Kraal, Pieter J.
Citation
Kraal, P. J. (2005, October 20). A grammar of Makonde (Chinnima, Tanzania). Retrieved from
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4271
Version:
Corrected Publisher’s Version
License:
Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the
Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden
Downloaded from:
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4271
Introduction A.1 Conjoint tenses A.2 Conjoint-disjoint tenses A.3 Disjoint tenses
,QWURGXFWLRQ
In this appendix, the tense paradigms are given, preceded by some introductory remarks. The paradigms of the Conjoint tenses (FMW) are given first, followed by the paradigms of the Conjoint-Disjoint tenses, and then the paradigms of the Disjoint tenses (GMW). The tenses appear in the following order:
1. Present FMW 2. Past FMW 3. Far Past FMW
4. Present Perfective FMW 5. Past Perfective FMW 6. Far Past Perfective FMW 7. Infinitive
8. Imperative (without object concord) 9. Optative (without object concord)
10. Direct Relative Present (with participants + cl.1 as subject concord)
11. Direct Relative Present Perfective (with participants + cl.1 as subject concord) 12. Non-Past GMW
13. Past GMW 14. Far Past GMW
15. Present Perfective GMW 16. Past Perfective GMW 17. Far Past Perfective GMW
18. Imperative (with object concord) GMW 19. Optative (with object concord) GMW
20. Direct Relative Present (with cl.2ff. as subject concord) GMW
21. Direct Relative Present Perfective (with cl.2ff. as subject concord) GMW 22. Suppositional Conditional GMW
23. Conditional GMW 24. Concessive GMW
27. Suppositional Conditional Perfective GMW 28. Subsecutive Optative GMW
29. Negative Present GMW 30. Negative Infinitive GMW
31. Negative Present Perfective 1 GMW 32. Negative Past Perfective GMW 33. Negative Present Perfective 2 GMW 34. Negative Optative GMW
35. Negative Conditional/Concessive GMW 36. Negative Suppositional Conditional GMW 37. Direct Relative Past Perfective GMW 38. Direct Relative Far Past Perfective GMW 39. Indirect Relative Present GMW
40. Indirect Relative Non-Past GMW 41. Indirect Relative Present Perfective GMW 42. Indirect Relative Past Perfective GMW 43. Indirect Relative Far Past Perfective GMW 44. Negative Indirect Relative Present GMW
45. Negative Indirect Relative Present Perfective GMW
In the formulas describing the tenses, the Tense Markers and Finals are given with tones (e.g., in the formula of the Non-Past, SC/L/H - QD - (OC) - VB - i, the Tense
Marker QD has a L tone and the Final i has a H tone); other tones are indicated as follows:
SC/L = L-toned Subject Concord
SC/H = H-toned Subject Concord
VB/S1 = S1-H tone, i.e., a H tone on the first TBU of the Stem/Verbal Base
VB/S2 = S2-H tone, i.e., a H tone on the second TBU of the Stem/Verbal Base
In case a tense has SC’s with different tones (noted SC/L/H), the forms are shown
separately. The Object Concord (OC) has a L tone, except in the Infinitive (noted OC/H). The H tone on the Final is indicated as VB/SF = SF-H tone, i.e., a H tone on
the final TBU of the Stem/Verbal Base. The tone group to which a tense belongs is also given: A, B, C1, C2, D1, D2 or E; a tone group consists of the combination of the tone of the SC (L or H) and the tonal profile of the stem/verbal base (see 3.4, 4.4 and 7.2):
There is a distinction between stems with a simple final syllable and stems with a complex final syllable. The verbal stems and OC’s used in the examples are:
simple final syllable OC complex final syllable OC O\D eat YL cl.8 OLPD cultivate OD cl.6 WRKD touch OL cl.5 \DQJDWDhelp YD cl.2 NXQGDQ\D mix YL cl.8 SLOLNDQDhear OD cl.6 SHOHNHG\D send YD cl.2 Stems like O\D are called minisyllabic stems; their derivation starts with the creation of a TBU which is a copy of the vowel of the preceding morpheme (TM, SC or OC; see 6.3.1 and 7.2.2). The following perfective stems are used in the examples are:
simple final syllable complex final syllable OLOH have eaten
OLPLWH have cultivated WRKLG\H have touched SLOLNHQH have heard SHOHNHGLG\H have sent The nouns used in the paradigms and in the examples are:
YLtO\R food YLtO\R food PDKDiOD fields OLPEppQGH skin YD\HpQL guests YLWX~QGL yams PDOyyYH words YDO~~PH men
$
&RQMRLQWWHQVHV
35(6(17 FMW: SC/L/H - (OC) - VB - D
SC: L (participants): tone group: D1.
WXXO\DYLtO\R WXOLPDPDKDiOD WXWRKDOLPEppQGH WX\DQJDWDYD\HpQL WXNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXSLOLNDQDPDOyyYH WXSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH SC: H (classes): tone group: D2.
YDDO\DYttO\R YDOLPDPiKiiOD YDWRKDOtPEpHQGH YD\DQJDWDYi\ppQL YDNXQGDQ\DYtW~~QGL YDSLOLNDQDPiOyyYH YDSHOHNHG\DYiO~~PH
The H tone of the SC appears on the final TBU of the verbal form, from where a H Tone Bridge is formed to the first H tone of the following object; the H tone on the final TBU of the verbal form is lowered by the process Regressive H Tone Dissimilation (see 8.3.2). When followed by an adjunct, the H tone of the SC is realized on the final TBU of the verbal form.
YDDO\iNDGLtNL YDOLPiNDGLtNL YDWRKiNDGLtNL YD\DQJDWiNDGLtNL YDNXQGDQ\iNDGLtNL YDSLOLNDQiNDGLtNL YDSHOHNHG\iNDGLtNL
This tense is best described as General Present, i.e., it states general truths, facts, habits, not related to a particular time.
/ ()$5) 3$67 FMW: SC/L - (D) - (OC) - VB/S1 i
35(6(173(5)(&7,9( FMW: SC/H - (OC) - VBLOH
Tone group: D2. WXOLOHYttO\R
WXOLPLWHPiKiiOD WXWRKLG\HOtPEpHQGH WXSLOLNHQHPiOyyYH WXSHOHNHGLG\HYiO~~PH
All SC’ s have a H tone. The H tone of the SC appears on the final TBU of the verbal form, from where a H Tone Bridge is formed to the first H tone of the following object; the H tone on the final TBU of the verbal form is lowered by the process Regressive H Tone Dissimilation. When followed by an adjunct, the H tone of the SC is realized on the final TBU of the verbal form.
WXOLOpNDGLtNL
WXOLPLWpNDGLtNL WXWRKLG\pNDGLtNL WXSLOLNHQpNDGLtNL WXSHOHNHGLG\pNDGLtNL
/()$5) 3$673(5)(&7,9( FMW: SC/L - (D) - (OC) - VB/S1 - LOp
p-phrase-finally:
N~~O\D
NXOttPD NXWyRKD NX\iQJiiWD NXN~QGiDQ\D NXStOtNiiQD NXSpOpNHHG\D
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group B. + OC: N~YLO\DYttO\R NXOiOLPDPiKiiOD NXOtWRKDOtPEpHQGH NXYi\iQJDWDYi\ppQL NXYtN~QGDQ\DYtW~~QGL NXOiStOLNDQDPiOyyYH NXYiSpOHNHG\DYiO~~PH
With forms with OC, the S1-H tone is lowered by Meeussen’ s Rule (see 3.4.3); there is H Tone Doubling of the H tone of the OC to the S1-position. When followed by an adjunct, the final H tone is realized on the final TBU of the verbal form.
N~YLO\iNDGLtNL NXOiOLPiNDGLtNL NXOtWRKiNDGLtNL NXYi\iQJDWiNDGLtNL NXYtN~QGDQ\iNDGLtNL NXOiStOLNDQiNDGLtNL NXYiSpOHNHG\iNDGLtNL p-phrase-finally: N~YtLO\D NXOiOLtPD NXOtWyRKD NXYi\DQJDiWD NXYtN~QGDDQ\D NXOiStOLNDiQD NXYiSpOHNHHG\D
The tone patterns of forms with a simple final syllable are the same as those of tone group C2; the tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are like those of tone group D2. ,03(5$7,9( without OC: VB - i Tone group: C1. + object: LLO\DYttO\R OLPDPiKiiOD WRKDOtPEppQGH \DQJDWDYi\ppQL NXQGDQ\DYtW~~QGL SLOLNDQDPiOyyYH SHOHNHG\DYiO~~PH
LLO\iNDGLtNL OLPiNDGLtNL WRKiNDGLtNL \DQJDWiNDGLtNL NXQGDQ\iNDGLtNL SLOLNDQiNDGLtNL SHOHNHG\iNDGLtNL p-phrase-finally: LLO\D OLLPD WRRKD \DQJDiWD NXQGDDQ\D SLOLNDiQD SHOHNHHG\D
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D1.
The Imperative plural is formed with the Pre-Final DQJ. The examples are phrase-final.
LLO\DDQJD OLPDiQJD WRKDDQJD \DQJDWDiQJD NXQGDQ\DDQJD SLOLNDQDiQJD SHOHNHHG\DDQJD
There are verbs where also the longer plural addressee marker DQJ¶DQ is possible; for XND ‘go away, come from; arise, come forward’ the longer form is the only form used since the shorter form is identical with a term of abuse.
KZHQDiQJD/KZHQDQJ¶DiQD go! (to more persons) LGDiQJD/LGDQJ¶DiQD come! (to more persons) X\DiQJD/X\DQJ¶DiQD return! (to more persons) XNDQJ¶DiQD go away, arise! (to more persons)
Imperatives of verbs with an indirect object are Imperatives with OC. The Imperative with OC is a disjoint tense; it is number 18 in this appendix.
237$7,9( without OC: SC/L - VB - p Tone group: C1. + object: WXXO\HYttO\R WXOLPHPiKiiOD WXWRKHOtPEpHQGH WX\DQJDWHYi\ppQL WXNXQGDQ\HYtW~~QGL WXSLOLNDQHPiOyyYH WXSHOHNHG\HYiO~~PH
Dissimilation. When followed by an adjunct, the H tone of the SC is realized on the final TBU of the verbal form.
WXXO\pNDGLtNL WXOLPpNDGLtNL WXWRKpNDGLtNL WX\DQJDWpNDGLtNL WXNXQGDQ\pNDGLtNL WXSLOLNDQpNDGLtNL WXSHOHNHG\pNDGLtNL p-phrase-finally: WXXO\p WXOLtPH WXWRRKp WX\DQJDiWH WXNXQGDDQ\p WXSLOLNDiQH WXSHOHNHHG\p
Note the final H tone of forms with a complex final syllable (see 7.2.4). The Optative with OC is a disjoint tense; it is number 19 in this appendix.
',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 with SC part. + cl.1: SC/H - (OC) - VB - i
Tone group: C2.
The final H tone is probably a copy of the H tone of the SC. + object: W~XO\DYttO\R WXOtLPDPiKiiOD WXWyRKDOtPEpHQGH WX\iQJDWDYi\ppQL WXN~QGDQ\DYtW~~QGL WXStOtNDQDPiOyyYH WXSpOpNHG\DYiO~~PH p-phrase-finally: W~XO\D WXOtLtPD WXWyRKD WX\iQJDiWD WXN~QGiDQ\D WXStOLNDiQD WXSpOpNHHG\D
Phrase-finally, forms with disyllabic stems and a simple final syllable have a HLH tonal sequence on their penultimate syllables.
+ OC:
W~YLO\DYttO\R WXOiOLPDPiKiiOD WXOtWRKDOtPEpHQGH WXYi\iQJDWDYi\ppQL WXYtN~QGDQ\DYtW~~QGL WXOiStOLNDQDPiOyyYH WXYiSpOHNHG\DYiO~~PH
W~YLO\iNDGLtNL WXOiOLPiNDGLtNL WXOtWRKiNDGLtNL WXYi\iQJDWiNDGLtNL WXYtN~QGDQ\iNDGLtNL WXOiStOLNDQiNDGLtNL WXYiSpOHNHG\iNDGLtNL p-phrase-finally: W~YtLO\D WXOiOLtPD WXOtWyRKD WXYi\DQJDiWD WXYtN~QGDDQ\D WXOiStOLNDiQD WXYiSpOHNHHG\D
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2. The Direct Relative Present with SC cl.2ff. is a disjoint tense; it is number 20 in this appendix.
',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 3(5)(&7,9( with SC part. + cl.1: SC/H - (OC) - VB - LOp
SC: H (part. + cl.1): tone group: C2.
The final H tone is probably a copy of the H tone of the SC. + object: WXOtLOHYttO\R WXOtPLWHPiKiiOD WXWyKLG\HOtPEpHQGH WXStOtNHQHPiOyyYH WXSpOpNHGLG\HYiO~~PH p-phrase-finally: WXOtLtOH WXOtPLtWH WXWyKtLG\H WXStOLNHpQH WXSpOpNHGLLG\H
Phrase-finally, forms with disyllabic stems and a simple final syllable have a HLH melody on their penultimate syllables.
+ OC:
WXYtOLOHYttO\R
WXOiOtPLWHPiKiiOD WXOtWyKLG\HOtPEpHQGH WXOiStOLNHQHPiOyyYH WXYiSpOHNHGLG\HYiO~~PH
When followed by an adjunct, the final H tone is realized on the final TBU of the verbal form.
WXYtOLOpNDGLtNL
p-phrase-finally: WXYtOLtOH
WXOiOLPLtWH WXOtWyKLLG\H WXOiStOLNHpQH WXYiSpOHNHGLLG\H
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2. The Direct Relative Perfective with SC cl.2ff. is a disjoint tense; it is number 21 in this appendix.
$
'LVMRLQWWHQVHV
1213$67 GMW: SC/L/H - QD - (OC) - VB - i
SC: L (participants): tone group: C1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXQDDO\D(YLtO\R) WXQDOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WXQDWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXQD\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WXQDNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXQDSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) WXQDSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
When followed by an object or adjunct, forms with a simple final syllable are also attested with a final H tone:
WXQDO\DYLtO\R WXQDOLPiPDKDiOD WXQDWRKDOLPEppQGH WXQD\DQJDWiYD\HpQL WXQDNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXQDSLOLNDQiPDOyyYH WXQDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
WXQDO\DYLtO\R WXQDOtPiPDKDiOD WXQDWRKDOLPEppQGH WXQD\DQJiWiYD\HpQL WXQDNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXQDSLOLNiQiPDOyyYH WXQDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D1.
SC: H (classes): tone group: C2.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
YDQD\iQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) YDQDN~QGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) YDQDStOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) YDQDSpOpNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: YDQiYtLO\D(YLtO\R) YDQDOiOLtPD(PDKDiOD) YDQDOtWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) YDQDYi\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) YDQDYtN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) YDQDOiStOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) YDQDYiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
When followed by an object or adjunct, forms with a simple final syllable are also attested with a final H tone:
YDQiO\DYLtO\R YDQiOLPiPDKDiOD YDQDWyKDOLPEppQGH YDQD\iQJDWiYD\HpQL YDQDN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL YDQDStOtNDQiPDOyyYH YDQDSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: YDQiYLO\DYLtO\R YDQDOiOLPiPDKDiOD YDQDOtWRKDOLPEppQGH YDQDYi\iQJDWiYD\HpQL YDQDYtN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL YDQDOiStOLNDQiPDOyyYH YDQDYiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
YDQiO\DYLtO\R YDQiOLPDPDKDiOD YDQDWyKDOLPEppQGH YDQD\iQJDWDYD\HpQL YDQDN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL YDQDStOtNDQDPDOyyYH YDQDSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: YDQiYLO\DYLtO\R YDQDOiOLPDPDKDiOD YDQDOtWRKDOLPEppQGH YDQDYi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL YDQDYtN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL YDQDOiStOLNiQiPDOyyYH YDQDYiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2.
/()$5) 3$67 GMW: SC/H - (D) - |QD - (OC) - VB - i
3$67 GMW:
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
W~QiDO\D(YLtO\R) W~QiOLtPD(PDKDiOD) W~QiWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) W~Qi\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) W~QiNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) W~QiSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) W~QiSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: W~QiYLLO\D(YLtO\R) W~QiODOLtPD(PDKDiOD) W~QiOLWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) W~QiYD\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) W~QiYLNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) W~QiODSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) W~QiYDSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
When followed by an object or adjunct, forms with a simple final syllable are also attested with a final H tone:
W~QDO\DYLtO\R W~QiOLPiPDKDiOD W~QiWRKDOLPEppQGH W~Qi\DQJDWiYD\HpQL W~QiNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QiSLOLNDQiPDOyyYH W~QiSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: W~QiYLO\DYLtO\R W~QiODOLPiPDKDiOD W~QiOLWRKDOLPEppQGH W~QiYD\DQJDWiYD\HpQL W~QiYLNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QiODSLOLNDQiPDOyyYH W~QiYDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
W~QiDO\DYLtO\R W~QiOLPDPDKDiOD W~QiWRKDOLPEppQGH W~Qi\DQJiWiYD\HpQL W~QiNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QiSLOLNiQiPDOyyYH W~QiSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: W~QiYLLO\DYLtO\R W~QiODOtPiPDKDiOD W~QiOLWRKDOLPEppQGH W~QiYD\DQJiWiYD\HpQL W~QiYLNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QiODSLOLNiQiPDOyyYH W~QiYDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2.
)$53$67 GMW:
are the same as those of the Past GMW. Below, we give the forms with and without a following object or adjunct.
WZiQiDO\D(YLtO\R) WZiQiOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WZiQiWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) WZiQi\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WZiQiNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WZiQiSLOLNDiQD PDOyyYH WZiQiSHOHNHHG\D YDO~~PH 35(6(173(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/H - QL - (OC) - VB - i Tone group: C2. WXQttO\D(YLtO\R) WXQtOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WXQLWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXQL\iQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WXQLN~QGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXQLStOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) WXQLSpOpNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: WXQtYtLO\D(YLtO\R) WXQLOiOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WXQLOtWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXQLYi\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WXQLYtN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXQLOiStOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) WXQLYiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
When followed by an object or adjunct, forms with a simple final syllable are also attested with a final H tone:
WXQtO\DYLtO\R WXQtOLPiPDKDiOD WXQLWyRKDOLPEppQGH WXQL\iQJDWiYD\HpQL WXQLN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXQLStOtNDQiPDOyyYH WXQLSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: WXQtYLO\DYLtO\R WXQLOiOLPiPDKDiOD WXQLOtWRKDOLPEppQGH WXQLYi\iQJDWiYD\HpQL WXQLYtN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXQLOiStOLNDQiPDOyyYH WXQLYiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
+ OC:
WXQtYLO\DYLtO\R WXQLOiOLPDPDKDiOD WXQLOtWRKDOLPEppQGH WXQLYi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL WXQLYtN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXQLOiStOLNiQiPDOyyYH WXQLYiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2.
/()$5) 3$673(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/H - (D) - |QL - (OC) - VB - i
Tone group: C2.
3$673(5)(&7,9( GMW:
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
W~QtLO\D(YLtO\R) W~QtOLtPD(PDKDiOD) W~QtWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) W~Qt\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) W~QtNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) W~QtSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) W~QtSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: W~QtYLLO\D(YLtO\R) W~QtODOLtPD(PDKDiOD) W~QtOLWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) W~QtYD\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) W~QtYLNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) W~QtODSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) W~QtYDSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
When followed by an object or adjunct, forms with a simple final syllable are also attested with a final H tone:
W~QLO\DYLtO\R W~QtOLPiPDKDiOD W~QtWRKDOLPEppQGH W~Qt\DQJDWiYD\HpQL W~QtNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QtSLOLNDQiPDOyyYH W~QtSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: W~QtYLO\DYLtO\R W~QtODOLPiPDKDiOD W~QtOLWRKDOLPEppQGH W~QtYD\DQJDWiYD\HpQL W~QtYLNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QtODSLOLNDQiPDOyyYH W~QtYDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
+ OC:
W~QtYLO\DYLtO\R W~QtODOtPiPDKDiOD W~QtOLWRKDOLPEppQGH W~QtYD\DQJiWiYD\HpQL W~QtYLNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL W~QtODSLOLNiQiPDOyyYH W~QtYDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH
The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2.
)$53$673(5)(&7,9( GMW:
The TMD intervenes between the SC and the TM |QL. In case of glide formation applying to the SC, the H tone of the SC appears on the D. For the rest, the forms are the same as those of the Past Perfective GMW. Below, we give the forms with and without a following object or adjunct.
WZiQtLO\D(YLtO\R) WZiQtOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WZiQtWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) WZiQt\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WZiQtNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WZiQtSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) WZiQtSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) ,03(5$7,9( with OC GMW: OC - VB - H Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): YLLO\H(YLtO\R) ODOLLPH(PDKDiOD) OLWRRKH(OLPEppQGH) YD\DQJDDWH(YD\HpQL) YLNXQGDDQ\H(YLWX~QGL) ODSLOLNDDQH(PDOyyYH) YDSHOHNHHG\H(YDO~~PH)
The forms with Penultimate Shortening (not common with minisyllabic stems) are the following:
ODOLPHPDKDiOD OLWRKHOLPEppQGH YD\DQJDWHYD\HpQL YLNXQGDQ\HYLWX~QGL ODSLOLNDQHPDOyyYH YDSHOHNHG\HYDO~~PH
Imperatives of verbs with an indirect object are Imperatives with OC. Remarkably, the final may be either H or D.
The Imperative without OC is a conjoint-disjoint tense, it is number 8 in this appendix.
237$7,9( with OC GMW: SC/L - OC - VB/S1 - H
Tone group: B.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXYttO\H(YLtO\R) WXODOtLPH(PDKDiOD) WXOLWyRKH(OLPEppQGH) WXYD\iQJiDWH(YD\HpQL) WXYLN~QGiDQ\H(YLWX~QGL) WXODStOtNDDQH(PDOyyYH) WXYDSpOpNHHG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
WXYtO\HYLtO\R WXODOtPHPDKDiOD WXOLWyKHOLPEppQGH WXYD\iQJDWHYD\HpQL WXYLN~QGDQ\HYLWX~QGL WXODStOtNDQHPDOyyYH WXYDSpOpNHG\HYDO~~PH
The Optative without OC is a conjoint-disjoint tense (number 9 in this appendix). ',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 with SC cl.2ff. GMW:
SC/L - (OC) - VB/S2 - D
SC: L (cl.2ff.): tone group: E.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): YiiO\D(YLtO\R) YDOttPD(PDKDiOD) YDWyyKD(OLPEppQGH) YD\DQJiDWD(YD\HpQL) YDNXQGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) YDSLOtNiDQD(PDOyyYH) YDSHOpNpHG\D(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
YiiO\DYLtO\R YDOtPDPDKDiOD YDWyKDOLPEppQGH YD\DQJiWDYD\HpQL YDNXQGiQ\DYLWX~QGL YDSLOtNDQDPDOyyYH YDSHOpNHG\DYDO~~PH
The form with OC with minisyllabic stems is YDYttO\D. The Direct Relative Present with SC participants + cl.1 is a conjoint-disjoint tense (see number 10).
',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 3(5)(&7,9( with SC cl.2ff. GMW: SC/L - (OC) - VB/S2 - LOH
With and without a following object (or adjunct): YDOttOH(YLtO\R)
YDOLPtLWH(PDKDiOD) YDWRKtLG\H(OLPEppQGH) YDSLOtNpHQH(PDOyyYH) YDSHOpNpGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
YDOtOHYLtO\R
YDOLPtWHPDKDiOD YDWRKtG\HOLPEppQGH YDSLOtNHQHPDOyyYH YDSHOpNpGLG\HYDO~~PH
The Direct Relative Perfective with SC participants + cl.1 is a conjoint-disjoint tense (number 11 in this appendix).
683326,7,21$/&21',7,21$/ GMW: SC/H - (D) - ND - _QL - (OC) - VB - i
Tone group: C2.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNiQtLO\D(YLtO\R) WXNiQtOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WXNiQtWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXNiQt\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WXNiQtNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXNiQtSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) WXNiQtSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: WXNiQtYLLO\D(YLtO\R) WXNiQtODOLtPD(PDKDiOD) WXNiQtOLWRRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXNiQtYD\DQJDiWD(YD\HpQL) WXNiQtYLNXQGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXNiQtODSLOLNDiQD(PDOyyYH) WXNiQtYDSHOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) When followed by an object or adjunct, forms with a simple final syllable are also attested with a final H tone:
The forms with Penultimate Shortening: WXNiQLO\DYLtO\R WXNiQtOLPDPDKDiOD WXNiQtWRKDOLPEppQGH WXNiQt\DQJiWiYD\HpQL WXNiQtNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXNiQtSLOLNiQiPDOyyYH WXNiQtSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: WXNiQtYLO\DYLtO\R WXNiQtODOtPiPDKDiOD WXNiQtOLWRKDOLPEppQGH WXNiQtYD\DQJiWiYD\HpQL WXNiQtYLNXQGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXNiQtODSLOLNiQiPDOyyYH WXNiQtYDSHOHNHG\DYDO~~PH The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group D2.
&21',7,21$/ GMW: SC/L - ND - (OC) - VB/S2 - D
Tone group: E.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNiiO\D(YLtO\R) WXNDOttPD(PDKDiOD) WXNDWyyKD(OLPEppQGH) WXND\DQJiDWD(YD\HpQL) WXNDNXQGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXNDSLOtNiDQD(PDOyyYH) WXNDSHOpNpHG\D(YDO~~PH) The form with OC with minisyllabic stems is WXNDYttO\D.
The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
WXNiO\DYLtO\R WXNDOtPDPDKDiOD WXNDWyyKDOLPEppQGH WXND\DQJiWDYD\HpQL WXNDNXQGiQ\DYLWX~QGL WXNDSLOtNDQDPDOyyYH WXNDSHOpNHG\DYDO~~PH &21&(66,9( GMW: SC/L - ND - QD - (OC) - VB/S2 - D Tone group: E.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNDQiiO\D(YLtO\R) WXNDQDOttPD(PDKDiOD) WXNDQDWyyKD(OLPEppQGH) WXNDQD\DQJiDWD(YD\HpQL) WXNDQDNXQGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXNDQDSLOtNiDQD(PDOyyYH) WXNDQDSHOpNpHG\D(YDO~~PH)
The forms with Penultimate Shortening: WXNDQiO\DYLtO\R WXNDQDOtPDPDKDiOD WXNDQDWyKDOLPEppQGH WXNDQD\DQJiWDYD\HpQL WXNDQDNXQGiQ\DYLWX~QGL WXNDQDSLOtNDQDPDOyyYH WXNDQDSHOpNHG\DYDO~~PH 68%6(&87,9(,1),1,7,9( GMW: (N)X - Qi - (OC/H) - VB - D Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
NXQiDO\D(YLtO\R) NXQiOtLPD(PDKDiOD) NXQiWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) NXQi\iQJDDWD(YD\HpQL) NXQiN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) NXQiStOLNDDQD(PDOyyYH) NXQiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: NXQiYtLO\D(YLtO\R) NXQiOiOtLPD(PDKDiOD) NXQiOtWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) NXQiYi\iQJDDWD(YD\HpQL) NXQiYtN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) NXQiOiStOLNDDQD(PDOyyYH) NXQiYiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
The tone patterns found with this tense occur with most Indirect Relatives. The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
NXQiO\DYLtO\R NXQiOtPDPDKDiOD NXQiWyKDOLPEppQGH NXQi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL NXQiN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL NXQiStOLNDQDPDOyyYH NXQiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: NXQiYtO\DYLtO\R NXQiOiOtPDPDKDiOD NXQiOtWyKDOLPEppQGH NXQiYi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL NXQiYtN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL NXQiOiStOLNDQDPDOyyYH NXQiYiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH 6,78$7,9(3(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/L - (OC) - VB - LOH
Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object or adjunct: WXOLLOH(YLtO\R)
The forms with Penultimate Shortening: WXOLOHYLtO\R WXOLPLWHPDKDiOD WXWRKLG\HOLPEppQGH WXSLOLNHQHPDOyyYH WXSHOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH 683326,7,21$/&21',7,21$/3(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/L - ND - (OC) - VB - LOH Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): WXNDOLLOH(YLtO\R)
WXNDOLPLLWH(PDKDiOD) WXNDWRKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) WXNDSLOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) WXNDSHOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
WXNDOLOHYLtO\R
WXNDOLPLWHPDKDiOD WXNDWRKLG\HOLPEppQGH WXNDSLOLNHQHPDOyyYH WXNDSHOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH 68%6(&87,9(237$7,9( GMW: SC/H - ND - (OC) - VB - H
Tone group: D2.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNiiO\H(YLtO\R) WXNDOtLPH(PDKDiOD) WXNDWyRKH(OLPEppQGH) WXND\iQJiDWH(YD\HpQL) WXNDN~QGiDQ\H(YLWX~QGL) WXNDStOtNDDQH(PDOyyYH) WXNDSpOpNHHG\H(YDO~~PH) + OC: WXNiYtLO\H(YLtO\R) WXNDOiOtLPH(PDKDiOD) WXNDOtWyRKH(OLPEppQGH) WXNDYi\iQJDDWH(YD\HpQL) WXNDYtN~QGDDQ\H(YLWX~QGL) WXNDOiStOLNDDQH(PDOyyYH) WXNDYiSpOHNHHG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
+ OC: WXNiYLO\HYLtO\R WXNDOiOLPHPDKDiOD WXNDOtWRKHOLPEppQGH WXNDYi\iQJDWHYD\HpQL WXNDYtN~QGDQ\HYLWX~QGL WXNDOiStOLNDQHPDOyyYH WXNDYiSpOHNHG\HYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(35(6(17 GMW: SC/L - Ni - (OC) - VB/S1 - D Tone group: B.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNiDO\D(YLtO\R) WXNiOtLPD(PDKDiOD) WXNiWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXNi\iQJDDWD(YD\HpQL) WXNiN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXNiStOLNDDQD(PDOyyYH) WXNiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: WXNiYLLO\D(YLtO\R) WXNiODOtLPD(PDKDiOD) WXNiOLWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) WXNiYD\iQJiDWD(YD\HpQL) WXNiYLN~QGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) WXNiODStOtNDDQD(PDOyyYH) WXNiYDSpOpNHHG\D(YDO~~PH)
In forms without OC, the S1-H tone is lowered by Meeussen’ s Rule (see3.4.3, 7.1.1 and 7.2.5); there is H Tone Doubling of the H tone of the negative marker to the S1-position. The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
WXNiO\DYLtO\R WXNiOLPDPDKDiOD WXNiWRKDOLPEppQGH WXNi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL WXNiN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXNiStOLNDQDPDOyyYH WXNiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: WXNiYLO\DYLtO\R WXNiODOtPDPDKDiOD WXNiOLWyKDOLPEppQGH WXNiYD\iQJDWDYD\HpQL WXNiYLN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL WXNiODStOtNDQDPDOyyYH WXNiYDSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(,1),1,7,9(GMW: X - QJi - VB - D Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
The Negative Infinitive may not occur with OC. The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
XQJiO\DYLtO\R XQJiOLPDPDKDiOD XQJiWRKDOLPEppQGH XQJi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL XQJiN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL XQJiStOLNDQDPDOyyYH XQJiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(35(6(17 3(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/H - ND|| - (OC) - VB/S1 - LOp
Tone group: A (? : exceptional H on the SC, which shifts to the TM). With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNiOLtOH(YLtO\R)
WXNiOLPttWH(PDKDiOD) WXNiWRKtLG\H(lLPEppQGH) WXNiSLOtNppQH(PDOyyYH) WXNiSHOpNpGLLG\H(YDO~~PH)
The S1-H tone is lowered by Meeussen’ s Rule. The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group E.
+ OC:
WXNiYLOttOH(YLtO\R)
WXNiODOtPttWH(PDKDiOD) WXNiOLWyKtLG\H(OLPEppQGH) WXNiODStOtNppQH(PDOyyYH) WXNiYDSpOpNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable are the same as those of tone group B. The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
WXNiOLOHYLtO\R WXNiOLPtWHPDKDiOD WXNiWRKtG\HOLPEppQGH WXNiSLOtNpQHPDOyyYH WXNiSHOpNpGLG\HYDO~~PH + OC: WXNiYLOtOHYLtO\R WXNiODOtPtWHPDKDiOD WXNiOLWyKLG\HOLPEppQGH WXNiODStOtNpQHPDOyyYH WXNiYDSpOpNHGLG\HYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(3$673(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/L - Ni|| - (OC) - VB -LOH
Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): WXNiOLLOH(YLtO\R)
+ OC:
WXNiYLOLLOH(YLtO\R)
WXNiODOLPLLWH(PDKDiOD) WXNiOLWRKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) WXNiODSLOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) WXNiYDSHOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
WXNiOLOHYLtO\R WXNiOLPLWHPDKDiOD WXNiWRKLG\HOLPEppQGH WXNiODSLOLNHQHPDOyyYH WXNiYDSHOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(35(6(17 3(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/L - Ni - QD - (OC) - VB - LOH Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): WXNiQiOLLOH(YLtO\R)
WXNiQiOLPLLWH(PDKDiOD) WXNiQiWRKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) WXNiQiSLOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) WXNiQiSHOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
WXNiQiOLOHYLtO\R WXNiQiOLPLWHPDKDiOD WXNiQiWRKLG\HOLPEppQGH WXNiQiSLOLNHQHPDOyyYH WXNiQiSHOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(237$7,9( GMW: SC/H - QD - (OC) - VB - H Tone group: D2.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following: WXQiO\HYLtO\R WXQDOtPHPDKDiOD WXQDWyKHOLPEppQGH WXQD\iQJDWHYD\HpQL WXQDN~QGDQ\HYLWX~QGL WXQDStOtNDQHPDOyyYH WXQDSpOpNHG\HYDO~~PH + OC: WXQiYLO\HYLtO\R WXQDOiOLPH(PDKDiOD WXQDOtWRKHOLPEppQGH WXQDYi\iQJDWHYD\HpQL WXQDYtN~QGDQ\HYLWX~QGL WXQDOiStOLNDQHPDOyyYH WXQDYiSpOHNHG\HYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(&21',7,21$/&21&(66,9( GMW: SC/L -ND - QD - (OC) - VB - H Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXNDQDDO\H(YLtO\R) WXNDQDOLLPH(PDKDiOD) WXNDQDWRRKH(OLPEppQGH) WXNDQD\DQJDDWH(YD\HpQL) WXNDQDNXQGDDQ\H(YLWX~QGL) WXNDQDSLOLNDDQH(PDOyyYH) WXNDQDSHOHNHHG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
WXNDQDO\HYLtO\R WXNDQDOLPHPDKDiOD WXNDQDWRKHOLPEppQGH WXNDQD\DQJDWHYD\HpQL WXNDQDNXQGDQ\HYLWX~QGL WXNDQDSLOLNDQHPDOyyYH WXNDQDSHOHNHG\HYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(683326,7,21$/&21',7,21$/ GMW: SC/L - Ni - QD - (OC) - VB - H Tone group: D1.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following: WXNiQDO\HYLtO\R WXNiQiOLPHPDKDiOD WXNiQiWRKHOLPEppQGH WXNiQi\DQJDWHYD\HpQL WXNiQiNXQGDQ\HYLWX~QGL WXNiQiSLOLNDQHPDOyyYH WXNiQiSHOHNHG\HYDO~~PH ',5(&75(/$7,9( )$5 3$673(5)(&7,9( GMW: SC/L - (D) - QD - (OC) - VB/S2 - LOH Tone group: E. ',5(&75(/$7,9(3$673(5)(&7,9(GMW: With and without a following object (or adjunct):
WXQDOttOH(YLtO\R)
WXQDOLPtLWH(PDKDiOD) WXQDWRKtLG\H(OLPEppQGH) WXQDSLOtNpHQH(PDOyyYH) WXQDSHOpNpGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
WXQDOtOHYLtO\R
WXQDOLPtWHPDKDiOD WXQDWRKtG\HOLPEppQGH WXQDSLOtNHQHPDOyyYH WXQDSHOpNpGLG\HYDO~~PH ',5(&75(/$7,9()$53$673(5)(&7,9( GMW:
The TMD intervenes between the SC and the TM QD. For the rest, the forms are the same as those of the Direct Relative Past Perfective GMW. Some examples:
WZDQDOttOH(YLtO\R)
WZDQDOLPtLWH(PDKDiOD) WZDQDWRKtLG\H(OLPEppQGH) WXQDSLOtNpHQH(PDOyyYH) WXQDSHOpNpGLLG\H(YDO~~PH)
,1',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 GMW: PI/L - SC/H - (OC/H) - VB - D
Tone group: D2.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
SDW~XO\D(YLtO\R) SDW~OtLPD(PDKDiOD) SDW~WyRKD(OLPEppQGH) SDW~\iQJDDWD(YD\HpQL) SDW~N~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) SDW~StOLNDDQD(PDOyyYH) SDW~SpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: SDW~YtLO\D(YLtO\R) SDW~OiOtLPD(PDKDiOD) SDW~OtWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) SDW~Yi\iQJDDWD(YD\HpQL) SDW~YtN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) SDW~OiStOLNDDQD(PDOyyYH) SDW~YiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
SDW~O\DYLtO\R SDW~OLPDPDKDiOD SDW~WRKDOLPEppQGH SDW~\iQJDWDYD\HpQL SDW~N~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL SDW~StOLNDQDPDOyyYH SDW~SpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: SDW~YLO\DYLtO\R SDW~OiOLPDPDKDiOD SDW~OtWRKDOLPEppQGH SDW~Yi\iQJDWDYD\HpQL SDW~YtN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL SDW~OiStOLNDQDPDOyyYH SDW~YiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH ,1',5(&75(/$7,9(1213$67 GMW: PI/L - SC/H - QD- (OC) - VB/S1 -D Tonal Profile: B.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
The forms with Penultimate Shortening: SDW~QDO\DYLtO\R SDW~QDOtPDPDKDiOD SDW~QDWyKDOLPEppQGH SDW~QD\iQJDWDYD\HpQL SDW~QDN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL SDW~QDStOtNDQDPDOyyYH SDW~QDSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: SDW~QDYtO\DYLtO\R SDW~QiODOtPDPDKDiOD SDW~QiOLWyKD OLPEppQGH SDW~QiYD\iQJDWDYD\HpQL SDW~QiYLN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL SDW~QiODStOtNDQDPDOyyYH SDW~QiYDSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH ,1',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 3(5)(&7,9( GMW:
PI/L - SC/H - (OC/H) - VB - LOH
Tone group: D2.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): SDW~OtLOH(YLtO\R) SDW~OtPLLWH(PDKDiOD) SDW~WyKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) SDW~StOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) SDW~SpOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) + OC: SDW~YtOtLOH(YLtO\R) SDW~OiOtPLLWH(PDKDiOD) SDW~OtWyKLLG\H OLPEppQGH) SDW~OiStOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) SDW~YiSpOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) SDW~OLOHYLtO\R SDW~OtPLWHPDKDiOD SDW~WyKLG\HOLPEppQGH SDW~StOLNHQHPDOyyYH SDW~SpOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH + OC: SDW~YtOLOHYLtO\R SDW~OiOtPLWHPDKDiOD SDW~OtWyKLG\HOLPEppQGH SDW~OiStOLNHQHPDOyyYH SDW~YiSpOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH ,1',5(&75(/$7,9( )$5 3$673(5)(&7,9( GMW:
PI/L - SC/H - (D) - Qi- (OC/H) - VB - LOH
,1',5(&75(/$7,9(3$673(5)(&7,9( GMW: With and without a following object (or adjunct):
SDW~QiOtLOH(YLtO\R) SDW~QiOtPLLWH(PDKDiOD) SDW~QiWyKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) SDW~QiStOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) SDW~QiSpOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) + OC: SDW~QiYtOtLOH(YLtO\R) SDW~QiOiOtPLLWH(PDKDiOD) SDW~QiOtWyKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) SDW~QiOiStOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) SDW~QiYiSpOHNHGLLG\H (YDO) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
SDW~QiOLOHYLtO\R SDW~QiOtPLWHPDKDiOD SDW~QiWyKLG\HOLPEppQGH SDW~QiStOLNHQHPDOyyYH SDW~QiSpOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH + OC: SDW~QiYtOLOHYLtO\R SDW~QiOiOtPLWHPDKDiOD SDW~QiOtWyKLG\HOLPEppQGH SDW~QiOiStOLNHQHPDOyyYH SDW~QiYiSpOHNHGLG\HYDO~~PH ,1',5(&75(/$7,9()$53$673(5)(&7,9(GMW:
The TM D intervenes between the SC and the TM |QD. When glide formation affects the SC, the H tone of the SC appears on the D. For the rest, the forms are the same as those of the Indirect Relative Past Perfective GMW. Some examples:
SDWZiQiOtLOH(YLtO\R)
SDWZiQiOtPLLWH(PDKDiOD) SDWZiQiWyKLLG\H(OLPEppQGH) SDWZiQiStOLNHHQH(PDOyyYH) SDW~QiSpOHNHGLLG\H(YDO~~PH) This tense is also found with the tones of the Direct Relative (Far) Past Perfective (and vice versa, see there): tone group: E. Some examples:
1(*$7,9(,1',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17GMW: PI/L - SC/H - Ni- (OC) - VB/S1 - D
Tonal Profile: B.
With and without a following object (or adjunct):
SDW~NiDO\D(YLtO\R) SDW~NiOtLPD(PDKDiOD) SDW~NiWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) SDW~Ni\iQJDDWD(YD\HpQL) SDW~NiN~QGDDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) SDW~NiStOLNDDQD(PDOyyYH) SDW~NiSpOHNHHG\D(YDO~~PH) + OC: SDW~NiYLLO\D(YLtO\R) SDW~NiODOtLPD(PDKDiOD) SDW~NiOLWyRKD(OLPEppQGH) SDW~NiYD\iQJiDWD(YD\HpQL) SDW~NiYLN~QGiDQ\D(YLWX~QGL) SDW~NiODStOtNDDQD(PDOyyYH) SDW~NiYDSpOpNHHG\D (YDO~~PH) The forms with Penultimate Shortening:
SDW~NDO\DYLtO\R SDW~NiOLPDPDKDiOD SDW~NiWRKDOLPEppQGH SDW~Ni\iQJDWDYD\HpQL SDW~NiN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL SDW~NiStOLNDQDPDOyyYH SDW~NiSpOHNHG\DYDO~~PH + OC: SDW~NiYLO\DYLtO\R SDW~NiODOtPDPDKDiOD SDW~NiOLWyKDOLPEppQGH SDW~NiYD\iQJDWDYD\HpQL SDW~NiYLN~QGDQ\DYLWX~QGL SDW~NiODStOtNDQDPDOyyYH SDW~NiYDSpOpNHG\DYDO~~PH 1(*$7,9(,1',5(&75(/$7,9(35(6(17 3(5)(&7,9( GMW:
PI/L - SC/H - Ni|| - (OC) - VB/S1 - LOp
Tone group: A.
With and without a following object (or adjunct): SDW~NiOLtOH(YLtO\R)
+ OC:
SDW~NiYLOttOH(YLtO\R)
SDW~NiODOtPttWH(PDKDiOD) SDW~NiOLWyKtLG\H(OLPEppQGH) SDW~NiODStOtNppQH(PDOyyYH) SDW~NiYDSpOpNHGLLG\H(YDO) The tone patterns of forms with a complex final syllable resemble those of tone group B. The forms with Penultimate Shortening are the following:
