A grammar of Makonde (Chinnima, Tanzania)
Kraal, Pieter J.
Citation
Kraal, P. J. (2005, October 20). A grammar of Makonde (Chinnima, Tanzania). Retrieved from
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4271
Version:
Corrected Publisher’s Version
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Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the
Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden
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We here present a short wordlist of the four dialects of Chimakonde (Tanzania) and of one dialect of Shimakonde (Mozambique) for comparison. The four dialects of Chimakonde are Chinnima (the main topic of this dissertation), Chindonde, Chimaraba and Chimatambwe. The dialect of Shimakonde is spoken on the central plateau of Mueda and Muidumbi (Benjamin Leach, p.c.).
We selected nouns, verb forms and tense markers from our word lists which we felt are most interesting for comparison. The glosses of these words are given below; their numbers correspond with the numbers in the word list. Six missing words are indicated by a question mark.
1. woman 12. ear 23. dance 34. cultivate 44. when we eat 2. women 13. foot 24. dances 35. give birth (Indirect Relative 3. elder 14. stones 25. fish 36. speak Present)
4. child 15. pot 26. fish (pl) 37. I 45. tense marker 5. person 16. maize cob 27. wing 38. you (sg) Present Perfective 6. people 17. body 28. wings 39. (s)he 46. tense marker 7. head 18. chins 29. root 40. we Conditional 8. skin 19. rain 30. roots 41. you (pl) 47. tense marker 9. word 20. feather 31. neck 42. they Negative Present 10. clan 21. nose 32. hear 43. let us eat
11. dew 22. house 33. eat (Optative with object concord) The K in Chindonde words after the NPx of classes 9 and 10 represents the voiceless
nasal (see 2.2). The tonal sequence H p found in Shimakonde and Chindonde
represents a phonetic mid or lowered H tone followed by a H tone. (Other accounts of Shimakonde (Liphola 2001, Manus 2003) describe this tonal sequence as LHL.) The PEr in the Chimaraba word for ‘rain’ represents the prenasalized consonant PE
with a roll.
Chimátáambwe Chíndóonde Chí níima Chimáláaba Shímákoonde
1. ? PPiiKH QNyRQJZH PPiiKH QNyRQJZH
2. ? YDPiiKH YDNRyRQJZH YDPiiKH YDNR yQJZH
3. QN~~OX QN~OXXQJZD QN~O~XQJZD QN~O~XQJZD QiQJyyOR
4. PZiDQD PZiDQD PZiDQD PZiDQD PZiDQD
5. PX~QX PX~QX PX~QX PX~QX PX~QX
432 APPENDIX C: VOCABULARY
Chimátáambwe Chíndóonde Chí níima Chimáláaba Shímákoonde 7. PX~WZH PX~WL PX~WZH PX~WZH PX~WL
8. OLPEppQGH OLPEppQGH OLPEppQGH QJyy]L OtJZyyJZH
9. OLOyyYH OLOyyYH OLOyyYH OLQppQR OLOyyYH
10. OLNyyOD OLWiDZD OLWiDZD OLWiDZD OLNyyOD
11. OtQJDDPH OLLPH OLLPH OLtPH OLLPL
12. O\DiWX OLNX~WX OLNX~WX OLNX~WX O\iiWX
13. OLGRyGR OLGyyGR OLNXPEDiWX/ NX~OX OLNDPED iWX
OXGyyGR
14. PD\iDQJD PD\iDQJD PD\iDQJD PD\iDQJD PiMiDQJD
15. FKLOyyQJR FKLOyyQJR FKLORyRQJR FKLOyyQJR VKLOR yQJR
16. FKLNZDDNZD ? FKLNRRNZD FKLNRyNZD ?
17. FKLYtLPED PPLtOL PPLtOL PPLtOL OtJZtLPEX
18. YL\HHZH YL\HHX YL\HHZH YL\HHZH YLMHHJZH
19. PE~~OD LPEXXOD LPE~~OD PEr~~OD tPE~~OD
20. QM~~\D OLOHpKD OLOHpKD OLOHpKD OXQGX ~MD
21. PX~OD LKPX~OD LPX~OD PX~OD LPX~OD
22. QJ¶iiQGH LKQ\~~PED LQJ¶iiQGH Q\~~PED LQJ¶D iQGH
23. QJ¶yyOH LKQJ¶RyOH LQJ¶RyOH QJyyPD LQJ¶yyPD
24. GtQJ¶yyOH MLKQJ¶RyOH GLQJ¶RyOH MLQJyyPD GLQJ¶yyPD
25. KyRPED LKyRPED LKyRPED \yRPED ? 26. GLKyRPED MLKyRPED GLKyRPED ML\yRPED G\RRPED
27. OXSDiSD OXSDiSD OXSDiSD OXSDiSD OXSDiSD
28. GLPDiSD MLKPDiSD GLPDiSD MLPDiSD GLPDiSD
29. OXFKtt\D OXFKtt\D OXFKtt\D Q]tt]L O~VKttMD
30. GLQ\tt\D MLKQ\tt\D GLQ\tt\D ? GtQ\ttMD
31. XNRyWL XNRyWL XNRyWL XNRyWL XNRyWL
32. XOtLQGD XOttQGD XOttQGR XZLtPER XJZtLPEX
33. N~~O\D NX ~O\D N~~O\D NX~O\D N~~O\D
34. NXOttPD NXOttPD NXOttPD NXOttPD N~OttPD
35. NXYpOppND NXYiOppND NXYpOppND NXYpOppND N~YiOppND
36. NXWyQJyyOD NXWiQJyyOD NXWyQJyyOD NXWyQJyyOD N~WiQJyyOD
37. QQpH(\D) QiDiQJX QiDiQJX PttSD QD iQJX
38. XZpH(\D) ZiDiNR ZiDiNR ZppSR ZD iNR
39. ZpQpH\R/ QD iQJ¶H QiiQJ¶H QiiQJ¶H QiDH QiiKH
40. XKZpH(\D) KZpHpWX KZpHpWX ZppSD ZH pWX
41. PPZpH(\D) PZpHpQX PZpHpQX PZppSR PZH pQX
42. YpQpH(YR) YDQiiQJ¶R YDQiiQJ¶R YDQiiQJ¶R YDQD iR
43. WXXO\p WXXO\p WXXO\p WXXO\p WXXO\p
44. S~W~XO\D SDW~XO\D SDW~XO\D SiW~XO\D SiW~XO\D
45. QGL QL QL QL QGL
46. ND ND ND ND ND
