Ergotherapeuten volgen de visie en de doelstellingen van de eerstelijnszorg, waar geïntegreerde en persoonsgerichte zorg centraal staat. Aangezien ergotherapeuten zich focussen op het functioneren en de handelingsproblemen, kunnen ze problemen in het participeren en het dagelijks leven aanpakken. Ze zijn getraind om mensen de regie van hun leven terug in eigen handen te geven door ziektemanagement en het aanleren van nieuwe rollen, routines en gezonde gewoontes. Daarnaast hebben ergotherapeuten ook kennis in zowel de medische sector als de welzijnssector, waardoor ze personen kunnen gidsen naar de aangepaste diensten.
De integratie van ergotherapeuten in de eerstelijnspraktijk is nog niet optimaal. Door te weinig herkenning van hun rol en een beperkte terugbetaling, blijft het consulteren van een ergotherapeut een drempel voor mensen. Ook andere professionals sturen nog onvoldoende door naar de ergotherapeut.
Verschillende aanbevelingen worden geformuleerd om deze kenbaarheid te verhogen. Eén ervan is dat een duidelijk gedefinieerd competentieprofiel dit kan bereiken. Dit zorgt voor kenbaarheid van het beroep aan stakeholders, collega hulpverleners en de overheid en kan ook toegepast worden in het onderwijs waardoor de nieuwe generatie ergotherapeuten weet wat hun rolinvulling is in de eerste lijn en hier optimaal op zijn voorbereid.
Aan de hand van een literatuuronderzoek en document analyse worden verschillende competenties en vaardigheden, met bijhorende rol, voor ergotherapeuten in de eerste lijn gedetecteerd. Deze zijn: de ondernemende ergotherapeut, de behandelende ergotherapeut, de geïnformeerde ergotherapeut, de communicerende ergotherapeut, de ergotherapeut als persoon, de geïntegreerde ergotherapeut, de integere ergotherapeut en de onderzoekende ergotherapeut. Deze rollen en bijhorende competenties vragen verder onderzoek om tot een optimale ontwikkeling van een Vlaams competentieprofiel te komen.
59
LITERATUURLIJST
Agentschap Zorg en Gezondheid. (2017). Conferentie eerstelijnszorg: reorganisatie van de eerste lijn in Vlaanderen. Een Geïntegreerde Zorgverlening in de Eerste Lijn 2/80, 1–80. Amini, D. (2014). Understanding occupational therapy’s role in primary care. OT Practice,
19(11), 8–17.
Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology: Theory and Practice, 8(1), 19– 32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Association of Canadian Occupational Therapy Regulatory Organizations. (2011). Essential Competencies of Practice for Occupational Therapists in Canada. Retrieved from https://cotbc.org/wp-content/uploads/EssentialCompetenies3rdEd_WebVersion.pdf Bauer, M., & O’Neill, C. (2012). Occupational therapy in primary health : “ Right care, at the
right time, in the right place ”. Occupational Therapy Now, 14(6), 5–6.
Boeckxstaens, P., & De Maeseneer, J. (2012). Toenemende complexiteit in zorg: de patiënt centraal? In Jaarboek ergotherapie (pp. 31–35).
Bolt, M., Ikking, T., Baaijen, R., & Saenger, S. (2019a). Occupational therapy and primary care. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 20(e27), 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1463423618000452
Bolt, M., Ikking, T., Baaijen, R., & Saenger, S. (2019b). Scoping review: occupational therapy interventions in primary care. Primary Health Care Research & Development, 20(28), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S146342361800049X
Bumphrey, E. E. (1989). Occupational Therapy within the Primary Health Care Team. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52(7), 252–255.
https://doi.org/10.1177/030802268905200703
Bushby, K., Chan, J., Druif, S., Ho, K., & Kinsella, E. A. (2015, April 15). Ethical tensions in occupational therapy practice: A scoping review. British Journal of Occupational
Therapy. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022614564770
Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (2000). Position Statement on Primary Health Care. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(5), 356–358.
https://doi.org/10.1177/000841749606300213
Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (2006). Occupational Therapy and Primary Health Care. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(2), 122–123.
60 Connolly, D. (2016). Opinion piece: Occupational Therapy Practice in Primary Care:
Responding to Changing Health Priorities and Needs in Irland. Irish Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44(2), 33–35. Retrieved from
https://www.aoti.ie/attachments/5b4f240d-d24a-4867-bded-e5b4cb233b5c.PDF Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and
evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13(1), 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988593
Crawford-White, J. (1996). Are primary health-care occupational therapists specialists or generalists? International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 3(7), 373–379. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjtr.1996.3.7.14801
Dahl-Popolizio, S., Manson, L., Muir, S., & Rogers, O. (2016). Enhancing the value of integrated primary care: The role of occupational therapy. Families, Systems and Health, 34(3), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000208
Dahl-Popolizio, S., Muir, S. L., Davis, K., Wade, S., & Voysey, R. (2017b). Occupational Therapy in Primary Care: Determining Receptiveness of Occupational Therapists and Primary Care Providers. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5(3).
https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1372
Dahl-Popolizio, S., Rogers, O., Muir, S. L., Carroll, J., & Manson, L. (2017a).
Interprofessional Primary Care: The Value of Occupational Therapy. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1363
De Maeseneer, J. (2019). Beleidsnota gezondheidzorg: perspectief 2030. https://doi.org/10.1109/LARS
De zesde staatshervorming | Belgium.be. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 May 2020, from
https://www.belgium.be/nl/over_belgie/land/geschiedenis/belgie_vanaf_1830/vorming_f ederale_staat/zesde_staatshervorming
Devereaux, E., & Walker, R. (1995). The Role of Occupational Therapy in Primary Health Care. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49(5), 391–396.
Doekhie, K. D., Buljac-Samardzic, M., Strating, M. M. H., & Paauwe, J. (2017). Who is on the primary care team? Professionals’ perceptions of the conceptualization of teams and the underlying factors: A mixed-methods study. BMC Family Practice, 18(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-017-0685-2
Doll, J. (2017). Promoting OT’s role in an ambulatory care primary care team. OT Practice, 22(17), 14–16.
Donnelly, C. A., Brenchley, C. L., Crawford, C. N., & Letts, L. J. (2014). The emerging role of occupational therapy in primary care. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 81(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417414520683
61 Donnelly, C. A., Leclair, L. L., Wener, P. F., Hand, C. L., & Letts, L. J. (2016). Occupational therapy in primary care: Results from a national survey. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(3), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417416637186 Donnelly, C., Brenchley, C., Crawford, C., & Letts, L. (2013). The integration of occupational
therapy into primary care: A multiple case study design. BMC Family Practice, 14(60), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-60
Engward, H. (2013). Understanding grounded theory. Nursing Standard, 28(7), 37–41.
Ergotherapie Vlaanderen. (2018). Beroepsprofiel Ergotherapie, 19. Retrieved from
https://wms.flexious.be/editor/plugins/imagemanager/content/2064/Beroepsprofiel/Ergot herapie-Beroepsprofiel-2018.pdf
Finlayson, M., & Edwards, J. (1997). Evolving Health Environments and Occupational Therapy : Definitions , Descriptions and Opportunities. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(10), 456–460.
Glover Takahashi, S., Nayer, M., & St Amant, L. M. M. (2017). Epidemiology of
competence: A scoping review to understand the risks and supports to competence of four health professions. BMJ Open, 7(9). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014823 Goossen, B. (2013). Reflecting on key influences shaping occupational therapy services in a
Saskatoon primary health care setting. Occupational Therapy Now, 15(5), 27–29. Gray, J. M., Coker-Bolt, P., Halle, A., Hartmann, K., & Nardella, M. (2018). Importance of
Primary Care Education in Occupational Therapy Curricula. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72, 1–14.
Halle, A. D., Mroz, T. M., Fogelberg, D. J., & Leland, N. E. (2018). Occupational therapy and primary care: Updates and trends. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(3), 1– 6. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2018.723001
Hand, C., Law, M., & McColl, M. A. (2011). Occupational therapy interventions for chronic diseases: A scoping review. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65(4), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2011.002071
Heath, H., & Cowley, S. (2004). Developing a grounded theory approach: A comparison of Glaser and Strauss. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41(2), 141–150.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(03)00113-5
Howey, M., Angelucci, T., Johnston, D., & Townsend, E. (2009). Occupation-based program development in primary health care. Occupational Therapy Now, 11(3), 5–7.
Hyett, N., McKinstry, C. E., Kenny, A., & Dickson-Swift, V. (2016). Community-centred practice: Occupational therapists improving the health and wellbeing of populations. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 63(1), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440- 1630.12222
62 Institue for Health Care Improvement. (2016). Institute for Healthcare Improvement: The IHI
Triple Aim. Retrieved 14 May 2020, from
http://www.ihi.org/Engage/Initiatives/TripleAim/Pages/default.aspx
Jejelaye, A., Maseko, L., & Franzsen, D. (2019). Occupational therapy services and perception of integration of these at Primary Healthcare Level in South Africa. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49(3), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.17159/2310- 3833/2019/vol49n3a8
Jordan, K. (2019). Occupational therapy in primary care: Positioned and prepared to be a vital part of the team. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(5), 1-6.
10.5014/ajot.2019.735002
Kennisplein. (2017). Kwartiermaken. Retrieved 23 May 2020, from https://www.kennisplein.be/Pages/Kwartiermaken.aspx
Kielhofner, G., & Taylor, R. R. (2017). Reserach in occupatinal therapy: methods of inquiry for enhancing practice (Second). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
Killian, C., Fisher, G., & Muir, S. (2015). Primary Care: A New Context for the Scholarship of Practice Model. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 29(4), 383–396.
https://doi.org/10.3109/07380577.2015.1050713
Koverman, B., Royeen, L., & Stoykov, M. (2017). Occupational Therapy in Primary Care: Structures and Processes that Support Integration. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1376
Letts, L. J. (2011). Optimal positioning of occupational therapy. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(4), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.2182/cjot.2011.78.4.2 Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the
methodology. Implementation Science, 5(69). https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 MacRae, A. (1984). Occupational Therapy in a Medicare-Approved Home Health Agency.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 38(11), 721–725. Retrieved from http://aota.org/terms
Mckinstry, C., Brown, T., & Gustafsson, L. (2014). Scoping reviews in occupational therapy: The what, why, and how to. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 61(2), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12080
Metzler, C. A., Hartmann, K. D., & Lowenthal, L. A. (2012). Defining primary care: Envisioning the roles of occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(3), 266–270. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2010.663001
Mold, J. (2017). Goal-Directed Health Care: Redefining Health and Health Care in the Era of Value-Based Care. Cureus, 9(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1043
63 Molineux, M. (2014). Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy: Occupation at Center
Stage. In C. Christiansen & E. Townsend (Eds.), Introduction to Occupation: The Art of Science and Living (Second, pp. 337–361). Pearson Education Limited.
Moore, K. (2013). Wellness navigator : An innovative role in primary health care for occupational therapists. Occupational Therapy Now, 15(5), 20–21.
Muir, S. (2012). Occupational therapy in primary health care: We should be there. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(5), 506-510.
https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.665001
Muir, S., Henderson-Kalb, J., Eichler, J., Serfas, K., & Jennison, C. (2014). Occupational therapy in primary care: An emerging area of practice. OT Practice, 19(15), CE1–CE8. Mussen, M. (2015). Van Heilgymnastiek naar de kinesitherapie van de 21e eeuw. Retrieved
from http://www.alumnirevaki.ugent.be/onderdelen/presentatie_sarton_mussen.pdf Naidoo, D., Van Wyk, J., & Joubert, R. W. E. (2016). Exploring the occupational therapist’s
role in primary health care: Listening to voices of stakeholders. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 8(1), e1–e9.
https://doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v8i1.1139
NVKVV. (2008). 100 Jaar Opleiding verpleegkunde: 1908 - 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2020, from https://www.nvkvv.be/file?fle=536&ssn=
OT Australia. (1999). COMPETENCY STANDARDS FOR OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS IN MENTAL HEALTH.
Pham, M. T., Rajić, A., Greig, J. D., Sargeant, J. M., Papadopoulos, A., & Mcewen, S. A. (2014). A scoping review of scoping reviews: Advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Research Synthesis Methods, 5(4), 371–385.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1123
Quick, L., Harman, S., Morgan, S., & Stagnitti, K. (2010). Scope of practice of occupational therapists working in Victorian community health settings. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 57(2), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1630.2009.00827.x Rexe, K., McGibbon Lammi, B., & von Zweck, C. (2013). Occupational therapy: cost-
effective solutions for changing health system needs. Healthcare Quarterly, 16(1), 69– 75. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcq.2013.23329
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. (2015). CanMEDS 2015 Physician Competency Framework. (J. R. Frank, L. Snell, & J. Sherbino, Eds.). Ottawa.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. (2020). The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada: CanMEDS Framework. Retrieved from http://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/canmeds/canmeds-framework-e
64 Schaffler, F. (2006). Historiografie van het Vlaams Ergotherapeutenverbond.
Smith, K., Day, M., Muir, S., & Dahl-Popolizio, S. (2020). Developing Tailored Program Proposals for Occupational Therapy in Primary Care. The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1630
Sørensen, K., Van Den Broucke, S., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Pelikan, J., Slonska, Z., & Brand, H. (2012). Health literacy and public health: A systematic review and integration of definitions and models [Gezondheidsvaardigheden en publieke gezondheid: een systematisch review en integratie van definities en modellen]. BMC Public Health, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-80
Stadnyk, R., Townsend, E., & Wilcock, A. (2014). Occupational Justice. In C. Christiansen & E. Townsend (Eds.), Introduction to Occupation: The Art of Science and Living (Second, pp. 307–336). Pearson Education Limited.
Strategische Adviesraad Welzijn Gezondheid Gezin. (2015). Visienota - Nieuw
professionalisme in zorg en ondersteuning als opgave voor de toekomst. Retrieved from www.sarwgg.be
Sutherland, M., Moore, K., & Serlin, D. (2018). Steps to getting Occupational Therapy Into Primary Care. OT Practice, 10–13.
Tse, S., Penman, M., & Simms, G. (2003a). Literature review: occupational therapy and primary health care. New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy, 50(2), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Tse, S., Wilson, L., Wright-St.Clair, V., & Ford, J. (2003). Challenges and opportunities: Occupational therapy and primary health organisations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Occupational Therapy 50(2), 24-27. 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Valasek, S., & Halle, A. (2018). Practicing in an Established Primary Care Setting. OT
Practice, 8–13.
van der Lee, N., Fokkema, J. P. I., Westerman, M., Driessen, E. W., Van Der Vleuten, C. P. M., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A., & Scheele, F. (2013). The CanMEDS framework: Relevant but not quite the whole story. Medical Teacher, 35(11), 949–955.
https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2013.827329
van Hartingsveldt, M., Logister-Proost, I., & Kinébanian, A. (2010). Beroepsprofiel Ergotherapeut. (Boom Lemma, Ed.). Utrecht: Ergotherapie Nederland.
Verhoef, J., & Zalmstra, A. (2013). Beroepscompetenties ergotherapie. (Boom Lemma, Ed.) (Tweede dru).
Verlinde, C., De Maeseneer, J., Aertgeerts, B., Annemans, L., Borgermans, L., Kenis, P., … Royen, P. Van. (2017). De hervorming van de eerstelijnszorg in Vlaanderen: we maken er samen werk van!
65 Verma, S., Broers, T., Paterson, M., Schroder, C., Medves, J. M., & Morrison, C. (2009).
Core competencies: The next generation - Comparison of a common framework for multiple professions. Journal of Allied Health, 38(1), 47–53.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00001416-201010000-00010
Verma, S., Paterson, M., & Medves, J. (2006). Core competencies for health care
professionals: What medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, and physiotherapy share. Journal of Allied Health, 35(2), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001416-200701000- 00012
Vlaamse Regering. (2019). Vlaams regeerakkoord 2019-2024.
Vlaamse Regering. Decreet betreffende de organisatie van de eerstelijnszorg , de regionale zorgplatformen en de ondersteuning van de eerstelijnszorgaanbieders, 1878 § (2019). VLEGG. (2018). Ergotherapie & geestelijke gezondheid.
Whiteford, G. (2014). Occupational Deprivation: Understanding Limited Participation. In C. Christiansen & E. Townsend (Eds.), Introduction to Occupation: The Art of Science and Living (Second, pp. –306). Pearson Education Limited.
WHO Regional Office for Europe. (2013). Health 2020: A European policy framework and strategy for the 21st century. Retrieved from http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest
Wilcock, A. (2005). Occupational science: Bridging occupation and health. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72(1), 368. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841740507200105 Winship, J. M., Ivey, C. K., & Etz, R. S. (2019). Opportunities for occupational therapy on a
primary care team. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2019.030841
Wood, R., Fortune, T., & McKinstry, C. (2013). Perspectives of occupational therapists working in primary health promotion. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12031
World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). WHO | Primary Health Care (PHC). WHO. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/primary-health/en/
66