University of Groningen
Iron nanoparticles by inert gas condensation
Xing, Lijuan
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Publication date: 2018
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
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Xing, L. (2018). Iron nanoparticles by inert gas condensation: Structure and magnetic characterization. University of Groningen.
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Iron nanoparticles by inert gas
condensation
Structure and magnetic characterization
The work described in this thesis was performed in the research group Nonostructured Materials and Interfaces of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at University of Groningen, the Netherlands. This work is supported by the China Scholarship Council and the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials.
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials PhD thesis series 2018-22 ISSN: 1570-1530
ISBN: 978-94-034-0707-4
ISBN: 978-94-034-0708-1 (electronic version) Cover design: Xiaotian Zhu & Lijuan Xing Printed by Gildprint, Enschede
Iron nanoparticles by inert gas
condensation
Structure and magnetic characterization
PhD thesis
to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen
on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. E. Sterken
and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on
Monday 11 June 2018 at 12.45 hours
by
Lijuan Xing
born on 9 December 1987 in Shandong, China
Supervisors Prof. G. Palasantzas Prof. B. J. Kooi Assessment Committee Prof. K. Loos Prof. M. Stöhr Prof. H. Zandvliet
Table of Contents
1.Introduction ... 1 1.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles ... 2 1.1.1 Finite-Size Effects ... 2 1.1.2 Iron Nanoparticles ... 51.1.3 Applications of Iron Nanoparticles ... 6
1.2 Wulff Construction ... 7
1.3 Kirkendall Effect ... 8
1.4 Motivation and Thesis Outline ... 11
References ... 13
2. Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization ... 17
2.1 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Nanoparticles ... 18
2.1.1 History ... 18
2.1.2 Inert-Gas Condensation (IGC)... 18
2.1.3 Inert Gas Condensation with Magnetron Cluster Source ... 22
2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy ... 24
2.2.1 Beam Interactions with Specimen ... 24
2.2.2 Basic Operation Modes ... 26
2.2.3 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) ... 27
2.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy ... 28
2.3.1 Atomic Force Microscopy ... 29
2.3.2 Magnetic Force Microscopy ... 35
ii
3. Synthesis and Morphology of Iron-Iron Oxide Core-Shell Nanoparticles 43
3.1 Introduction ... 44
3.2 Experimental Methods ... 46
3.3 Results and Discussion ... 47
3.3.1 NP Size Distributions ... 47 3.3.2 NP Structure ... 49 3.3.3 NP Crystal Morphology ... 52 3.4 Conclusion ... 56 Appendix ... 58 References ... 64
4. Preparation of Tunable-sized Iron Nanoparticles Based on Magnetic Manipulation ... 69
4.1 Introduction ... 70
4.2 Experimental Methods ... 71
4.3 Results and Discussion ... 72
4.4 Conclusion ... 78
References ... 80
5. Magnetic Force Microscopy Determination of Iron Nanoparticles Magneti-zation... 83
iii References ... 97 Summary ... 101 Samenvatting ... 103 Acknowledgements ... 107 List of Publications ... 111 Curriculum Vitae ... 113
