The development of Zyooruri up to 1686.

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(1)THE DEVELOPMENT OF. Z Y O O R U R I. u p t o 1686. b7 C h a r l e s Ja m es D u n n , B #A .. L ondon 1960.

(2) ProQuest N um ber: 10752704. All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.. uest ProQuest 10752704 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346.

(3) 2 ABSTRACT Z y o o r u r i i s t h e p u p p e t dram a o f J a p a n an d t a k e * its. name f r o m Z y o o r u r i , t h e h e r o i n e o f t h e t a l e w h i c h was. th e o r i g i n a l p ie c e r e c i t e d by th e. c h a n t e r s w ho, i n a b o u t. 1 6 1 0 , made t h e v o c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e f i r s t th e atre,. f u l l puppet. and who d e r i v e d u l t i m a t e l y f r o m t h e b i w a p l a y e r s. who r e c i t e d. !H e i k e m o n o g a t a r i T•. T here had been puppets. in. t h e t e n t h and e l e v e n t h c e n t u r i e s , b u t t h e y a r e u n l i k e l y t o have b e e n t h e a n c e s t o r s o f t h o s e o f t h e cen tu ry ,. sev en teen th. w h i c h p r o b a b l y came f r o m C h i n a * The f i r s t. r e p e r t o r y was d e r i v e d f r o m p r e v i o u s l y -. e x i s t i n g w orks e x c e p t f o r t h e b u d d h i s t i c. !Amida no M u n e w a r i 1,. th e v a r i o u s s u b s e q u e n t v e r s i o n s o f w hich i l l u s t r a t e changing t a s t e s. the. o f the audiences*. T he p u p p e t s d u r i n g t h e To l d - z j o o r u r i T p e r i o d w e r e g en e ra lly of a. t y p e w h i c h w ere h e l d h i g h b y t h e m a n i p u l a t o r. who w o rk e d t h e m f r o m b e l o w . s p e c ia lis e d stag e. T h i s m e th o d i n v o l v e d a. arch itec tu re .. M e c h a n i c a l and s t r i n g. p u p p ets were a l s o u s e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r s p e c i a l e f f e c t s . T h eatre a r c h i t e c t u r e ,. apart f r o m t h e. from t h a t o f t h e k a b u k i . i s l a n d o f Sado i s K yooto but th e. cen tre. s t a g e , was n o t d i f f e r e n t. The s u r v i v i n g p u p p e t d r a m a o f t h e. s t i l l v e ry c lo s e to old z y o o r u r i *. was t h e home o f t h e e a r l i e s t p e r f o r m a n c e s , moved t o Edo i n t h e. 162.0*3*. The c h a n t e r. S atu m a Z y o o u n s t a r t e d t h e r e a t e n d e n c y t o w a r d s p l a y s o f a v io le n t n atu re. an d t h e s e becam e p o p u l a r i n t h e. 1 6 5 0 *s, u n d e r.

(4) 3. the. l e a d e r s h i p o f S a k u r a i T a n b a no s y o o z y o o , who p e r f o r m e d. p la y s show ing t h e a d v e n tu r e s o f K i n p i r a , a w a r r i o r o f su p erh u m an v a l o u r and s k i l l .. T h i s v o g u e s p r e a d t o t h e w h o le. o f J a p a n , b u t was g r a d u a l l y r e p l a c e d i n t h e K y o o t o / O o s a k a re g io n by p lay s. o f more l i t e r a r y and d e v e l o p e d s t y ^ e .. Uzi. Kaga no z y o o r e f o r m e d p u p p e t dram a w i t h t h e noo a s m o d e l a n d fo re s h a d o w e d t h e end o f ! new z y o o r u r i *. in 1686.. *old z y o o r u r i. f and th e a r r i v a l o f.

(5) 4. PREPACK T he p e r i o d o f f u l l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p u p p e t dram a i n J a p a n may be s a i d. t o b e g in on the f o u r t h day o f th e. s e c o n d m o n th o f t h e y e a r 1 6 8 6 , when t h e f i r s t. Tnew z y o o r u r i 1,. * S y u sse K a g e k i y o T, w r i t t e n b y t h e g r e a t T i k a m a t u Monzaemon f o r t h e f a m o u s c h a n t e r T a k e m o to G i d a y u u was p e r f o r m e d .. At. t h i s t i m e , h o w e v e r , t h e p u p p e t d ram a was a t l e a s t e i g h t y y e a r s o l d , and i t and i t s of. is the o b je ct of th is. developm ent d u r in g t h i s. th e s is to. stu d y i t s. o rig in s. p e r i o d , known a s t h e p e r i o d. ! 61d z y o o r u r i T. The m e t h o d a d o p t e d w i l l b e a t t e m p t t o w r i t e t h e. s t o r y o f old, z y o o r u r i r e l y i n g o n s u c h p r i m a r y e v i d e n c e , t h e form o f d i a r i e s te x ts. of p lay s,. in. a n d o t h e r c o n t e m p o r a r y a c c o u n t s , on. a n d on s u c h i l l u s t r a t i o n s. as s t i l l. ex ist.. T h e r e w i l l a l s o be a n a t t e m p t t o make a c r i t i c a l s t u d y o f J a p a n e s e w ork o n t h e The f i r s t. su b ject.. s e c t i o n w i l l d e a l w ith the o r i g i n o f the. word z y o o r u r i . t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s t y l e o f r e c i t a t i o n used,. an d t h e h i s t o r y o f J a p a n e s e p u p p e t s .. N ext, t h e r e. w i l l be a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e r e p e r t o r y o f p l a y s first. years,. tran slate d. an d one o f t h e p l a y s. an d f o l l o w e d i n i t s. over th e y e a r s .. The t h i r d. i n c l u d e d t h e r e i n w i l l be. changes as i t. was p e r f o r m e d. s e c t i o n w i l l s tu d y th e form o f th e. p u p p e t s and t h e a t r e u s e d i n t h e p l a y s ,. and, f i n a l l y ,. w i l l be a n a c c o u n t o f t h e w o rk o f t h e v a r i o u s a ty p ic a l p lay tr a n s l a te d .. in th e. th ere. c h a n te r s , w ith.

(6) 5. T able o f C o n te n ts. P reface. •. •. •. •. L ist of I l l u s t r a t i o n s. • A.. C hapter 1 2 3. «. • •. • •. •. p ag e 4 •. • •. 6. •. THE ORIGIN OP ZYOORURI •. 7. The d e v e l o p m e n t o f z y o o r u r i r e c i t i n g and i t s accom panim ent • • •. 16. E a rly h is t o r y o f Japanese puppets. •. 25. ». •. 32. ». •. 50. T he word z y o o r u r i. B.. •. •. THE EARLIEST REPERTORY. 4. The Z y o o r u r i s t o r y. •. 5. O ther e& rly p l a y s : m un e w a ri* • •. ’Amida no • •. C.. •. •. OLD ZYOORURI. 6. The p u p p e t s and t h e i r t h e a t r e. •. •. 91. 7. The c h a n t e r s o f o l d z y o o r u r i. •. «. 128. •. 211. •. 215. L ist of A u th o rities. •. •. Index o f Im p o rtan t r e f e r e n c e s. •. • •. •. • •. •.

(7) L ist of I llu s tr a t io n s S u b ject. Illu stra tio n A. E a rly puppet th e a tre. i n K y o o to. d itto. B C. P ag e. E a rly puppet th e a tr e , sid e-w alls. 92 93. show ing r o o f e d 94. D. E n tran ce s to puppet t h e a t r e s. 94. E. Puppet sta g e. 98. P. Puppet t h e a t r e w ith r a i l i n g betw een s ta g e and au d ie h c e. in th re e depths. 98. G. B ackstage in Kakudayuuf s t h e a t r e. 100. H. H andless p u p p ets in s t o r e. 104. I. H a n d le ss p u p p e t on s t a g e. 106. J. P uppets w ith t u r n i n g heads. 106. K. M agosiroo’s th ree-m an p uppets. 108. L. M a n i p u l a t o r s show ing t h e m s e l v e s (d e z u k a i ). 108. M e c h a n i s e d p u p p e t r y o f T a k e d a Oomi no zy o o. 112. P o s s ib le s t r i n g puppets i n t h e a t r e o f I n o u e H a r i m a no z y o o. 112. 0. K u g u tu - m a w a s i. 117. P. H entangi. 117. Q. Sado p u p p e t t h e a t r e. 123. R. Sado p u p p e t m echanism. 123. S. K i n p i r a an d t h e G o b l i n. 188. M, N. T. d itto. 189.

(8) A* (1). The o r i g i n s o f z y o o r u r i. The w o rd z y o o r u r i . A common name f o r t h e p u p p e t t h e a t r e. n in g y o o -zy o o ru ri -. fd o l l z y o o r u r i 1- an d t h a t o f t h e p e r i o d. w hich i s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h i s t h e s i s ko-zyooruri -. in Japan is. 'o l d z y o o r u r i 1 - and i t. is. is o fte n c a lle d. also. q u ite allo w ab le. t o u s e t h e w o rd z y o o r u r i w i t h t h e s e n s e o f p u p p e t t h e a t r e * i A d i s c u s s i o n o f why i t came t o h a v e t h i s m e a n i n g w i l l be a useful f ir s t. s t e p i n t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e l e m e n ts w hich. came t o g e t h e r t o f o r m t h e p u p p e t t h e a t r e . Z yooruri is. t h e J a p a n e s e f o r m o f a w ord t h a t p r o b a b l y. o rig in a te d in a b u d d h istic co n tex t.. It. i s f o u n d a s a name. o f t h e p a r a d i s e o f B a i ^ a j y a - g u r u , t h e M e d i c i n e M a s t e r , known a s t h e H e a l i n g Buddha b o t h i n t h e t r a n s l a t i o n i n t o C h i n e s e o f t h e M e d i c i n e M a s t e r S u t r a b y D h a r m a g u p t a d a t e d 615 AD, a n d in the. l a t e r v e r s i o n b y H s u a n g - t s a n g i n 6 5 0 AD.. The r e l e v a n t. p a s s a g e s o c c u r o n p a g e s 4 0 1 a n d 405 o f t h e T a i s y o o T r i p i t a k a J /lb, and t h e p h r a s e u s e d i s ^ w o r l d c a l l e d z y o o r u r i 1.. tit. ^. T his p a ra d ise. -. 'T h e re i s a. is f a r in th e e a s t,. a s o p p o s e d t o t h e w e s t e r n p a r a d i s e o f t h e Buddha A m i t h a b a . Zyoo m eans lap is. ' p u r e *; r u r i i n p r e s e n t - d a y J a p a n o f t e n r e f e r s. l a z u l i , b u t t h e word c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r u r i i n t h e. S a n sk rit v e rsio n s of th e s u tr a is vaidurya P e l l i o t p . 3 3 ) , t r a n s l a t e d v a r i o u s l y as. (D u tt p . 342;. ' b e r y l 1 and ' c a t ' s. 1 . r e f e r e n c e s t h r o u g h o u t a r e g iv e n by a code ( u s u a l l y th e a u t h o r ' s name) f o l l o w e d b y a p a g e n u m b e r • P u l l d e t a i l s w i l l be fo u n d i n a l i s t a t th e end o f t h e t h e s i s .. to.

(9) ey ef (th e. jew el)*. R u ri r e p r e s e n ts a b o rrow ing in to C hinese. connected w ith t h i s. same S a n s k r i t w ord a n d i t s. v e l u r i y a , w hich i s c o n s i d e r e d ,. in i t s. P a li eq u iv alen t. t u r n , to be th e. o r i g i n o f t h e w ord ' b e r y l 1, t h r o u g h t h e G r e e k .. In C hinese,. p r io r to th e t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e s u tr a m e n tio n e d ,( i t f i r s t found,. in th e fo ra ^ ft. , i n t h e C h ' i e n Han S h u , S s u. P u T s ' u n g ) and a l s o a f t e r w a r d s , it refers. to. is. in n o n -b u d d h istic c o n te x ts,. ' c e r t a i n v a r i e t i e s o f r o c k - c r y s t a l and t o. c e r ta in v itre o u s p r o d u c ts '.. (L aufer p ./ ? 8. ; see a ls o D a n ie ls. p . 46 a n d M a s t e r p . 3 0 4 ) . There a r e o t h e r c l o s e c o n n e c t i o n s b e tw e e n th e M edicine M a s te r and r u r i .. One o f h i s t i t l e s. is ru rik o o. a n d h e made t w e l v e v o w s , o n e o f w h i c h a t t a i n i n g b u d d h a h o o d , he w ould. ( ' ru ri lig h t'). was t h a t , o n. have a body l i k e r u r i ' i n s i d e. and o u t s i d e p u r e , w ith o u t any s t a i n , e m i t t i n g a l i g h t b r i g h t e r th a n t h a t o f th e. s u n and m oon,. an d i l l u m i n a t i n g t h e. darkness f o r th e. liv in g beings. o f th e w o rld , so t h a t th e y. w a lk and w ork a t t h e i r w i l l '. may. ( V i s s e r p.S 3/^).. The w o r s h i p o f t h e M e d i c i n e M a s t e r , known i n J a p a n e s e a s Y a k u s i - r u r i k o o - n y o r a l , b ec am e v e r y p o p u l a r i n J a p a n i n t h e N ara p e r i o d H eian p e r io d. ( 6 4 5 - 7 8 1 ) , an d was p a r t 4 c u l a r l y s o i n t h e. (7 8 2 -1 1 8 3 ),. p r a y e r s b e i n g o f f e r e d t o him t o. o b t a i n c u r e s from i l l n e s s .. A Z y o o r u r i T em p le was f o u n d e d. f o r h i s w o r s h i p i n t h e o u t s k i r t s o f K y o o t o I n 7 8 2 , a n d two o t h e r s h o n o u r i n g him w hich s h o u ld be m e n tio n e d a r e t h e d o o, som etim es c a l l e d la te. Inaba-. Inaba Y a k u si, i n K yooto, founded i n th e. t e n t h c e n t u r y , and th e H o o r a iz i ,. in A iti p re fe c tu re ,.

(10) 9founded in th e e a r l y e i g h th c e n tu r y . The m o s t l i k e l y c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h i s word an d t h e puppet th e a tr e. i s th ro u g h the. In te rm e d ia ry o f the s to r y o f. t h e s h o r t l o v e - a f f a i r b e t w e e n Lady Z y o o r u r i , t h e d a u g h t e r o f a r i c h man i n Y a h a g i i n Mikawa p r o v i n c e. (A iti. p r e f e c t u r e ) , a n d Minamoto Y o s i t u n e , u n d e r h i s bo y h o o d name o f U siw aka-m aru. la te r,. More d e t a i l s. of th is. s to ry w ill appear. an d i t w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t a t t h i s. pointr t o s a y t h a t. s h e was c a l l e d Z y o o r u r i b e c a u s e o f a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e M e d i c i n e M a s t e r . , n a m e l y t h a t s h e was b o r n as a r e s u l t o f p r a y e r s o f f e r e d t o t h a t Buddha b y h e r a s y e t c h i l d l e s s p aren ts• T h e r e now f o l l o w s a c h r o n o l o g i c a l s e q u e n c e o f contem porary r e f e r e n c e s to t h i s s t o r y .. The e a r l i e s t. occurs. in 1485, c o n s i d e r a b l y l a t e r t h a t th e a c c o u n ts o f Y o s i t u n e 's deeds g iv e n in. 1H e i k e - m o n o g a t a r i ' a n d ' G i k e i k i ' .. poem n e a r t h e b e g i n n i n g o f Book I I o f ('I n e x h a u s tib le. It. is. in a. 'B a ik a m uzinzoo'. s t o r e o f p l u m - b l o s s o m * ) (ZG 12b p . 817} a. c o lle c tio n o f v erse w ith prose lin k in g - m a te r ia l, a l l C h in ese , by B an ri Syuuku.. in. T his p a r t o f th e c o l l e c t i o n I s. in. t h e f o r m o f a t r a v e 1 - d i a r y an d t h e poem i n q u e s t i o n t e l l s how the a u th o r tr a v e lle d w hich p la c e. it. is. from t h e c a s t l e o f K a r iy a t o Y a h a g i, o f. s a i d t h a t th e r i c h m a n 's s o n - i n - l a w. was one o f t h e Minamoto c l a n . of h is 1.. T his p a r t i c u l a r sta g e. jo u rn e y is d a te d 1 0/9/14S 51 .. The r e f e r e n c e h e r e i s. F o r c o n v e n i e n c e , d a t e s w i l l be e x p r e s s e d i n t h i s f o r m , t i e f i r s t f i g u r e b e i n g t h e d a y and t h e s e c o n d t h e m o n t h , e x p re s s e d as In th e contem porary c a l e n d a r , not c o r r e c t e d ..

(11) c l e a r l y to. L ady Z y o o r u r i , t h e r i c h m a n ' s d a u g h t e r , a n d. Y o s i t u n e , a n o t a b l e member o f t h e Minamoto c l a n , a n d i t c a n b e i n f e r r e d t h a t t h e s t o r y was known a t t h e d a t e m entioned. The n e x t r e f e r e n c e s y u k i'). is. i n a d i a r y o f S ootyoo ( 'S o o ty o o. (G 8 p . 3 1 7 ) , a f a m o u s t e a c h e r a n d c o m p o s e r o f. lin k ed v e r s e .. An e n t r y i n t h e y e a r 1 5 2 7 , t h e d a y an d m o n t h. o f w h i c h a r e n o t p r e c i s e l y m e n t i o n e d b u t w h i c h c a n be i n f e r r e d t o be e a r l y i n t h e 4 t h m o n t h , i n d i c a t e s t h a t d u r i n g a jo u rn e y th e a u th o r s ta y e d a n ig h t in th e tem ple i n Y ah ag i, and m e n tio n s t h a t t h e r e i s a r e l i c o f Lady Z y o o r u r i t h e r e . but th e re. There. <3*. - p o s s i b l y t h e tom b). i s no m e n t i o n o f t h e. sto ry ,. i s t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s p o t a n d Lady. Z y o o r u r i , a n d t h e fam e o f t h e. l a t t e r w h i c h m a kes h e r r e m e m b e r e d .. I n a l a t e r d i a r y o f t h e same p o e t ,. 'S o o ty o o n i k k l ' ,. an. e n t r y i n t h e y e a r 1531 (ZG 18b p . 1265) d e s c r i b e s how p e o p l e e n j o y e d t h e m s e l v e s on 1 5 / 8 an d 1 3 / 9 , a t t h e t i m e o f t h e f u l l moon;. S o o t y o o summoned a ' l i t t l e. (k o -zato o ). b lin d perform er'. an d h a d h im s i n g z y o o r u r i .. The p h r a s e u s e d ,. z y o o r u r i o u t a w a s e . i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e w ord z y o o r u r i i s a p p l i e d t o a p i e c e t o be r e c i t e d , o r a t y p e o f r e c i t a t i o n ; i t w o u l d be d i f f i c u l t t o make i t. j u s t se e m t o mean ' s i n g. a b o u t Z y o o r u r i ' , p a r t i c u l a r l y a s no t i t l e (w hich i s g iv e n i n th e. 's y u k i'. name.. name t h e r e. th e. A p art from t h i s. entry). su c h as g o zen. i s a t t a c h e d to the. i s no i n d i c a t i o n o f w h a t. s u b j e c t o f t h e z y o o r u r i w a s , b u t i t w o u ld n o t be. u n r e a s o n a b l e t o t a k e i t t h a t i t was a b o u t t h e. lady o f th e.

(12) //. same name*. T h e f a c t t h a t i t was a r e c i t a t i o n. m e re ly a s h o r t song). is. (and n o t. s u g g e s t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i t was. a z a t o o who was t o p e r f o r m i t .. T h i s t e r m i n d i c a t e s one o f. s e v e r a l g r a d e s o f b l i n d p e r f o r m e r s whose m a i n o c c u p a t i o n was th e r e c i t i n g o f. 1H e i k e - m o n o g a t a r i 1 ;. th e ir ro le. i n th e grow th. o f z y o o r u r i w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o a g a i n ( s e e p . 17 ) , I n 1540 t h e h a i k a i p o e t A r a k id a M o r i t a k e w ro te a s e r i e s o f one t h o u s a n d l i n k e d v e r s e s w h ich i s. known a s. 'M o rita k e. s e n k u * , and a g ro u p o f t h r e e o f t h e s e c o n t a i n s r e f e r e n c e s t o our sto ry. (ZG 17b p « 1 3 1 2 ) #. In th e f i r s t. th ere. a z a t o o , i n th e second he i s t o l d t o r e c i t e i n . t h e t h i r d t h e name U s iw a k a i s w ords.. i s m entioned. a z y o o r u r i , and. i n t r o d u c e d i n a p l a y on. I t t h u s s e e m s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s t o r y he h a d t o t e l l. was t h a t o f Lady Z y o o r u r i a n d h e r l o v e r Y o s i t u n e , n o t some o th e r s t o r y redbed in a s ty le. called z y o o ru ri.. The l a s t c o n te m p o ra ry r e f e r e n c e w hich a s s i s t s. in th is. a s p e c t o f th e prQblem , p r i o r t o th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f th e com plete puppet. t h e a t r e , occurs in an e n tr y d ated 2 5/7/1571. i n t h e d i a r y o f t h e c o u r t n o b le Y am asina T o k itu g u o f t h e Kokusyo k a n k o o k a i e d i t i o n ) , w h e r e t h e r e. (in v o l,IV. is an a c c o u n t. o f a n e n t e r t a i n m e n t , o n e p a r t o f w h i c h was a p e r f o r m a n c e o f z y o o r u r i b y z a t o o , w h i c h was h i g h l y p r a i s e d . here. The r e f e r e n c e. i s to a ty p e o f perform ance r a t h e r th a n to th e s u b je c t. o f th e. sto ry . T h e a b o v e i n f o r m a t i o n may b e s u m m a r i s e d b y s a y i n g t h a t. b y 1485 t h e r e h a d a r i s e n ,. p e r h a p s l o c a l l y i n Mikawa p r o v i n c e ,. a s t o r y t h a t h a d n o t a p p e a r e d i n o t h e r a c c o u n t s o f Y o s i t u n e fs.

(13) l i f e , te llin g of h is. love a f f a i r w ith. d a u g h t e r o f a r i c h man i n Y a h a g i , th e. th e In th e. Lady Z y o o r u r i , f i r s t h a lf of. s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y p r o f e s s i o n a l b l i n d r e c i t e r s were. p e r f o r m i n g , o f w hich one a t l e a s t ,. an d p e r h a p s t h e o n l y o n e ,. f o r no o t h e r i s m e n t i o n e d , was t h i s. sto ry .. I t w o u l d se em. r e a s o n a b le to i n f e r t h a t t h i s type. o f r e c i t a t i o n was c a l l e d. z y o o r u r i b e c a u se i t had i t s. in our. o rig in. sto ry .. I t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y now t o d i s p o s e o f tw o t h e o r i e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e o r i g i n o f t h e u s e o f t h e w o rd f c y o o r u r i t h a t h a v e h a d much i n f l u e n c e on J a p a n e s e w r i t e r s su b ject.. There has been g re a t i n t e r e s t. on t h e. in th e q u e stio n. f o r some t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s , an d much h a s b e e n w r i t t e n about i t ,. b u t s i n c e many c r i t i c s h a v e c o n t e n t e d t h e m s e l v e s. w ith copying fo rm er w r i t e r s ,. r e f e r e n c e s h e r e c a n be k e p t. t o a minimum, %. The f i r s t. t h e o r y makes a n e a r l y a p p e a r a n c e i n 1678 i n. 'S ik id o o ookagam i1. (ZE 2 p , 5 2 9 ) , an d t o. some e x t e n t i t. d d e s n o t d i f f e r f ro m w hat h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p u t f o r w a r d a b o v e . I t h o l d s t h a t Lady Z y o o r u r i g a v e h e r name t o t h e t y p e o f r e c i t a t i o n t o w h i c h h e r s t o r y was t h e o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l , b u t i t a d d s t o t h i s t h a t t h e a u t h o r o f t h e s t o r y was Ono no O-Zuu;. m o re i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h i s. l a d y was a d d e d a s t h e. y e a r s went b y , a f a i r l y f u l l v e r s i o n o f t h e ap p earin g in. 'M ukasi m ukasi m o n o g a t a r i '. legend. ( q u o t e d i n KBT 2 p , 1 7 ). ' T h e o r i g i n o f t h e s t o r y o f Z y o o r u r i was as f o l l o w s : o n one o c c a s i o n Lord Nobunaga was i l l ; h e was v e r y d e p r e s s e d and u n a b le t o s l e e p . Three la d y a tte n d a n ts n e v e r l e f t him - S e i g e n K o o to o , K a k u to K ootoo an d Ono.

(14) '3 no O -Z u u ; t h e y n e v e r q u i t t e d h i s s i d e b y d a y o r n ig h t. A p art from t h e s e a g r e a t number o f o t h e r a t t e n d a n t s w a ite d upon him . N i g h t and d a y t h e y r e a d t o h im s t o r i e s o f a l l k i n d s , b u t h i s d e p r e s s i o n was not l i f t e d . T h e r e u p o n S e i g e n a n d K a k u to s p o k e to g e th e r to t h e i r m aster: Ono no O-Zuu i s s k i l l e d i n w r i t i n g , and s o , i f s h e composed some i n t e r e s t i n g s t o r y an d r e a d i t t o y o u , i t m i g h t r e l i e v e y o u ” . T h e r e a t N o b u n ag a a s k e d O-Zuu t o do a s t h e y h a d s u g g e s t e d . She made a l l k i h d s o f e x c u s e s , b u t a s h e r e p e a t e d h i s r e q u e s t t i m e a n d t i m e a g a i n , t h e r e was n o t h i n g s h e c o u l d do b u t t a k e u p h e r w r i t i n g - b r u s h . She c a s t a b o u t i n h e r mind w h a t s h e s h o u l d w r i t e a b o u t . In th e e n d s h e com p osed a s t o r y a b o u t a l a d y c a l l e d Z y o o r u r i , t h e d a u g h t e r o f a r i c h man a t t h e p o s t i n g s t a t i o n a t Y a h a g i i n Mikawa p r o v i n c e . She r e a d i t t o h e r m a s t e r and he fo u n d i t p a r t i c u l a r l y e n t e r t a i n i n g . A l l t h e s e r v a n t s , m a le an d f e m a l e , f r o m S e i g e n a n d K a k u to dow n, l i s t e n e d w i t h a l l t h e i r a t t e n t i o n , a n d a l l w e r e s tru c k w ith ad m iratio n f o r i t . . . . . 1 T h i s was t h e a c c e p t e d a c c o u n t d u r i n g t h e g r e a t p e r i o d o f th e puppet th e a tr e. i n J a p a n a n d was n o t a d v e r s e l y c r i t i c i s e d. u n t i l t h e a p p e a r a n c e i n 1926 o f R y u u t e i T a n e h i k o ’ s s i r y o o ’ (NZ 9 p . 3 4 ) th e re fe re n c e s p o in t of h is. in. ’ Kankon-. i n w hich he p o i n t e d o u t th e e x i s t e n c e o f. 1S o o t y o o n i k k i 1 an d. ’M o r i t a k e s e n k u 1.. The. o b j e c t i o n i s t h a t N o b u n a g a , o f whom O-Zuu i s. a l l e g e d t o be t h e a t t e n d a n t , was b o r n i n 1 5 3 2 , i n t h e y e a r a f t e r the. e n try in. ’S o o t y o o n i k k i 1 ( T a n e h i k o was p r e s u m a b l y. unaw are o f th e s t i l l e a r l i e r r e f e r e n c e s ) . of th is. a u t h o r s h i p t o O-Zuu o c c u r r e d p r o b a b l y b e t w e e n 1648. a nd 1 6 7 8 . of. T he a t t r i b u t i o n. The l a t t e r o f t h e s e d a t e s i s t h a t o f t h e a p p e a r a n c e. ’S i k i d o o O o k a g a m i ’ , t h e f o r m e r t h a t o f. ’The B i b ’ ( i . e .. C o llectio n of d riv e llin g s). o rig in of zyooruri is. ’Y o d a r e k a k e ’ - i n w hich th e. g i v e n a s t h e s t o r y o f Lady Z y o o r u r i. a n d U s i w a k a , w i t h no a u t h o r m e n t i o n e d. (EZ 4 p . 1 9 ) .. Many. i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e b e e n made a b o u t O -Z u u , a n d s h e may o r may.

(15) 'f. n o t h a v e b e e n a r e a l p e r s o n an d h a d t h e ' g r e a t a b i l i t i e s. she. is o f t e n c r e d ite d w ith , b u t an im p o rtan t re a s o n f o r h e r a c c e p t a n c e a s a u t h o r was t h a t s h e became t o z y o o r u r i w h a t O-K uni was t o k a b u k i .. O-K uni, t h e g i r l from t h e G re a t. S h r i n e o f I z u m o , whose d a n c i n g i n K y o o to f o r m e d t h e beg in n in g of th e. l i v e p o p u l a r t h e a t r e , was a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y. a r e a l p e r s o n , t h o u g h s h e was c o n s i d e r a b l y g l a m o u r i s e d i n t o a s o r t of g r e a t fo u n d ress of the a rt* of zyooruri f e l t. th at. No d o u b t t h e s u p p o r t e r s. s o m e t h i n g was l a c k i n g i f t h e i r t h e a t r e. c o u ld n o t lo o k b a c k t o a s i m i l a r a n c e s t r e s s , and were d e l i g h t e d t o e l e v a t e O-Zuu i n t o t h i s. p o sitio n *. Even a f t e r. T a n e h i k o ’ s d i s c l o s u r e s , t h e r e was a g r e a t r e l u c t a n c e t o d i s m i s s h e r a l t o g e t h e r a n d some w r i t e r s o f m o d e r n t i m e s c l i n g n o s t a l g i c a l l y t o h e r , b u t h i s o b j e c t i o n seem s t o h a v e d i s p o s e d o f h e r a s f a r as t h i s t h e s i s. is. concerned.. T ak a n o T a t u y u k i was one o f t h e r e l u c t a n t o n e s , a n d he w o u l d h a v e h e r a r e v i s e r o f t h e s t o r y , p e r h a p s a d a p t i n g it. t o make i t. su itab le fo r recitatio n *. He a l s o i s r e s p o n s i b l e. f o r a n o t h e r t h e o r y o f t h e r e a s o n why z y o o r u r i i s (Takano K p . 6 0 9 )• ’S aru g u tu w a’ a fte r,. He made u s e o f a p a m p h l e t e n t i t l e d. ’ The Gag* - p r i n t e d. o f u n k now n a u t h o r s h i p *. At t h i s t i m e i n K yooto i t. i n 165 8 o r s h o r t l y. No r e p r i n t h a s b e e n f o u n d .. seems t h e r e was a d i s p u t e b e t w e e n. t h e s u p p o r t e r s o f two s c h o o l s o f noo a c t i n g , K ita.. The t i t l e. fg a g * , b u t i t s. so c a l l e d. t h e Kanze a n d. o f t h e pam p hlet n o t o n l y h as t h e m eaning o f. f ir s t p art,. saru,. - ’m o n k e y ’ - i s a l s o t h e.

(16) '5. f i r s t part of. t h e word s a r u g a k u . a f o r m o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t f r o m. w h i c h noo h a d. i n p a r t d e r i v e d , and a l s o a te rm s t i l l u s e d to. d e s i g n a t e noo o f t h e K anze s c h o o l .. ’S a r u g u t u w a 1 was m e a n t ,. t h e n , t o g a g t h e s u p p o r t e r s o f s a r u g a k u . o n e o f whom, i n a m anifesto e n t i t l e d. ’ Busyoogoma’ had s a i d o f z y o o r u r i t h a t. i t h a d no t r a d i t i o n b e h i n d i t , It. is. a n d no r u l e s o f c o m p o s i t i o n .. in course of r e f u tin g t h is. r e la tin g to. ’Y a s u d a m o n o g a t a r i *. s u g g e s tio n t h a t the passage occurs. in. ’ S a r u g u t u w a 1, t h e. g i s t o f i t b ein g as fo llo w s: ’The o r i g i n o f z y o o r u r i was t h u s : i n t h e B u n - a n p erio d ( 1 4 4 4 - 8 ) t h e r e was a b l i n d p r i e s t c a l l e d U d a - k o o to o . H is b l i n d n e s s c a u s e d him g r e a t g r i e f , a n d , s i n c e he was d e v o t e d t o t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e M edicine M a ste r a t th e I n a b a -d o o , f o r s e v e r a l y e a rs he p r a y e d t o him most f e r v e n t l y to r e s t o r e h i s s i g h t • On o n e o c c a s i o n h e p r a y e d c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r t h r e e p e r i o d s o f s e v e n days and n i g h t s . *1 was b o r n w i t h a l l t h e o b l i g a t i o n s o f a human b e i n g , b u t my eyes are dark* I t i s u s e l e s s f o r me t o go o n l i v i n g i f I h a v e n o t a l l my f a c u l t i e s . I beseech you, r e s t o r e my s i g h t . ” The M e d i c i n e M a s t e r t o o k p i t y o n h i m a n d a t dawn o n t h e t h i r d s e v e n t h d a y , he waa a b l e t o s e e t h e f u l l moon t o u c h i n g t h e e d g e o f t h e m o u n t a i n s . Uda was o v e r j o y e d , a n d r e c i t e d ’Y a s u d a m o n o g a t a r i ’ , w h i c h h e c o m p o sed i n t w e l v e s e c t i o n s , based on th e d i v i s i o n i n t o tw elv e s e c tio n s o f ’H e i k e m o n o g a t a r i * , a n d t h e t w e l v e g e n e r a l s o f t h e M edicine M a s te r . Because he i s t h e r u l e r o f t h e z y o o r u r i p a r a d i s e , he i s c a l l e d t h e Buddha o f r u r i l i g h t , a n d , i n c o n s e q u e n c e , Uda c a l l e d h i s p i e c e zy o o ru ri. I t s b a s i s w as ’H e i k e m o n o g a t a r i ’ a n d , m a e o v e r , t h e m u s i c i t was r e c i t e d t o was l a r g e l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e H eike m o d e l . ’ The d i f f i c u l t y a b o u t t h i s. is th a t. ’Y a s u d a m o n o g a t a r i ’ is. unknown a p a r t f r o m t h i s r e f e r e n c e , an d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f ’S a r u g u t u w a ’ a l s o , t h e r e. i s no p o s s i b i l i t y o f c h e c k i n g .. The c o n t r o v e r s i a l n a t u r e o f t h e p a m p h l e t w o u l d i n a n y c a s e make i t o f d o u b t f u l c r e d i b i l i t y .. Among m o d e rn w r i t e a s.

(17) /(d on z y o o r u r i t h e r e. i s a c e r t a i n am ount o f s p e c u l a t i o n a b o u t. ’Y a s u d a m o n o g a t a r i 1, b u t m o s t m e n t i o n i t w i t h o u t p l u c k i n g up s u f f i c i e n t c o u ra g e to d i s m i s s i t a l t o g e t h e r * p o s s ib ility th at. it. The. i s one and t h e same w i t h t h e Z y o o r u r i. s to r y is re n d e re d u n l i k e l y by th e o n ly in fo rm a tio n about the c o n te n t o f. ’Y a s u d a m o n o g a t a r i ’ t h a t. nam ely t h a t i t. is. ’S aru g u tu w a’ g i v e s ,. i n honour o f th e M edicine M aster o f th e. I n a b a - d o o , w hich i s n o t t h e c a s e w ith th e Z y o o r u r i s t o r y . A ll th in g s co n sid ered , i t r e le g a te th e. seems m o s t p r u d e n t t o r ?. ’ S a r u g u t u w a ’ t h e o r y t o t h e same s t a t u s. a s Ono no. O -Z u u , t h a t o f a n i n t e r e s t i n g b u t i r r e l e v a n t e p i s o d e i n t h e h isto rio g rap h y of zy o o ru ri.. ( 2 ) T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f z y o o r u r i r e c i t i n g an d i t s accom panim ent. Among t h e r e f e r e n c e s. quoted i n. th e previous ch a p ter. o n t h e w ord z y o o r u r i t h e r e a r e t h r e e w h i c h m e n t i o n z a t o o ’S o o t y o o n i k k i ’ ,. ’M o r i t a k e s e n k u ’ a n d ' T o k i t u g u k y p o k i *. d i a r y o f Y am asina T o k i t u g u ) .. (th e. From H e i a n t i m e s t h e r e h a d b e e n ♦. b i w a - h o o s i . b l i n d p e r f o r m e r s on t h e b i w a - ’ l u t e ’ - who h a d some o f t h e a t t r i b u t e s th e appearance of. o f B u d d h i s t p r i e s t s , a n d w ho, a f t e r. ’H e i k e m o n o g a t a r i ’ i n t h e t h i r t e e n t h. c e n tu ry , had devoted them selves to r e c i t i n g t h i s. s to r y w ith. biw a ac co m p a n im e n t. T h i s t h e y d i d n o t o n l y i n K yooto a n d of temples bwJT in th e p r e c i n c t s a l s o th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n tr y s id e . It seem s t h a t. in the. second h a l f o f th e f o u r t e e n t h c e n tu r y ,.

(18) 17. t h e b i w a - h o o s l f o r m e d a n o r g a n i s a t i o n , known a s T o o d o o z a . a n d b ec am e e n t i t l e d t o assum e r a n k s w h i c h f i t t e d those o f th e c o u r t. its. in w ith. The l a d d e r o f t h e o r g a A i s a t i o n h a d a t. t o p a s o o - k e n g y o o » an d h e was f o l l o w e d b y k e n g y o o .. kootoo and z a t o o . t h i s b e in g th e lo w e s t r a n k .. I t w i l l be. r e m e m b e r e d t h a t U d a , whom fS a r u g u t u w a 1 c r e d i t e d w i t h t h d au th o rsh ip of. *Yasuda m o n o g a t a r i 1, h a d t h e r a n k o f k o o t o o *. The t e r m z a t o o s e e m s ,. in a d d i t i o n , to have been used. g e n e r a l l y f o r r a t h e r i n f e r i o r p e r f o r m e r s s u c h a s were l i k e l y t o be f o u n d I n c o u n t r y d i s t r i c t s , a n d a l s o s o m e t i m e s f o r b l i n d biw a p l a y e r s w h e re v e r t h e y were and w h a te v e r t h e i r statu s*. By t h e f i f t e e n t h c e n t u r y z a t o o w e r e s i n g i n g z y o o r u r i .. b y w h i c h was p r o b a b l y i m p l i e d t h e s t o r y o f t h e. lady of th a t. nam e. What i s r e a l l y n o t e s t a b l i s h e d. i s t h a t t h e same p e r f o r m . e r s a s r e c i t e d *Heike m o n o g a t a r i 1 a l s o p e r f o r m e d z y o o r u r i . Prom t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y o n w a r d s i t was a l w a y s a c c e p t e d t h a t t h i s was s o .. The s t y l e o f r e c i t a t i o n u s e d f o r. m o n o g a t a r i 1was c a l l e d h e i k y o k u -. 1He i k e m u s i c *. f H e ik e. - and t i m e. and t i m e a g a i n o n e r e a d s t h a t t h i s was t h e o r i g i n o f zyooruri ch an tin g . th e. evidence. T a k a y a n a g i makes a n a t t e m p t t o r e v i e w. (Takayanagi p . 157, 1 6 0 ).. A p a r t from t h e. r e f e r e n c e s a l r e a d y p r o d u c e d h e r e , w h i c h o n l y go so f a r a s t o show t h a t z a t o o o f some s o r t o r a n o t h e r r e c i t e d. zy o o ru ri.. he g iv e s an e x t r a c t from th e d i a r y o f T o k i t u n e , son o f T o k i t u g u o f t h e 15 71 r e f e r e n c e .. T he p a s s a g e r e l a t e s. th at.

(19) !8 /. o n 1 5 / 8 / 1 5 9 2 a z a t o o c a l l e d H u k u n i came t o T o k i t u n e , an d t h e l a t t e r t o o k h i m , a l o n g w i t h one o t h e r p e r s o n , t o c a l l on a n acq u ain tan ce.. A t t h i s m a n ’ s r e q u e s t , t h e r e was a p e r f o r m a n c e. o f z y o o r u r i . h e i k y o k u . k o u t a . s y a m i s e n and h a y a - m o n o g a t a r i . T a k a y a n a g i would l i k e t o have i t. t h a t th e zatoo d id a l l o f. t h i s , w h i c h w o u ld make t h e same man p e r f o r m z y o o r u r i and h eik y o k u and p l a y th e s y a m is e n . q u ite a p a r t from th e o t h e r t h i n g s , w h i c h do n o t i n t e r e s t u s h e r e .. The p e r s o n who. w e n t a l o n g w i t h t h e m was p r o b a b l y a w a r r i o r , an d u n l i k e l y to c o n tr ib u te to the an d h i s. en tertain m en t.. I f Takayanagi is r i g h t ,. i n t e r p r e t a t i o n seems r e a s o n a b l e - h e r e we h a v e one. instance a t. l e a s t o f t h e same man d o i n g b o t h h e i k y o k u a n d. z y o o r u r i . a n d w h a t on e man c a n do p r e s u m a b l y so c a n o t h e r s . He a l s o b r i n g s. in to the d is c u s s io n th e use o f th e. f a n as a n accom panying in s t r u m e n t i n s t e a d o f t h e. b iw a .. F o r t h i s h e h a s no a u t h o r i t y e a r l i e r t h a n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y . He g i v e s a n e x t r a c t f r o m fWakan s a n s a i z u e f ( 1 7 1 5 ) in w hich,. in a passage about the o r i g i n o f z y o o r u r i. i t. is. m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e a c c o m p a n i m e n t w as t o t h e rjaythm o f a f a n b e f o r e t h e s y a m i s e n was u s e d , a n d h e a l s o. q u o t e s two p o e m s ,. f r o m c o l l e c t i o n s d a t e d c . 1670 and c . 1 6 9 0 , w h i c h r e f e r t o th is. s o r t o f accom panim ent.. He h a s a l s o f o u n d ,. ’ S e i k y o k u r u i s a n 1 ( s e e a l s o p . 2»/h. of th is. r e p r o d u c tio n o f a p o r tio n o f an i l l u s t r a t e d. in. th e sis). ' a. s c re e n s a id to. d a t e from th e seco n d q u a r t e r o f t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y ,. in. -.

(20) 19 w hich a c h a n t e r , p resu m ab ly a b iw a - h o o s i from h i s a t t i r e , h is b lin d n e ss,. and h i s biw a l a i d a t h i s s i d e ,. r e c i t i n g , h o ld in g a f a n i n h i s r i g h t hand#. is busy. Takayanagi. r e p r o d u c e s t h i s d r a w i n g an d a r g u e s t h a t as t h e b i w a - h o o s i a l w a y s u s e d a b i w a when r e c i t i n g. 'H eike m o n o g a t a r if , t h i s. one m u s t h a v e b e e n r e c i t i n g s o m e t h i n g e l s e , could t h a t be b u t z y o o r u r i?. an d w h a t e l s e. In sp ectio n o f th is. tw ice. r e p r o d u c e d d r a w i n g shows t h a t t h e f a n i s h e l d u p r i g h t , an d t h a t t h e r e c i t e r fs l e f t h a n d i s so t h a t i t. l a i d on h i s. le ft. clo sed ,. knee;. d o e s n o t l o o k a s i f he i s u s i n g t h e f a n f o r a n y. rh y th m ic a l purpose#. R e c i t e r s n o w ad a y s h o l d a f a n i n one. h a n d a s p a r t o f t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p o s t u r e w hen r e c i t i n g , i t does n o t lo o k as i f t h e b iw a - h o o s i i n t h e p i c t u r e doing a n y th in g e l s e th a n t h i s #. and. is. I t w ould se em t h e r e f o r e. t h a t T a k a y a n a g i ' s e f f o r t t o d i s c o v e r some p r o o f i s n o t v e r y e f f e c t i v e , e s p e c i a l l y a s t h e k i n d o f f a n a c c o m p a n i m e n t known to have e x i s t e d. i n some l a t e p r o v i n c i a l z y o o r u r i c o n s i s t e d. o f h o l d i n g t h e h a l f - o p e n e d f a n i n t h e l e f t h a n d an d d r a w i n g th e f i n g e r t i p s o f th e r i g h t hand a c ro s s. its. r i b s t o make. t h e rhythm # N ev erth eless, be l i t t l e. in a g e n e ra l sense a t. le ast,. t h e r e oan. d o u b t t h a t H eike r e c i t a t i o n had a p ro fo u n d i n f l n e n c e. on t h e c h a n t i n g t h a t g o e s w i t h z y o o r u r i #. T he l a s t o f t h e. b i w a - h o o s i s u r v i v e d i n t o t h e e r a o f t h e g r a m o p h o n e a n d one o r tw o r e c o r d i n g s o f t h e i r c h a n t i n g a r e a v a i l a b l e #. The. ty p e o f r e c i t a t i o n i s governed by th e n e c e s s i t y th e r e c i t e r h a s o f p r o v i d i n g h i s own a c c o m p a n i m e n t , a n d t h e.

(21) xo. g e n e r a l p a t t e r n is o f an a l t e r n a t i o n o f frag m en ts o f r e c i t a t i v e and chorda s t r u c k on th e b iw a .. T his o f co u rse. i s f a r r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c h a n t i n g and m u s i c t h a t go w i t h t h e p u p p e t p l a y t o d a y , b u t th e r e s o u r c e s o f t h e m odern z y o o r u r i p e r f o r m a n c e a r e much g r e a t e r .. E v e n i f o n l y o ne c h a n t e r i s. u s e d , a t l e a s t he a n d t h e s y a m i s e n p l a y e r a r e s e p a r a t e , so th a t ch an tin g recitativ e m usic.. ( w h i c h may b e s a i d t o. and c o n v e r s a t i o n ). is. in clu d e a r i a ,. c o n t i n u o u s l y accom panied by. T h i s g i v e s a much r i c h e r e f f e c t t h a n d o e s t h e. perform ance o f th e b iw a -h o o s i. Sado t h e r e. However, i n t h e. islan d of. s u r v i v e s a s t y l e o f accom panim ent t o t h e. puppet t h e a t r e ,. c a l l e d th e Bun-ya s t y l e. lo c al. ( Bun-ya-bus 1) .. T his. w as d e v e l o p e d b y Okamoto B u n - y a , a c h a n t e r o f z y o o r u r i i n the. 1670*s .. The r e s e m b l a n c e b e t w e e n t h i s. r e c o r d in g s o f heikyoku i s n o t i c e a b l e .. It. s u r v i v a l an d t h e is. o b v io u sly. d a n g e r o u s t o p l a c e t o o much r e l i a n c e u p o n a r g u m e n t s d e p e n d i n g upon p r e s e n t - d a y s t y l e s o f p l a y in g and s i n g i n g , w hich have b e e n h a n d e d down f r o m t e a c h e r t o p u p i l b y l a r g e l y o r a l tr a d itio n fo r n early th re e c e n tu rie s, but lis te n in g to m odern p e r f o rm a n c e s o f v a r i o u s s t y l e s g i v e s t h e that. im p ressio n. one l i n e o f d e v e l o p m e n t r u n s f r o m t h e r e c i t a t i o n o f. ’H e i k e m o n o g a t a r i 1 t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e o f z y o o r u r i t o t h e m odern p o p u l a r n a n i w a - b u s i . and th a t. th is. 3s a t y p e o f. m u s i c d i f f e r e n t , f o r e x a m p l e , f r o m t h a t o f t h e noo p l a y s . In s h o r t , t h e p , and t o e x p r e s s i t cautious term s, th e re. i n th e most. i s n o t h i n g t o show t h a t z y o o r u r i.

(22) 2.1 c h a n t i n g d e v e lo p e d from a n y t h i n g b u t h e i k y o k u *. The c o u r s e o f. e v e n t s may w e l l h a v e b e e n t h a t I n t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e f i f t e e n t h c e n tu r y th e biw a-h o o si began to f in d t h a t t h e i r p e rfo rm a n c e s w ere l e s s p o p u l a r l y r e c e i v e d , p a r t l y , p e r h a p s , b e c a u s e 'H eike m o n o g a t a r i 1 , l o n g an d v a r i e d t h o u g h i t w a s , began to p a l l ,. a n d p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f noo. p l a y s , w i t h t h e i r many t h e m e s *. One way i n w h i c h t h e b i w a -. h o o s i r e a c t e d was t o l o o k a r o u n d f o r new m a t e r i a l , Z y o o r u r i s t o r y was e i t h e r t a k e n o v e r ,. if. i t had been. i n d e p e n d e n t l y c o n c e i v e d , o r w r i t t e n b y them * to the p e rfo rm e rs, sin ce. it. and th e. I t would a p p e a l. in v o lv e d U siw aka, a l r e a d y t h e hero. o f t h e i r m a i n m a t e r i a l , a n d t h u s c a u s e d no g r e a t b r e a k w i t h t h e i r o ld h a b i t s , rom antic l o v e - t a l e. and t o t h e a u d i e n c e b e c a u s e. i t was a. i n a more m o d e r n s t y l e t h a n t h a t o f t h e. p e rfo rm e rs1 old m a terial*. I t is p o ssib le t h a t ,. if. in d eed th e. a c c o m p a n i m e n t was done b y s c r a t c h i n g o n a f a n , t h e o b j e c t was to. l i g h t e n an d q u i c k e n t h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t * The n e x t s t e p was t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e. syam isen*. T his. i n s t r u m e n t h a s b e e n m e n t i o n e d o n c e o r t w i c e a l r e a d y , and i t n o t p r o p o s e d t o go i n t o t h e t h e o r i e s a n d a r g u m e n t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e o r i g i n , a n d d a t e and m e th o d o f i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o Japan of t h i s. in stru m en t*. T a k a y a n a g i , p *129 f f .. It. T h e y c a n be f o u n d s u m m a r i s e d i n Is g e n e ra lly accep ted th a t i t. came. i n t o J a p a n f r o m t h e Ryuukyuu i s l a n d s , t h a t b y a b o u t 1580 i t h a d become w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d i n J a p a n * a c c o m p a n y i n g s i n g i n g o f a l l k i n d s , a n d t h a t i t r e p l a c e d t h e b iw a a s a p o p u l a r. is.

(23) in stru m en t because fitte d. i t was a more m a n a g e a b l e i n s t r u m e n t and. i n , by w hat was c o n s i d e r e d i t s. ro m a n tic , even e r o t i c ,. t o n e s , w i t h t h e aw akening i n t e r e s t s o f t h e m e rc h a n t c l a s s e s in Japan.. There i s. little. d i r e c t evidence o f i t s. in co n n e ctio n w ith z y o o ru ri c h a n tin g ;. the. e a r l y use. 1592 e n t r y i n. T o k i t u n e f s d i a r y m e n t i o n e d a b o v e may be o r may n o t , a c c o r d i n g to o n e ’s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f i t . A nother u s e f u l acco u n t o f th e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f th e syam isen o c c u rs. i n Tanabe (1954; p . 2 8 3 )•. In co n ju n ctio n. w i t h t h i s he p r o d u c e s a n o r i g i n a l t h e o r y a b o u t t h e o r i g i n o f th e Z y o o ru ri s to r y . o rig in ated. A ccording t o t h i s. in th e o u tc a ste v illa g e s. Among t h e s e. ’o u t c a s t e s *. t y o o z y a no musume -. i n Mikawa p r o v i n c e .. were t h e m a j o r i t y o f e n t e r t a i n e r s ,. a s w e ll as w orkers in l e a t h e r , also p r o s titu te s .. th e o ry , the sto ry. s l a u g h t e r e r s and t h e l i k e ,. an d. Lady Z y o o r u r i i s a l w a y s r e f e r r e d t o a s ’d a u g h t e r o f t h e t y o o z y a ’ •. The word. ty o o z y a i s n o rm a lly t r a n s l a t e d by ’r i c h man’ o r som ething sim ilar.. H o w e v e r , t y o o z y a c a n a l s o be u s e d f o r a m a n a g e r o f. a house o f p r o s t i t u t i o n ,. and Tanabe s a y s t h a t su c h a m anager. m i g h t a d o p t g i r l s who' w o u l d t h u s become t h e dau ghters’ .. ’m a n a g e r ’ s. He a l s o s a y s t h a t h i g h - s o u n d i n g b u d d h i s t i c. names w e r e o f t e n a s s u m e d b y p r o s t i t u t e s. a t th e tim e .. The. s t o r y o f t h e n i g h t s p e n t b y Y o s i t u n e w i t h Z y o o r u r i w ould t h u s be o n e i n v e n t e d i n a b r o t h e l a t t h e p o s t i n g s t a t i o n o f Y a h a g i , t o a c t a s p u b l i c i t y b y s h o w in g w h a t a d i s t i n g u i s h e d clien tele. t h e r e had b ee n i n th e p a s t , t h e r e b y ,. i t was h o p e d ,.

(24) 2.5. a t t r a c t i n g th e b e t t e r c la s s o f custom er. d istric t,. To t h i s r e m o t e. s a y s T a n a b e , t h e b i w a h a d n o t p e n e t r a t e d , and t h e. l o c a l r e c i t e r s u s e d t h e f a n rhythm d e s c r i b e d above*. When. Oda Nobunaga e n t e r e d K y o o t o , t h e r e came i n h i s a r m y , i n w h i c h t h e r e w o u l d b e many men f r o m M ikaw a, some who r e c i t e d t h i s sto ry *. I t was s e i z e d u p o n by t h o s e. lo o k in g f o r m a te r ia l f o r. t h e new s y a m i s e n and r e w r i t t e n b y Ono no O -Z u u , o r som ebody e l s e , and t h e r e a f t e r d ev elo p ed in to th e z y o o r u r i o f th e puppet plays# T here a r e a t t r a c t i v e. p o in ts. in t h i s. theory#. word t y o o z y a was u s e d i n a g e n e r a l way a s s i g n i f y i n g and t h e n c e was a p p l i e d. That th e f l e a d e r 1,. i n Kamakura t i m e s t o t h e m a n a g e r o f a. b r o t h e l i s a l s o m e n t i o n e d i n Nakayama ( p . 3 1 3 ) .. In stan ces. o f p r o s t i t u t e s w i t h b u d d h i s t names h a v e n o t b e e n d i s c o v e r e d , but th e re. i s no r e a l r e a s o n t o d o u b t t h a t s u c h e x i s t e d #. T h e r e seem s t o be a n i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y b e t w e e n t h e d e s i r e t o a ttra c t b e tte r clien ts d istric t.. and t h e r e p o r t e d r e m o t e n e s s o f t h e. I n f a c t Mikawa i s n o t v e r y r e m o t e f r o m K y o o t o ,. and t r a v e l l e r s b e t w e e n t h e r e and Kamakura c o u l d w e l l go t h r o u g h it,. so t h a t. it. i s m o st u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e b i w a was unknow n t h e r e #. We h a v e s e e n t h a t t r a v e l l e r s and p o e t s knew t h e s t o r y i n t h e f i f t e e n t h c e n t u r y , an d t h e a t t r i b u t i o n o f i t s. p o p u la rity in. K y o o to t o a r e w r i t i n g b y Ono no O-Zuu se e m s o n l y a n o t h e r e f f o r t to f i t h er in to the p ic tu re. so m ew here#. T a n a b e fs. t h e o r y t h e n i s n o t o n l y u n s u p p o r t e d by e v i d e n c e , b u t i n some r e s p e c t s goes a g a i n s t i t ..

(25) a*-. A lthough th e contem porary ev id en ce f o r th e use o f th e syam isen w ith z y o o r u r i b e fo re th e s t a r t o f th e puppet p la y s is very lim ite d , or even n o n - e x is te n t, th e re of i t w hich. h a s now no known s u r v i v i n g d o c u m e n t s t o p r o v e i t. b u t w hich i s - f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d music*. is an accepted account. in th e h i s t o r i e s. of Japanese. T h r e e names a r e m e n t i o n e d a s t h o s e o f t h e a n c e s t o r s. of th e d o ll th e a tre *. T hey a r e T a k i n o an d S a w a z u m i , t h e f i r s t. r e f e r r e d t o som etim es a s kengyoo*som etim es as k o o t o o . th e s e c o n d a l w a y s a s k e n g y o o , a n d t h e t h i r d i s M e n u k iy a T y o o z a b u r o o # t A l l a r e r a t h e r c l o u d y f i g u r e s * 1S i k i d o o o o k a g a m i* (ZE 2 p . S ’^ ) m entions T a k in o -k o o to o as b e in g th e f i r s t to m usic and g i v i n g t h e f i r s t. perform ance o f i t. v e r y name o f Sawazumi i s n o t c e r t a i n j w ritten y. to s e t zy o o ru ri i n 1594.. som etim es i t. , s o m e t i m e s , an d i n. The. is. *Sansai z u e * t h i s. s e c o n d c h a r a c t e r i s g i v e n t h e r e e d i n g k a d o » m a k i n g h i s name Sawakado.. In. *Seikyoku r u i s a n 1 ( w r i t t e n 1837, p r i n t e d 1 8 4 7 ) ,. w h i c h w as t o be f o r some t i m e t h e a u t h o r i t a t i v e w o rk o n J a p a n e s e m u s i c o f t h e p o p u l a r v a r i e t y , T a k i n o a n d Sawazumi are c o n f i d e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d as c o -fo u n d e rs i n d e f i n i t e l y a f t e r Ono no O-Zuu) o f t h e ch an ters*. It. (so m e w h a t. lin e o f zyooruri. i s d o u b t f u l , h o w e v e r , i f one w o u ld be j u s t i f i e d. i n t h i n k i n g o f th e m a s a n y more r e a l t h a n Ono no O-Zuu# w r i t e r o f ’S i k i d o o o o k a g a m i 1 may h a v e h a d some w r i t t e n document t o r e l y o n , b u t i t. looks as i f. l a t e r w orks d i d. n o t h i n g m ore t h a n c o p y an d e m b e l l i s h e a r l i e r o n e s *. The.

(26) 2.S M e n u k iy a T y o o z a b u r o o i s i m p l i e s , to have b een a t f i r s t. s a i d , a s h i s f i r s t name a m e ta l-w o rk e r, engaged in. th e m anufacture o f d e c o ra te d s w o r d - f i t t i n g s •. He t h e n becam e. a p u p i l o f S a w a z u m i , who was a l l e g e d l y a c c o m p a n y i n g z y o o r u r l o n t h e s y a m i s e n b y now, and i t th e o rg a n is a tio n of th e f i r s t perform ance*. i s h e who was. com plete z y o o r u r i pup p et. The e v i d e n c e f o r h i s e x i s t e n c e. w eighty th a n t h a t f o r th e o t h e r s . appearance i n. i s no more. He makes a n e a r l y. ’ Oomu g a s o m a ’ ( 1 7 1 1 ) a n d i s. !S e i k y o k u r u i s a n 1*. c r e d ite d w ith. _. also en sh rin ed in. He i s s a i d t o h a v e c o o p e r a t e d ’ i r i t h a. c e r t a i n H i t t a , a pu p p et m a n ip u la to r from t h e E b is u s h r in e i n N i s i - n o - m i y a , t o p u t on th e f i r s t f u l l p u p p e t p l a y i n w h i c h t h e t h r e e e l e m e n t s o f r e c i t a t i o n , m u s i c an d p u p p e t s w e r e t o be f o u n d . B e f o r e we d i s c u s s t h e s e e a r l y p e r f o r m a n c e s , h o w e v e r , i t w i l l be c o n v e n i e n t t o c o n s i d e r t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f p u p p e t s i n J a p a n , and t o e n d e a v o u r t o t r a c e t h e o r i g i n o f th o se used in z y o o r u r i*. (3). E a rly h is to r y o f Japanese p u p p ets. The e a r l i e s t J a p a n e s e r e f e r e n c e t o p u p p e t s. is an. e n t r y i n Minamoto S i t a g o o ’ s d i c t i o n a r y ,. fWamyoo r u i s y u u s y o o 1. ( u s u a l l y known b y t h e a b b r e v i a t e d t i t l e. *Wamyoosyoo1) , w h i c h. appeared in th e f i r s t h a l f o f th e t e n t h cen tu ry *. T h is does. n o t g i v e much a s s i s t a n c e s i n c e i t m e r e l y s a y s t h a t t h e w ord. \ % iSw *. i s pronounced. % % tf. (k u g u tu ) and a re.

(27) 2.4 1p l a y e d w i t h 1 ( o r i ~ C hinese w o called. fw o r k e d b y 1) e n t e r t a i n e r s , a n d t h a t t h e L■ j r k 9*V3 t h a t t h » y a r e p o p u l a r l y. ( !b a l d h e a d s * ) .. 1S i n - s a r u g a k u - k i *. A work o f a b o u t 1055,. ( fNew a c c o u n t o f s a r u g a k u f ) l i s t s. H\e*w. among t h e v a r i o u s k i n d s o f s a r u g a k u p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n o f t h e w ord b e i n g g i v e n a s k u g u t u m a w a si ( G .^ p.3<f-0 ) • " f ' f e *^2,. Most c a n be l e a r n t f r o m ^ a i r a i s i - k i *. b y Ooe M a s a h u s a , who l i v e d f r o m 1041 t o 1111. (G, 9 p , * M - ) .. It. i s w r i t t e n i n C h in e s e , and. is a ren d erin g of th is. th e follow ing. i n t e r e s t i n g docum ent:. fT h e k a i r a i s i h a v e no s e t t l e d a b o d e a n d no f i x e d r e s i d e n c e • T hey l i v e a w a n d e r i n g l i f e and s h e l t e r i n t e n t s made o f f e l t ( o r m a t t i n g ) ; they are very l ik e N orthern b a rb a ria n s* A l l t h e men r i d e h o r s e s an d u s e bows a n d g e t t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d by h u n tin g . Some o f t h e m j u g g l e w i t h tw o s w o r d s ( o r t w o - b l a d e d s w o r d s ) a n d w i t h s e v e n b a l l s ; o t h e r s make w ooden d o l l s d a n c e , f i g h t , an d g e n e r a l l y i m i t a t e t h e a c t i o n s o f human b e i n g s . There a re d o l l s r e p r e s e n t i n g d r a g o n s an d f i s h , w h i c h w r i t h e m o st realistically * The men o f t e n d e c e i v e t h e e y e , t o o , w i t h t r i c k s l i k e c h a n g i n g s a n d an d s t o n e s i n t o g o l d an d c o i n s , and p l a n t s i n t o b i r d s and b e a s t s . T h e women a r e w ont t o h e a v e s i g h s , r o l l t h e i r h i p s and s m ile a l l u r i n g s m i l e s . They u s e ro u g e and w h i t e p o w d e r , p e r f o r m s o n g s and lewd m u s i c a n d t h u s s e e k t o f a s c i n a t e men. I n t h i s th e y a r e n o t r e s t r a i n e d by t h e i r p a r e n t s , husbands o r so n s-in -la w * T h e y do n o t h e s i t a t e t o spend a n i g h t o f p l e a s u r e w i t h t r a v e l l e r s and w a y f a r e r s , eb en th o u g h th e y h ave o n ly a b r i e f a c q u a in ta n c e w ith them . On a c c o u n t o f t h e i r a t t r a c t i o n s , t h e y a r e g i v e n l a r g e sums o f m o n e y . They p o s s e s s e m b ro id e re d g a r m e n ts , b ro c a d e d c l o t h e s , and g o l d e n h a i r - o r n a m e n t s an d c a s k e t s . T his is t r u e o f a l l o f them , w ith o u t e x c e p tio n * The k a i r a i s i do n o t c u l t i v a t e a s i n g l e f i e l d , n o r do t h e y g a t h e r a s i n g l e m u l b e r r y l e a f ; s o t h e y do n o t come w i t h i n a n y o f f i c i a l r e g i s t r a t i o n * None o f t h e m b e lo n g t o th e d i s t r i c t where t h e y a r e ; a l l keep to t h e w a n d e r i n g l i f e , an d know n o t h i n g o f k i n g s a n d p rin ces. Nor do t h e y f e a r t h e l o c a l g o v e r n o r s . S ince t h e y h a v e no w o rk a l l o t t e d t o t h e m t h e y p a s s t h e i r.

(28) * hole l i f e in p l e a s u r e . At n i g h t t h e y w o r s h i p H y a k u s i n . T h e y p r a y f o r h e l p an d h a p p i n e s s b y b e a t i n g d r u m s , d a n c in g and m aking an u p r o a r . T h e i r g r o u p s i n t h e E a s t - i n M ino, Mikawa a n d Tootoom i - a r e g r e a t e s t i n i m p o r ta n c e . N ex t a r e t h o s e i n H a r i m a on t h e e a s t o f t h e m o u n t a i n s , and T a z i m a o n t h e w e s t . T h o s e o f K yuusyuu a r e t h e l e a s t i m p o r t a n t . Famous names among th e m a r e K o m ik k a , H y a k u s a n z e n z a i , M a n z a i , O g im i, M a g o g im i, e t c . T h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e s a r e m o s t e n t e r t a i n i n g an d p e o p l e l i s t e n i n g t o t h e m a r e e n t h r a l l e d and c a n n o t keep s t i l l i n t h e i r p l a c e s . These p erfo rm a n ce s i n c l u d e songs s u c h as im ayoo. a s i g a r a h e n g e . s a l b a r a . d e n k a , h u u z o k u , and o t h e r k in d s t o o many t o e n u m e r a t e . In f a c t , th e s e people are u n iq u e . Who c a n b u t f e e l s o r r y f o r t h e m ? 1 H y a k u s i n i n t h e f o u r t h p a r a g r a p h i s t h o u g h t t o be a n o t h e r name o f H y a k u d a y u u , a p o p u l a r c u l t - f i g u r e , o n e o f w hose f u n c t i o n s. i s t o a c t as. and t h e i r m a n i p u l a t o r s .. a p r o te c tiv e d e i t y o f puppets. W hether o r n o t t h i s. f i c a t i o n has n o t been i n v e s t i g a t e d .. is a tru e. id en ti. The c h a r a c t e r s. i n t h e t e x t c o u l d e q u a l l y w e l l mean ! t h e i r h u n d r e d g o d s 1. The names o f t h e s o n g s i n t h e. l a s t p aragraph are a l l of ty p es. p op ular a t th e p e rio d . One p o i n t o f c o n f u s i o n a r i s e s , ch aracters. a re re a d kugutu in. k u g u t u m a w a s i i n fS i n - s a r u g a k u - k i f •. nam ely t h a t th e 'W am yoosyoo1 a n d. K ugutu mawasi i m p l i e s. ' h e who c a u s e s k u g u t u t o d a n c e 1 an d t h e a u t h o r i t i e s t h e r e f o r e a g r e e i n h a v in g k u g u tu s i g n i f y *puppet*• lack of p re c ise. c o n n e c t i o n b etw een a c h a r a c t e r and i t s. Japanese re a d in g , th is. G iven th e norm al. i t w o u ld seem u n p r o f i t a b l e. in c o n siste n cy .. to d w ell upon. I t a ls o appears I r r e l e v a n t to t h i s th e s i s. t o d i s c u s s t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e w o rd k u g u t u . w h i c h h a s a t t r a c t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n from J a p a n e s e s c h o l a r s ..

(29) ag. What m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d , h o w e v e r , i s w h e t h e r t h e s e p u p p e t s , w h o se e x i s t e n c e i s. c l e a r l y p ro v e d i n t h e t e n t h and. e l e v e n t h c e n t u r i e s , have any c o n n e c tio n w ith th o s e u se d i n th e puppet t h e a tr e o f th e se v e n te e n th cen tu ry *. From t h e. t w e l f t h c e n t u r y on, k u g u tu alw ays im p lie d an e n t e r t a i n e r of some s o r t ;. i t n o r m a l l y means a f e m a l e p r o s t i t u t e ,. th e m asculine hero o f a s t o r y in form er k u g u tu , in t h i s. though. 'K o n z y a k u m o n o g a t a r i *. is a. case a sin g e r*. T h e r e i s a p p a r e n t l y a g a p o f some t h r e e h u n d r e d y e a r s b e fo re a n o th e r p o s s ib le re fe r e n c e to puppets occurs*. Many. d o c u m e n t s and r e c o r d s h a v e , o f c o u r s e , b e e n d e s t r o y e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e h i s t o r y o f J a p a n , an d t o o much w e i g h t s h o u l d n o t b e p l a c e d upon t h i s. absen ce o f r e f e r e n c e s , b u t , on th e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r e. a r e no p i c t o r i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f p u p p e t s f r o m t h i s eith er.. D raw ings o f p o p u l a r e n t e r t a i n m e n t s o f v a r i o u s s o r t s ,. i n c l u d i n g j u g g l i n g and c o n j u r i n g , s u r v i v e n u m b e r s , an d i t. in f a i r l y co n sid erab le. seem s u n l i k e l j r t h a t s o m e t h i n g w o u ld n o t h a v e. b e e n p r e s e r v e d i f p u p p e t shows h a d b e e n w i d e s p r e a d . t h i n k s t h a t some t e m p l e s , se ct,. p erio d ,. in p a r t i c u l a r those. Takano. o f t h e Zyoodo. g av e s u c h s h o w s , b u t h e q u o t e s no s o u r c e s f o r h i s. o p i n i o n * ( T * k * io £. p. S*)) R e f e r e n c e s t o p u p p e t s o f one s o r t o r a n o t h e r s t a r t a g a in in the f i f t e e n t h ce n tu ry *. The e a r l i e s t a r e. in. fKanmon g y o k i 1, t h e d i a r y o f S a d a h i i s a , f a t h e r o f t h e e m p e r o r 1 G o-H anazono.. On 2 5 / 3 / 1 4 1 6 h e m e n t i o n s t e k u g u t u a s c o m in g and. perform ing sa ru g a k u .. Ja p a n e se a u t h o r s have alw ays t a k e n t h e s e. to be p u p p et m a n i p u l a t o r s , b u t t h i s. i s f a r from c e r t a i n ..

(30) T h e r e i s a t e r m t e s a r u g a k u w h i c h may v e r y w e l l b e p a r a l l e l t o t e k u g u t u , an d i t. does not r e f e r t o th e u se o f hands a t a l l ,. b u t to saru g ak u perform ed by a c to r s o th e r th a n p r o f e s s i o n a l s . C e rtain ly ,. i f p u p p ets perform ed a l l th e. a p a r t from s a r u g a k u . t h e r e. is. ite m s m entioned. a 1d r a g o n a n d t i g e r *. (for. dance,. a f l i o n f d a n c e , and k u s e m a i ) , one c a n n o t b u t f e e l t h a t th e t e c h n i q u e was f a i r l y a d v a n c e d . (7 /8 /1 4 5 2 ), records th a t g reat ay atu ri-d o o ro o. A nother ite m i n. 'Kanmon g y o k i*. i n t e r e s t was show n i n a n. ( p o s s i b l y a lam p w i t h m o v i n g f i g u r e s ). w hich. •was s e n t f r o m t h e p a l a c e .. The s c e n e was t h e d e s c e n t o n. horseback a t H iy o d o ri-g o e,. in th e b a t t l e o f I t i - n o - t a n i. i n c i d e n t f r o m *Heike m o n o g a t a r i ) .. (an. The f i g u r e s w e r e v e r y good. an d t h e v i e w e r s c o u l d n o t b u t b e am aze d b e y o n d m e a s u r e . * T h i s was p r e s u m a b l y some s o r t o f m e c h a n i c a l t o y w h i c h h a d no d irect. c o n n e c ti o n w ith th e developm ent o f p u p p e ts f o r u se. th e t h e a t r e , but i t. proves,. in. i f proof is needed, th a t. 1He i k e m o n o g a t a r i * was p o p u l a r a t t h e t i m e . (Kanmon g y o k i l p . 1 2 . a n d H p .S I It. ) is. in the. s i x t e e n t h c e n tu r y , how ever, t h a t th e. p o p u l a r i t y o f p u p p e t s seems t o h a v e d e v e l o p e d . the. en d o f t h e c e n t u r y ,. it. is recorded in the d ia ry of. Oyudono no u e , a c o u r t l a d y , t h a t e b l s u - k a k i reference. Prom 15 6 1 t o. (th e f i r s t. i s t o s a r u - e b i s u . w h i c h a r e p r o b a b l y t h e same a s. e b l s u - k a k i . r e f e r e n c e s t o w hich s t a r t. i n 1568) a p p e a r e d from. tfcme t o t i m e an d g a v e t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e s a t t h e p a l a c e Sup. p . l ) .. (DNS.

(31) 30. E b l s u - k a k i were p u p p et m a n i p u l a t o r s a t t a c h e d t o th e sh rin e o f E b isu , p a r t o f th e S e ttu N isinom lya,. i n w h a t i s now t h e t o w n cf. b e t w e e n O o sa k a an d K o o b e . th e. i s l a n d o f A w azi,. g o d s o f good f o r t u n e , f is h e r y of th e. la rg e S intoo e s ta b lis h m e n t of. They have a l s o. ju s t to the s o u th ,. N isinom lya,. co n n ectio n s w ith E b i s u , one o f t h e. is c l o s e l y co n n ected w ith th e seabream. I n l a n d S e a , a n d t h e E b l s u - k a k i ( !E b i s u - l i f t e r s f ). went round th e f i s h i n g v i l l a g e s. g iv in g perform ances. i n w hich. a p u p p e t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e god a p p e a r e d , and w hich had t h e o b j e c t o f e n s u r in g t h a t th e c a tc h e s w ere good.. A puppet group. o n A w azi s t i l l p o s s e s s e s s u c h a p u p p e t a n d t h e r e. is. still a. f i r m memory o f t h e s e v i s i t s t o f i s h i n g v i l l a g e s ,. alth o ug h. t h e y do n o t seem t o t a k e p l a c e n o w a d a y s . K uroki q u o te s e x t r a c t s. from th e d i a r y o f M a tu d a ira. I e t a d a , d a t e d 4 / 3 / 1 5 8 5 and 2 7 / 4 / 1 5 8 5 , w h ich r e f e r t o v i s i t s b y a h o t o k e - m a w a s i , who may h a v e b e e n t h e m a n i p u l a t o r o f a p u p p e t r e p r e s e n t i n g a b u d d h a , o r some o t h e r b u d d h i s t i c f i g u r e , fo r propagandist purposes. I t t h e r e - f o r e ap p ears that. in th e l a t t e r h a l f o f the. s i x t e e n t h c e n t u r y p u p p e ts w ere b e in g u s e d f o r r e l i g i o u s p u r p o s e s i n b o t h S in to o and b u d d h i s t c o n t e x t s .. W hether o r n o t s u c h a. r e l i g i o u s use had b ee n g o in g on, a s Takano and h i s f o l l o w e r s th in k ,. s in c e th e days o f th e old k u g u tu ,. it. Is. im p o ssib le to. say.. I t d o e s se em c e r t a i n t h a t t h e y h a d a t t h i s. tim e an. i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a r i t y and th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f f o r e i g n i n f l u e n c e m u st n o t b e o v e r l o o k e d .. The q u e s t i o n o f a b o r r o w i n g f r o m.

(32) 3/. C h i n a w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d be n o t e d t h a t t h i s. i n a l a t e r c h a p t e r , b u t i t m ight a l s o. p erio d o f in c re a s in g p o p u la rity is. th a t o f th e presence of th e J e s u its. in Japan.. There i s a. c e r t a i n am o u n t o f s p e c u l a t i o n a b o u t t h e i r p o s s i b l e on t h e. Japanese t h e a t r e ,. as is. w estern in f lu e n c e (e n t i t l e d. in d icated. in th e. also. in flu en ce. s e c tio n on. ’ N anban b u n k a 1) i n H a y a s i y a. T a t u s a b u r o o ’ s c h a p t e r o n t h e s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r o f Momoyama cu ltu re. i n ZNB 8 p * 4 3 , i n w h i c h h e e v e n s t a t e s. th a t th e. J e s u i t s a re s a i d t o have u se d puppet p la y s as a kind o f s a c r e d dram a.. H o w e v e r , no e v i d e n c e i s a d d u c e d , a n d t h e s t a t e m e n t. m ust be c o n s i d e r e d o n l y as h e a r s a y . T h e r e w i l l be l a t e r. in th is. th e sis. a d is c u s s io n o f the. k in d s o f puppet used i n th e puppet t h e a t r e d evelopm ent.. and t h e i r. F o r t h e moment i t w i l l be e n o u g h t o s a y t h a t. no d e s c r i p t i o n <Sf p u p p e t s. (o th e r th a n m echanical to y s). th a t th e f u l l puppet th e a tr e. ea rlier. i s e x t a n t , and t h a t t h e r e f o r e i t. is not p o s s i b l e to prove o r d is p r o v e th e c o n n e c tio n betw een e b i s u - k a k i and kugutu-m aw asi by a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f th e ty p e o f puppet u se d ..

(33) 32 B# The e a r l i e s t r e p e r t o r y ( 4 ) The Z y o o r u r l s t o r y The e a r l i e s t r e p e r t o r y o f t h e p u p p e t t h e a t r e. is. m e n t i o n e d b o t h i n c o n t e m p o r a r y r e c o r d s and i n l a t e r a c c o u n t s # These l a t t e r have i t. t h a t the f i r s t. Kyooto i n t h e K e ity o o p e r i o d. perform ance to o k p la ce. (1596 - 1614) and t h a t. in. i t was. g i v e n b y M e n u ^ iy a T y o o x a b u r o o a s r e c i t e r a n d m u s i c i a n , an d H i t t a , th e p u p p e te e r from N is i- n a - m iy a . o f the. They p la y ed th e s t o r y. Lady Z y o o r u r i , an d o n e o f M e n u k i y a ’ s own c o m p o s i t i o n s ,. 1Miyako r a e g u r i 1 -. fRound t h e C a p i t a l 1 .. *Sanko k i k i g a k i 1 , w h i c h i s a l o c a l h i s t o r y o f t h e K anazaw a a r e a , t h o u g h t t o h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d b y 1688 and p ro b a b ly b ased on p r i v a t e r e c o r d s , t e l l s u p i n K an a zaw a i n 1 614#. o f a th e atre. set. The p e r f o r m a n c e was b y p u p p e t s ,. a n d t h e p i e c e s p l a y e d w e r e g i v e n t h e g e n e r a l name o f z y o o r u r l # th e ir in d iv id u al t i t l e s. being. h im e f a n d , most p o p u l a r o f a l l. ’Amida no m u n e w a r i 1,. ! Gooo no. fU s i w a k a - m a r u z y u u n i d a n 1#. (DNS p . 7 2 2 ) I f we t u r n t o t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y r e c o r d s , a g a i n d i a r i e s , we f i n # t h a t references. in th is. case. i n 1614 t h e r e o c c u r t h e e a r l i e s t. i n them t o S p e c i f i c p l a y s .. T o k io , grandson of. T o k i t u g u , r e c o r d s a p e r f o r m a n c e o f fAmida no m u n e w a r i 1 a n d v a rio u s o th e r puppet p ie c e s ;. T o k iy o sl,. r e f e r r i n g t o t h e same p e r f o r m a n c e , c a l l s. in h is d ia ry , it. fAmida no. m u n e k i r i 1 a n d s a y s i t was p e r f o r m e d b y e b l s u - k a k i , who hun g a c u r t a i n i n t h e g a r d e n f o r t h i s p u r p o s e #. T h ey a l s o.

(34) 3* g a v e t h e noo p l a y s. fKamof ,. * D a i b u t u k u y o o 1 an d ' T a k a s a g o 1 • On. t h e n e x t d a y t h e y gave a s i m i l a r show.. These p erfo rm an ces. to o k p la ce in th e palace of th e r e t i r e d. e m p e ro r G o-Y oozei. (DNS p . 7 0 8 , 7 0 9 ) • Prom t h i s. i t w ould a p p e a r t h a t b y 1 6 1 4 , p u p p e t. z y o o r u r i h a d become s u f f i c i e n t l y w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a n d s u f f i c i e n t l y r e s p e c ta b le to m e rit the a t t e n t i o n o f th e c o u rt and t h i s. is borne out by th e c o n fe rrin g o f th e t i t l e. of. K a w a t i no zy o o - 1S e c r e t a r y o f K a w a t i 1 - o n a c e r t a i n K e n m o t u , a z y o o r u r i p e r f o r m e r , b y t h e e’m p e r o r .. Such a t i t l e. was. p u r e l y h o n o r a r y , otf c o u r s e , a n d may w e l l h a v e b e e n c o n f e r r e d t o g i v e K enm otu some s t a t u s s h o u l d h e g i v e p e r f o r m a n c e s court c ir c le s *. T h is is th e f i r s t c e r t a i n. p r a c t i c e w h i c h was t o become u s u a l ; f r e q u e n t l y had s u c h t i t l e s .. in. in stan ce of a. la te r zyoorurl r e c ite r s. Some w o r k s s t a t e. t h a t H i t t a , the. p u p p e t m a n i p u l a t o r from N i s i - a o - m i y a , h ad e a r l i e r r e c e i v e d th e title. o f A w azi no z y o o , b u t t h e r e. is. some d o u b t a b o u t t h i s *. I t w i l l be u s e f u l , t h e n , t o t a k e t h i s. y e a r 1614, w hich. a l s o h a p p e n s t o be t h e l a s t y e a r o f t h e K e i t y o o y e a r p e r i o d , a s t h e end o f t h e e a r l i e s t p e r i o d o f p u p p e t z y o o r u r i , an d t o h a v e a c l o s e r l o o k a t t h e p l a y s w h i c h w ere p e r f o r m e d , a n d a l s o t o s e e i n w h a t way t h e y d e v e l o p e d a s t i m e w e n t o n .. It. is not. p r o p o s e d t o be t o o c r i t i c a l a b o u t t h e e v i d e n c e f o r p l a y s having been p a r t of t h i s p ieces,. f i r s t rep erto ry ,. but to co n sid er a l l. in w h atev er so u rce th e y a re m e n tio n e d . P r i d e o f p l a c e m u s t be g i v e n t o t h e Z y o o r u r i s t o r y.

(35) Sf itse lf,. sin ce i t. a lm o s t c e r t a i n l y gave z y o o r u r i i t s. was kn o w n , a s we h a v e s e e n , not e a r lie r *. i n 1485 a n d r e c i t e d. name a n d. in 1531, i f. I t a p p e a rs o r i g i n a l l y to have been s i m i l a r in. s t y l e to th e o - t o g i - z o o s i * l i t e r a l l y a t t e n d a n t ’s o r n u r s e ’s ta les,. th at. were w r i t t e n p o s s i b l y m a in ly i n t h e l a t e. c e n t u r y , and a r e v e r s i o n s o f l e g e n d s , t a l e s. fifteen th. i n w hich an im als. t a k e t h e p l a c e o f hum an b e i n g s , a n d s t o r i e s w i t h b u d d h i s t i c m orals a t ta c h e d *. In th is. case th e s to r y is. Y o situ n e c y c l e , and a lth o u g h th e. in cid en t. one o f t h e. i t d escrib es. is. n o t found e l s e w h e r e , t h e g e n e r a l b ack g ro u n d i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o u n d i n noo p l a y s a b o u t t h e y o u n g Y o s i t u n e * a ls o a clo se resem b lan ce,. in a l l but d e ta ils. t h e m a i no h o n ( o f w h i c h more w i l l b e s a i d. There i a. o f p lo t, w ith. i n c h a p t e r 5). ’E b o o s i o r i ’ * It was. i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l name o f t h e. ’Z y o o r u r i m o n o g a t a r i ’ , a n d t h a t. it. sto ry. acq u ired an o th er. name b y w h i c h i t b e c a m e w i d e l y know n, ’Z y u u n i d a n - z o o s i ’ ’ s t o r y b o o k i n t w e l v e s e c t i o n s ’ - f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t a t some t i m e o r a n o t h e r , p o s s i b l y when I t was a d o p t e d b y t h e b i w a h o o si in th e. e a rly s ix te e n th cen tu ry ,. tw elve s e c t i o n s , as th e have b e e n ,. it. was d i v i d e d. ’Y a s u d a m o n o g a t a r i *. is also. in i m i t a t i o n o f th e tw elve s e c t i o n s o f. m o n o g a t a r i ’ , and a l s o. in to sa id to. ’H e i k e. i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t w e l v e vows an d. tw e lv e g e h e r a l s o f t h e M edicine M a s te r .. I t w o u l d p e r h a p s be. u s e f u l a t t h i s p o i n t t o g i v e a summary o f t h e The tim e i s e a r l y i n Y o s itu n e * s. life ;. sto ry * h i s age i s.

(36) 35 g iv e n as f i f t e e n. i n t h e s t o r y , w h i c h m e ans t h a t h e w o u ld b e. t h i r t e e n o r f o u r t e e n by m odern c o u n t i n g - t h e d a t e i s t h u s about 1175, a lth o u g h t h i s episode stag e. is of l i t t l e. is p u re ly im ag in ary .. account because th e. The p e r i o d , h o w e v e r ,. is th a t. i n t h e c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n t h e two g r e a t f a m i l i e s o f Minamoto. ( t o w hich Y o s itu n e b e lo n g e d ) w e r e t e m p o r a r i l y in*. an d t h e T a i r a , when t h e l a t t e r. t h e a s c e n d a n t and w ere h u n t i n g su c h. members o f t h e Minamoto f a m i l y as w e r e s t i l l a l i v e ,. in. p a r t i c u l a r t h e tw o b r o t h e r s Y o r i t o m o a n d Y o s i t u n e . The p l a c e i s. i n t h e p r o v i n c e o f M ikaw a, a t Y a h a g i .. accordance w ith th e u s u a l p r a c t ic e. In. in Ja p a n by w hich im p o rta n t. p e rs o n s u se d s e v e r a l nam es, Y o situ n e. i s known variovaLy. U siw a k a -m a ru , H o o g an -d o n o , and O n -z o o si#. It. i s by th e. t h a t he i s known t h r o u g h o u t t h i s v e r s i o n o f t h e s t o r y #. asla st He h a s. w i t h h i m one s e r v a n t , K a n e u r i Y o s i t u g u , a n d a s i n t h e noo p l a y 1A t a k a *. t h e r o l e s a r e r e v e r s e d , and he p r e t e n d s t o be. K a n e u r i Ts s e r v a n t # S e c tio n I#. T he Lady Z y o o r u r i . t h e B u d d h a - g i v e n c h i l d #. O n -z o o s i and h i s jo u rn ey n o rth w ard s; p lace,. s e r v a n t r e a c h e d Y a h a g i on t h e i r. t h e y came u p o n a b e a u t i f u l d w e l l i n g -. an d O n - z o o s i a s k e d t o whom i t b e l o n g e d #. He w as t o l d. t h a t i t was o c c u p i e d b y t h e Lady Z y o o r u r i a n d h e r m o t h e r #. Her. f a t h e r , O e n ty M u n a g o n , now d e a d , h a d b e e n m a r r i e d many y e a r s t o h e r m o t h e r b u t t h e y h a d h a d no c h i l d r e n #. So t h e y w e n t t o. t h e H e a l i n g Buddha o f t h e M o u n t a i n P e a k ( f Mine no Y a k u s i 1) a t th e tem pleon. M o u n t a i n H o o r a i z i and o f f e r e d u p p r a y e r s f o r.

(37) a c h i l d t o be b o r n t o th e m . hundred d a y s. give. A list. These p ra y e rs. for a. o f a l l t h e t h a n k - o f f e r i n g s t h e y w o u ld. i f t h e i r r e q u e s t was g r a n t e d i s. th e w ife. lasted. in clu d ed. swore t o k i l l h e r s e l f i n t h e te m p le. in th e t e x t , if. an d. i t was n o t #. H a p p ily a d a u g h t e r had b e e n b o r n , as b e a u t i f u l as a je w e l ,. and. s h e w as g i v e n t h e name Z y o o r u r i , S e c tio n II#. F lo w ers.. I t was c h e r r y - b l o s s o m t i m e ,. and O n - z o o s i h ad b e e n. c o m p o s i n g p o e t r y am id t h e f a l l i n g p e t a l s ,. w hen h e saw t h e h o u s e. and a sk e d t h e q u e s t i o n s an sw e re d i n S e c t i o n I# s w e e t so u n d o f m u sic com ing fro m w i t h i n #. T h e r e was t h e. He w o n d e r e d a t t h e. b eau ty of th e s p o t, w ith a l l th e flo w e rs , tr e e s. and ro ck s. th a t em bellish ed it# S ectio n I I I .. B eau ties #. He p e e p e d i n t o t h e. g a r d e n t h r o u g h t h e f e n c e and saw t h e. Lady w i t h h e r tw o h u n d r e d a n d f o r t y woman a t t e n d a n t s , e n g a g e d i n a d m i r i n g t h e b l o s s o m s a n d c o m p o s i n g s o n g s a n d l i n k e d poems# Z yooruri. was a p a r a g o n o f b e a u t y , was e x q u i s i t e l y d r e s s e d ,. a n d show ed h e r s e l f f e x p e r t i n t h e s e l i t e r a r y a n d m u s i c a l p u rsu its.. O n -z o o s i was*amazed a t su c h b e a u t y o f s i t e ,. and p e r s o n and a t and a t o n c e f e l l S e c t i o n IV ,. d w ellin g. such acco m p lish m en ts i n so rem ote a d i s t r i c t , i n love w ith h er#. O utdoor m u s i c .. W i t h t w e l v e o f h e r women, Z y o o r u r i s t a r t e d t o p l a y m usic# flu te. O n-zoosi^ l i s t e n i n g o u t s i d e ,. n o tic e d the absence of a. i n th e p l a y i n g , and c o u ld n o t h e l p b r i n g i n g o u t h i s.

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