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Review of Arkhipov, I. (2012) Le vocabulaire de la métallurgie et la nomenclature des objets en métal dans les textes de Mari

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Offprint from:

L. Kogan, N. Koslova, S. Loesov, and S. Tishchenko eds., Babel und Bibel 7: Annual of Ancient Near Easter, Old Testament, and Semitic Studies © Copyright 2014 Eisenbrauns. All rights reserved.

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