Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/54943

The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/54943 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Meuwese, R.

Title: Me, My Friends, and I : a neuro-ecological perspective on adolescent prosocial development

Issue Date: 2017-10-31

146 Supplementary material

Table 1

Descriptives for choices in the allocation games

Boys Girls Total

N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD) Non-costly

efficient equity

622 591 1213

1-0 14.3 14.51 (1.95) 13.9 13.87 (1.96) 14.1 14.21 (1.97) 1-1 85.7 14.01 (2.16) 86.1 14.37 (2.32) 85.9 14.07 (2.08)

Self-costly equity 624 592 1216

2-0 28.5 14.50 (2.20) 22.6 14.10 (2.04) 25.7 14.33 (2.14) 1-1 71.5 13.91 (2.10) 77.4 14.10 (1.99) 74.3 14.01 (2.04) Other-costly

inefficient equity

622 591 1215

1-2 26.8 14.58 (1.96) 16.4 14.17 (2.16) 21.8 14.43 (2.04) 1-1 73.2 13.90 (2.17) 83.6 14.08 (1.97) 78.2 13.99 (2.07) Self-costly

inefficient equity

622 591 1213

2-1 55.5 14.50 (2.09) 44.8 14.24 (1.96) 50.3 14.38 (2.04) 1-1 44.5 13.56 (2.08) 55.2 13.98 (2.03) 49.7 13.79 (2.06)

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 2

Supplementary Table 1 shows a detailed overview of the frequency of choices per game. Supplementary Table 2 shows a detailed overview of the frequency of decision- making profiles. Supplementary Table 3 shows correlations of the individual games and the decision-making profiles with several psychosocial measures, to support the validity of the games and the profiles.

In order to be able to replicate previous findings, we analyzed our data based on the three games (Non-costly efficient equity game: 1-1 vs. 1-0; Self-costly equity game: 1-1 vs. 2-0; Other-costly inefficient equity game: 1-1 vs. 1-2) employed in the previous studies by Fehr, Bernhard, and Rockenbach (2008) Fehr, Glätzle-Rützler, and Sutter (2013) and Steinbeis and Singer (2013). We conducted the analyses for these profiles in the same manner as described in our manuscript. Supplementary Table 4 shows the composition of the five decision-making profiles, Equity-strong, Equity-weak, Generosity-strong, Generosity-weak, and Spitefulness, based on these three games. The results for model selection with the three games are shown in Sup- plementary Table 5 and the regression coefficients for the model with the best fit are shown in Supplementary Table 6. Figure 1 shows the distribution of decision-making profiles over age groups based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game) for boys (Figure 1A) and girls (Figure 1B), separately.

Supplementary material

Table 1

Descriptives for choices in the allocation games

Boys Girls Total

N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD) Non-costly

efficient equity

622 591 1213

1-0 14.3 14.51 (1.95) 13.9 13.87 (1.96) 14.1 14.21 (1.97) 1-1 85.7 14.01 (2.16) 86.1 14.37 (2.32) 85.9 14.07 (2.08)

Self-costly equity 624 592 1216

2-0 28.5 14.50 (2.20) 22.6 14.10 (2.04) 25.7 14.33 (2.14) 1-1 71.5 13.91 (2.10) 77.4 14.10 (1.99) 74.3 14.01 (2.04) Other-costly

inefficient equity

622 591 1215

1-2 26.8 14.58 (1.96) 16.4 14.17 (2.16) 21.8 14.43 (2.04) 1-1 73.2 13.90 (2.17) 83.6 14.08 (1.97) 78.2 13.99 (2.07) Self-costly

inefficient equity

622 591 1213

2-1 55.5 14.50 (2.09) 44.8 14.24 (1.96) 50.3 14.38 (2.04) 1-1 44.5 13.56 (2.08) 55.2 13.98 (2.03) 49.7 13.79 (2.06)

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 2

Supplementary Table 1 shows a detailed overview of the frequency of choices per game. Supplementary Table 2 shows a detailed overview of the frequency of decision- making profiles. Supplementary Table 3 shows correlations of the individual games and the decision-making profiles with several psychosocial measures, to support the validity of the games and the profiles.

In order to be able to replicate previous findings, we analyzed our data based

on the three games (Non-costly efficient equity game: 1-1 vs. 1-0; Self-costly equity

game: 1-1 vs. 2-0; Other-costly inefficient equity game: 1-1 vs. 1-2) employed in the

previous studies by Fehr, Bernhard, and Rockenbach (2008) Fehr, Glätzle-Rützler,

and Sutter (2013) and Steinbeis and Singer (2013). We conducted the analyses for

these profiles in the same manner as described in our manuscript. Supplementary

Table 4 shows the composition of the five decision-making profiles, Equity-strong,

Equity-weak, Generosity-strong, Generosity-weak, and Spitefulness, based on these

three games. The results for model selection with the three games are shown in Sup-

plementary Table 5 and the regression coefficients for the model with the best fit are

shown in Supplementary Table 6. Figure 1 shows the distribution of decision-making

profiles over age groups based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient

equity game) for boys (Figure 1A) and girls (Figure 1B), separately.

148 Supplementary material Supplementary material

Table 3

Partial point-biserial correlations between equity decisions and psychosocial measures Empathy Perspec-

tive-taking

Machiavellia- nism

Impulsivity

Non-costly efficient equity .12*** .09** -.11*** -.03

Self-costly equity .18*** .10** -.18*** -.05

Other-costly inefficient equity -.04 .00 -.04 -.04

Self-costly inefficient equity .07* .05 -.13*** -.03

Equity-strong .08** .05 -.14*** -.06*

Equity-weak -.04 .01 .05 -.02

Efficiency-other .06* .06 -.03 -.01

Efficiency-self -.04 -.05 .11*** .03

Humility .08** .01 -.01 .02

Spite -.15*** -.11*** .12*** .02

Unclassified -.04 -.02 .03 .04

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Controlled for age and gender. Empathy was measured with the Empathy Questionnaire (EmQue; Overgaauw, Rieffe, Crone, & Güroğlu, 2017), with higher scores associated with more empathy; perspective-taking was measured with the Per- spective-taking subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980), with higher scores associated with higher levels of perspective-taking; Machiavellianism was measured with the MACH-IV scale (Christie & Geis, 1970) with higher scores associated with more Machiavellianism; Impulsivity was measured with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11;

Patton et al., 1995), with higher scores associated with more impulsivity.

Table 2

Descriptives for the decision-making profiles

Boys Girls Total

N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD)

Equity-strong 189 44.2 13.53 (2.02) 239 55.8 14.06 (1.99) 428 35.4 13.82 (2.02)

Equity-weak 61 53.0 14.27 (2.40) 54 47.0 14.32 (2.10) 115 9.5 14.29 (2.26)

Efficiency-other 61 61.0 15.13 (1.53) 39 39.0 14.63 (1.46) 100 8.2 14.93 (1.52)

Efficiency-self 39 70.9 14.99 (1.78) 16 29.1 15.17 (2.28) 55 4.5 15.04 (1.92)

Humility 44 60.3 13.42 (2.29) 29 39.7 13.60 (2.41) 73 6.0 13.50 (2.32)

Spite 44 61.1 14.88 (2.06) 28 38.9 13.58 (1.77) 72 5.9 14.37 (2.04)

Unclassified 184 49.7 14.02 (2.15) 186 50.3 14.03 (1.99) 370 30.5 14.02 (2.06)

Total 622 51.3 14.08 (2.14) 591 48.7 14.10 (2.00) 1213 100.0 14.09 (2.07)

Table 3

Partial point-biserial correlations between equity decisions and psychosocial measures Empathy Perspec-

tive-taking

Machiavellia- nism

Impulsivity

Non-costly efficient equity .12*** .09** -.11*** -.03

Self-costly equity .18*** .10** -.18*** -.05

Other-costly inefficient equity -.04 .00 -.04 -.04

Self-costly inefficient equity .07* .05 -.13*** -.03

Equity-strong .08** .05 -.14*** -.06*

Equity-weak -.04 .01 .05 -.02

Efficiency-other .06* .06 -.03 -.01

Efficiency-self -.04 -.05 .11*** .03

Humility .08** .01 -.01 .02

Spite -.15*** -.11*** .12*** .02

Unclassified -.04 -.02 .03 .04

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Controlled for age and gender. Empathy was measured with the Empathy Questionnaire (EmQue; Overgaauw, Rieffe, Crone, & Güroğlu, 2017), with higher scores associated with more empathy; perspective-taking was measured with the Per- spective-taking subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI; Davis, 1980), with higher scores associated with higher levels of perspective-taking; Machiavellianism was measured with the MACH-IV scale (Christie & Geis, 1970) with higher scores associated with more Machiavellianism; Impulsivity was measured with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11;

Patton et al., 1995), with higher scores associated with more impulsivity.

Table 2

Descriptives for the decision-making profiles

Boys Girls Total

N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD) N % M

(SD)

Equity-strong 189 44.2 13.53 (2.02) 239 55.8 14.06 (1.99) 428 35.4 13.82 (2.02)

Equity-weak 61 53.0 14.27 (2.40) 54 47.0 14.32 (2.10) 115 9.5 14.29 (2.26)

Efficiency-other 61 61.0 15.13 (1.53) 39 39.0 14.63 (1.46) 100 8.2 14.93 (1.52)

Efficiency-self 39 70.9 14.99 (1.78) 16 29.1 15.17 (2.28) 55 4.5 15.04 (1.92)

Humility 44 60.3 13.42 (2.29) 29 39.7 13.60 (2.41) 73 6.0 13.50 (2.32)

Spite 44 61.1 14.88 (2.06) 28 38.9 13.58 (1.77) 72 5.9 14.37 (2.04)

Unclassified 184 49.7 14.02 (2.15) 186 50.3 14.03 (1.99) 370 30.5 14.02 (2.06)

Total 622 51.3 14.08 (2.14) 591 48.7 14.10 (2.00) 1213 100.0 14.09 (2.07)

150 Supplementary material Supplementary material

Table 5

Model selection based on Step Chi-square and Akaike’s Information Criterion for decision- making profiles based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game)

Model

ID 0 1 2 3

Dependent

variable N χ

AIC

(df = 5) χ

AIC

(df = 6) χ

AIC

(df = 7) χ

AIC (df = 8) Equity-strong 1213 7.27 1678.89 10.76** 1670.13 6.91** 1665.23 5.75* 1661.47 Equity-weak 1213 2.78 918.83 .398 920.43 1.47 920.96 .11 922.85 Generosity-

strong

1213 8.70* 995.22 6.96** 990.25 .46 991.79 .48 993.31 Generosity-

weak

1213 4.53 546.26 12.88*** 535.37 9.66** 527.71 .05 529.66 Spite 1213 5.54 594.08 1.42 594.65 .04 596.62 10.05** 588.57

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Best model in bold font.

Table 4

Choices in each game determining the construction of decision-making profiles based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game)

Non-costly efficient equity game

Self-costly equity game

Other-costly inefficient equity game

Equity-strong 1-1 1-1 1-1

Equity-weak 1-1 2-0 1-1

Generosity-strong 1-1 1-1 1-2

Generosity-weak 1-1 2-0 1-2

Spite 1-0 2-0 1-1

Table 5

Model selection based on Step Chi-square and Akaike’s Information Criterion for decision- making profiles based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game)

Model

ID 0 1 2 3

Dependent

variable N χ

AIC

(df = 5) χ

AIC

(df = 6) χ

AIC

(df = 7) χ

AIC (df = 8) Equity-strong 1213 7.27 1678.89 10.76** 1670.13 6.91** 1665.23 5.75* 1661.47 Equity-weak 1213 2.78 918.83 .398 920.43 1.47 920.96 .11 922.85 Generosity-

strong

1213 8.70* 995.22 6.96** 990.25 .46 991.79 .48 993.31 Generosity-

weak

1213 4.53 546.26 12.88*** 535.37 9.66** 527.71 .05 529.66 Spite 1213 5.54 594.08 1.42 594.65 .04 596.62 10.05** 588.57

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Best model in bold font.

Table 4

Choices in each game determining the construction of decision-making profiles based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game)

Non-costly efficient equity game

Self-costly equity game

Other-costly inefficient equity game

Equity-strong 1-1 1-1 1-1

Equity-weak 1-1 2-0 1-1

Generosity-strong 1-1 1-1 1-2

Generosity-weak 1-1 2-0 1-2

Spite 1-0 2-0 1-1

152 Supplementary material Supplementary material

Figure 1. Proportion in decision-making profile over age groups based on three games (ex- cluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game) for boys (A) and girls (B).

Table 6

Regression coefficients and standard errors for the best fitting model for decision-making profiles based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game)

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Best model in bold font.

Coefficient

Dependent variable Intercept (SE) Gender (SE) Age (SE) Gender*Age (SE) Equity-strong 0.46*** (0.11) -0.40** (0.12) -0.04 (0.05) -0.14* (0.06)

Equity-weak - - - -

Generosity-strong -2.22*** (0.16) 0.44** (0.17) - -

Generosity-weak -3.72*** (0.29) 0.91** (0.27) 0.26** (0.09) -

Spite -2.70*** (0.22) 0.29 (0.25) -0.30* (0.13) 0.43** (0.14)

Figure 1. Proportion in decision-making profile over age groups based on three games (ex- cluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game) for boys (A) and girls (B).

Table 6

Regression coefficients and standard errors for the best fitting model for decision-making profiles based on three games (excluding the Self-costly inefficient equity game)

Note. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Best model in bold font.

Coefficient

Dependent variable Intercept (SE) Gender (SE) Age (SE) Gender*Age (SE) Equity-strong 0.46*** (0.11) -0.40** (0.12) -0.04 (0.05) -0.14* (0.06)

Equity-weak - - - -

Generosity-strong -2.22*** (0.16) 0.44** (0.17) - -

Generosity-weak -3.72*** (0.29) 0.91** (0.27) 0.26** (0.09) -

Spite -2.70*** (0.22) 0.29 (0.25) -0.30* (0.13) 0.43** (0.14)

154 References References

Braams, B. R., Güroglu, B., De Water, E., Meuwese, R., Koolschijn, P. C., Peper, J. S., & Crone, E. A. (2014a). Reward-related neural re- sponses are dependent on the beneficiary. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1030–1037.

Braams, B. R., Peters, S., Peper, J. S., Güroğlu, B., & Crone, E. A. (2014b). Gambling for self, friends, and antagonists: Differential contribu- tions of affective and social brain regions on adolescent reward processing. NeuroImage, 100, 281–289.

Braams, B. R., Van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Peper, J. S., & Crone, E. A. (2015). Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: A compre- hensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 7226–

7238.

Brett, M., Anton, J. L., Valabregue, R., Poline, J. B. (2002). Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. NeuroImage, 16, 497.

Brown, B. B., Eicher, S. A., & Petrie, S. (1986). The importance of peer group (“crowd”) affiliation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 73–96.

Brown, T. T, Kuperman, J. M, Chung, Y., Erhart, M., McCabe, C., Hagler, D. J. Jr, … Dale, A. M. (2012). Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity. Current Biology 22, 1693–1698.

Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., & Nichols, S. (2009). To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? Infancy : The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 14, 117–130.

Buckholtz, J. W. (2015). Social norms, self-control, and the value of antisocial behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 122–

129.

Buhrmester, D. (1990). Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence. Child Development, 61, 1101–1011.

Bukowski, W. M. (2011). Popularity as a social concept: Meanings and significance. In A. Cillessen, D. Schwartz, & L. Mayeux (Eds.), Popu- larity in the peer system (pp. 3-24). New York: Guilford.

Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1993). Popularity, friendship, and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. New Direc- tions for Child Development, 60, 23–37.

Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the friendship qualities scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.

Burkart, J. M., Allon, O., Amici, F., Fichtel, C., Finkenwirth, C., Heschl, A., … Van Schaik, C. P. (2014). The evolutionary origin of human hyper-cooperation. Nature Communications, 5, 4747.

Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2011). The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1654–64.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. Readings on the Development of Children 2, 37-43.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social development, 9, 115-125.

Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Caravita, S. C. S., Di Blasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bully- ing. Social Development, 18, 140-163.

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punish- ment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.

Charlesworth, W. R. (1996). Co-operation and competition: Contributions to an evolutionary and developmental model. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 25–39.

Charness, G., & Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 817-869.

Chein, J., Albert, D., Brien, L. O., Uckert, K., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry, Developmental science, 14, F1–F10.

Chow, C. M., Ruhl, H., & Buhrmester, D. (2013). The mediating role of interpersonal competence between adolescents’ empathy and friendship quality: A dyadic approach. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 191–200.

Christie, R. & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. NY: Academic Press.

Cialdini, R. B., & Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of impression management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 406-416.

Cillessen, A. H. N., Jiang, X. L. West, T. V., & Laszkowski, D. K. (2005). Predictors of dyadic friendship quality in adolescence. Interna- tional Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 165-172.

Cillessen, A., & Marks, P. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring popularity. In A. Cillessen, D. Schwartz, & L. Mayeux (Eds.), Popularity in the peer system (pp. 25–56). New York: Guilford.

Cillessen, A. H. N., & Rose, A. J. (2005). Understanding popularity in the peer system. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 102-105.

Cillessen, A. H. N., Schwartz, D. & Mayeux, L. 2011). Popularity in the peer system. New York, NY: Guilford.

Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nature Re- views. Neuroscience, 13, 636–650.

Crone, E. A., Will, G.-J., Overgaauw, S, & Güroğlu, B. (2014). Social decision-making in childhood and adolescence. In P. A. M. van Lange, B. Rockenbach, and T. Yamagishi. Reward and punishment in social dilemmas. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Dale, A.M. (1999). Optimal experimental design for event-related fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 8, 109–114.

REFERENCES

Adams, R. E., Santo, J. B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2011). The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences. Developmen- tal Psychology, 47, 1786-1791.

Adolphs, R. (2009). The social brain: Neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 693–716.

Aguilar-Pardo, D., Martínez-Arias, R., & Colmenares, F. (2013). The role of inhibition in young children’s altruistic behaviour. Cognitive processing, 14, 301-307.

Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.

Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. Ø., & Tungodden, B. (2010). Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance. Science, 328, 1176-1178.

Anderson, P. (2003). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71–82.

Asher, S. R., Parker, J. G., & Walker, D. L. (1996). Distinguishing friendship from acceptance: Implications for intervention and assess- ment. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendships in childhood and adoles- cence (pp. 366–405). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Aubert-Broche, B., Fonov, V., García-Lorenzo, D., Mouiha, A., Guizard, N., Coupé, P., … Collins, D. L. (2013). A new method for structural volume analysis of longitudinal brain MRI data and its application in studying the growth trajectories of anatomical brain struc- tures in childhood. NeuroImage, 82, 393-402.

Bagwell, C. L., Newcomb, A. F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1998). Preadolescent friendship and peer rejection as predictors of adult adjustment.

Child Development, 69, 140–153.

Bagwell, C. L. & Schmidt, M. E. (2011). Friendships in childhood and adolescence. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. New York, NY: General Learning Press.

Banissy, M. J., Kanai, R., Walsh, V., & Rees, G. (2012). Inter-individual differences in empathy are reflected in human brain structure. Neu- roImage, 62, 2034–2039.

Barry, C. M., & Wentzel, K. R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteris- tics. Developmental Psychology, 42, 153–163.

Bateson, G. (1958). Naven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bekkhus, M., Brendgen, M., Czajkowski, N. O., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2016). Associations between sibling relationship qual- ity and friendship quality in early adolescence: Looking at the case of twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 19, 125–135.

Belsky, J., & De Haan, M. (2011). Annual research review: Parenting and children’s brain development: The end of the beginning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 52, 409–428.

Benetti, S., McCrory, E., Arulanantham, S., De Sanctis, T., McGuire, P., & Mechelli, A. (2010). Attachment style, affective loss and gray matter volume: A voxel-based morphometry study. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 1482–1489.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7–10.

Berndt, T. J. (2004). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, 50, 206–223.

Black, J. E., & Greenough, W. T. (1986). Induction of pattern in neural structure by experience: Implications for cognitive development. In M. E. Lamb, A. L. Brown, & B. Rogott (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology, Vol. 4 (pp. 1-50). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Blair, C. (2003). Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in young children: Relations with self-regulation and adaptation to pre- school in children attending head start. Developmental Psychobiology, 42, 301–311.

Blake, P. R., & McAuliffe, K. (2011). “I had so much it didn’t seem fair”: Eight-year-olds reject two forms of inequity. Cognition, 120, 215–

224.

Blake, P. R., & Rand, D. G. (2010). Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 210-218.

Blakemore, S-J. (2008). The social brain in adolescence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 267-277.

Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187-207.

Blakemore, S. J., Den Ouden, H., Choudhury, S., & Frith, C. (2007). Adolescent development of the neural circuitry for thinking about in- tentions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 130–139.

Bloodgood, B. L., Sharma, N., Browne, H. A., Trepman, A. Z., & Greenberg, M. E. (2013). The activity-dependent transcription factor NPAS4 regulates domain-specific inhibition. Nature, 503, 121–125.

Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Bukowski, W. M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 765–785.

Brendgen, M., Little, T. D., & Krappmann, L. (2000). Rejected children and their friends: A shared evaluation of friendship quality? Mer- rill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 45-70.

Braams, B. R., Güroglu, B., De Water, E., Meuwese, R., Koolschijn, P. C., Peper, J. S., & Crone, E. A. (2014a). Reward-related neural re- sponses are dependent on the beneficiary. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 1030–1037.

Braams, B. R., Peters, S., Peper, J. S., Güroğlu, B., & Crone, E. A. (2014b). Gambling for self, friends, and antagonists: Differential contribu- tions of affective and social brain regions on adolescent reward processing. NeuroImage, 100, 281–289.

Braams, B. R., Van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Peper, J. S., & Crone, E. A. (2015). Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: A compre- hensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 7226–

7238.

Brett, M., Anton, J. L., Valabregue, R., Poline, J. B. (2002). Region of interest analysis using an SPM toolbox. NeuroImage, 16, 497.

Brown, B. B., Eicher, S. A., & Petrie, S. (1986). The importance of peer group (“crowd”) affiliation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 9, 73–96.

Brown, T. T, Kuperman, J. M, Chung, Y., Erhart, M., McCabe, C., Hagler, D. J. Jr, … Dale, A. M. (2012). Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity. Current Biology 22, 1693–1698.

Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., & Nichols, S. (2009). To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? Infancy : The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 14, 117–130.

Buckholtz, J. W. (2015). Social norms, self-control, and the value of antisocial behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 122–

129.

Buhrmester, D. (1990). Intimacy of friendship, interpersonal competence, and adjustment during preadolescence and adolescence. Child Development, 61, 1101–1011.

Bukowski, W. M. (2011). Popularity as a social concept: Meanings and significance. In A. Cillessen, D. Schwartz, & L. Mayeux (Eds.), Popu- larity in the peer system (pp. 3-24). New York: Guilford.

Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1993). Popularity, friendship, and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. New Direc- tions for Child Development, 60, 23–37.

Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the friendship qualities scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.

Burkart, J. M., Allon, O., Amici, F., Fichtel, C., Finkenwirth, C., Heschl, A., … Van Schaik, C. P. (2014). The evolutionary origin of human hyper-cooperation. Nature Communications, 5, 4747.

Burnett, S., Sebastian, C., Cohen Kadosh, K., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2011). The social brain in adolescence: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioural studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 1654–64.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1994). Ecological models of human development. Readings on the Development of Children 2, 37-43.

Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social development, 9, 115-125.

Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral Game Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Caravita, S. C. S., Di Blasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bully- ing. Social Development, 18, 140-163.

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punish- ment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333.

Charlesworth, W. R. (1996). Co-operation and competition: Contributions to an evolutionary and developmental model. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 19, 25–39.

Charness, G., & Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117, 817-869.

Chein, J., Albert, D., Brien, L. O., Uckert, K., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brain’s reward circuitry, Developmental science, 14, F1–F10.

Chow, C. M., Ruhl, H., & Buhrmester, D. (2013). The mediating role of interpersonal competence between adolescents’ empathy and friendship quality: A dyadic approach. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 191–200.

Christie, R. & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. NY: Academic Press.

Cialdini, R. B., & Richardson, K. D. (1980). Two indirect tactics of impression management: Basking and blasting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 406-416.

Cillessen, A. H. N., Jiang, X. L. West, T. V., & Laszkowski, D. K. (2005). Predictors of dyadic friendship quality in adolescence. Interna- tional Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 165-172.

Cillessen, A., & Marks, P. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring popularity. In A. Cillessen, D. Schwartz, & L. Mayeux (Eds.), Popularity in the peer system (pp. 25–56). New York: Guilford.

Cillessen, A. H. N., & Rose, A. J. (2005). Understanding popularity in the peer system. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 102-105.

Cillessen, A. H. N., Schwartz, D. & Mayeux, L. 2011). Popularity in the peer system. New York, NY: Guilford.

Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Understanding adolescence as a period of social-affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nature Re- views. Neuroscience, 13, 636–650.

Crone, E. A., Will, G.-J., Overgaauw, S, & Güroğlu, B. (2014). Social decision-making in childhood and adolescence. In P. A. M. van Lange, B. Rockenbach, and T. Yamagishi. Reward and punishment in social dilemmas. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Dale, A.M. (1999). Optimal experimental design for event-related fMRI. Human Brain Mapping, 8, 109–114.

REFERENCES

Adams, R. E., Santo, J. B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2011). The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences. Developmen- tal Psychology, 47, 1786-1791.

Adolphs, R. (2009). The social brain: Neural basis of social knowledge. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 693–716.

Aguilar-Pardo, D., Martínez-Arias, R., & Colmenares, F. (2013). The role of inhibition in young children’s altruistic behaviour. Cognitive processing, 14, 301-307.

Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.

Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. Ø., & Tungodden, B. (2010). Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance. Science, 328, 1176-1178.

Anderson, P. (2003). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71–82.

Asher, S. R., Parker, J. G., & Walker, D. L. (1996). Distinguishing friendship from acceptance: Implications for intervention and assess- ment. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: Friendships in childhood and adoles- cence (pp. 366–405). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Aubert-Broche, B., Fonov, V., García-Lorenzo, D., Mouiha, A., Guizard, N., Coupé, P., … Collins, D. L. (2013). A new method for structural volume analysis of longitudinal brain MRI data and its application in studying the growth trajectories of anatomical brain struc- tures in childhood. NeuroImage, 82, 393-402.

Bagwell, C. L., Newcomb, A. F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1998). Preadolescent friendship and peer rejection as predictors of adult adjustment.

Child Development, 69, 140–153.

Bagwell, C. L. & Schmidt, M. E. (2011). Friendships in childhood and adolescence. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Bandura, A. (1971). Social learning theory. New York, NY: General Learning Press.

Banissy, M. J., Kanai, R., Walsh, V., & Rees, G. (2012). Inter-individual differences in empathy are reflected in human brain structure. Neu- roImage, 62, 2034–2039.

Barry, C. M., & Wentzel, K. R. (2006). Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteris- tics. Developmental Psychology, 42, 153–163.

Bateson, G. (1958). Naven. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Bekkhus, M., Brendgen, M., Czajkowski, N. O., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2016). Associations between sibling relationship qual- ity and friendship quality in early adolescence: Looking at the case of twins. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 19, 125–135.

Belsky, J., & De Haan, M. (2011). Annual research review: Parenting and children’s brain development: The end of the beginning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 52, 409–428.

Benetti, S., McCrory, E., Arulanantham, S., De Sanctis, T., McGuire, P., & Mechelli, A. (2010). Attachment style, affective loss and gray matter volume: A voxel-based morphometry study. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 1482–1489.

Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7–10.

Berndt, T. J. (2004). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill- Palmer Quarterly, 50, 206–223.

Black, J. E., & Greenough, W. T. (1986). Induction of pattern in neural structure by experience: Implications for cognitive development. In M. E. Lamb, A. L. Brown, & B. Rogott (Eds.), Advances in developmental psychology, Vol. 4 (pp. 1-50). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Blair, C. (2003). Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in young children: Relations with self-regulation and adaptation to pre- school in children attending head start. Developmental Psychobiology, 42, 301–311.

Blake, P. R., & McAuliffe, K. (2011). “I had so much it didn’t seem fair”: Eight-year-olds reject two forms of inequity. Cognition, 120, 215–

224.

Blake, P. R., & Rand, D. G. (2010). Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 210-218.

Blakemore, S-J. (2008). The social brain in adolescence. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9, 267-277.

Blakemore, S.-J., & Mills, K. L. (2014). Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing? Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 187-207.

Blakemore, S. J., Den Ouden, H., Choudhury, S., & Frith, C. (2007). Adolescent development of the neural circuitry for thinking about in- tentions. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2, 130–139.

Bloodgood, B. L., Sharma, N., Browne, H. A., Trepman, A. Z., & Greenberg, M. E. (2013). The activity-dependent transcription factor NPAS4 regulates domain-specific inhibition. Nature, 503, 121–125.

Boivin, M., Hymel, S., & Bukowski, W. M. (1995). The roles of social withdrawal, peer rejection, and victimization by peers in predicting loneliness and depressed mood in childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 765–785.

Brendgen, M., Little, T. D., & Krappmann, L. (2000). Rejected children and their friends: A shared evaluation of friendship quality? Mer- rill-Palmer Quarterly, 46, 45-70.

156 References References

Frith, C. D. (2007). The social brain? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 362, 671–8.

Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S. J. (2015). Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development. Trends in Cognitive Sci- ences, 19, 558–566.

Gaertner, A. E., Fite, P. J., & Colder, C. R. (2010). Parenting and friendship quality as predictors of internalizing and externalizing symp- toms in early adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 101–108.

Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J, Voss, H, Glover, G, & Casey, B. J. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6885–6892.

Gavin, L. a., & Furman, W. (1989). Age differences in adolescents’ perceptions of their peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 827–

834.

Geraci, A. and Surian, L. (2011), The developmental roots of fairness: infants’ reactions to equal and unequal distributions of resources.

Developmental Science, 14, 1012–1020.

Gilmore, J. H., Shi, F., Woolson, S. L., Knickmeyer, R. C., Short, S. J., Lin, W., … Shen, D. (2012). Longitudinal development of cortical and subcortical gray matter from birth to 2 years. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 2478–2485.

Green, L., Fry, A. F., & Myerson, J. (1994). Discounting of delayed rewards : A life-span comparison. Psychological Science, 5, 33-36.

Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C.S. (1987). Experience and brain development. Child Development, 58, 539–559.

Gummerum, M., Keller, M., Takezawa, M., & Mata, J. (2008). To give or not to give: children’s and adolescents' sharing and moral negotia- tions in economic decision situations. Child Development, 79, 562-576.

Güroğlu, B., Van den Bos, W., & Crone, E. A. (2009). Fairness considerations: Increasing understanding of intentionality during adoles- cence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 398–409.

Güroğlu, B., Van den Bos, W., & Crone, E. A. (2009). Neural correlates of social decision making and relationships: A developmental per- spective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 197–206.

Güroğlu, B., Van Lieshout, C. F. M., Haselager, G. J. T., & Scholte, R. H. J., (2007). Similarity and complementarity of behavioral profiles of friendship types and types of friends: Friendships and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 357–386.

Güroǧlu, B., Will, G. J., & Crone, E. A. (2014). Neural correlates of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity in sharing decisions. PloS One, 9, e107996.

Güroğlu, B., Will, G. J., & Klapwijk, E. T. (2013). Some bullies are more equal than others: Peer relationships modulate altruistic punish- ment of bullies after observing ostracism. International Journal of Developmental Sciences, 7, 13–23.

Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Vesterlund, L. (2007). Learning to bargain. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 127–142.

Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep : Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67, 1–13.

Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370.

Hay, D. F. (1994). Prosocial development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 29–71.

Hirsch, F. (1976). Social limits to growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hodges, E. V., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94-101.

Hogstrom, L. J., Westlye, L. T., Walhovd, K. B., & Fjell, A. M. (2013). The structure of the cerebral cortex across adult life: Age-related pat- terns of surface area, thickness, and gyrification. Cerebral Cortex, 23, 2521–2530.

House, B., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, C., Scelza, B., Boyette, A., Hewlett, B. Laurence, S. (2013). The ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Hoza, B. (2007). Peer functioning in children with ADHD. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 7, 101–106.

Jeon, T., Mishra, V., Ouyang, M., Chen, M., & Huang, H. (2015). Synchronous changes of cortical thickness and corresponding white mat- ter microstructure during brain development accessed by diffusion mri tractography from parcellated cortex. Frontiers in Neuro- anatomy, 9, 158.

Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476.

Kashy, D. A., & Kenny, D. A. (2000). The analysis of data from dyads and groups. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 451-477). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kenny, D. A., & Acitelli, L. K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in the perception of the partner in a close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 439–448.

Kenny, D. A., Mannetti, L., Pierro, A., Livi, S., & Kashy, D. A. (2002). The statistical analysis of data from small groups. Journal of Person- ality and Social Psychology, 83, 126–137.

Kitzmann, K. M., & Cohen, R. (2003). Parents’ versus children’s perceptions of interparental conflict as predictors of children’s friendship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 689–700.

Knoll, L. J., Magis-Weinberg, L., Speekenbrink, M., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2015). Social influence on risk perception during adolescence. Psy- chological Science, 26, 583-592.

Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecedents, and impli- cations for social development. Developmental psychology, 36, 220.

Kok, R., Thijssen, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., White, T., … Tiemeier, H. (2015). Normal variation in early parental sensitivity predicts child structural brain development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 824–831.e1.

Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I. (1999). Cortical surface-based analysis: I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage 9, 179-194.

Dale, A. M., & Sereno, M. I. (1993). Improved localization of cortical activity by combining EEG and MEG with MRI cortical surface recon- struction: a linear approach. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 162-176.

Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.

Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., McElreath, R., & Smirnov, O. (2007). Egalitarian motives in humans. Nature, 446, 794-796.

Dawes, C. T., Loewen, P. J., Schreiber, D., Simmons, a. N., Flagan, T., McElreath, R., … Paulus, M. P. (2012). Neural basis of egalitarian behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 6479–6483.

De Bruyn, E. H., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2006). Popularity in early adolescence: Prosocial and antisocial subtypes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 607–627.

Decety, J., Chen, C., Harenski, C., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). An fMRI study of affective perspective taking in individuals with psychopathy:

Imagining another in pain does not evoke empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 489.

Delgado, M. R. (2007). Reward‐related responses in the human striatum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1104, 70-88.

Demuth, S. (2004). Understanding the delinquency and social relationships of loners. Youth & Society, 35, 366-392.

Den Ouden, H. E., Frith, U., Frith, C., Blakemore, S. J. (2005). Thinking about intentions. NeuroImage, 28, 787-796.

Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D, … Killiany, R. J. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage, 31, 968-980.

Deutz, M. H. F., Lansu, T. a. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2014). Children’s Observed Interactions With Best Friends: Associations With Friendship Jealousy and Satisfaction. Social Development, 24, 39-56.

DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M. T., & Maner, J. K. (2008). Depletion makes the heart grow less helpful: Helping as a function of self-regulatory energy and genetic relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1653-1662.

Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2015). cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PLoS One, 10, e0121945.

Dijkstra, J. K., Cillessen, A. H. N., Lindenberg, S., & Veenstra, R. (2010). Basking in reflected glory and its limits: Why adolescents hang out with popular peers. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 942-958.

Dijkstra J. K., Lindenberg, S. & Veenstra, R. (2008). Beyond the class norm: Bullying behavior of popular adolescents and its relation to peer acceptance and rejection. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1289-1299.

Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979). Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Human Development, 3, 79–83.

Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A, & Blakemore, S.-J. (2010). Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Develop- mental Science, 13, 331–338.

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Shepard, S. a. (2005). Age changes in prosocial responding and moral rea- soning in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 235-260.

Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Shell, R., McNalley, S., & Shea, C. (1991). Prosocial development in adolescence: a longitudinal study. Develop- mental Psychology, 27, 849-857.

Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulle- tin, 118, 108-132.

Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E., Blair, J., & Pine, D. S. (2005) Amygdala and nucleus accum- bens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. NeuroImage 25, 1279–1291.

Falci, C., & McNeely, C. (2009). Too many friends: Social integration, network cohesion and adolescent depressive symptoms. Social Forces, 87, 2031–2061.

Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454, 1079-1083.

Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425, 785-791.

Fehr, E., Glätzle-Rützler, D., & Sutter, M. (2013). The development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence. European Economic Review, 64, 369–383.

Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 817-868.

Fett, A. K. J., Gromann, P. M., Giampietro, V., Shergill, S. S., & Krabbendam, L. (2014). Default distrust? An fmri investigation of the neu- ral development of trust and cooperation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 395–402.

Fischl, B., Dale, A. M. (2000). Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 11050-11055.

Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., … Dale, A. M. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 33, 341-355.

Fliessbach, K., Phillipps, C. B., Trautner, P., Schnabel, M., Elger, C. E., Falk, A., & Weber, B. (2012). Neural responses to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 165.

Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E., & Sefton, M. (1994). Fairness in simple bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior, 6, 347-369.

Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S. (2016). Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence ? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 40, 81–85.

Frith, C. D. (2007). The social brain? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 362, 671–8.

Fuhrmann, D., Knoll, L. J., & Blakemore, S. J. (2015). Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development. Trends in Cognitive Sci- ences, 19, 558–566.

Gaertner, A. E., Fite, P. J., & Colder, C. R. (2010). Parenting and friendship quality as predictors of internalizing and externalizing symp- toms in early adolescence. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 101–108.

Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J, Voss, H, Glover, G, & Casey, B. J. (2006). Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6885–6892.

Gavin, L. a., & Furman, W. (1989). Age differences in adolescents’ perceptions of their peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 25, 827–

834.

Geraci, A. and Surian, L. (2011), The developmental roots of fairness: infants’ reactions to equal and unequal distributions of resources.

Developmental Science, 14, 1012–1020.

Gilmore, J. H., Shi, F., Woolson, S. L., Knickmeyer, R. C., Short, S. J., Lin, W., … Shen, D. (2012). Longitudinal development of cortical and subcortical gray matter from birth to 2 years. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 2478–2485.

Green, L., Fry, A. F., & Myerson, J. (1994). Discounting of delayed rewards : A life-span comparison. Psychological Science, 5, 33-36.

Greenough, W. T., Black, J. E., & Wallace, C.S. (1987). Experience and brain development. Child Development, 58, 539–559.

Gummerum, M., Keller, M., Takezawa, M., & Mata, J. (2008). To give or not to give: children’s and adolescents' sharing and moral negotia- tions in economic decision situations. Child Development, 79, 562-576.

Güroğlu, B., Van den Bos, W., & Crone, E. A. (2009). Fairness considerations: Increasing understanding of intentionality during adoles- cence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104, 398–409.

Güroğlu, B., Van den Bos, W., & Crone, E. A. (2009). Neural correlates of social decision making and relationships: A developmental per- spective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 197–206.

Güroğlu, B., Van Lieshout, C. F. M., Haselager, G. J. T., & Scholte, R. H. J., (2007). Similarity and complementarity of behavioral profiles of friendship types and types of friends: Friendships and psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 357–386.

Güroǧlu, B., Will, G. J., & Crone, E. A. (2014). Neural correlates of advantageous and disadvantageous inequity in sharing decisions. PloS One, 9, e107996.

Güroğlu, B., Will, G. J., & Klapwijk, E. T. (2013). Some bullies are more equal than others: Peer relationships modulate altruistic punish- ment of bullies after observing ostracism. International Journal of Developmental Sciences, 7, 13–23.

Harbaugh, W. T., Krause, K., & Vesterlund, L. (2007). Learning to bargain. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28, 127–142.

Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep : Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67, 1–13.

Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370.

Hay, D. F. (1994). Prosocial development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 29–71.

Hirsch, F. (1976). Social limits to growth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hodges, E. V., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94-101.

Hogstrom, L. J., Westlye, L. T., Walhovd, K. B., & Fjell, A. M. (2013). The structure of the cerebral cortex across adult life: Age-related pat- terns of surface area, thickness, and gyrification. Cerebral Cortex, 23, 2521–2530.

House, B., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, C., Scelza, B., Boyette, A., Hewlett, B. Laurence, S. (2013). The ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Hoza, B. (2007). Peer functioning in children with ADHD. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 7, 101–106.

Jeon, T., Mishra, V., Ouyang, M., Chen, M., & Huang, H. (2015). Synchronous changes of cortical thickness and corresponding white mat- ter microstructure during brain development accessed by diffusion mri tractography from parcellated cortex. Frontiers in Neuro- anatomy, 9, 158.

Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2004). Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 441-476.

Kashy, D. A., & Kenny, D. A. (2000). The analysis of data from dyads and groups. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 451-477). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kenny, D. A., & Acitelli, L. K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in the perception of the partner in a close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 439–448.

Kenny, D. A., Mannetti, L., Pierro, A., Livi, S., & Kashy, D. A. (2002). The statistical analysis of data from small groups. Journal of Person- ality and Social Psychology, 83, 126–137.

Kitzmann, K. M., & Cohen, R. (2003). Parents’ versus children’s perceptions of interparental conflict as predictors of children’s friendship quality. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20, 689–700.

Knoll, L. J., Magis-Weinberg, L., Speekenbrink, M., & Blakemore, S.-J. (2015). Social influence on risk perception during adolescence. Psy- chological Science, 26, 583-592.

Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: continuity and change, antecedents, and impli- cations for social development. Developmental psychology, 36, 220.

Kok, R., Thijssen, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Verhulst, F. C., White, T., … Tiemeier, H. (2015). Normal variation in early parental sensitivity predicts child structural brain development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 824–831.e1.

Dale, A. M., Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I. (1999). Cortical surface-based analysis: I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction. NeuroImage 9, 179-194.

Dale, A. M., & Sereno, M. I. (1993). Improved localization of cortical activity by combining EEG and MEG with MRI cortical surface recon- struction: a linear approach. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 5, 162-176.

Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.

Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., McElreath, R., & Smirnov, O. (2007). Egalitarian motives in humans. Nature, 446, 794-796.

Dawes, C. T., Loewen, P. J., Schreiber, D., Simmons, a. N., Flagan, T., McElreath, R., … Paulus, M. P. (2012). Neural basis of egalitarian behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 6479–6483.

De Bruyn, E. H., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2006). Popularity in early adolescence: Prosocial and antisocial subtypes. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21, 607–627.

Decety, J., Chen, C., Harenski, C., & Kiehl, K. A. (2013). An fMRI study of affective perspective taking in individuals with psychopathy:

Imagining another in pain does not evoke empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 489.

Delgado, M. R. (2007). Reward‐related responses in the human striatum. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1104, 70-88.

Demuth, S. (2004). Understanding the delinquency and social relationships of loners. Youth & Society, 35, 366-392.

Den Ouden, H. E., Frith, U., Frith, C., Blakemore, S. J. (2005). Thinking about intentions. NeuroImage, 28, 787-796.

Desikan, R. S., Ségonne, F., Fischl, B., Quinn, B. T., Dickerson, B. C., Blacker, D, … Killiany, R. J. (2006). An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. NeuroImage, 31, 968-980.

Deutz, M. H. F., Lansu, T. a. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2014). Children’s Observed Interactions With Best Friends: Associations With Friendship Jealousy and Satisfaction. Social Development, 24, 39-56.

DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Gailliot, M. T., & Maner, J. K. (2008). Depletion makes the heart grow less helpful: Helping as a function of self-regulatory energy and genetic relatedness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1653-1662.

Diedenhofen, B., & Musch, J. (2015). cocor: A comprehensive solution for the statistical comparison of correlations. PLoS One, 10, e0121945.

Dijkstra, J. K., Cillessen, A. H. N., Lindenberg, S., & Veenstra, R. (2010). Basking in reflected glory and its limits: Why adolescents hang out with popular peers. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 942-958.

Dijkstra J. K., Lindenberg, S. & Veenstra, R. (2008). Beyond the class norm: Bullying behavior of popular adolescents and its relation to peer acceptance and rejection. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 1289-1299.

Dobbing, J., & Sands, J. (1979). Comparative aspects of the brain growth spurt. Early Human Development, 3, 79–83.

Dumontheil, I., Apperly, I. A, & Blakemore, S.-J. (2010). Online usage of theory of mind continues to develop in late adolescence. Develop- mental Science, 13, 331–338.

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Shepard, S. a. (2005). Age changes in prosocial responding and moral rea- soning in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 235-260.

Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Shell, R., McNalley, S., & Shea, C. (1991). Prosocial development in adolescence: a longitudinal study. Develop- mental Psychology, 27, 849-857.

Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulle- tin, 118, 108-132.

Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E., Blair, J., & Pine, D. S. (2005) Amygdala and nucleus accum- bens in responses to receipt and omission of gains in adults and adolescents. NeuroImage 25, 1279–1291.

Falci, C., & McNeely, C. (2009). Too many friends: Social integration, network cohesion and adolescent depressive symptoms. Social Forces, 87, 2031–2061.

Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454, 1079-1083.

Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature, 425, 785-791.

Fehr, E., Glätzle-Rützler, D., & Sutter, M. (2013). The development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence. European Economic Review, 64, 369–383.

Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999). A theory of fairness, competition, and cooperation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114, 817-868.

Fett, A. K. J., Gromann, P. M., Giampietro, V., Shergill, S. S., & Krabbendam, L. (2014). Default distrust? An fmri investigation of the neu- ral development of trust and cooperation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 395–402.

Fischl, B., Dale, A. M. (2000). Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 11050-11055.

Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., … Dale, A. M. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron 33, 341-355.

Fliessbach, K., Phillipps, C. B., Trautner, P., Schnabel, M., Elger, C. E., Falk, A., & Weber, B. (2012). Neural responses to advantageous and disadvantageous inequity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 165.

Forsythe, R., Horowitz, J. L., Savin, N. E., & Sefton, M. (1994). Fairness in simple bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior, 6, 347-369.

Foulkes, L., & Blakemore, S. (2016). Is there heightened sensitivity to social reward in adolescence ? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 40, 81–85.