University of Groningen Albuminuria: more than a renal risk marker? van den Belt, Sophie Mariëlle

University of Groningen

Albuminuria: more than a renal risk marker?

van den Belt, Sophie Mariëlle

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Publication date: 2018

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van den Belt, S. M. (2018). Albuminuria: more than a renal risk marker? About the prevalence, measurement, and treatment of albuminuria in children. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

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518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

Processed on: 17-4-2018 PDF page: 101PDF page: 101PDF page: 101PDF page: 101

Summary and future perspectives

518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

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102 Chapter 7

6XPPDU\

ůĞǀĂƚĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŚĞĂůƚŚLJƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŚŝŐŚůLJ ƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶƚŝŶƉĂƟĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚĚŝĂďĞƚĞƐĂŶĚŚLJƉĞƌƚĞŶƐŝŽŶ͘/ŶĂůůƚŚĞƐĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƌĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌĂŶĚƌĞŶĂůƌŝƐŬ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŝƐŬŵĂƌŬĞƌ͘>ŽǁĞƌŝŶŐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂďLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐŝƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌĂŶĚƌĞŶĂůƌŝƐŬ͕ ƌĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚĂƌŐĞƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĂƉLJ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵďLJ ǁŚŝĐŚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂƌĞƐƵůƚƐŝŶƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝƐŶŽƚĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶ ŽŶŐŽŝŶŐĚĞďĂƚĞŝŶŶĞƉŚƌŽůŽŐLJǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ ŽƌĂĐĂƵƐĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌŝŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ŽƌďŽƚŚ͘ŽƚŚĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĂŶĚĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĚĂƚĂ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŚLJƉŽƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŚĂƚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞŬŝĚŶĞLJĚĂŵĂŐĞ͘dŚĞŚLJƉŽƚŚĞƐŝƐƚŚĂƚ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJĂĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŬŝĚŶĞLJĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝƐĂůƐŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĐĂŶŽĐĐƵƌĂůƌĞĂĚLJĂƚĂLJŽƵŶŐĂŐĞ͕ŝŶĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƌĞŶĂůŽƌ ĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŶŐƚŚĂƚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŵŝŐŚƚďĞĂŶŝŶďŽƌŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐ͘ dŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƚĂƌŐĞƚǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚďŝƌƚŚŝƐŚŝŐŚůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͕ ĂƐŝƚĐŽƵůĚĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞĂƐŚŝŌĨƌŽŵŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶŝŶĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƚŽƉƌĞǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂƉĂƵĐŝƚLJŽĨĚĂƚĂŽŶĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶƚŽĚĚůĞƌƐĂŶĚLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĞ ŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĞĂ͘dŚŝƐƚŚĞƐŝƐŚĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ ŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞ͕ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂŶĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽŶƚŚŝƐƐƵďũĞĐƚ͕ĂŶĚƚŽĞŶĂďůĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĞĂ͘ /ŶChapter 2͕ƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶĂŶĚƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨ;ŵŝĐƌŽͿĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂǁĂƐ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚŝŶĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭϯϬϬƚŽĚĚůĞƌƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂů'<KĐŽŚŽƌƚ ƐƚƵĚLJ͘dŽŽƵƌŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞ͕ƚŚŝƐǁĂƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƐƚƵĚLJƚŚĂƚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůĞǀĞůƐŝŶ LJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶŽŶĂŶĞƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐĐĂůĞ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ǁĞĨŽƵŶĚĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůĞǀĞůƐĂŶĚ͕ŝŶƚƌŝŐƵŝŶŐůLJ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŝŶĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůĞǀĞůƐǁĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽ ƚŚĞĂĚƵůƚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶĨĂĐƚ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ͕ƐŽͲĐĂůůĞĚŵŝĐƌŽĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ͕ ǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚǁŝƚŚĂƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨϳйŝŶƚŚĞƚŽĚĚůĞƌĐŽŚŽƌƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƐƚƌŝŬŝŶŐůLJƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ƚŽƚŚĞƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŝŶLJŽƵŶŐĂĚƵůƚƐ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĮŶĚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ;ƵƌŝŶĂƌLJĂůďƵŵŝŶ͗ĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞƌĂƟŽ͖h_ZͿ ůĞĂĚƐƚŽĂŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJŚŝŐŚƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨŵŝĐƌŽĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ͕ǁŚĞŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĐƵƚŽīŽĨ h_ZхϯϬŵŐͬŐ͕ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚĨŽƌĂĚƵůƚƐ͘WƌŽďĂďůLJƚŚŝƐŝƐĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJůŽǁůĞǀĞůƐŽĨƵƌŝŶĞ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĂƐĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽĂĚƵůƚƐ͕ĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞůŽǁĞƌŵƵƐĐůĞŵĂƐƐŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚŝƐĮŶĚŝŶŐ͕h_ZŵŝŐŚƚƐƟůůďĞĂƵƐĞĨƵůŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŽĚĚůĞƌƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƌĞ ŝƐĂŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚĐƵƚŽīǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŐĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďůLJŐĞŶĚĞƌ͘ EŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶƚƐǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƚŽĞdžƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘/ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĂƚĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůĞǀĞůƐĂƌĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƚĂLJŽƵŶŐĂŐĞ͕ƚŽƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĚĞŐƌĞĞ ĂƐŝŶĂĚƵůƚƐ͘dŚŝƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƌĞŶŽƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĂ

518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

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103 ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŝŶůĂƚĞƌůŝĨĞ͕ďƵƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶŝŶďŽƌŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐ͕ƉŽƐƐŝďůLJĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐĨĂƚĞŽĨ ƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝŶůĂƚĞƌůŝĨĞ͘DŽƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞĚŽŶĞƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĐĂƵƐĞ;ƐͿŽĨ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƚĂLJŽƵŶŐĂŐĞ͘ dŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨƵƌŝŶĞŝŶƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞĐŽŚŽƌƚǁĂƐƌĂƚŚĞƌĐƵŵďĞƌƐŽŵĞĂŶĚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚ ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƉĂŶƚLJůŝŶĞƌƐŝŶĚŝĂƉĞƌƐ͘dŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĚĂƚĂ ŝŶĨƵƚƵƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ďĞƩĞƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘Chapter 3 compared the

ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƵƌŝŶĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŝŶLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJ ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƌĞůŝĂďůĞ͕ƉƌĂĐƟĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞŵĞƚŚŽĚ͘dŚĞƉĂŶƚLJůŝŶĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐƵƐĞĚŝŶĐŚĂƉƚĞƌϮ͕ǁĂƐƚĞƐƚĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞŶĞǁůLJĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚWĞĞ^ƉŽƚŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽĂƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐĂŵƉůĞ;ƚŚĞ͞ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͟ŵĞƚŚŽĚͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐĂŶƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞĚ ƵƌŝŶĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐƚŽƌĞĚĂƚϰΣ͘dŚĞƐĞƚŚƌĞĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐǁĞƌĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂů ŽŵŵŝƩĞĞĨŽƌůŝŶŝĐĂů>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ;E>^ͿŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞƐĨŽƌŵĞƚŚŽĚĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ͘ tĞĂƌŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞĚŝĂƉĞƌĂŶĚƟŵĞĨŽƌƐĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJǁĞƌĞƐŝŵƵůĂƚĞĚďLJƐƚŽƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞƉĂŶƚLJůŝŶĞƌƐĂŶĚWĞĞ^ƉŽƚƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞůLJƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŝŶǀŝǀŽƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚƚŚĞWĞĞ^ƉŽƚĚĞǀŝĐĞŚĂƐ ĂǀĞƌLJŚŝŐŚĂŶĂůLJƟĐĂůƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƐŵĂůůďŝĂƐ͕ŚŝŐŚƉƌĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŚŝŐŚĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ͘ dŚĞWĞĞ^ƉŽƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŵĂƌŬĞĚůLJďĞƩĞƌŝŶŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐƵƌŝŶĂƌLJĂůďƵŵŝŶĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ ƉĂŶƚLJůŝŶĞƌŵĞƚŚŽĚ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞWĞĞ^ƉŽƚŚĂĚŽƚŚĞƌĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉĂŶƚLJůŝŶĞƌ ĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƐĞŝŶĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘/ƚǁĂƐĞĂƐŝĞƌƚŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƚƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ͕ŵŽƌĞŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĐ ŝŶƵƐĞĂŶĚŵŽƌĞĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶƚŝŶƵƐĞĨŽƌĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŚŽǁĞƌĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĨŽƌƵƌŝŶĞ͘ ůƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞWĞĞ^ƉŽƚǁĂƐƐŚŽǁŶƚŽďĞĂǀĞƌLJĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞƚŽŽůĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ ƵƌŝŶĞĨŽƌĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƐƐĞƐƐŵĞŶƚŝŶLJŽƵŶŐĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ /ŶChapter 4͕ƚŚĞWĞĞ^ƉŽƚǁĂƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐĨŽƌ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĂŐƵŝĚĞůŝŶĞŽŶĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŽĚĚůĞƌƐ͘^ĞǀĞƌĂůƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞ ƚĞƐƚĞĚĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ͗ƐŝŶŐůĞƐĂŵƉůĞƵƌŝŶĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶǀĞƌƐƵƐƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚƵƌŝŶĞƐĂŵƉůŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĮƌƐƚŵŽƌŶŝŶŐǀŽŝĚƵƌŝŶĞƐĂŵƉůĞǀĞƌƐƵƐƌĂŶĚŽŵĚĂLJƐĂŵƉůĞ͘dŚĞŵŽƐƚŽƉƟŵĂůŵĞƚŚŽĚ ;ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƐƚ ŝŶƚƌĂͲŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů ǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂͿ ǁĂƐ ƚŚƌĞĞ ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵƟǀĞ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĮƌƐƚŵŽƌŶŝŶŐǀŽŝĚƵƌŝŶĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͕ƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘dŚŝƐŝƐŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚ ĞĂƌůŝĞƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶĂĚƵůƚƐ͘/ŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐůLJ͕ƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶ͗ĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞƌĂƟŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĂƉƉĞĂƌƐƚŽďĞĂůĞƐƐƉƌĞĐŝƐĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ ƚŚĂŶƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶĂůŽŶĞ͘dŚŝƐůĂƌŐĞƌǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJĐŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞĞdžƉůĂŝŶĞĚ ďLJĂůĂƌŐĞƌǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƵƌŝŶĂƌLJĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞŝƚƐĞůĨ͕ŶŽƌĐŽƵůĚŽƚŚĞƌĞdžƉůĂŶĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚŝƐ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞďĞĞŶĨŽƵŶĚ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚŝĞƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝƚƐĞůĨĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŵƵƐĐůĞŵĂƐƐŽŶƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƵƌŝŶĞĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŶĞĞĚĞĚƚŽ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞĐƵƚͲŽīǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌĂůďƵŵŝŶ͗ĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞ ƌĂƟŽ͛ƐŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘dĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŽĨƚŚŝƐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͕ŝƚƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂĚǀŝƐĞĚƚŽ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĂůďƵŵŝŶĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶŝŶŵƵůƟƉůĞĮƌƐƚŵŽƌŶŝŶŐǀŽŝĚƵƌŝŶĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐ͕ƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚ ŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶƚŽĚĚůĞƌƐ͘

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518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

Processed on: 17-4-2018 PDF page: 104PDF page: 104PDF page: 104PDF page: 104

104 Chapter 7 sĞƌLJĨĞǁĚĂƚĂĂƌĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐŽŶƌĞŶĂů ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚĐŚƌŽŶŝĐŬŝĚŶĞLJĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͘/ŶChapter 5͕ƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂů ƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂ ůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚ  ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƐ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶǁĞƌĞĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚŝŶϮϴϬĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚ<͘/ŶƚŚŝƐ ƉŽƐƚͲŚŽĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞ^WƐƚƵĚLJ͕ŝƚǁĂƐƐŚŽǁŶƚŚĂƚƌĂŵŝƉƌŝůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚĂ ĚŽƐĞŽĨϲŵŐͬŵ2_{ͬĚĂLJůŽǁĞƌĞĚƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂǁŝƚŚĂŵĞĂŶŽĨϰϮй͕ǁŝƚŚĂůĂƌŐĞǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ} ďĞƚǁĞĞŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐ͘ŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚŵŽƌĞŝŶŝƟĂůƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂƌĞĚƵĐƟŽŶǁĞƌĞĂƚůŽǁĞƌ ƌŝƐŬĨŽƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞŶĂůĞŶĚƉŽŝŶƚ;хϱϬйĞ'&ZĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽƌƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ƚŽĞŶĚƐƚĂŐĞƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞͿ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶĂĚƵůƚƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ůĞǀĞůƐŽĨďŽƚŚƌĞƐŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂĂŌĞƌĂƩĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĨƵůůĚŽƐĞŽĨƌĂŵŝƉƌŝů͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂĚƵƌŝŶŐĨŽůůŽǁͲƵƉ͕ǁĞƌĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌƌŝƐŬŽĨ< ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘/ŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĮŶĚŝŶŐƐǁĞƌĞŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ ďĂƐĞůŝŶĞƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂĂŶĚďůŽŽĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘ŽůůĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĚĂƚĂŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƐĂƌŝƐŬĨĂĐƚŽƌĨŽƌƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚ <ĂŶĚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƚŚĂƚƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚĂƌŐĞƚŝŶƚŚĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚ<ƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƚŚĞŝƌŬŝĚŶĞLJĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͘ Chapter 6 ĚĞĮŶĞƐƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶŽŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌĞŶĂů ŵĂƌŬĞƌƐĂŶĚƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚ<͘hƐŝŶŐŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞϰƐƚƵĚLJ͕ŝŶŝƟĂůĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶďůŽŽĚƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞ͕ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂŶĚƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĞ'&ZĚĞĐůŝŶĞǁĞƌĞƚĞƐƚĞĚŝŶϲϵĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŚŽĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͘KŶƚŚĞƐŚŽƌƚƚĞƌŵ͕ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶǁĂƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďLJĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂŶĚĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƐĞƌƵŵƉŽƚĂƐƐŝƵŵ͘dŚĞƌĂƚĞŽĨĞ'&ZĚĞĐůŝŶĞ ďĞĐĂŵĞƐƚĞĞƉĞƌĂŌĞƌĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶ͕ƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŶŐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨ Z^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶǁĂƐƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ŽĨƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘tĞĂůƐŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ĨŽƌĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶŝŶƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJ͘dŚĞƐĞǁĞƌĞĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƐĞƌƵŵ ĐƌĞĂƟŶŝŶĞ͕ƐLJŵƉƚŽŵĂƟĐŚLJƉŽƚĞŶƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŚLJƉĞƌŬĂůĞŵŝĂ͘dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJŚĂƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ƵƐŝŶŐŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂďĞĨŽƌĞĂŶĚĂŌĞƌĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĚĞĮŶĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨ ĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂƟŽŶŽĨZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶŽŶƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ůƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨ ƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĂƚ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌĞŵĂLJďĞĐŽŵƉĞůůŝŶŐĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐƚŽĚŝƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĞ Z^ŝŶŚŝďŝƟŽŶŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶǁŝƚŚ<͕ƚŚŝƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŝƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ƌĞŶĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĚĞĐůŝŶĞ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƐƚŽƉƉŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƚŚĞƌĂƉLJĞǀĞŶĨŽƌŐŽŽĚĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞǁĞŝŐŚĞĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶůŽŶŐƚĞƌŵƌĞŶĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͘

518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

Processed on: 17-4-2018 PDF page: 105PDF page: 105PDF page: 105PDF page: 105

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ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚŝƐƚŚĞƐŝƐŚĂƐŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞĚƐĞǀĞƌĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ ŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐŚŽƵůĚƐƟůůďĞĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽůĞĂƌŶŵŽƌĞŽŶƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƐĂƌĞŶĂůĂŶĚĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌƌŝƐŬŵĂƌŬĞƌĂŶĚŝƚƐƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ dŚĞ ŽƉƚŝŵĂů ǁĂLJ ƚŽ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŶďŽƌŶ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƚŚĂƚŝƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƌĞŶĂůĂŶĚĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌƌŝƐŬŝŶůĂƚĞƌůŝĨĞ͕ŝƐƚŽĐŽŶĚƵĐƚ ĂƐƚƵĚLJƚŚĂƚĨŽůůŽǁƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĨƌŽŵďŝƌƚŚƚŽƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŝĨĞ͘^ƵĐŚĂƐƚƵĚLJƐŚŽƵůĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂƌĞŐƵůĂƌůLJ͕ƚŽĂƐƐĞƐƐǁŚĞƚŚĞƌŚŝŐŚĞƌĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůĞǀĞůƐĂƚďŝƌƚŚĂƌĞ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĂĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƉŚĞŶŽƚLJƉĞǁŝƚŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƌŝƐŬĨŽƌƌĞŶĂůĂŶĚĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌ ĚŝƐĞĂƐĞŽƌĚĞĂƚŚŝŶůĂƚĞƌůŝĨĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŽƌĞǀĞŶĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƚƌŝĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ ƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶŽĨƐƵĐŚĂƐƚƵĚLJǁŽƵůĚďĞǀĞƌLJĚŝĸĐƵůƚĂŶĚĂůŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚ͘ ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞůLJ͕ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĐĂŶďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƵďͲƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘&Žƌ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶƚŚĞƐĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ĂƌĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶƚŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ'<K ĐŽŚŽƌƚŝŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϭĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ĂůŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂůĐŽŚŽƌƚƐƚƵĚLJŝŶƚŚĞ ƌŝƐƚŽůĂƌĞĂŝŶŶŐůĂŶĚ;ƚŚĞǀŽŶ>ŽŶŐŝƚƵĚŝŶĂů^ƚƵĚLJŽĨWĂƌĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŚŝůĚƌĞŶ;>^WͿ ƐƚƵĚLJͿŚĂƐƵƌŝŶĞĂŶĚďůŽŽĚƐĂŵƉůĞƐĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂŐĞƐ;ďĞĨŽƌĞ͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŌĞƌ ƉƵďĞƌƚLJͿ͘dŚĞƐĞƐĂŵƉůĞƐĐĂŶŚĞůƉƚŽĂŶƐǁĞƌƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƌĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƌĞŶĂůĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĚĞĐůŝŶĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞ͘ /ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJƉƌŽŽĨƚŚĂƚĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂŝƐĂǀĂůŝĚƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƚĂƌŐĞƚĨŽƌƌĞŶĂů ;ĂŶĚĐĂƌĚŝŽǀĂƐĐƵůĂƌͿƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƚƌŝĂůƐƚŚĂƚĂŝŵĂƚ ůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂ͕ĂŶĚŚĂǀĞƚŚŝƐĂƐƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƚĂƌŐĞƚ͘dŚŝƐƚŽŽǀĞƌĐŽŵĞƚŚĞďŝĂƐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚ ĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐƚͲŚŽĐĂŶĂůLJƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞƚƌŝĂůƐ͘ŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƐƵĐŚ ĂŶĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJŽĨŝĂďĞƟĐEĞƉŚƌŽƉĂƚŚLJǁŝƚŚƚƌĂƐĞŶƚĂŶ;^KEZͿ͘ dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJǁĂƐƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƐƵůƚƐĂƌĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŽďĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶƚŚĞĐŽƵƌƐĞ ŽĨϮϬϭϴ͘ƉŽƐŝƟǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚǁŝůůƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐƉƌŽƚĞŝŶƵƌŝĂŝƐĂ ǀĞƌLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚĂƌŐĞƚĨŽƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŝŶĂĚƵůƚƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƚƌŝĂůĚĂƚĂŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƐƵďũĞĐƚĂƌĞƐƟůůůĂĐŬŝŶŐ͘ůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨĐŚĂƉƚĞƌϱĂƌĞŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚ ĞĂƌůŝĞƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐŝŶĂĚƵůƚƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƉƌŽƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐƚƵĚLJŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƚŽƚŚĞ^KEZ ƐƚƵĚLJ͕ǁŽƵůĚďĞŽĨŐƌĞĂƚǀĂůƵĞ͕ĂƐƚŚĞƉĞĚŝĂƚƌŝĐ<ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŝƐǀĞƌLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ ĂĚƵůƚ<ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ;ŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨƉƌŝŵĂƌLJƌĞŶĂůĚŝƐĞĂƐĞĞƟŽůŽŐLJ͕ĚƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ ĐŽŵŽƌďŝĚŝƟĞƐ͕ĞƚĐͿ͘tŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŝƚŚĂŶĞŶĚŽƚŚĞůŝŶƌĞĐĞƉƚŽƌ ĂŶƚĂŐŽŶŝƐƚĂƐŝŶƚŚĞ^KEZƐƚƵĚLJ͕ŽƌĂZ^ŝŶŚŝďŝƚŽƌ͕ŽƌĞǀĞŶĂŶĞǁĚƌƵŐƚŚĂƚƚĂƌŐĞƚƐ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂůŽǁĞƌŝŶŐŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ͕ŝƐƐƟůůŽƉĞŶĨŽƌĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ͘ /ŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ŝƚĂƉƉĞĂƌƐŚŝŐŚůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚŽŵĂŬĞŐƌĞĂƚĞƌƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĚĂƚĂ ƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƌĞŐŝƐƚƌŝĞƐ͕ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƌĂŶĚŽŵŝnjĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚ ƚƌŝĂůƐ͕ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƐƚĂƌƚƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶŐƚŚĞŵĂŶLJƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƐƟůůůĞŌƵŶĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĚŝŶ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŝŶǀƵůŶĞƌĂďůĞƐƵďũĞĐƚƐůŝŬĞĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƚŚĞŵŝŶĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ͕ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŝŶĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƚƌŝĂůƐŝƐ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĚƵĞƚŽƚŚŝƐůĂĐŬŽĨƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂůƐŽĂůĂĐŬŽĨĚĂƚĂƚŚĂƚ

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518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

Processed on: 17-4-2018 PDF page: 106PDF page: 106PDF page: 106PDF page: 106

106 Chapter 7 ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƐĂĨĞƚLJĂŶĚĞĸĐĂĐLJŽĨƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨƉƌĂŐŵĂƟĐ ƚƌŝĂůƐ͕ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐĐĂŶďĞĞdžƉůŽƌĞĚǁŚĞƌĞĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƚƌŝĂůĞǀŝĚĞŶĐĞŝƐůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘dŚĞ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐŝŶƉĂƌƚϮŽĨƚŚŝƐƚŚĞƐŝƐĂƌĞƚǁŽĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐŽĨŚŽǁĂŵŽƌĞƉƌĂŐŵĂƟĐƚƌŝĂůĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĐĂŶďĞĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ͘ /ŶĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ͕ŵŽƌĞƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĞĚƚŽƵŶƌĂǀĞůƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨ ĂůďƵŵŝŶƵƌŝĂĂƐĂƌŝƐŬŵĂƌŬĞƌŽĨĚŝƐĞĂƐĞ͕ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂůƌĞĂĚLJĞĂƌůLJŝŶůŝĨĞ͘ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵĐŽŚŽƌƚƐƚƵĚŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƌĂŶĚŽŵŝnjĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚƚƌŝĂůƐŚŽƵůĚŚĞůƉ ƵƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŶƚŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƚ͘

518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018

Processed on: 17-4-2018 PDF page: 107PDF page: 107PDF page: 107PDF page: 107

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518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt 518800-L-sub01-bw-vdBelt Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018 Processed on: 17-4-2018