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Behind the Banner of Unity: Nationalism and anticolonialism among Indonesian
students in Europe, 1917-1931
Stutje, K.
Publication date 2016
Document Version Final published version
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Citation for published version (APA):
Stutje, K. (2016). Behind the Banner of Unity: Nationalism and anticolonialism among Indonesian students in Europe, 1917-1931.
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Behind the Banner of Unity
Nationalism and Anticolonialism among
Indonesian Students in Europe, 1917-1931
Klaas Stutje
Behind the Banner of Unity
Nationalism and Antic
olonialism amongIndonesian Students in E
ur
ope
, 1917-1931
Klaas Stutje
Behind the Banner of Unity
Uitnodiging voor de verdediging van het proefschrift van
Klaas Stutje
Op woensdag 15 juni om 13:00 Aula der Universiteit van
Amsterdam Oude Lutherse Kerk
Singel 411 1012 WN Amsterdam Receptie aansluitend Paranymfen René Boer Wessel de Boer promotieklaas@gmail.com 13796_Stutje_Omslag.indd 1 03-05-16 14:02
Cover image: Mohammad Hatta chairing a session at the Kongress gegen Imperialismus, Brussels 1927.
Source: Gibarti, Das Flammenzeichen vom Palais Egmont, after 140.
Behind the Banner of Unity
Nationalism and Anticolonialism among Indonesian Students in Europe, 1917-1931
ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus
Prof. Dr. D.C. van den Boom
ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit
op woensdag 15 juni 2016, te 13.00 uur door Klaas Stutje
Promotiecommissie
Promotor: Prof. Dr. J.T. Leerssen, Universiteit van Amsterdam Copromotor: Dr. H.A. Poeze, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en
Volkenkunde
Overige leden: Prof. Dr. E.A. Buettner, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Prof. Dr. H. Fischer-Tiné, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Prof. Dr. S. Legêne, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Prof. Dr. M.M. van der Linden, Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. Dr. R. Raben, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Dr. E. van Ree, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Table of contents Acknowledgements
Note on Spelling List of Abbreviations Introduction
Ch. 1 From ‘Indische Vereeniging’ to ‘Perhimpoenan Indonesia’: Sociability and mobilisation
Ch. 2 Regionalism, nationalism, internationalism: Ratu Langie in Zürich
Ch. 3 Ambassador without a country: Mononutu in Paris
Ch. 4 Nationalising a revolt, globalising a struggle: Hatta and Semaoen in Brussels
Ch. 5 Repression and refuge: Soebardjo in Berlin
Ch. 6 From national revolutionaries to national reformists: Indonesians in Europe
Epilogue Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index Summary English Summary Dutch Summary Indonesian p. v p. vii p. ix p. 1 p. 27 -27XX p. 53 p. 79 p. 115 p. 159 p. 195 p. 223 p. 233 p. 245 p. 255 p. 277 p. 282 p. 287 p. 291
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Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Joep Leerssen and Harry Poeze, for their relentless support and indispensable comments and critiques. I greatly appreciated their confidence and encouragements, and their academic work offered guidance at various points in time.
At the risk of forgetting people, I wish to thank the following for their comments, ideas and assistance: Zely Ariane, Aafke Beukema, Marieke Bloembergen, Amieke Bouma, Kim Christiaens, Tatjana Das, Maaike Derksen, Martijn Eickhoff, Farabi Fakih, Hanna Jansen, Ammeke Kateman, Josip Kesic, Timo Klaassen, Paul Koopman, Kasper van Kooten, Vincent Kuitenbrouwer, Susan Legêne, Michele Louro, Bart Luttikhuis, Enno Maessen, Hugh McDonnell, Karlijn Olijslager, Mirko van Pampus, Jeffrey Petersen, Tymen Peverelli, Bambang Purwanto, Remco Raben, Sanne Ravensbergen, Erik van Ree, Nienke Rentenaar, Umar Ryad, Seng Guo Quan, Taomo Zhou, Ruri Widaningsih, Winnie de Wit, Manon Wormsbecher, and Susanto Zuhdi.
Mr. Faiman, Mrs. Hatta, Mr. Somadikarta and Mr. Subardjo deserve special mention for their hospitality in Indonesia and in the Netherlands, and for their willingness to share their personal memories and family histories with me. Thanks as well to the members of the Collective Identities and Radical History reading groups for providing my chapters and papers with invaluable and encouraging feedback. My research trip to Indonesia was an unforgettable experience thanks to the good care and generosity of the teaching staff of Alam Bahasa, and the Heru family, and the great companionship of Carli Cooper and Inez
Maessen. Finally, I want to thank my colleaguesand fellow-PhDs in the trenches of the P.C. Hoofthuis, room 6.50 in particular. Stay strong and keep writing, the end is in sight!
Financially and institutionally, this thesis was made possible by the department of European Studies, the Huizinga Institute, the Amsterdam School for Regional, Transnational and European Studies (ARTES), and its predecessor, the Institute for Culture and History (ICG) at the University of Amsterdam. These institutes also facilitated research trips to Paris, Berlin, London, the United States and Indonesia. Colleagues within these departments are too numerous to mention, but are equally acknowledged here. Apart from these permanent affiliations, my dissertation also benefitted from my participation in the SEAP conference at Cornell University, the SAGSC conference at Chicago University and the Internationale Willi Münzenberg Kongress in Berlin. These institutions covered part of my expenses and
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various libraries and archives, including the University of Amsterdam, the former Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) in Amsterdam, the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam, the Dutch National Archives in The Hague, Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia in Jakarta, the Archive de la Préfecture de Police in Paris, the Centre d’Accueil et de
Recherche des Archives Nationales in Paris, British Library Archives in London, and the Cornell University Library in Ithaca.
On a more personal note, I thank my many friends for their support and (feigned) interest, but above all for reminding me that there is more to life than work. Finally, I owe an immeasurable gratitude to the love and support of my sister, Anna; my parents, Mies and Jan Willem; and my love, Jacqueline.
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Note on spelling
One of the disadvantages of transnational history writing is that the sources, and more importantly the names in the sources, are written and transliterated in various traditions of spelling and transliteration. Often, name variants are easy to reduce to more common versions, but in more obscure sources it can be difficult to transliterate names to accepted name systems. Throughout the dissertation, I have used modern, romanised transliteration systems for non-Indonesian names whenever I could relate them to existing scholarship (for example, Liao Huanxing instead of Liau Hansin, and Topchubachev instead of Toptchibachi). However, when such scholarship was unavailable, or when a person is best known under his or her historic name (Chiang Kai-shek instead of Jiang Zhongzheng), I left the spelling intact to avoid confusion and to make it possible to retrace and check the sources.
Especially with regard to Chinese names, this accounts for a regrettable inconsistency. For well-known personal names I adhere to the old-fashioned Wade-Giles system (for
example with Chiang Kai-shek and Sun Yat-sen), while in other cases as well as in geographical names I use the more accepted Pinyin system (such as Beijing, Guomindang and Liao Huanxing). In the case of Chinese Indonesian names or lesser known individuals, I took the names as they appeared in the sources, resulting in the Dutch romanised Hokkien system for Chinese Indonesian names (Chung Hwa Hui, Han Tiauw Kie), and other – often unorthodox – systems for Chinese persons in France, Belgium and Germany. A consistent transliteration to the Pinyin system would not only bring the risk of hypercorrection, but would also make further archival research impossible.
For the same reasons, I decided to use the self-applied contemporary spelling of Indonesian names and organisations in the 1920s. Homogenising or ‘modernising’ historic Indonesian names is not only undesirable, but also virtually impossible. Over the previous decades, the Indonesian language has gone through several different spelling systems, replacing, for instance, ‘oe’ with ‘u’, and ‘dj’ with ‘j’. Moreover, Indonesians often changed their names in the course of their lives (for example, Suwardi Suryaningrat became Ki Hadjar Dewantara in 1922). Finally, there is great regional variety of names and naming customs, reflecting the multicultural nature of Indonesia. Until recently, most Javanese had only one name (Soekarno, Semaoen) often carrying the name of their father in addition (Tjipto (son of) Mangoenkoesoemo). Bataks, for instance, often used clan names, while Balinese gave names according to birth order and caste. On top of that, nobility titles and honorifics were very common. Consequently, a second name does not always indicate a family name as
viii
understood in a European context. Abdulmadjid Djojoadhiningrat, for example, cannot simply be abbreviated to Mr. Djojoadhiningrat. To avoid all complexities, I decided to adopt the spelling and use of names applied by the Indonesians themselves, and add extra
references in the index.
Regarding the name of the area we now know as Indonesia, scholarly literature has not reached consensus on the most preferred variant. Some scholars use ‘Indonesia’, also for the colonial period, while others use ‘the Indies’, ‘the East Indies’, ‘the Dutch Indies’, ‘the Dutch East Indies’, ‘the Netherlands Indies’, and ‘the Netherlands East Indies’. Each term has its merits and demerits. Throughout the work I will use ‘Dutch Indies’ as a compromise between clarity, readability, and historical accuracy, but ‘Indonesian’ as a substitute for ‘inlander’ (Native), ‘Indisch’, or cultural identifications in the Archipelago.
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List of Abbreviations
AECO - Association pour l’Étude des Civilisations Orientales
ANC - African National Congress
AMS - Algemeene Middelbare School, ‘General High Schools
ARD - Indies ‘Algemeene Recherche Dienst’ CCP - Communist Party of China
CHH - Chung Hwa Hui
CID - Dutch ‘Centrale Inlichtingen Dienst’ CGTU - Confédération Générale du Travail
Unitaire
Comintern - Communist International CPH - Communistische Partij Holland CPH-CC - Communistische Partij
Holland-Centraal Comité
CPSU - Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSI - Centraal Sarekat Islam
GMD - Guomindang
HBS - Hoogere Burger School, ‘Higher Commoner’s School’
HP - Hindia Poetra
IAH - Internationale Arbeiterhilfe
IAMV - Internationaal Anti-Militairistische Vereeniging
ILP - Independent Labour Party IM - Indonesia Merdeka INC - Indian National Congress ISDV - Indische Sociaal-Democratische
Vereeniging
IV - Indische Vereeniging
KPD - Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, Communist Party of Germany
LACO - League against Colonial Oppression LAI - League against Imperialism
LAI-NL - League against Imperialism-Nederland LSI - Labour and Socialist International
PCF - Parti Communiste Française, Communist Party of France
PI - Perhimpoenan Indonesia PKI - Partai Komunist Indonesia PNI - Partai Nasional Indonesia
PNI Baru - Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia Baru PPPKI - Permoefakatan
Perhimpoenan-Perhimpoenan Politiek Kebangsaän Indonesia RME - Rassemblement Mondial des Étudiants pour
la Paix, la Liberté et la Culture ROEPI - Roekoen Peladjar Indonesia
SDAP - Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij SDEA - Société des Étudiants Asiatiques SFIO - Section Française de l'Internationale
Ouvrière SI - Sarekat Islam
SKBI - Sarekat Kaoem Boeroeh Indonesia SPLI - Sarekat Pegawai Laoet Indonesia SR - Sarekat Rakjat
SVIK - Studentenvereeniging ter Bevordering der Indonesische Kunst
VSTP - Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tramwegpersoneel
