weekblad

55 (summary) . . . . . . . 118 Cantonal Court Roeselare 3 July 2009, (2011) 3 – 4 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 139 . . . 119 , 121 , 127 Cantonal Court Roeselare 9 May 2006, (2006 – 2007) 23 Rechtskundig

weekblad 974, (2007) 5 – 6 Tijdschrift van de vrederechters 248 . . . 129 Cantonal Court Sint-Jans-Molenbeek 1 March 2007, (2008) 5 – 6 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 217 . . . 129 Cantonal Court Sint-Kwintens Lennik 16 March 1998, (1999) Tijdschrift voor

Belgisch burgerlijk recht 389 . . . 131 Cantonal Court Th uin 11 February 2013, (2014) 7 – 8 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 323 . . . 139 Cantonal Court Tournai 11 March 2010, (2010) 3 Revue trimestrielle de droit

familial 866 . . . 129 , 139 Cantonal Court Turnhout 4 July 2001, (2004) 5 Tijdschrift van de

vrederechters 188 . . . 134 Cantonal Court Zomergem 29 December 2009, (2011 – 2012) 25 Rechtskundig

weekblad 1140 . . . 126 – 127 Cantonal Court Zottegem 18 January 2012, (2014) 1 Revue trimestrielle de droit

familial 207 (summary), (2013) 7 – 8 . . . 115

Intersentia xiii

List of Cases

CANADA

Clarkson v McCrossen [1995] CanLII 737 (BC CA), (1995) 122 DLR (4th) 239 . . . 59

ENGLAND AND WALES

Benedetti v Sawiris [2013] UKSC 50, [2014] AC 938 . . . 56 , 58 Cattermole v Prisk [2006] 1 FLR 693 (Ch) . . . 65

Cressman v Coys of Kennington (Sales) Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 47, [2004] 1 WLR 2775 . . . . . . 57

Davies v Davies [2016] EWCA Civ 463, [2016] 2 P & CR 10 . . . 53 – 55 Deutsche Morgan Grenfell v IRC [2006] UKHL 49, [2007] 1 AC 558 . . . 57

Espinosa v Bourke [1999] 1 FLR 747 (CA) . . . 60

Estate of McGarrell [1983] 8 NIJB . . . 60

Falcke v Scottish Imperial Co (1886) 34 Ch D 234 (CA) . . . 56

Gillett v Holt [2001] Ch 210 (CA) . . . 54

Graham v Murphy [1997] 1 FLR 860 (Ch) . . . 60

Greater Manchester Police v Wigan Athletic FC [2008] EWCA Civ 1449, [2009] 1 WLR 1580 . . . . . . 58

Hammond v Osborn [2002] EWCA Civ 885, [2002] WTLR 1125 . . . 64

Hogg v Hogg [2007] EWHC 2240 (Ch), [2008] WTLR 35 . . . 60 , 64 Ilott v Th e Blue Cross [2017] UKSC 17, [2017] 2 WLR 979 . . . 60 – 61 Inche Noriah v Shaik Allie Bin Omar [1929] AC 127 (PC) . . . 64

Investment Trust Companies (In Liquidation) v Revenue and Customs Commissioners [2012] EWHC 458 (Ch), [2012] STI 1373 . . . 56

Kerr v Baranow [2011] SCC 10, [2011] 1 SCR 269 . . . 59

Lamb v Bunce (1815) 4 M & S 275, (1815) 105 ER 836 (KB) . . . 55

Morgan Grenfell v IRC [2006] UKHL 49 . . . 57

Parker v Parker [2003] EWHC 1846 (Ch), [2003] NPC 94 . . . 54

Radmacher v Granatino [2010] UKSC 42, [2011] 1 AC 534 . . . 51

Re Callaghan (deceased) [1985] Fam 1 . . . 60

Re Dennis (decd) [1981] 2 All ER 140 (Ch) . . . 60

Re Jennings [1994] Ch 286 (CA) . . . 60

Re Land (decd) [2006] EWHC 2069 (Ch), [2007] 1 WLR 1009 . . . 60

Rowe v Vale of White Horse DC [2003] EWHC 388 (Admin), [2003] 1 Lloyd ’ s Rep 418 . . . 58

Royal Bank of Scotland v Etridge (No 2) [2001] UKHL 44, [2002] 2 AC 773 . . . 64

Schrader v Schrader [2013] EWHC 466 (Ch), [2013] WTLR 701 . . . 65

Taylor v Laird (1856) 25 LJ Exch 329, 332, (1856) 156 ER 1203 . . . 57

Th orner v Major [2009] UKHL 18, [2009] 1 WLR 776 . . . 54 , 57 Walsh v Singh [2009] EWHC 3219 (Ch), [2010] 1 FLR 1658 . . . 58

Wayling v Jones [1995] 2 FLR 1029 (CA) . . . 54

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GERMANY

Bundesgerichthof, 12.2.2014 – XII ZB 607/12 . . . 157

THE NETHERLANDS

Central Board of Appeal, 18 May 2016, ECLI:NL:CRVB:2016:1402,

ECLI:NL:CRVB:2016:1403 and ECLI:NL:CRVB:2016:1404 . . . 153 District Court Gelderland 3 December 2018, ECLI:NL:RBGEL:2018:5102 . . . 2

Intersentia xv

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Elisabeth Alofs

Associate Professor of Family Law and Managing Director of the Master of Laws in Notarial Studies at the Faculty of Law and Criminology at the Free University of Brussels, Belgium and Post-Doctoral Researcher at the Faculty of Law at the University of Antwerp, Belgium.

Susanne Burri

Associate Professor at Utrecht School of Law and participant in the UCERF research group (Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law) and in the Future of Work Hub at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.

Christian Dorfmayr

Associate at Kunz Wallentin Rechtsanw ä lte and former Research and Teaching Assistant at the Department of European, International and Comparative Law at the University of Vienna, Austria.

Susanne Heeger-Hertter

Assistant Professor at Utrecht School of Law and participant in the UCERF research group (Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law) and in the Future of Work Hub at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.

Leen Heylen

Researcher (PhD) on the topics of loneliness and informal care at the Th omas More University of Applied Sciences, Belgium.

Jeroen Knaeps

Psychotherapist and Lecturer (PhD) at the Th omas More University of Applied Sciences, Belgium.

Dimitri Mortelmans

Senior Full Professor in Sociology at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Head of the Centre for Population, Family and Health (CPFH) at the University of Antwerp, Belgium. His research concentrates on family sociology and sociology of labour.

Froukje Pitstra

Assistant Professor of Chaplaincy Studies for a Plural Society at the University for Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Teacher at the Remonstrant Seminary of the Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; nursing home chaplain in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Intersentia List of Contributors

xvi Jordi Ribot

Full Professor of Civil Law and Director of the Institute of European and Comparative Private Law at the University of Girona, Spain.

Wendy Schrama

Full Professor of Family Law and Comparative Law at Utrecht School of Law and Director of the UCERF research group (Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law) at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.

Ute Christiana Schreiner

Legal Counsel at the Austrian Federal Chancellery and former Research and Teaching Assistant at the Department of European, International and Comparative Law at the University of Vienna, Austria.

Brian Sloan

College Lecturer and Fellow in Law in Robinson College, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Veerle Vanderhulst

PhD Student in Law preparing a dissertation on the topic of ‘ Care planning for vulnerable adults ’ at the Faculty of Law and Criminology at the Free University of Brussels, Belgium.

Frauke Wedemann

Full Professor of Private Law and Director of the Institute for Corporate and Capital Markets Law at the University of M ü nster, Germany.