Developing Energy-Aware Software

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(15) 4.NU =# #.'YLN 'JHVSF ৻ 'JHVSF ৼ 'JHVSF ৽ 'JHVSF ৾ 'JHVSF ৿ 'JHVSF ਀ 'JHVSF ਁ 'JHVSF ਂ 'JHVSF ਃ 'JHVSF ৻৺ 'JHVSF ৻৻ 'JHVSF ৻ৼ 'JHVSF ৻৽ 'JHVSF ৻৾ 'JHVSF ৻৿ 'JHVSF ৻਀ 'JHVSF ৻ਁ 'JHVSF ৻ਂ 'JHVSF ৻ਃ 'JHVSF ৼ৺ 'JHVSF ৼ৻ 'JHVSF ৼৼ 'JHVSF ৼ৽ 'JHVSF ৼ৾ 'JHVSF ৼ৿ 'JHVSF ৼ਀ 'JHVSF ৼਁ 'JHVSF ৼਂ 'JHVSF ৼਃ 'JHVSF ৽৺ 'JHVSF ৽৻ 'JHVSF ৽ৼ 'JHVSF ৽৽ 'JHVSF ৽৾ 'JHVSF ৽৿ 'JHVSF ৽਀ 'JHVSF ৽ਁ 'JHVSF ৽ਂ 'JHVSF ৽ਃ. $PODFQUVBM NFTTBHF TFOE ਁ "DUVBM NFTTBHF TFOE ਂ %VQMJDBUJPO EVSJOH NFTTBHF TFOE ਂ .VMUJQMF TUBHFT EVSJOH NFTTBHF TFOE ਂ &YBNQMF PG UIF skip(EFGBVMU#JOEJOH, WJSUVBM#JOEJOH) DPOTUSBJOU ৼ৺ 8PSLJOH PG QSF DPOTUSBJOU ৼ৻ 8PSLJOH PG DPOE DPOTUSBJOU ৼ৻ 8PSLJOH PG TLJQ DPOTUSBJOU ৼ৻ &YBNQMF PG UIF DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPS GPS JOIFSJUBODF ৼਁ $PNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST SFSPVUF NFTTBHFT ৼਂ 0WFSWJFX $PNQPTJUJPO JO $PPQ ৼਃ $PNQPTJUJPO JO $PPQ %FMFHBUJPO ৽৺ #BTJD JOIFSJUBODF %"( ৽ਁ #PUI EJSFDUJPOT PG MPPLVQ ৽ਂ 7FSUJDBM PWFSMBQQJOH ৽ਂ )PSJ[POUBM PWFSMBQQJOH ৽ਂ &YBNQMF PG DBMMDD ৾ਂ 6TJOH USZ DBUDI ੗OBMMZ XJUI DPOUJOVBUJPOT ৿৻ /PUBUJPO GPS SFTPVSDFBXBSF DPNQPOFOUT ਀৿ &OFSHZ TUBUF DIBSU ਀਀ " DPNQPOFOU EJBHSBN GPS )JLFS‫۝‬T #VEEZ ਀ਂ " DPNQPOFOU EJBHSBN GPS TNBSUQIPOF OFUXPSL QFSGPSNBODF ਁ৺ &YBNQMF PWFS BOE VOEFSBCTUSBDUJPO GPS B DP੖FF NBDIJOF ਁ৾ 3FMBUJPO CFUXFFO BDUVBM TZTUFN BOE JUT BCTUSBDUJPOT ਁ৿ 8PSL੘PX GPS EFTJHOJOH SFTPVSDFBXBSF TPॏXBSF ਁਂ 4JNQMF 6ॶॶ११ॲ UJNFE BVUPNBUPO GPS B DP੖FF NBDIJOF ਂ৾ .FEJB QMBZFS IJHIMFWFM EJBHSBN ਂ਀ .FEJB QMBZFS EFUBJMFE EJBHSBN ਂਁ .FEJB QMBZFS PWFSWJFX ਂਃ 6TFS CFIBWJPS QBSUJBM TDFOBSJP. ਂਃ "OBMZTJT PG TDFOBSJP ਃ৺ %FTJHO NFUIPE GPS SFTPVSDFBXBSF TPॏXBSF ਃ৾ 4UFQT PG $&("3 ਃ৿ 4JNQMF PWFSBCTUSBDUJPO ਃਁ 4MJHIUMZ NPSF EFUBJMFE BCTUSBDUJPO ਃਂ 4UBUF PG SF੗OFE NPEFM HFOFSBUFE CZ ."(*$ ਃਃ &YDFSQU PG TJNQMJ੗FE PWFSBCTUSBDUJPO ৻৺৺ 4UFQT PG $&("3 ৻৺৿ &YBNQMF CFIBWJPS ৻৺਀. /a.

(16) 'JHVSF ৾৺ 'JHVSF ৾৻ 'JHVSF ৾ৼ 'JHVSF ৾৽ 'JHVSF ৾৾ 'JHVSF ৾৿ 'JHVSF ৾਀ 'JHVSF ৾ਁ 'JHVSF ৾ਂ 'JHVSF ৾ਃ 'JHVSF ৿৺ 'JHVSF ৿৻ 'JHVSF ৿ৼ 'JHVSF ৿৽ 'JHVSF ৿৾ 'JHVSF ৿৿ 'JHVSF ৿਀ 'JHVSF ৿ਁ 'JHVSF ৿ਂ 'JHVSF ৿ਃ. "DUVBM FOFSHZ DPOTVNQUJPO ৻৺਀ &YBNQMF FOFSHZ QSP੗MFT ৻৺ਁ 1SFDJTJPO PG FOFSHZ QSP੗MFT ৻৺ਁ +CDQQ NPEFM PG TPVSDF DPEF UP JMMVTUSBUF UIF TJ[F. ৻৻৽ +CDQQ NPEFM BॏFS HSPVQJOH ৻৻৾ 6ॶॶ११ॲ NPEFM ৻৻৿ 5SFQO QSP੗MF ৻৻਀ %FCVHHJOH PG B GVODUJPO DBMM VTJOH JOIFSJUBODF ৻ৼৼ $MBTT EJBHSBN PG EJTQBUDI TIPXO JO ੗HVSF ৾ਁ ৻ৼ৽ %Jਖ਼DVMU GVODUJPO DBMM VTJOH NVMUJQMF JOIFSJUBODF ৻ৼ৿ 3PPU PG UIF EJTQBUDI USFF TIPXO JO ੗HVSF ৾ਃ ৻ৼ਀ 4UBUJD EJTQBUDI FYBNQMF GPS UIF DMBTT TIPXO JO BQQFOEJY #ৼ৻ ৻ৼਂ $POTUSVDUJPO PG BO JOTUBODF PG N>85 OO ৻ৼਃ %JTQBUDI XIFO B DBMM JT BOOPUBUFE XJUI .8A58:V V/>:=AV/>: 5 ৻৽৺ 4UB੖ NFNCFS DMBTT EJBHSBN ৻৽৺ $MBTT BOE PCKFDU EJBHSBN PG B QSPGFTTPS ৻৽৽ &YBNQMF PG UFTUJOH $PPQ*** XJUI +6OJU ৻৾৽ +BWB JOUFHSBUJPO ৻৾਀ 7BSJPVT DPOUSPMMFST ৻৿৺ "OBMZTJT PG TDFOBSJP XJUI WBSJPVT OFUXPSL DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT ৻৿৻. 4 . N U = # U 4 N 5BCMF ৻ 5BCMF ৼ 5BCMF ৽ 5BCMF ৾ 5BCMF ৿ 5BCMF ਀ 5BCMF ਁ 5BCMF ਂ 5BCMF ਃ 5BCMF ৻৺. a. &YBNQMF NFTTBHF QSPQFSUJFT ৻ৼ $PNNPO NFTTBHF QSPQFSUJFT ৻৽ &YBNQMF PG UFSOBSZ PQFSBUPST ৻਀ #JOBSZ TFMFDUPS PQFSBUPST ৻ਁ "OOPUBUJPO PQFSBUPST JO BDUJPO TFMFDUPST ৻ਂ $POTUSBJOUT ৼ৺ %FMFHBUJPO WFSTVT DPODBUFOBUJPO ৽ਁ 7BSJBUJPOT PG WFSUJDBM MPPLVQ DPNCJOBUJPO ৽ਂ 4VQQPSUFE JOIFSJUBODF QSPQFSUJFT CZ WBSJPVT MBOHVBHFT 1BSBNFUFST PG UIF OFUXPSL ৻৾ਃ. ৾৺.

(17) 4.NU =# 4.NU.9'N -JTUJOH ৻ -JTUJOH ৼ -JTUJOH ৽ -JTUJOH ৾ -JTUJOH ৿ -JTUJOH ਀ -JTUJOH ਁ -JTUJOH ਂ -JTUJOH ਃ -JTUJOH ৻৺ -JTUJOH ৻৻ -JTUJOH ৻ৼ -JTUJOH ৻৽ -JTUJOH ৻৾ -JTUJOH ৻৿ -JTUJOH ৻਀ -JTUJOH ৻ਁ -JTUJOH ৻ਂ -JTUJOH ৻ਃ -JTUJOH ৼ৺ -JTUJOH ৼ৻ -JTUJOH ৼৼ -JTUJOH ৼ৽ -JTUJOH ৼ৾ -JTUJOH ৼ৿ -JTUJOH ৼ਀ -JTUJOH ৼਁ. 4JNQMF $PPQ DMBTT EF੗OJOH B TUSJOH QSF੗YFS ਃ 5SBEJUJPOBM VMc-j: 55c ৾਀ 'JSTUDMBTT VMc#/: 55c ৾਀ +BWBMJLF VMc-_/V,-MO>ZMO ৾ਁ 'JSTUDMBTT VMc-_/V,-MO>ZMO ৾ਁ 6TJOH USZ DBUDI ੗OBMMZ JO 4DBMB ৾ਃ 6TJOH USZ DBUDI ੗OBMMZ XJUI DPOUJOVBUJPOT ৾ਃ %F੗OJOH USZ DBUDI ੗OBMMZ XJUI DPOUJOVBUJPOT ৿৺ &YDFQUJPOT XJUI NVMUJQMF DBUDI CMPDLT ৿ৼ %F੗OJOH USZ DBUDI ੗OBMMZ BMMPXJOH NVMUJQMF DBUDI CMPDLT $BUDI CMPDL VTJOH SFUSZJOH FYDFQUJPOT ৿৾ $BUDI CMPDL VTJOH SFTVNJOH FYDFQUJPOT ৿৾ %F੗OJOH USZ DBUDI ੗OBMMZ BMMPXJOH DBUDI CMPDLT UP SFUSZ %FGBVMU TDPQJOH ৿ਁ %FTJSFE TDPQJOH ৿ਁ %F੗OJUJPO PG VMc#/: 55c ৿ਂ %F੗OJUJPO PG VMc^/V,LO>ZMO ৿ਂ %JTQBUDI GPS TUBUJD NFUIPE DBMMT ৻৽৾ %JTQBUDI PQUJPOBM ৻৽৿ .FUIPE JOIFSJUBODF ৻৽਀ 'JFME JOIFSJUBODF ৻৽ਂ )FMMP XPSME JO $PPQ*** ৻৾ৼ 6OJU UFTU JO $PPQ*** ৻৾৾ $ZDMJD BOOPUBUJPO " ৻৾৿ NBHJD@SVN/FUXPSL.BOBHFS@LFZ৽QZ ৻৿৾ य़F TDSJQU NBHJD@SVNQZ ৻৿৿ &YBNQMF +BWB DMBTT PO XIJDI XF BQQMZ $&("3 ৻৿ਂ. ৿৽. ৿৿. a/.

(18)

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(33) ҫEх ҝьЪ Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ ёѩ УЪҝЉёѡ. ҫEх ҫEхEѾ. ҝьЪ Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ ёѩ УЪҝЉёѡ >:/V/>: 4 :(Z (. " DPOEJUJPO JT FTTFOUJBMMZ B #PPMFBO FYQSFTTJPO PWFS QSPQFSUJFT PG UIF NFTTBHF *U DBO BMTP FYFDVUF NFTTBHF TFOET GPS FYBNQMF UP SFBE ੗FMET PG UIF PCKFDU JU JT QBSU PG #FDBVTF JO UIFPSZ BMM NFTTBHF TFMFDUPST XIJDI BSF DPOEJUJPOT XJMM CF FWBMVBUFE PO FWFSZ NFTTBHF TFOE JU JT JNQPSUBOU UP BMMPX PQUJNJ[BUJPO PG UIFTF DPOEJUJPOT य़FSFGPSF DPOEJUJPOT TIPVME CF GSFF PG TJEF F੖FDUT 8IFO BMM DPOEJUJPOT BSF TJEFF੖FDU GSFF UIF SVOUJNF FOWJSPONFOU DBOۘ XJUIPVU JO੘VFODJOH UIF SFTVMU PG UIF QSPHSBNۘPNJU FWBMVBUJPO PG BOZ DPOEJUJPO PG XIJDI JU IBT BMSFBEZ DPNQVUFE UIF SFTVMU #FDBVTF NFTTBHF TFOET BSF BMMPXFE JO DPOEJUJPOT $P PQ DBOOPU HVBSBOUFF UIBU DPOEJUJPOT BSF TJEFF੖FDU GSFF य़JT JT UIF SFTQPOTJCJMJUZ PG UIF QSPHSBNNFS $PPQ POMZ HVBSBOUFFT DPSSFDU CFIBWJPS JG BMM DPOEJUJPOT BSF TJEFF੖FDU GSFF 8IFO UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG FYQSFTTJPOT JT QFSGPSNFE MB[JMZ GSPN MFॏ UP SJHIU XIJDI JT UIF DBTF JO NBOZ QSPHSBNNJOH MBOHVBHFT JU JT VQ UP UIF QSPHSBNNFS UP XSJUF UIF DIFBQ DPNQBSJTPOT ੗STU )PXFWFS JO DPOEJUJPOT JU JT RVJUF EJਖ਼DVMU UP JEFOUJGZ XIJDI PQFSBUPST BSF DIFBQFTU CFDBVTF FWFSZ DPOEJUJPO POMZ TQFDJ੗FT B TNBMM QBSU PG UIF EJTQBUDI य़F QSPHSBNNFS JT VOBXBSF PG UIF UPUBM EJTQBUDI य़FSFGPSF UIF QSPHSBNNFS TIPVME OPU USZ UP PQUJNJ[F UIF UPUBM EJTQBUDI UIF FYFDVUJPO FOWJSPONFOU TIPVME QFSGPSN TVDI PQUJNJ[BUJPOT "O FYBNQMF PG TVDI BO PQUJNJ[BUJPO DPVME CF VUJMJ[JOH B CJOBSZ EFDJTJPO EJBHSBN PG BMM BDUJWBUFE TFMFDUPST XIJDI BMMPXT FWBMVBUJOH BT GFX DPOEJUJPOT BT QPTTJCMF *O PSEFS UP PQUJNJ[F UIF FYFDVUJPO FOWJSPONFOU TIPVME CF BCMF UP SFPSEFS UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG QSJNJUJWF FYQSFTTJPOT XIJDI BSF QBSU PG DPOEJUJPOT य़FSFGPSF UIF QSPHSBNNFS TIPVME OPU FYQFDU B TQFDJ੗D FWBMVBUJPO PSEFS CBTFE PO UIF PSEFS JO XIJDI FYQSFTTJPOT BSF EF੗OFE 5P EJTUJOHVJTI CFUXFFO UIF TFNBOUJDT PG DPNNPO #PPMFBO FYQSFTTJPOۘXIJDI HVBSBOUFF BO FWBMVBUJPO PSEFSۘBOE VOPSEFSFE CFIBWJPS XF VTF B EJ੖FSFOU TZOUBY GPS UIF #PPMFBO BOE BOE PS ] PQFSBUPST JOTJEF DPOEJUJPOT य़FTF PQFSBUPST EP OPU HVBSBOUFF UIF PSEFS PG FWBMVBUJPO PS UIBU UIF FWBMVBUJPO JT QFSGPSNFE MB[JMZ #FDBVTF BMM PQFSBOET BSF TJEFF੖FDU GSFF MB[JOFTT EPFT OPU JO੘VFODF UIF SFTVMU TP JU JT BO PQUJPOBM PQUJNJ[BUJPO TUSBUFHZ 8IFO VOPSEFSFE FWBMVBUJPO JT VTFE JU JT EFTJSFE UIBU FYQSFTTJPOT QPTTFT UIF $IVSDIۗ 3PTTFS QSPQFSUZ <ৼৼ ৻৺ৼ> ۠*G BO FYQSFTTJPO DBO CF FWBMVBUFE BU BMM JU DBO CF FWBMVBUFE CZ DPOTJTUFOUMZ VTJOH OPSNBMPSEFS FWBMVBUJPO *G BO FYQSFTTJPO DBO CF FWBMVBUFE JO TFWFSBM EJ੖FSFOU PSEFST UIFO BMM PG UIFTF FWBMVBUJPO PSEFST ZJFME UIF TBNF SFTVMUۡ #PPMFBO MPHJD JT OPU TVਖ਼DJFOU UP HVBSBOUFF UIJT QSPQFSUZ GPS VOPSEFSFE FWBMVBUJPO CF DBVTF EJTQBUDI DBO GBJM BOE XF EP OPU SFRVJSF UIBU BMM FYQSFTTJPOT BSF FWBMVBUFE य़VT TPNF FWBMVBUJPO PSEFST NJHIU GBJM XIFSFBT PUIFST TVDDFFE PG XIJDI BO FYBNQMF JT HJWFO JO UIF OFYU QBSBHSBQI 5P FOTVSF UIBU BMM FWBMVBUJPO PSEFST ZJFME UIF TBNF SFTVMU $PPQ VTFT UFSOBSZ MPHJD <਀৺> GPS FWBMVBUJOH DPOEJUJPOT य़JT NFBOT UIBU XF JOUSPEVDF BO BEEJUJPOBM USVUI WBMVF VOLOPXO 8F DBO UIJOL PG VOLOPXO BT B TFBMFE CPY DPOUBJOJOH FJUIFS VOBN CJHVPVTMZ USVF PS VOBNCJHVPVTMZ GBMTF 4PNF MPHJDBM PQFSBUPST DBO ZJFME BO VOBNCJHVPVT SFTVMU FWFO JG UIFZ JOWPMWF BO VOLOPXO PQFSBOE BT TIPXO JO UBCMF ৽ "O FYBNQMF PG B DPOEJUJPO SFRVJSJOH UFSOBSZ MPHJD XIFO FWBMVBUJPO JT VOPSEFSFE JT UIF GPMMPXJOH DPOEJUJPO "! :Z55 E5:(V, !! ѽӉ. Ѿр.

(34) Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ УЪмёѩёҝёѳѩ. VMZ VMZ VMZ $ 5O $ 5O $ 5O Z:3:>_: Z:3:>_: Z:3:>_:. VMZ $ 5O Z:3:>_: VMZ $ 5O Z:3:>_: VMZ $ 5O Z:3:>_:. a∧b VMZ $ 5O Z:3:>_: $ 5O $ 5O $ 5O Z:3:>_: $ 5O Z:3:>_:. a∨b VMZ VMZ VMZ VMZ $ 5O Z:3:>_: VMZ Z:3:>_: Z:3:>_:. U 5 Ҥ &YBNQMF PG UFSOBSZ PQFSBUPST. 8IFO FRVBMT :Z55 JU JT DMFBS UIBU UIF DPOEJUJPO TIPVME FWBMVBUF UP GBMTF BOE UIBU EJTQBUDIJOH E5:(V, XPVME GBJM 6TJOH MFॏ UP SJHIU TIPSUDJSDVJU FWBMVBUJPO SFTVMUT JO f alse ∧ . . . = f alse )PXFWFS XF EP OPU SFRVJSF MFॏ UP SJHIU FWBMVBUJPO TP UIF HJWFO DPOEJUJPO JT FRVBM UP E5:(V, !! ѽӉ "! :Z55. 8IFO FWBMVBUFE JO UIJT PSEFS E5:(V, XJMM CF FWBMVBUFE ੗STU XIJDI GBJMT य़VT XJUIPVU UIF VTF PG UFSOBSZ MPHJD VOPSEFSFE TIPSUDJSDVJU FWBMVBUJPO DBO ZJFME EJ੖FSFOU SFTVMUT GPS EJ੖FSFOU QFSNJTTJCMF FYFDVUJPO PSEFST य़FSFGPSF XF EF੗OF UIF SFUVSO WBMVF PG B GBJMJOH EJTQBUDI UP CF VOLOPXO /PX FWBMVBUJPO XJMM SFTVMU JO. = = =. unknown ≡ 10 unknown unknown. ∧ a ≡ null ∧ a ≡ null ∧ f alse f alse.. 8IFO MPPLJOH BU UIF VOPSEFSFE PS PQFSBUPS XF TFF UIBU UIF SFTVMU PG CPUI PSEFST JT BMTP UIF TBNF !! :Z55 E5:(V, !! ѽӉ. 6TJOH MFॏ UP SJHIU TIPSUDJSDVJU FWBMVBUJPO XIFO FRVBMT :Z55 SFTVMUT JO true ∨ . . . = true य़F HJWFO DPOEJUJPO JT FRVBM UP E5:(V, !! ѽӉ !! :Z55. &WBMVBUJPO PG UIJT PSEFS XJMM SFTVMU JO. = = =. unknown ≡ 10 unknown unknown. ∨ a ≡ null ∨ a ≡ null ∨ true true.. #FTJEFT UIF PQFSBUPST FYQMBJOFE BCPWF B NFTTBHF TFMFDUPS DBO VTF OPSNBM CJOBSZ PQFS BUPST BOE B TQFDJBM BOOPUBUJPO PQFSBUPS य़F QPTTJCMF PQFSBUJPOT BSF MJTUFE JO UBCMF ৾ य़F BOOPUBUJPO PQFSBUPS JT QSPWJEFE CFDBVTF BOOPUBUJPOT BSF BO JNQPSUBOU QSPQFSUZ PG NFTTBHFT. ѾҚ.

(35) ҫEх ҝьЪ Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ ёѩ УЪҝЉёѡ 8 V,/:( VcA 5 ec :>M8 5 ::>V V/>: AMO:. >AM V>MO. | !! "! < > <= >= !! "!. 5,O >1V >1V 8OO (. M,O >1V >1V ::>V V/>: 8 V,/:( aAMOO/>:. U 5 х #JOBSZ TFMFDUPS PQFSBUPST. BEEJOH BOOPUBUJPOT JT UIF XBZ GPS QSPHSBNNFST UP BEE BEEJUJPOBM JOGPSNBUJPO UP B NFTTBHF TFOE *O PSEFS UP DIFDL GPS QSFTFODF PS BCTFODF PG TPNF BOOPUBUJPO SFTQFDUJWFMZ VTF POF PG UIF GPMMPXJOH FYQSFTTJPOT ৻ ৼ. 8OO ( !! N>8::>V V/>: 8OO ( "! N>8::>V V/>:. $IFDLJOH UIBU UIF BOOPUBUJPO IBT DFSUBJO QBSBNFUFS WBMVFT JT BMTP QPTTJCMF ৻ ৼ. 8OO ( !! N>8::>V V/>:B: 8 !! JN>89 8JC 8OO ( !! N>8::>V V/>:BAM/>M/Vc * фC. LZMO/>: ]>/ : *O੗OJUF SFDVSTJPO JT FBTJMZ HFOFSBUFE CZ NFTTBHF TFMFDUPST 'PS FYBNQMF CZ UIF GPMMPXJOH DPOEJUJPO XIJDI JT VTFE GPS EF੗OJOH JOIFSJUBODF 8OO (2/: !! J4>>3ZAJ V M(V !! V,/OE,/5. य़JT DPOEJUJPO XJMM HFOFSBUF B NFTTBHF TFOE GPS SFBEJOH UIF ੗FME ,/5 *O PSEFS UP QSPDFTT UIBU NFTTBHF BMM NFTTBHF TFMFDUPST JODMVEJOH UIF POF KVTU HJWFO TIPVME CF FWBMVBUFE य़JT XJMM SFTVMU JO UIF TBNF NFTTBHF TFOE BHBJO DBVTJOH JO੗OJUF SFDVSTJPO #FDBVTF NFTTBHF TFMFDUPST BSF TJEFF੖FDU GSFF UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG B NFTTBHF TFMFDUPST EPFT OPU DIBOHF UIF TUBUF PG UIF TZTUFN य़F CFIBWJPS PG B NFTTBHF TFOE JT POMZ JO੘VFODFE CZ UIF TUBUF PG UIF TZTUFN BOE UIF NFTTBHF JUTFMG 8IFO NFTTBHF TFMFDUPST HFOFSBUF NFTTBHFT SFDVSTJWFMZ UIF TUBUF SFNBJOT UIF TBNF य़VT JG UIF NFTTBHF CFJOH QSPDFTTFE JT HFOFSBUFE BHBJO SFDVSTJWFMZ JU XJMM BMXBZT SFTVMU JO JO੗OJUF SFDVSTJPO XIJDI JT OFWFS EFTJSFE 5P BWPJE TVDI JO੗OJUF SFDVSTJPO XF EF੗OF UIBU XIFOFWFS EVSJOH UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG B NFT TBHF TFMFDUPS B OFX NFTTBHF JT HFOFSBUFE XIJDI JT FYBDUMZ UIF TBNF BT BOZ PG UIF NFTTBHFT DBVTJOH UIF FWBMVBUJPO PG UIJT TFMFDUPS UIF SFTVMU PG UIJT TFMFDUPS JT VOLOPXO य़JT BWPJET UIF NPTU DPNNPO JO੗OJUF SFDVSTJPO *O UIF FYBNQMF HJWFO BU UIF CFHJOOJOH PG UIJT QBSBHSBQI OPX UIF HJWFO TFMFDUPS XJMM CF DBODFMFE GPS UIF NFTTBHF TFOE GPS SFBEJOH UIF ੗FME ,/5 TP UIF ੗FME SFBE DBO IBQQFO OPSNBMMZ 4FF 5F #SJOLF <1৻> GPS NPSF EFUBJMT PO SFDVSTJPO BWPJEBODF ҫEхEҫ. 7OO ( L_M/V 4 :(Z (. " NFTTBHF SFXSJUF DSFBUFT B DPQZ PG UIF PSJHJOBM NFTTBHF NPEJ੗FT JU BOE SFTFOET UIJT NPE J੗FE NFTTBHF य़F NPEJ੗DBUJPO PG UIF DPQZ DBO CF EPOF VTJOH BTTJHONFOUT. Ѿҕ.

(36) Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ УЪмёѩёҝёѳѩ =AM V>M F! -!. V/>: O V, (/]: ::>V V/>: V> V, ::>V V/>:O >$ V, 8OO (E L8>]O V, (/]: ::>V V/>: $M>8 V, ::>V V/>:O >$ V, 8OO (E U 5 р "OOPUBUJPO PQFSBUPST JO BDUJPO TFMFDUPST. 8cN5V>M ! 8OO (E: 8P. य़F MFॏ IBOE TJEF PG UIF BTTJHONFOU SFGFSFODFT B QSPQFSUZ PG UIF OFX NFTTBHF XIJDI TIPVME CF TFU य़F SJHIU IBOE TJEF JT BO FYQSFTTJPO JO UIJT DBTF B NFTTBHF TFOE GPS SFBEJOH UIF ੗FME : 8 PG UIF PSJHJOBM NFTTBHF 'PS BOOPUBUJPOT TQFDJBM PQFSBUPST BSF QSPWJEFE XIJDI DBO CF VTFE BT GPMMPXT 8OO ( F! 7c::>V V/>:P. य़F MFॏ IBOE TJEF JT BMXBZT 8OO ( BT XF BSF DIBOHJOH UIF BOOPUBUJPOT PG UIF DPQZ PG UIF NFTTBHF य़F SJHIU IBOE TJEF JT BO FYQSFTTJPO XIJDI SFUVSOT BO BOOPUBUJPO *O UIJT FYBNQMF XF TJNQMZ VTFE BO BOOPUBUJPO MJUFSBM य़F QPTTJCMF PQFSBUPST BSF TIPXO JO UBCMF ৿ #FTJEFT BTTJHOJOH WBMVFT UP QSPQFSUJFT JU JT BMTP QPTTJCMF UP SFNPWF B QSPQFSUZ GSPN UIF NFTTBHF M8>] 8cN5V>MP. /POF PG UIFTF PQFSBUJPOT JO੘VFODF UIF PSJHJOBM NFTTBHF य़VT FWFO BॏFS SFNPWJOH B QSPQFSUZ GSPN UIF SFXSJ॒FO NFTTBHF JU XJMM TUJMM CF BWBJMBCMF PO UIF PSJHJOBM NFTTBHF ҫEхEҤ. >:OVM /:V 4 :(Z (. .VMUJQMF DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST DBO BQQMZ BU UIF TBNF UJNF *O PSEFS UP FYQSFTT SFMBUJPOT BNPOH UIFTF PQFSBUPST XF VTF DPOTUSBJOUT $PPQ NPEFMT DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST BT CJOEJOH DMBTTFT य़FSFGPSF DPOTUSBJOUT BSF FYQSFTTFE PWFS CJOEJOH DMBTTFT " DPOTUSBJOU TQFDJ੗FT B SFMBUJPO CFUXFFO UXP CJOEJOH DMBTTFT 'PS FYBNQMF pre( A, B) TQFDJ੗FT B QSFDFEFODF SFMBUJPO CFUXFFO CJOEJOH " BOE CJOEJOH # य़F NFBOJOH PG BMM DPO TUSBJOUT QSPWJEFE CZ $PPQ XJMM CF FYQMBJOFE JO UIJT TFDUJPO य़F DPOTUSBJOUT VTFE CZ $PPQ BSF CBTFE PO UIF POFT QSFTFOUFE CZ /BHZ <਀ਃ> $PPQ QSPWJEFT UXP UZQFT PG DPOTUSBJOUT PSEFSJOH BOE DPOUSPM DPOTUSBJOUT 0SEFSJOH DPOTUSBJOUT JO੘VFODF UIF FYFDVUJPO PSEFS POMZ UIFZ EP OPU JO੘VFODF XIBU XJMM CF FYFDVUFE $POUSPM DPOTUSBJOUT EP UIF DPNQMFNFOU UIFZ FYQSFTT XIBU XJMM CF FYFDVUFE XJUIPVU JO੘VFODJOH UIF FYFDVUJPO PSEFS /BHZ EPFT OPU NBLF UIJT EJTUJODUJPO IJT DPOUSPM DPOTUSBJOUT DBO JO੘VFODF UIF FYFDVUJPO PSEFS BOE WJDF WFSTB 8F FYQMJDJUMZ EFDPVQMFE UIFTF UXP DPODFSOT CFDBVTF XF UIJOL JU JT CF॒FS UP BEESFTT UIFN TFQBSBUFMZ #JOEJOH QSFTFODF BOE TVDDFTT BSF DMPTFMZ SFMBUFE BT TIPXO JO TFDUJPO ৼ৽ य़FSFGPSF XF IBWF DIPTFO UIF DPOTUSBJOUT UP IBWF UIF TBNF PVUDPNF PO CJOEJOH BCTFODF BOE GBJMVSF 5P BDIJFWF UIJT XF VTFۘGSPN UIF DPOTUSBJOUT QSFTFOUFE CZ /BHZۘBT PSEFSJOH DPOTUSBJOU UIF TPॏ pre BOE BT DPOUSPM DPOTUSBJOUT UIF IBSE cond BOE IBSE skip य़JT SFTVMUT JO UIF GPMMPXJOH DPOTUSBJOUT. • p@pre( A, B) POMZ BMMPXT UIF FYFDVUJPO PG B XIFO A IBT CFFO FYFDVUFE BMSFBEZ PS XJMM OPU CF FYFDVUFE BU BMM. Ѿе.

(37) ҫEх ҝьЪ Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ ёѩ УЪҝЉёѡ. • cond( A, B) POMZ BMMPXT UIF FYFDVUJPO PG B XIFO A JT BQQMJDBCMF • p@skip( A, B) POMZ BMMPXT UIF FYFDVUJPO PG B XIFO A JT OPU BQQMJDBCMF ҝ҈ЉѩҍёҝёҸёҝҿ 4PNF DPOTUSBJOUT BSF OPU USBOTJUJWF 'PS FYBNQMF p@skip JT OPU USBOTJUJWF p@skip( A, B) ∧ p@skip( B, C ) EPFT BMMPX UIF FYFDVUJPO PG A BOE C PS UIF FYFDVUJPO PG B PS BOZ TVCTFU UIFSFP৐ *O HFOFSBM TLJQ JT VTFE UP TQFDJGZ PWFSSJEJOH SFMBUJPOT XIJDI NFBOT UIBU POMZ B TJOHMF NFUIPE TIPVME CF FYFDVUFE TFF 5F #SJOLF <1৻> GPS NPSF EFUBJMT " USBOTJUJWF skip DPOTUSBJOU TQFDJ੗FT TVDI BO PWFSSJEJOH SFMBUJPO य़FSFGPSF XF DPOTJEFS USBOTJUJWJUZ B EFTJSFE QSPQFSUZ BOE DBMM UIF OPO USBOTJUJWF DPOTUSBJOUT QSJNJUJWF य़JT JT EFOPUFE CZ VTJOH UIF QSF੗Y p@ CFGPSF UIF OBNFT PG OPO USBOTJUJWF DPOTUSBJOUT ИѳѩУ य़F USBOTJUJWJUZ PG cond GPMMPXT GSPN JUT EF੗OJUJPO "TTVNF UIBU XF IBWF EF੗OFE cond( A, B) BOE cond( B, C ) UIFO USBOTJUJWJUZ SFRVJSFT UIBU cond( A, C ) IPMET 0OMZ XIFO A JT OPU BQQMJDBCMF BOE C JT BQQMJDBCMF cond( A, C ) XPVME OPU CF TBUJT੗FE य़FSFGPSF XF DPOTJEFS POMZ TJUVBUJPOT XIFSF A JT OPU BQQMJDBCMF 8IFO A JT OPU BQQMJDBCMF B DBOOPU CF BQQMJDBCMF CFDBVTF PG cond( A, B) 4JNJMBS C DBOOPU CF BQQMJDBCMF EVF UP cond( B, C ) य़VT XIFO A JT OPU BQQMJDBCMF C JT OPU BQQMJDBCMF FJUIFS य़JT NFBOT UIBU cond( A, C ) IPMET TP XF DBO DPODMVEF. • cond JT USBOTJUJWF cond( A, B) ∧ cond( B, C ) ⇒ cond( A, C ) ҄҈Ъ 'PS pre UIJT JT EJ੖FSFOU #Z JUTFMG p@pre JT OPU USBOTJUJWF 'PS FYBNQMF XIFO XF EF ੗OF p@pre( A, B) BOE p@pre( B, C ) BOE B JT BCTFOU p@pre( A, C ) NJHIU OPU IPME " QPTTJCMF FYFDVUJPO PSEFS XPVME CF C, A य़JT FYFDVUJPO PSEFS TBUJT੗FT CPUI EF੗OFE DPOTUSBJOUT CVU OPU UIF DPOTUSBJOU JNQMJFE CZ USBOTJUJWJUZ )PXFWFS XF IBWF EF੗OFE pre UP CF USBOTJUJWF य़JT USBOTJUJWJUZ DBO CF FOTVSFE CZ DBMDV MBUJOH UIF USBOTJUJWF DMPTVSF PWFS BMM pre DPOTUSBJOUT 8IFO UIJT JT EPOF UIFSF JT OP OFFE UP BEE BOZ BEEJUJPOBM LJOE PG DPOTUSBJOU FWFSZ pre DPOTUSBJOU DBO CF IBOEMFE BT B QSJNJUJWF POF य़F SFTVMU JT. • pre JT USBOTJUJWF pre( A, B) ∧ pre( B, C ) ⇒ pre( A, C ) ҍџё҄ "T XF TBX FBSMJFS p@skip JT OPU USBOTJUJWF XIJDI NJHIU SFTVMU JO VOEFTJSFE CFIBWJPS य़FSFGPSF XF BMTP QSPWJEF B USBOTJUJWF WFSTJPO PG TLJQ. • skip JT USBOTJUJWF skip( A, B) ∧ skip( B, C ) ⇒ skip( A, C ) *O UPUBM XF IBWF EF੗OFE ੗WF DPOTUSBJOUT BMM MJTUFE JO UBCMF ਀ )PXFWFS XF IBWF POMZ UISFF CBTJD LJOET PG DPOTUSBJOUT CFDBVTF UIF USBOTJUJWF pre BOE skip DBO CF EF੗OFE JO UFSNT PG UIF QSJNJUJWF WFSTJPO PG UIFTF DPOTUSBJOUT 8IFO UIFSF BSF DPO੘JDUT CFUXFFO DPOTUSBJOUT JU DBO CF JNQPTTJCMF UP JEFOUJGZ XIJDI CJOE JOHT TIPVME CF FYFDVUFE JO XIBU PSEFS "O FYBNQMF JT XIFO pre( A, B) BOE pre( B, A) BSF CPUI QSFTFOU *O TVDI B DBTF BO FYDFQUJPO XJMM CF UISPXO. ѾѰ.

(38) Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ УЪмёѩёҝёѳѩ >:OVM /:V A[AMBC AMBC >:BC A[O3/ABC O3/ABC. 7 :/:( @M/>M/V/eO aZV/>: >$ /:/:( >]M aZV/>: >$ /:/:( E .8 ZV VM :O/V/]E 55>_O aZV/>: >$ /:/:( B >:5c /$ /:/:( A /O AA5/ 5E N3/AO aZV/>: >$ /:/:( B /$ /:/:( A /O AA5/ 5E .8 ZV VM :O/V/]E U 5 Қ $POTUSBJOUT. O3/A α $ Z5V/:/:(. β2 β1 ]/MVZ 5/:/:(. #/(ZM р &YBNQMF PG UIF skip(EFGBVMU#JOEJOH, WJSUVBM#JOEJOH) DPOTUSBJOU. >:OVM /:VO + :5 /:/:( .:OV :O 8F IBWF OPX TFFO UIF JOUFOUJPO PG UIF EJ੖FSFOU DPOTUSBJOUT )PXFWFS CFDBVTF DPOTUSBJOUT BSF FYQSFTTFE CFUXFFO CJOEJOH DMBTTFT UIFZ IBWF UP IBOEMF B TFU PG CJOEJOH JOTUBODFT BU SVOUJNF य़VT JO PSEFS UP EF੗OF UIF TFNBOUJDT PG DPOTUSBJOUT NPSF QSFDJTFMZ XF IBWF UP UBLF JOUP DPOTJEFSBUJPO UIBU UIFZ XPSL PWFS TFUT 'PS FYBNQMF JO ੗HVSF ৿ BSF UXP JOTUBODFT PG UIF WJSUVBM CJOEJOH BOE B TJOHMF EFGBVMU CJOEJOH #FUXFFO UIF UXP CJOEJOH DMBTTFT UIF GPMMPXJOH DPOTUSBJOU JT EF੗OFE O3/AB$ Z5V/:/:( ]/MVZ 5/:/:(CP. 6TJOH UIJT OPUJPO PG B TFU PG CJOEJOH JOTUBODFT XF EF੗OF UIF QSFDJTF TFNBOUJDT PG DPO TUSBJOUT BT GPMMPXT. • pre( A, B) POMZ BMMPXT UIF FYFDVUJPO PG β ∈ B XIFO ∀α∈ A α JT BQQMJDBCMF ⇒ α IBT CFFO FYFDVUFE BMSFBEZ • cond( A, B) POMZ BMMPXT UIF FYFDVUJPO PG β ∈ B XIFO ∃α∈ A α JT BQQMJDBCMF • skip( A, B) EPFT OPU BMMPX UIF FYFDVUJPO PG β ∈ B XIFO ∃α∈ A α JT BQQMJDBCMF य़F TFNBOUJDT PG pre( A, B) BSF BMTP TIPXO JO ੗HVSF ਀ *U TIPXT UIBU BMM FMFNFOUT GSPN A UIF MFॏ TFU TIPVME IBWF CFFO FYFDVUFE CFGPSF BOZ FMFNFOU PG B UIF SJHIU TFU DBO CF FYFDVUFE 'PS cond( A, B) BOE skip( A, B) XF TFF JO ੗HVSFT ਁ BOE ਂ UIBU UIF BQQMJDBCJMJUZ PG BOZ FMFNFOU GSPN A JT FOPVHI UP SFTQFDUJWFMZ BMMPX PS DBODFM UIF FYFDVUJPO PG BMM FMFNFOUT PG B >:OVM /:V V/] V/>: 0OMZ BDUJWBUFE DPOTUSBJOUT BSF VTFE CZ UIF SVOUJNF $POTUSBJOU BDUJWBUJPO JT UIF TBNF BT CJOEJOH BDUJWBUJPO "O FYBNQMF JT UIF GPMMPXJOH UIF DPOTUSBJOU. ҫӋ.

(39) ҫEх ҝьЪ Иѳ-ѳ҄ ѡЉѩчҭЉчЪ ёѩ УЪҝЉёѡ AM AM AM #/(ZM Қ 8PSLJOH PG QSF DPOTUSBJOU. >:. O3/A. #/(ZM ҕ 8PSLJOH PG DPOE DPOTUSBJOU. #/(ZM е 8PSLJOH PG TLJQ DPOTUSBJOU. >:OVM /:V /:,M/V :>:OVM /:V ! O3/AB$ Z5V/:/:( ]/MVZ 5/:/:(CP. य़JT DPOTUSBJOU DBO CF BDUJWBUF CZ DBMMJOH /:,M/V :>:OVM /:VBCE V/] VBCP. %FBDUJWBUJPO XPSLT TJNJMBS /:,M/V :>:OVM /:VBCE V/] VBCP. *O HFOFSBM JU JT EFTJSFE UP BDUJWBUF UIF DPOTUSBJOUT CFGPSF BDUJWBUJOH UIF CJOEJOHT PG B DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPS $POTUSBJOUT IBWF OP JO੘VFODF PO UIF SVOUJNF XIFO UIF CJOEJOHT UIFZ BSF TQFDJ੗FE PO BSF OPU BDUJWBUFE )PXFWFS CJOEJOHT NJHIU DBVTF VOJOUFOEFE CFIBWJPS XIFO BDUJWBUFE XJUIPVU BDUJWBUJPO PG UIF EFTJSFE DPOTUSBJOUT. ҫѾ.

(40)

(41) 3. =7@=N.9' +\.=L. य़JT DIBQUFS JT CBTFE PO PVS QVCMJDBUJPO ۠'SFF $PNQPTJUJPO *OTUFBE PG -BOHVBHF %JDUBUPS TIJQۡ <1਀> XIJDI XBT QSFTFOUFE BU UIF ਁUI *OUFSOBUJPOBM $POGFSFODF PO 4PॏXBSF 1BSBEJHN 5SFOET *U FYQMBJOT UIF JEFB CFIJOE $PPQۘXIZ JT B MBOHVBHF XJUI ੗STUDMBTT DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST OFFEFE ۘBOE JOUSPEVDFT UIF TJNQMFTU LJOE PG DPNQPTJUJPO DPNQPTJOH CFIBWJPS 5P TJNQMJGZ UIF EFWFMPQNFOU BOE NBJOUFOBODF PG FOFSHZBXBSF TPॏXBSF UIF EFTJHOFS TIPVME CF BCMF UP TFQBSBUF UIF FOFSHZ BOE GVODUJPOBM DPODFSOT JO QBSUJDVMBS 'PS B QSPHSBN NJOH MBOHVBHF UIBU GBDJMJUBUFT CPUI TFQBSBUJOH DPODFSOT JOUP NPEVMFT BOE DPNQPTJOH TVDI NPEVMFT JO HFOFSBM XF EF੗OF UIF GPMMPXJOH UXP SFRVJSFNFOUT ৻ &YQSFTTJWJUZ ৼ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ҤEѾ. Иѳѧ҄ѳҍёҝёѳѩ. %FDPNQPTJOH TPॏXBSF JOUP NPEVMFT JT OPU FOPVHI UP BDIJFWF NPEVMBS TPॏXBSF 'PS B TZT UFN UP XPSL XFMM UIF SFMBUJPOT BNPOH NPEVMFT SFRVJSF BT NVDI EFTJHO BOE EFWFMPQNFOU B॒FOUJPO BT UIF NPEVMFT <ਃ৺> *G NPEVMFT BSF OPU DPNQPTBCMF UIF SFMBUJPOT BNPOH NPE VMFT CFDPNF DPNQMFY य़VT QSPHSBNNJOH MBOHVBHFT NVTU TVQQPSU DPNQPTBCMF NPEVMFT $PNQPTJUJPO FYJTUT JO TFWFSBM WBSJBOUT. • #FIBWJPS TVDI BT NFUIPE DBMMT BOE CFIBWJPS DPNQPTJUJPO UISPVHI USBJUT • %BUB TVDI BT WBSJBCMF BDDFTT BOE PCKFDU DPNQPTJUJPO UISPVHI JOIFSJUBODF • $POUSPM ੘PX TVDI BT MPPQT BOE FYDFQUJPO IBOEMJOH. ҫҤ.

(42) Иѳѧ҄ѳҍёѩч ЖЪьЉҸёѳ҈ ҤEѾEѾ. a 8A5O >$ aA5//V >8A>O/V/>: 7, :/O8O. 1SPHSBNNJOH MBOHVBHFT৻ P੖FS FYQMJDJU BOE JNQMJDJU NFBOT UP FYQSFTT DPNQPTJUJPO PG BCTUSBD UJPOT XIJDI NFBOT UIBU UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG B DPNQPTFE BCTUSBDUJPO BSF FYQSFTTFE JO UFSNT PG UIF DIBSBDUFSJTUJDT PG POF PS NPSF FYJTUJOH BCTUSBDUJPOT BOE QPTTJCMZ BEEJUJPOBM TQFDJ੗ DBUJPOT 'PS FYBNQMF GVODUJPO DPNQPTJUJPO JO GVODUJPOBM QSPHSBNNJOH TVDI BT f ( g()) FYQSFTTFT UIBUۘUIF CFIBWJPS PGۘ f BOE g BSF DPNQPTFE CZ VTJOH UIF SFTVMU PG g BT BO BSHV NFOU PG f 4JNJMBSMZ GVODUJPO JOWPDBUJPO TVDI BT UIF DBMM UP q JO p(){ p1 ; q(); p2 } JT VTFE UP EF੗OF QBSU PG UIF CFIBWJPS PG B QSPDFEVSF p JO UFSNT PG UIF CFIBWJPS PG q *O UIJT TFOTF UIF GVODUJPO JOWPDBUJPO FYQSFTTFT UIBU UIF CFIBWJPS PG p JT B DPNQPTJUJPO PG UIF CFIBWJPS PG p1 q() BOE p2 "OPUIFS FYBNQMF JT PCKFDU BHHSFHBUJPO BMTP SFGFSSFE UP BT PCKFDU DPNQPTJ UJPO UIJT FYQSFTTFT IPX B OFX PCKFDU TUSVDUVSF JT EF੗OFE BT FH UIF VOJPO PG PUIFS PCKFDU TUSVDUVSFT *O UZQJDBM PCKFDUPSJFOUFE MBOHVBHFT UIF GPMMPXJOH DPNQPTJUJPO NFDIBOJTNT BSF BWBJMBCMF CFIBWJPS DPNQPTJUJPO UISPVHI NFTTBHF QBTTJOH DG GVODUJPO JOWPDBUJPO PCKFDU BHHSFHBUJPO BOE JOIFSJUBODF य़F TJNQMFTU DPNQPTJUJPOT BSF CJOBSZ TVDI BT GVODUJPO JOWPDBUJPO BOE TJOHMF JOIFSJUBODF XIJDI DPNQPTF UXP GVODUJPOT PS UXP DMBTTFT SFTQFDUJWFMZ )PXFWFS O BSZ DPNQPTJUJPOT UIBU JOWPMWF NVMUJQMF DPNQPOFOUT BSF BMTP JNQPSUBOU <ਃ৺> &YBNQMFT BSF NVMUJQMF JOIFSJUBODF BOE QPJOUDVUBEWJDF DPNQPTJUJPO JO "01 <৿ਂ> XIJDI DPNQPTF NVMUJQMF DMBTTFT PS NVMUJQMF BEWJDFT SFTQFDUJWFMZ ҤEѾEҫ. .8A5//V >8A>O/V/>: 7, :/O8O. $PNQPTJUJPO JT OPU OFDFTTBSJMZ JNQMFNFOUFE EJSFDUMZ CZ MBOHVBHF DPOTUSVDUT GPS FYBN QMF NBOZ EFTJHO QB॒FSOT <৾৽> EFTDSJCF IPX B TFU PG PCKFDUT JOUFSBDU UP DSFBUF B DPIFSFOU OFX CFIBWJPS B DPNQPTJUJPO PG UIF QBSUJDJQBUJOH PCKFDUT य़JT DPNQPTJUJPO JT UZQJDBMMZ SFBMJ[FE CZ B TFU PG DPEF TOJQQFUT EJTUSJCVUFE PWFS UIF QBSUJDJQBUJOH PCKFDUT XIJDI NVTU CF SFJNQMFNFOUFE GPS FWFSZ EFTJHO QB॒FSO JOTUBOUJBUJPO <ਁ৽ ਃਃ> XF SFGFS UP UIFTF DPEF TOJQQFUT BT HMVF DPEF 1B॒FSOT DBO CF TFFO BT BQQMJDBUJPO UFNQMBUFT PS NJOJ BSDIJUFDUVSFT य़FJS BEWBOUBHF JT UIBU QB॒FSOT DBO CF FYQSFTTFEۘUISPVHI HMVF DPEFۘJO FYJTUJOH MBOHVBHFT XIFSFBT PUIFS DPNQPTJUJPO NFDIBOJTN SFRVJSF MBOHVBHF DPOTUSVDUT )PXFWFS HMVF DPEF IBT TFWFSBM EJTBEWBOUBHFT. • *U PCGVTDBUFT UIF EFTJHO JOTUFBE PG TQFDJGZJOH UIF SFMBUJPO PG UXP PS NPSF NPEVMFT FYQMJDJUMZ HMVF DPEF EF੗OFT UIF DPNQPTJUJPO JNQFSBUJWFMZ #FDBVTF HMVF DPEF JT TDBU UFSFE PWFS NVMUJQMF QBSUJDJQBUJOH NPEVMFT UIF EFTJHO JOUFOUJPO CFDPNFT FWFO NPSF JNQMJDJU • *U JT EJਖ਼DVMU UP EFWFMPQ BOE NBJOUBJO "MUIPVHI QB॒FSOT BSF JO HFOFSBM OPU DPNQMJ DBUFE UIFJS DPSSFDUOFTT NBZ OPU CF FBTJMZ FOGPSDFE PXJOH UP UIF EJTUSJCVUJPO PG DPEF EVQMJDBUFT PWFS TFWFSBM MPDBUJPOT ৻ 8IFOFWFS XF UBML BCPVU MBOHVBHFT UIJT TIPVME CF JOUFSQSFUFE CSPBEMZ UP BOZ NFBOT PG TQFDJGZJOH NBDIJOF FYFDVUBCMF CFIBWJPS. ҫх.

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(44) Иѳѧ҄ѳҍёѩч ЖЪьЉҸёѳ҈ ॲ१३ॱ ॵ६ ॺॸ१३५१२९ॲ९ॺॿ CFDBVTF UIF JOUFOEFE DPNQPTJUJPO IBT UP CF SFQMBDFE XJUI B XPSL BSPVOE UZQJDBMMZ JOWPMWJOH BEEJUJPOBM ۜHMVF DPEF‫۝‬ ॲ१३ॱ ॵ६ ॳ१९ॴॺ१९ॴ१२९ॲ९ॺॿ CFDBVTF UIF HMVF DPEF JT VTVBMMZ TQFDJ੗D UP UIF DPOUFYU BOE IBT UP CF BEEFE JO NVMUJQMF MPDBUJPOT XIFSF JU JT BMTP UBOHMFE XJUI UIF GVODUJPOBMJUZ ९ॴ३ॸ५१ॹ५४ १३३९४५ॴॺ१ॲ ३ॵॳॶॲ५ॾ९ॺॿ CFDBVTF TUSBJHIUGPSXBSE DPNQPTJUJPOT BU UIF DPODFQ UVBM MFWFM IBWF UP CF SFBMJ[FE CZ NPSF DPNQMJDBUFE DPEF UIBU JOUSPEVDFT BEEJUJPOBM EFQFOEFODJFT " MBOHVBHF UIBU P੖FST NFDIBOJTNT UP JNQMFNFOU MJCSBSJFT PG DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST GBDJM JUBUFT MBOHVBHF FYQFSUT UP EF੗OF OFX DPNQPTJUJPOT BOE IJEF UIF DPNQMFYJUZ PG UIFJS JNQMF NFOUBUJPO CFIJOE BO "1* PS MJCSBSZ 3FHVMBS QSPHSBNNFST DBO TJNQMZ VTF UIF DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST XJUIPVU CFJOH CPUIFSFE XJUI UIFJS JNQMFNFOUBUJPO PS UIF GBDJMJUJFT P੖FSFE CZ UIF MBOHVBHF TQFDJ੗D GPS JNQMFNFOUJOH DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST QSPHSBNNFST DBO TJNQMZ JOTUBO UJBUF DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST BT OFFEFE. ҤEҤ. ҍИѳ҄Ъ ЉѩУ Љҍҍҭѧ҄ҝёѳѩҍ. 0VS BQQSPBDI BMMPXT GSFF DPNQPTJUJPO JO DPOUSBTU UP MBOHVBHFT UIBU MJNJU DPNQPTJUJPO UP B GFX NFDIBOJTNT 8F QSPQPTF MBOHVBHF GBDJMJUJFT XIFSF UIF BQQSPQSJBUF DPNQPTJUJPO NFDI BOJTNT DBO CF EF੗OFE BQQMJFE BOE SFVTFE #FGPSF FYQMBJOJOH UIJT BQQSPBDI JO NPSF EFUBJM XF ੗STU EJTDVTT UIF TDPQF PG PVS TPMVUJPO BQQSPBDI BOE PVS BTTVNQUJPOT य़JT EJTDVTTJPO TIPVME BMTP IFMQ UP EJTUJOHVJTI PVS XPSL GSPN WBSJPVT BSFBT PG SFMBUFE XPSL "MUIPVHI OPU FTTFOUJBM UP UIF HFOFSBM JEFB XF GPDVT PO PCKFDUCBTFE MBOHVBHFT XIJDI TVQQPSU FODBQTVMBUJPO BOE NFTTBHF QBTTJOH *O UIJT DPOUFYU UIF ੗STUDMBTT FOUJUJFT BSF PC KFDUT TP DPNQPTJUJPO SFGFST UP DPNQPTJUJPO PG PCKFDUT 0VS BQQSPBDI JT OPU CBTFE PO GVMM SF੘FDUJPO BMUIPVHI UIBU JT B WFSZ QPXFSGVM UFDIOJRVF SF੘FDUJPOCBTFE TPMVUJPOT UFOE UP CF WFSZ IBSE UP PSHBOJ[F BOE NBOBHF BOE IFODF BSF OPU TVJUBCMF GSPN B TDBMBCJMJUZ QPJOUPGWJFX *O QBSUJDVMBS CVJMEJOH GVMMZ SF੘FDUJWF TPMVUJPOT UIBU BSF BMTP DPNQPTBCMF BOE FYUFOTJCMF SFRVJSFT B TVCTUBOUJBM BNPVOU PG F੖PSU BOE EJTDJQMJOF GPS UIF JOWPMWFE TPॏXBSF FOHJOFFST <৿ਁ> )PXFWFS XF EP QSPQPTF UP BEPQU MJNJUFE SF੘FDUJPO XIFSF POMZ TQFDJ੗D FMFNFOUT PG B MBOHVBHF BSF FYQPTFE GPS SF੘FDUJPO 8F XPVME MJLF UP QPJOU PVU UIBU PVS BQQSPBDI DBO XFMM CF JNQMFNFOUFE VTJOH SF੘FDUJPO BT B TQFDJ੗D .FUB 0CKFDU QSPUPDPM .01 <৿ਃ> 8F BMTP BJN GPS TPMVUJPOT UIBU BSF OPU USBOTGPSNBUJPO CBTFE TVDI BT NPTU .PEFM%SJWFO &OHJOFFSJOH .%& UPPMT BOE FYUFSOBM %PNBJO4QFDJ੗D -BOHVBHFT %4-T "MUIPVHI JNQMF NFOUJOH DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST BT USBOTGPSNBUJPOT JT JO QSJODJQMF B QPTTJCJMJUZ UIJT TV੖FST GSPN TFWFSBM JTTVFT *O QBSUJDVMBS JG NVMUJQMF DPNQPTJUJPO PQFSBUPST BSF UP CF JOUFHSBUFE XJUIJO B MBSHFS TPMVUJPO B JU JT IBSE UP FYDIBOHF EBUB CFUXFFO UIF NPEFM PS %4- XPSME BOE UIF SFTU PG UIF TZTUFN C JU JT IBSE UP BEE BEEJUJPOBM %4-T XJUIPVU SVOOJOH JOUP BMM LJOET PG JOUFHSBUJPO JTTVFT BOE D JU SFRVJSFT BEEJUJPOBM UPPM TVQQPSU UP EFWFMPQ BU UIF NPEFM MFWFM 'PS FYBNQMF BॏFS USBOTGPSNJOH PS DPNQJMJOH B TQFDJ੗D %4- UP UIF DPNNPO DPSF JUT PSJHJ OBM TUSVDUVSF JT MPTU XIJDI JODSFBTFT UIF DPNQMFYJUZ PG EFCVHHJOH <৻৺ਁ> #JEJSFDUJPOBM USBOT. ҫҚ.

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