The bio-ecology of the grass leaf miner, Agromyza ocularis (Diptera: Agromyzidae), on wheat and barley in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa

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(77)

" # " &" " . # A " AAK AK • " # " . ".$L $ . ! " . .$ " . " # " 4 5 4 " " . " # . L $ " " # " .$" . > " " # " " " . ! "" " " ! # &" " " $% . # A K " AAK AK " " ! " " +0(#" =% ." (*)"#+ 0'2',"* $#,." -" 4"' ) #-"2 #5." , ,+--"#% • . # ". $ # ! '5 " % ! # " A K " AA K " 3 $" " " " AK AK AAK # " " " " ' 1 5 8 9 ;

(78)

' 1 , $ , # $-".$ * " # * " # ??< , $ # $-" $ # " .$ L " 8K . # # ". $ # . " " % " " <% "'(-,' ! !+'&(''+ 1 * " " 'AA<% " $ " " " . , # . " " #" $ " . " . # ". $ " )-" 8% ." 1"#&" ,0" 1- ,' ! * 0"! )2,." 0#'' -" $*+ "# + 677A ! 677@ !(#+ 0,." !+$$"#" ,0#5,.',0"' $ ) #-"2 ! 5." ,+ ,." (0-' #" % "#&" ,0" $1- ,' ! * 0"! - ,,21" #5,.',0" 677A 8 AAK ' AAK ." , ; AAK 8 AAK ' AAK #-"2 ; AAK - ,,21" #5,.',0" 677@ 8'K 8 ;<K ." , 'A <5K ''K 8 85K #-"2 'A ?9K

(79)

'AA?% " " $ " % . # # " " 'AA< . " . # # & 'AA? ! $ " " # # 4 8 & " " ". "# ". # " +0(#" ?% " ! +-2,"*1"#,(#" $#* (0(',, &,)"#+ 677A ! 677@ + ,." (0-' #" + !+& ,+ 08= (0(',677A ! 6B (0(',677@ 5."

% &(-#

+'

11" #"! L % "" # " " AAK 'AA?% . " " " # $ " # -" " 2 , $ 'AA< 'AA?

(80)

" # "!" " " " ! " 1 ' @ . " " . 'AA< "'AA? # " " # . $ # 4 9 " . . $. " " ! " . # " " ! 'AA< # " . # # # " " L V' 5 'D *VA '?? . $ " ". # # L V19 5 D *\A AA , 'AA? # " " " . # # . # L V? 95'D *\A AA ". $ L V18 1'D *\A AA 'AA? # " !$ # H ". ! . $" . 'AA< "'AA?% !$# # . # "" & # " " . . $. ! " " ! $ # # ! $ . # " . " " $ # .$ $ ( "# " # # J1A # % # # " ! " $ " ". " " !

(81)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1 8 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1 8 20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 1 13 34 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 13 34 8 'A

ATA?T'AA? '1TA?T'AA? 5T AT'AA?

8 ' ;

<TA?TA< '9TA?TA< A<T ATA<

8 'A

TA?TA? '5TA?TA? 5T ATA?

Wheat 2008

Wheat 2009

Barley 2008

Barley 2009

M ea n % d am ag ed ti lle rs /p la nt M ea n % d am ag ed ti lle rs /p la nt M ea n % d am ag ed ti lle rs /p la nt M ea n % d am ag ed ti lle rs /p la nt 8 ' ;

<TA?TA< '9TA?TA< A<T ATA<

+0(#" B% " 1"#&" ,0" $+ $"',"! ,+--"#' I '" 1"#1- ,$# 5." , ! ) #-"2+ ,." (0-' #" !(#+ 0677A ! 677@%

'AA<% " # . &"

# K 'AK% 1 K 5AK% 5 K 8AK . '

. " " # " ! " " # 58K # $ C # &" % " $ " "# 'AA? $'1K # ".$ ! % # " $# "" % "

(82)

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

(83)

'AA; % # ! &" . " % " ! ! )-" <% " $! * 0" 1#0#"''+ 5." , ! ) #-"2 + ,." (0-' #" + 677A !677@ ) '"! ,." -" $ (*)"#+ 0'2',"* + +0% =% ." , H $ C A 'A C -" $ ? 3B 5 ? 3B (*)"# < 3= ' 1 1 < 3= A < '8 ,,&:"! 8 36 << <; 98 8 36 AA ?' ;8 677A ? 86 8C 677@ 88 8? 67 #-"2 H $ C A 1A C A 9A -" $ ? 3B 8 ? 3B 'A (*)"# < 3= '; < 3= A < 8; ,,&:"! 8 36 AA AA 9< 8 36 AA ?' '1 677A ? 86 8C 677@ 88 8? 67

'AA< # " " # # & " 'AA? "

# &" $ # $# " " " $% " # % . $ # " " $ " . " 'AA9 'AA? " " # " ! % . " # ! " " # " " $. " " $ " $ " &$ # # " ; " 'A ! " "! % " ! "" $ " , ?9< ! . "

(84)

4 5 . &" % L # # $ ! 'AA< "'AA? # &"U

1 5 @ . ! " " ( " 'AA< # . $ 4 ; 0 < % H " 1 ' " # ! # 8 " ' 4 ; : $ ; "" " " # " L V? 8A8D *\A A . # # " 4 ; " . $ 4 ; # $ # ' 8 " ; L V8 88;D *\A A " " " !"" " '% # " " " " ! Wheat 2008 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 8 <TA?TA< ' '9TA?TA< ; A<T ATA< M ea n % d am ag e le av es /p la n t Barley 2008 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 GS 5 18/09/08 GS 12 26/09/08 GS 17 08/10/08 M ea n % d am ag e le av es /p la n t +0(#" C% " 1"#&" ,0" + $"',"! -" 4"' 1"#1- ,$#5." , ! ) #-"2+ ,." (0-' #" !(#+ 0677A% 'AA? # . 'A . # L V; '<'D *\A A " . $

(85)

L V< ? <D *\A A 4 < " !" 'AA? Wheat 2009 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 GS 11 11/09/09 GS 15 24/09/09 GS20 14/10/09 M ea n % d am ag e le av es /p la n t Barley 2009 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 GS 11 10/09/09 GS 15 23/09/09 GS 20 14/10/09 M ea n % d am ag e le av es /p la n t +0(#" A% " 1"#&" ,0" + $"',"! -" 4"' 1"#1- ,$#5." , ! ) #-"2+ ,." (0-' #" !(#+ 0677@% 'AA< " ! # ". $ "1;K " . 5 % # '8K ! # " 'AA? . 5 " " " . # AK " 8AK " " ! 'AA< 'AA? ". # AK " 5AK " " ! % # . ! " " # 'AA? 'AA< * $ " . $" # " 'AA9 $ " $"" ! " % C $ " " $"

(86)

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

(87)

. & & 4 1 % " ! - " " . & & 2 ??' ( H % " " 8% " . " " 2 ??' # " " . $ 8 ; . 8 4 ? 8 . $ " # $ $ AK & ; % # $ AAK " " . $ ! ! ; # ;% . $$ " H " . # . " # ! 8 Barley 2008 Wheat 2008 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 8 ' ;

<TA?T'AA< '9TA?T'AA< A<T AT'AA<

K " " 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 8 ' ;

<TA?T'AA< '9TA?T'AA< A<T AT'AA<

K

"

+0(#" @% " 1"#&" ,0" #" ! * 0"! 1"#-" $+ 5." , ! ) #-"2+ ,." (0-' #" + 677A%

(88)

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

(89)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 8 'A

K " " 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 8 'A

K " " Wheat 2009 _{Barley 2009} +0(#" 87% " 1"#&" ,0" #" ! * 0"! 1"#-" $+ 5." , ! ) #-"2+ ,." (0-' #" + 677@% )-" B% ,- (*)"# $-" 4"' ! * 0"! & ,"0 #+'"! && #!+ 0, 1"#&" ,0" -" $ #" ! * 0" , ? 86 ! 8C $#5." , ! ) #-"2+ ,." (0-' #" + 677@% H #" 677@ ! * 0"! ." , #-"2 88 8? 67 88 8? 67 7 '5 ' < 1? '1 ' 87 1 9 '; 8 1' 67 '< 1A A 1 9A <7 1 1' ' 9 55 =7 ; 'A < A '< ?7 ' 9 '; A 1< B7 1 ' A A ' 9 C7 9 5 A A '1 A7 A 1 A ' 85 @7 A 1 A 1 ' 877 A ' A; A ' 5

(90)

8AK " "% ' " $ " $"% "" ! # $ . L " 'AA9 $ $ # 'AA9 % . " ! % # . # & " ( & " " " $ " + . ! $" ! ! $ $ # . $ $ # ! $ =% &-('+ . 'AA< "'AA? $ " 8 , . ! # H " " H $ . &" % L E % # . . $ ! " U @ .! " . " . # " # " " " " 4 "" " $ " " # " . $ # ?% "$"#" &"'

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(91)

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(92)

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(93)

? 8% ,#!(&,+ + & # " " 'AA ! # # ! " " " " 'AA $-" " ! " " # " " . !

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(94)

# # @ 6 % " $ " " . $ '9 <K ) !'AAA @ # ! . . &

$-# ". $ @ * ! * 'AA " * 'AA # ". & " # . & " . !E " # . ! " . $"" $ " $ " # . & "% . # . " ! " + 'AAAD @ 'AA1 % % " ! " " " . " ! ( . 0 F # - ??8 ". $ % ! " " $ " & .$ " " # " # $"'AA' " ! # & $" 'AA' " % ! ! " " $" 'AA' " ! " " . ! " C . $ " . ! $"'AA' ' " . " $ $ " " * 'AA " $ . " # 9 $ + 'AAA

(95)

1 " . " . $ # $ * 'AA " . " ! " ! % % % . & # " 'AA8D # 'AA? 5 " $ ". "# % . H * 'AA " " "* * ** ??; # %

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??; % ( . "F # - ??8 " " ! " ! # E :H $M% . M% $ - M " $ $" H M " " &$ . M " $ - M% . # ! &0 ( . 'AA1 " ! " ! - .

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(96)

" + 'AAA . M ! . # " " ".$ " . M ! ! " . $" + 'AAA " . $" ; A "$ # ! $. & $ " 5 # & + 'AAA " . M% " . " " $" + 'AAA , 'AA; "'AA< # ". $ @ % H # " " # " "$

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(97)

- # " . # , . " 'A , . ! - 6 % # " . $ # " " # ".$ ! $ ( # ". $# ! # " ( " # '?I% ?AK ! " $% AAK " ! " # " " # " ". # ?E1A " 5EAA " "$ # "$# AK AK $ H L "# $ $ # M . - -<A A1 $ ! # " .$ AA ! " $ : 1A " ! # " " ! "$ " " L $ # " " ! # " -". &" # " " . # 'A ' - " # "8[ L M AA T AA+ # " F # % # """ H )-" 8% #+ -1- $#&."*+& - 11-+& ,+ 0 + ',0#'' -" $*+ "# ,'+,"' + ,." (0-' #" + 677C% &" ,#,+ ' #" ,*" , &,+4" + 0#"!+" , ('"! #*(-,+ !>(4 , 3 " ! 3 M 1AA T <> HMA 8+T ! 3 M ' 9AA T <> HM_{A 8+T} ! 3 M 1 'AA T <> HM _A+T

(98)

' ' 'AA< 4 # " " # D $ && "F F D # ( "F F - # ". # , . "'A , . ! - 6 % # ". $# " " # ".$ ! $ : '5 . 'AA<% 9 : . 'AA< " ; : . 'AA< # " " " $ " " # ". $# # ' # % 5 # " " 9 # " ( " # 'AI% ?AK ! " $% AK " ! " # " " # " " <EAA " 9EAA " "$ # "$# AK AK $ H $ L ! $ # " # " -" . &" " " . ' # 'A ' - " # " 8[ L M AA T AA+ # " F # % # """ H $ ! # " ".$ AA ! " $ : 1A " ! # " " ! "$ " " L $ # " " !

(99)

)-" 6 #+ -1- $#&."*+& - 11-+& ,+ 0 + ',0#'' -" $*+ "# ,'+,"' + ,." (0-' #" + 677A% ' 5 , $ , # $-".$ * " # * " # ??< # " .$ $ : # $ $ 7 @:7 " &$) 2 8K , $ # $-" $ &" ,#,+ ' "',+&+!"' &,+4" + 0#"!+" , ('"! #*(-,+ !>(4 , 3 " $" "M

$" " 5AA T AA+ F': 8AA T& * HMA 8+T

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$ - M $ - 5A T AA+ F': ;8A T& (* HMA 8+T

$ - M _' _$ _- _{<A T AA+ F} ': <> HM A+T . 3 M ! 9AA T <> HM_{A 8+T} . 3 M _' ! 'AA T <> HM _A+T M 1A T A+ . M ! 9AA T <> F': M 1A T A+ . M _' _! _'AA _T _<> F':

(100)

<% "'(-,' ! !+'&(''+ 1 'AA; , . . $ ". # # $ " " "# # " . # # " . # . $ " " . # ". $ # ". $ 1 $ . $ 4 # " 4V 1 ??A% *^A A8 . # . ! ! ! 3 M " 3 M ' 3 M 1 # "" "

+

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! !! # $ 4 V 1 ??A% *\A AA # " 4VA <<<9% *^A A8 $ ". # " $ 4 ' Column A B C D 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 +0(#" 8% " $ (*)"# -+4" -#4 " I '" + ) #-"2 $,"# ,#" ,*" , 5+,. +*"&,+ M 8 <77*- +*"&,+ M 6 B77*- ! +*"&,+ M < 8667*- + ,." (0-' #" + 677C% 3 M 3 M' 3 M 1 + ! ! ! 1 A " !

(101)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 +0(#" 6% " ) #-"2 2+"-! I'" ,#" ,"! 5+,. +*"&,+ M 8 <77*- +*"&,+ M 6 B77*- ! +*"&,+ M < 8667*-+ ,." (0-' #" + 677C% 1 ' ( # 4 1 % ! !! # $ # 4V ? ?;1% *\A AA # 3 M % 3 M ' "3 M 1

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(102)

" % $ " " # $ .

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Mean and Standard Error

A B C D 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 +0(#" <% " (*)"# $-+4" 0#'' -" $*+ "#-#4 " I'" + 5." , $,"#,#" ,*" ,5+,. +*"&,+ M 8 <77*- +*"&,+ M 6 B77*- ! +*"&,+ M < 8667*- + ,." (0-' #" + 677C%

Mean and Standard Error

A B C D 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 +0(#" =% " 5." , 2+"-! I '" ,#" ,"! 5+,. +*"&,+ M 8 <77*- +*"&,+ M 6 B77*- ! +*"&,+ M < 8667*-+ ,." (0-' #" + 677C% # $ " . # ". $ " " . # " " ! # " % . % $ "# " " $ 4 ' 0 5 F # ! . " " " $ ! . " 3 M 3 M' 3 M1 3 M 3 M ' 3 M 1 ( " ) + ! ! ! 1 A " !

(103)

# " # "$ " . " " : " ! " " ! 1 ' 'AA< " . $ "# # ". $ 1 ' $ " 4 8 " " ! !! $ 4V8 8 % *\A A 3 M ' " . M ' # % # ! % ! . $ ". # $ # ! $"" " 4 8 " . " # ! . "". . . $ " $ " # " . . $. . 4 8 # " 4V' <' % *^A A8 . # $ " " " . $ 4 9

(104)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

100

50

0

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