From the editor: issues underlying national planning priorities

Redakteur • Editor

Professor Das Steÿn Universiteit van die Vrystaat • University of the Free State

Gasredakteur • Guest editor

Professor Manie Geyer Stellenbosch University • Stellenbosch Universiteit

Redaksionele medewerkers • Editorial associates

Professor Verna Nel Universiteit van die Vrystaat • University of the Free State Me AE Beukes Universiteit van die Vrystaat • University of the Free State

Redaksionele raad • Editorial board

Emeritus Prof. Hendrik Goudappel (Technical Univeristy of Eindhoven, Nederland) Emeritus Prof. Louis Albrechts (Katholieke Universiteit van Leuven, België)

Prof. Wim Van H. Botha (Voormalige Hoof: Departement Stads- en Streekbeplanning, Universiteit van die Vrystaat) Prof. Manie Geyer (Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University)

Prof. Carel Schoeman (Geo-ruimtelike wetenskappe vakgroep, Potchefstroom Kampus, Noordwes Universiteit) Prof. Mark Oranje (Department of Town and Regional Planning, University of Pretoria)

Prof. Fana Sihlongonyane (School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand)

Prof. Matthew Dayomi (Programme Director: Planning, School of Architecture, Planning & Housing, University of KwaZulu-Natal) Prof. Dave Dewar (School of Architecture and Planning, University of Cape Town)

Dr James Ckakwizira (Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Venda)

Mr Nigel Tapela (Department of Town and Regional Planning, Cape Peninsula University of Technology) Mr Martin Lewis (SACPLAN)

Ms Theresa Gordon (Department of Town and Regional Planning, Durban Institute of Technology) Ms Anneke Muller (School of Public Management, University of Stellenbosch)

Keurders vir hierdie uitgawe • Panel of referees for this edition

Prof. Paul Jenkins (Edinburgh School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Edinburgh College of Art, United Kingdom) Prof. Phill Harrison (School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa)

Prof. Waldo Krugell (School of economics, North West University, South Africa)

Dr Aly Karam (School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa) Dr Karina Landman (Department of Town & Regional Planning, University of Pretoria, South Africa) Dr Ernst Drewes (Urban and Regional Planning, North-West University, South Africa)

Mr Kenneth Koech (Gauteng City Region Observatory, South Africa)

Mr Brian Boshoff (School of Architecture & Planning, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa) Ms Elsona van Huyssteen (CSIR, Built Environment , South Africa)

Ms Carli Steenkamp (Geography and Environmental Management, , North West University, South Africa) Ms Juanee Cilliers (Urban and Regional Planning, North West University, South Africa)

Ms Catherine Stone (Director: Spatial Planning & Urban Design, City of Cape Town, South Africa)

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Stads en Streekbeplanning

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E-pos addresse: steynjj@ufs.ac.za

NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS OF ACADEMIC AND SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES • Town and Regional Planning publishes articles in Afrikaans or

English or any other official language. The desired length for an article is between 4 000 and 8 000 words, double-spaced in third person.

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contain all the relevant information, and be listed alphabetically according to the names of the authors, i.e. HEALEY, P. 1997.

Collaborative planning. London: McGraw-Hill.

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Town and Regional Planning

The University of the Free State P.O. Box 339

Bloemfontein, South Africa 9300

E-mail addresses: steynjj@ufs.ac.za

No 63

Dec 2013

Inhoudsopgawe • Contents

Redakteursbrief • Editoral • Lengolo la phatlalatso i

Wetenskaplike artikels • Research articles

The relationship between settlement type and undercount in the Risenga Maluleke

South African census of 2011 Amanda van Eeden 1

A critical evaluation of the operational application of various Isabel Schmidt

settlement typologies in South Africa Danie du Plessis 12

Economic and demographic trends of municipalities in South Africa: Hlabi Morudu

An application of Zipf’s rule Danie du Plessis 24

The reshaping of urban structure in South Africa through municipal Sharthi Laldaparsad

capital investment: Evidence from three municipalities Herman Geyer

Danie du Plessis 37

Socio-economic performance of municipalities along the Christine Khoza

Maputo Development Corridor (MDC): Implications for the Lodene Willemse

National Development Plan (NDP) of 2011 49

Deprivation among unemployed South African youth: Desmond Booysen

Intergenerational or transitional? Amanda van Eeden 64

Inligting aan outeurs • Notes for authors

Stads- en Streekbeplanning

Town and Regional Planning

Meralo ya Ditoropo le Mabatowa

Uitgegee deur die Departement van Stads- en Streekbeplanning,

Universiteit van die Vrystaat, Bloemfontein, Suid-Afrika

Published by the Department of Urban and Regional Planning,

University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

E phatlalatswa ke Lefapha la Meralo ya Ditoropo le Mabatowa,

Yunivesithing ya Freistata, Bloemfontein, Africa Borwa

Published by: Department of Urban and Regional Planning University of the Free State PO Box 339 Bloemfontein 9300 dssb@ufs.ac.za ISSN 1012-280X Copyright © 2013 University of the Free State Layout & Design: SUN MeDIA Bloemfontein Translations of abstracts:

Maria Modise Subscription fee: R100 for 2 issues Uitgegee deur:

Departement Stads- en Streekbeplanning Universiteit van die Vrystaat

Posbus 339 Bloemfontein 9300 dssb@ufs.ac.za ISSN 1012-280X Kopiereg © 2013

Universiteit van die Vrystaat Uitleg: SUN MeDIA Bloemfontein Vertalings van abstrakte: Maria Modise

Ho tswa ho Mohlophisi

Motho ya sebetsang le nna

Ho tloha bofelong ba aparteit, diphetoho tse mmaloa tsa ho fetola maphelo a bao ba sa pheleng hamonate naheng ea Afrika Borwa di se di etsahetse. Le ha ho le joalo, ma Afrika Borwa a ntse a na le mathata a kang ho tswedisoa pele ha ho ba le dikarohanyo hara sechaba, bonwenwe le ba bangata ba hloka mesebetsi. Mathata a mang a khethehileng ke ho se fue ditshebeletso tsa sechaba ka ho lekana, menyetla ea meruo le di resource. Ho tobana le mathata a, merero ea sechaba e bitsoang National Plan 2030 e batlane le dipheo tsa ho fumana pheko ea tsona. E tshepa ho fokotsa khethollo le ho se lekane hoa batho le ho fedisa bofutsana ka tlasa nako ea dilemo the mashome a mabeli. Hore sena se atlehe dipheo tsa morero ona oa sechaba o shebana le dikarolo tse khetheileng moo diphetoho tse ngata di tlamehang ho etsoa: thuto e phetahetseng le tsebo ea mesebetsi; bolulo bo phetahetseng; bophelo boo phethahetseng, ho hlokomeleha ha batho le ho phela hamonate ha sechaba; menyetla ea mesebetsi; le mekhoa e phethahetseng ea tsamaiso ea likoloi tsa sechaba.

Merero ea sechaba e behile sepheo sa hore ho tla ba le menyetla ea mesebetsi e di million tse leshome le motso o le mong, moo million e leng ngoe hara leshome le motso o le mongo oo, e le menyetla e tsoang ho tukisong ea lefatse la Afrika Borwa. Chebisiso mererong ena ke hore na ho bolelloang ha ho thoe ‘ menyetla ea tswelopele e bolokeileng’ le ha ho thoe ‘khuliso ea moruo oa naha’, sena se botsoa se shebisane haholo le khoebo tse fanang ka mesebetsi ebile di eketsa mekhoa ea hore naha e hoebise le naha tse ding. Merero ea selemo sa 2030 e shebana le diminerale le khoebo tse sebetsanang le tsona hore di lokisoe. Mehaho, mesebetsi e mahareng, bohoae le tshebetsano ea bona, ho khahla batho ba naha tse ding, khoebo tse kholo, menahano ea dintho tse ncha, ho tshehetsa khoebo tse nyane, khoebo tsa dichelete, dikaba tsa sechaba le tsa poraefete, maphelo a batho le moruo, hape le ho lokisa dibaka tseo bolulo ba batho bo sa khahleng ke tsona dintlha tse tojoang mererong ea sechaba. “Lefa la khetollo bophelong ba batho le moruo oa naha la mehleng ea aparteit le bolela hore batho ba mahaeng a Afrika Borwa ba na le bofutsana boo bongata le ho se be le mesebetsi.” Merero ea 2030 e bona mokhoa hoa ho lokisa taba ena. ‘ ho khutlisetsa morao likarolo tsa batho tsa aparteit’ ke e ngoe ea dintlha tse bohlokoa tsa morero ona. Ditlamorao tse lebelletsoeng ho merero ena ke naha e tla ba le batho ba phelisanang mmoho hamonate ebile e na le moruo o mongata

From the editor

Dear Colleague

ISSUES UNDERLYING NATIONAL PLANNING PRIORITIES

Since the end of apartheid, significant progress has been made in many areas to improve living conditions of the disadvantaged in South Africa. However, the South African nation is still plagued by challenges such as continuing social divisions, corruption and high unemployment. Specific challenges include unequal access to good public services, economic opportunities and resources. To address these challenges, the National Plan 2030 sets ambitious aims. It hopes to reduce inequality and eliminate poverty within its time horizon of 20 years. To achieve these aims, the Plan highlights several areas in which continued progress needs to be made: higher education and skill levels; better shelter; improved health, safety and social security; more employment opportunities, and more efficient transport facilities. The National Plan has set a target of 11 million new job opportunities by 2030, one million coming from land reform alone. In this drive, the focus is on what the Plan refers to as “sustainable employment opportunities” and “inclusive economic growth”, focusing on labour-absorbing industries with a potential of raising exports and competitiveness. The Plan highlights mineral resources and extracting industries as well as production and manufacturing in particular fields as areas of employment which could be improved upon. Construction, mid-skill processing, agriculture and agro-processing, tourism, business services, innovations, support for small businesses and small business agencies, financial institutions, public and private incubators, social and economic infrastructure, and the upgrading of informal settlements are specific issues that are targeted. “The economic and social legacy of colonialism and apartheid means South Africa’s rural areas are characterised by unusually high levels of poverty and joblessness.” The Plan sees potential in the creation of institutional capacity to deal with contested relationships between indigenous and constitutional institutions. ‘Reversing the spatial effects of apartheid’ is one of the National Plan’s primary objectives. Outcomes that are aimed at in this regard are denser and more liveable urban settlements that will bring people closer to employment opportunities, while rural settlements should balance social, cultural and agricultural needs.

Six papers are published in this edition, each one attempting to make a direct or indirect contribution in a specific area that was prioritised in the NDP 2030. Focusing on ways to improve the quality of planning information in South Africa, the first paper examines the causes of the

Van die redakteur

Geagte Kollega

VRAAGSTUKKE ONDERLIGGEND AAN NASIONALE BEPLANNINGSPRIORITEITE Sedert die einde van apartheid is aansienlike vordering gemaak op baie terreine om die lewensomstandighede van benadeeldes in Suid-Afrika te verbeter. Ten spyte daarvan word die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap nog steeds geteister deur uitdagings soos voortgesette sosiale verdeeldheid, korrupsie en hoë werkloosheid. Spesifieke uitdagings sluit ongelyke toegang tot goeie openbare dienste, ekonomiese geleenthede en hulpbronne in. Om hierdie uitdagings aan te spreek, stel die Nasionale Plan 2030 ambisieuse doelwitte voor. Dit hoop om ongelykhede te verminder en om binne die 20-jaar tydshorison armoede te elimineer. Om hierdie doelwitte te bereik word verskeie areas waarin vordering gemaak moet word, beklemtoon: hoër onderwys en vaardigheidsvlakke; beter behuising; verbeterde gesondheid; veiligheid en sosiale sekuriteit; meer werksgeleenthede; en meer effektiewe vervoerfasiliteite. Die Nasionale Plan stel ’n teiken van 11 miljoen nuwe werkgeleenthede teen 2030, ’n miljoen in grondhervorming alleen. Die Plan strewe na ‘volhoubare werksgeleenthede’ en ‘inklusiewe ekonomiese groei’, met die fokus op arbeid-absorberende nywerhede met ’n potensiaal van verhoogde uitvoere en mededingendheid.

Die Plan beklemtoon minerale hulpbronne en onttreknywerhede sowel as produksie en vervaardiging in spesifieke velde as gebiede van indiensneming waarop verbeter kan word. Konstruksie, mid-vaardigheid prosessering, landbou en landbou-prosessering, toerisme, korporatiewe dienste, innovasies, ondersteuning vir klein besighede en klein sake-agentskappe, finansiële instellings, openbare en private broeikaste,

maatskaplike en ekonomiese infrastruktuur en die opgradering van informele nedersettings is spesifieke kwessies wat geoormerk is. “Die ekonomiese en maatskaplike nalatenskap van kolonialisme en apartheid beteken Suid-Afrika se landelike gebiede word gekenmerk deur buitengewoon hoë vlakke van armoede en werkloosheid.” Die Plan sien potensiaal in die skepping van institusionele kapasiteit om betwiste verhoudings tussen inheemse en grondwetlike instellings te hanteer. “Die terugdraai van die ruimtelike gevolge van apartheid” is een van die Nasionale Plan se primêre doelwitte. Uitkomste wat gerig is in hierdie verband, is digter en meer leefbare stedelike nedersettings wat mense nader sal bring aan werksgeleenthede, terwyl die landelike nedersettings sosiale, kulturele en landbou-behoeftes moet uitbalanseer.

oo tla khona ho fa batho mesebetsi le batho ba mahaeng ba tla tseba ho sebetsa mme le bohoae ba bone bo sebetse hantle.

Pampiri tse ts’elela di se di ngotsoe di leka ho kenya letsoho kahong ea dintlha tse beoeng ke NDP 2030. E shebisane le ho batla mekhoa ea hore merero ea ditropo le mahaeng a naha ea Afrika Borwa e be le tsebo e phethahetseng. Pampiri ea pele e shebana le ho se bale ka ho lekana palong ea sechaba ea 2011 le hore na taba ena e lokisoa joang. Pampiri ea bobedi e bontsha mefuta ea bolulo ka ho fapana Afrika Borwa le mekhoa ea ho e lokisa. Pampiri ea boraro e bontsha tshebeletso ea palo tsa sechaba le taba tsa ho sebeletsana le boruo ke masepala ka hara naha ea Afrika Borwa e ipapisa le molao oa Zipf. Pampiri ea bone eona e bua ka dichelete tse masepala o di kenyang ho lokisa naha ea Afrika Borwa. Ea bohlano pampiri eona e bua ka Maputo Development Corridor le hore na e ama moruo le bophelo ba batho joang mesebetsing ea masepala. Ea ho qetela pampiri e bua ka ditlhoko tsa bacha ba se nang mesebetsi ka hara naha Afrika Borwa.

Editara ea Moeti Manie Geyer CRUISE

Lefapha la Lithuto tsa lefatshe le tikoloho

Yunivesithing ya Stellenbosch Stellenbosch

census undercount and how those causes could be addressed. Dealing with the problem of differences in the classification of land uses among end users, the second paper presents an evaluation of various settlement typologies in South Africa and ways to reconcile them. The third paper presents an analysis of the economic and demographic performance of municipalities in South Africa based on Zipf’s approach. The impact of municipal capital investments on the reshaping of the structure of cities in South Africa is the theme of the fourth paper. The fifth paper explores the impact of the Maputo Development Corridor (MDC) on the socio-economic performance of municipalities along its axis, and the final paper investigates changes in the conditions of deprivation among the unemployed youth in South Africa. Guest editor

Manie Geyer CRUISE

Department of Geography and Environmental Studies

Stellenbosch University Stellenbosch

Ses artikels verskyn in hierdie uitgawe en elkeen probeer ’n direkte of indirekte bydrae maak op ’n spesifieke gebied wat as ’n prioriteit in die NDP 2030 uitgewys is. Die eerste artikel fokus op maniere om die gehalte van die beplanning van inligting in Suid-Afrika te verbeter, en kyk na die oorsake van die sensus-ondertelling en hoe daardie oorsake aangespreek kan word. Die tweede artikel handel oor die probleem van die verskille in die klassifikasie van grondgebruike onder eindgebruikers, en bied ’n evaluering van die verskillende tipologiese nedersettings in Suid-Afrika en maniere om dit te versoen. Die derde artikel doen ’n ontleding van die ekonomiese en demografiese prestasies van munisipaliteite in Suid-Afrika, gebaseer op Zipf se benadering. Die impak van munisipale kapitaalbeleggings op die verandering van die struktuur van stede in Suid-Afrika is die tema van die vierde artikel. Die vyfde artikel bespreek die impak van die Maputo Ontwikkelingskorridor (MOK) op die sosio-ekonomiese prestasie van munisipaliteite, en die finale artikel ondersoek die veranderinge in die toestande van armoede onder die werklose jeug in Suid-Afrika. Gasredakteur Manie Geyer CRUISE Departement Geografie en Omgewingstudies Stellenbosch Universiteit Stellenbosch ii