Furs and fabrics : transformations, clothing and identity in East
Greenland
Buijs, C.C.M.; Buijs C.C.M.
Citation
Buijs, C. C. M. (2004, May 26). Furs and fabrics : transformations, clothing and identity in
East Greenland. Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde. CNWS Publications,
Leiden. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/56410
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Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden
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The handle
http://hdl.handle.net/1887/56410
holds various files of this Leiden University
dissertation
Author: Buijs, Cunera
Furs and Fabrics.
Transformations, Clothing and Identity in East Greenland
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer,
hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 26 mei 2004
te klokke 14.15 uur
door
Cunera Cornelia Maria Buijs geboren te Hengelo
Promotiecommissie:
Promotores: Prof. dr. J.G. Oosten Prof. dr. R. Schefold
Referent: Dr. C.W.H. Remie
Furs and Fabrics,
Transformations, Clothing and
Identity in East Greenland
CNWS Publications
Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde no. 32
Editorial board: P.J. ter Keurs (chairman) / Prof.dr. R.M.A. Bedaux / P.L.F. van Dongen / Prof.dr. M. Forrer / Dr. D.J. Stuart Fox
CNWS publishes books and journals which advance scholarly research in Asian, African and Amerindian Studies. CNWS Publications is part of the Research School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (CNWS) at Leiden University, The Netherlands.
All correspondence should be addressed to: Drs. Margarita Winkel
Editor-in-Chief CNWS Publications c/o Research School CNWS Leiden University PO Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands. Cunera C.M. Buijs ISBN: 90-5789-094-1 Subject headings:
Furs and Fabrics, Transformations, Clothing and Identity in East Greenland.
Printing: Ridderprint, Ridderkerk Cover design: Arnoud Bernhard Design: Johanneke Oosten
Cover illustration: Batsheba (photo: Jaap van Zuylen, Tasiilaq, East Greenland, 1934)
Copyright 2004 Research School CNWS, Leiden University, The Netherlands
Copyright reserved.
Opgedragen aan
mijn ouders Frans Buijs en Annie Buijs-Eberson - voor wat zij mij meegaven –
Contents
Maps and figures x
Introduction 1
Arctic clothing 1
The background of this research 1
Identities 3
Identities and clothing 5
Methods of research 6
The organization of the book 8
Acknowledgements 8
A tradition of furs, clothing in East Greenland at the end of the
nineteenth century 10
Clothing at birth and childhood 13
Children’s garments as protective amulets 17 Children’s clothing according to gender 19
Clothing expressing puberty 23
Clothing at maturity and after marriage 24
The adult women’s’ wardrobe 25
Women’s coats 25 Women’s trousers 30 Women’s boots 34 Women’s adornments 37 Tattoos 39 To be concluded 40
The wardrobe of adult men 41
Men’s coats 41 Specialized waterproof garments 46
Mittens 53
Men’s trousers 53 Men’s boots 56 Headgear 60 Men’s adornments and amulets 64
Clothing for death, and mourning clothes 67 Festive costumes within a ritual context 70
Clothing during drum dances 70 Shaman’s garments 71 Dressing for Uaajeerneq 72 The actors 73
Clothing and disguise during Uaajeerneq 74
Comparison with similar festivities among the Canadian Inuit 77
Contents vii
The West Greenlandic and European impact,
East Greenlandic clothing in the first half of the twentieth century 82
Medical care and education 82
The mission 84
The influence of the mission on the East Greenlanders’ clothing 84
Childbirth and baptism 85 Children’s clothing according to gender 89 Chances in clothing adopted at adolescence 92 Marriages and the Lutheran church 94 Funerals, clothing for the dead, and mourning clothes 98 Festive clothing worn on Sundays and Christian holidays? 99
New religious clothing 105
Dressing up for Uaajeerneq or Mitaarneq 106
Economic developments and trade 108
The impact of the new economy and trade on the East Greenlandic clothing 111
The disappearance of East Greenlandic skin clothing 112
Continuity in sealskin clothing 119
Textile clothing 123
Textiles in children’s clothing 124
Textiles in women’s clothing 126
Textiles in men’s clothing 130
Beads from Europe 135
Change in political and social organization 136
Continuity in East Greenlandic social and political organization 136
Danish colonization and political development 136
New politics and new transformations in clothing 138
European and West Greenlandic influences on clothing 138
Conclusion 148 Economic developments and its influence on clothing 148 A new religion and new clothing 150 Social and political implications, change and continuity in clothing 150 Transformation and integration, East Greenlandic clothing in the second half of the twentieth century 153
Demographic developments and health services 153
Economic developments and trade 154
Hunting and fishing 155
New employment and additional sources of income 157
Workshop for handicraft 158
The sewing atelier ‘Skæven’ 159
viii Furs and Fabrics
The Lutheran church 164
New education 165
The interface between politics and economy 166 Change in political and social organization 168
Change in political structure 169 Greenlanders and Danes 169 West Greenlanders and East Greenlanders 170
Towards a new identity 171
Transformations in clothing 174
Inside and outside, indoors and outdoors 174
Shopping 174 Home-made clothing 178
The sewing workshop Skæven 178
Maintenance 179 Sharing clothes 180
Infants and pre-school children 181
Schoolchildren and youths 184
Adults and elders 185
The hunters’ clothing 188
Working clothes 189
Clothing at political meetings 191
Festive costumes 195
Festive clothing and rites of passage 197
Marriage 199 The invention of East Greenlandic festive dress 199
The aesthetics of the national costume 208
Playing with clothes 210
Tattoos and adornments 213
Clothing for special purposes 213
Danes, West and East Greenlander’s clothing and ethnic groups 213 Clothing, Greenlanders and tourists 215
Considerations and conclusions 217
Conclusions 219
The nineteenth-century clothing 219
Function 219 Capacity and success 220
Rites of passage 220
Spirituality and protection 220 Spirituality and exchange relationships 221
The clothing of the first half of the twentieth century 222
Economic development and its influence on clothing 222
Contents ix
Social and political implications, change and continuity in clothing 223
The clothing of the second half of the twentieth century 224
Age, fashion and status 225 Developments in festive clothing 225
Clothing and identity 226
Changing relationships 227
Notes 229
References 252
Appendices 265 Appendix 1, List of Greenlandic terms 265
Appendix 2, List of Danish terms 270
Appendix 3, List of abbreviations of Institutions 272
Eqikkaaneq (Conclusions translated in the West Greenlandic language) 273
Indices 283 Index 1, Index of garments and (clothing related) subjects 283
Maps and figures
Map 1. Map of Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) and the Tasiilaq (Ammassalik) district. Figure 1. Woman with an infant in her amaat. (Photo: Thalbitzer, Ammassalik, 1906,
Arctic Institute, Copenhagen, AI 7778.)
Figure 2. Group of Tunumiit, some infants and small children included, wearing dif- ferent type of dress. (Photo: Krabbe, Ammassalik 1906, Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC L 117.)
Figure 3. Children’s cap dating from the end of the nineteenth century.
(Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC L 5063 b.) Figure 4. Dress of an almost adult girl, dating from the end of the nineteenth centu-
ry. (National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, RMV 2085-3-6.)
Figure 5. Pattern of a dress for a nearly adult girl dating from the end of the nineteenth century. (National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, RMV 2085-3.)
Figure 6. Decorated girl’s boots made of seal leather, dating from the end of the nine- teenth century. (National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, RMV 2085-6.) Figure 7. Pattern of decorated girl’s boots made of seal leather, dating from the end of
the nineteenth century. (National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, RMV 2085-6.)
Figure 8. Woman’s inner breeches, naatsit, decorated with leather strips. (Buijs and Vogelsang-Eastwood, 1993:37.)
Figure 9. Pattern of a woman’s outer coat, tattulaq. (Buijs, NMC Nr. Ld 129.2.) Figure 10. Different types of women’s coats.
Figure 11. Pattern for a woman’s short outer trousers (qarterpaat). (Buijs and Vogelsang-Eastwood 1993:54.)
Figure 12. Different types of decorated and undecorated trousers for women.
Figure 13. The first East Greenlanders to be baptized by Pastor Rüttel in Ammassalik, in April 1899. (Photo: Rüttel, Ammassalik, 1899, Arctic Institute, Copenhagen, AI 50.)
Figure 14. Pattern of woman’s breeches naatsit. (Buijs and Vogelsang-Eastwood 1993:53.)
Figure 15. Different types of women’s long outer boots.
Figure 16. Two types of ear decorations (tusaammit) from East Greenland.
Figure 17. Man’s outer coat (alatsik) made out of seal fur. (Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC Ld 119.)
Figure 18. Pattern of a man’s outer coat (alatsik) made out of seal fur. (Hatt 1969.) Figure 19. Pattern of a man’s outer coat (nani uliivia alatsik) made of polar-bear fur.
(Hatt 1969.)
Figure 20. Two different shoulder patterns, and corresponding bottom edgings, on the back of men’s inner coats made of seal fur.
Figure 21. Gutskin coat, ikkiaq. (National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, RMV 1071- 2.)
Maps and figures xi
Figure 23. Short kayak anorak qaaloqqoq. (Grønlands Landsmuseum og Arkiv, Nuuk, NKA 1418 Ld 66.)
Figure 24. kayak skirt, agivilisaq, (back).
Figure 25. Whaling suit qarlippaassalik (Drawing: Frans Stelling).
Figure 26. Pattern of a man’s relatively short pair of seal-fur trousers. (Buijs and Vogelsang-Eastwood 1993:48.)
Figure 27. Various types of men’s trousers in East Greenland at the end of the nine- teenth century.
Figure 28. Man’s inner breeches, naatsit , made of seal fur: East Greenland, end of the nineteenth century. (Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC L. 1536.1.)
Figure 29. Man’s boots made of seal fur, kamiit meqqilit, East Greenland, end of the nineteenth century. (Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC L. 5024.)
Figure 30. Decorated man’s boots made of seal leather, East Greenland, end of the nine- teenth century. (Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC L. 4401.)
Figure 31. Decorative patterns made out of skin mosaic on waterproof men’s boots of East Greenland at the end of the nineteenth century.
Figure 32. Cap with peak made out of eider-duck skin. (National Museum of Ethnology, Leiden, RMV 1020-29.)
Figure 33. Storfangerkasket. (Grønlands Landsmuseum og Arkiv, Nuuk, NKA 515.) Figure 34. Angakkeq Maratsi wearing a storfangerkasket. (Photo: Krabbe, Ammassalik,
1904, Arctic Institute, Copenhagen, AI 50.692, No. 65.)
Figure 35. Different types of snow goggles, ittaat (above), and eye shades, inniikkilat (below).
Figure 36. An East Greenlander wearing an amulet strap, hair band and armlets. (Photo: Krabbe, Ammassalik, 1906, Nationalmuseet, Etnografisk Samling, Copenhagen, NMC. L. 120.)
Figure 37. Mourning hood of an East Greenlandic woman, dating from the end of the nineteenth century. (Grønlands Landsmuseum og Arkiv, Nuuk, NKA 1396.)
Figure 38. Song duel with drums at Ammassalik. (Photo: Thalbitzer, 1906, Arctic Institute, Copenhagen, 7656.)
Figure 39. Wooden mask with leather thong stemming from Ammassalik. Probably dating from the end of the nineteenth or beginning of the twentieth centu- ry. (British Museum London, BML 1944 AM 2.1.)
Figure 40. The celebration of Shrove Tuesday (‘Pancake Day’), 12 February 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF. 94.)
Figure 41. Julietta, sister of Lars (a boy who died), wearing a cap, to protect a child whose brothers and sisters had died, Kuummiit, Spring 1933. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague, no. 33.)
12 Furs and Fabrics
baptized, and wears a christening dress. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. Af 196.) Figure 43. Two small children, wearing non-gender specific clothing. Ammassalik,
August, 1937. (Photo: Jette Bang, Arctic Institute Copenhagen, no. 3186.) Figure 44. Two small girls, Batsheba and Magdalene in Ammassalik, March 1933.
(Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 112.)
Figure 45. A daughter of Konrad, wearing an adult’s tattulaq, probably borrowed from her mother, to take care of a younger brother or sister, Kungmiut, spring 1933. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague, no. 79.)
Figure 46. Small girl in the female costume that developed into a festive dress for girls and women. East Greenland, August 1937. (Photo: Jette Bang, Arctic Institute Copenhagen. no. 3144.)
Figure 47. Maala Boassen with her son Tolua (Torvald) , on Sunday 29th April 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 137.)
Figure 48. Biliam and Sigrid Jonathansen after they married in the church of Ammassalik, on Whit Monday, 21st May 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen no. AF 168.)
Figure 49. Picture of a young East Greenlandic woman wearing her hair tied up in a topknot, with several bead ornaments, such as a (probably) red cloth hair ribbon. Depicted by Kaarali Andreassen in 1932-1933. (Museon, The Hague.)
Figure 50. The West Greenlandic Catechist Salo Boassen and his East Greenlandic wife Mala, dressed beautifully on a Sunday, 14 May 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF. 44.)
Figure 51. The celebration of Christmas, 25 December 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, NR. AF. 77.)
Figure 52. A group of young East Greenlanders in festive costumes in the school at Ammassalik, 30 December 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF. 78.)
Figure 53. Nala (Nathan) Maratse in Ammassalik in 1934, wearing a white anorak, black trousers and black sealskin boots. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF. 203.) Figure 54. Hendrik Lund and his family in Sydprøven in 1911. (Photo: F.C.P Rüttel,
Arctic Institute Copenhagen, AIC 31.)
Figure 55. Wooden mask dating from the 1930s. The mask depicts a white man, pos- sibly one of the Dutch expedition members. (Museon NR. 48234.)
Figure 56. Boy’s anorak made out of seal fur, Ammassalik, dating from 1932-1933. (Museon, The Hague, Tinbergen collection, no. 48183, photo: Christiaan Raab.)
Figure 57. People in front of a winter house, Tiniteqilaaq, 31 May 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 158.)
Figure 58. The East Greenlandic hunters Andreas, Kârale (Karl Andreassen) and Vitus, seal hunting at a breathing hole at Qinqorssuaq, in spring 1933. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague, no. 16.)
Maps and figures xiii
Figure 60. East Greenlanders making a new sealskin cover for a kayak. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 38.)
Figure 61a and b.Watertight gut-skin coats (ikkiat). (Museon, The Hague, photo: Christiaan Raab, no. 48186 and no. 57655.)
Figure 62. Watertight kayak anorak (qajarsiit) made out of brown seal leather. (Museon, The Hague, Photo: Christiaan Raab, no. 48072.)
Figure 63. Seal-fur women’s outer coat (tattulaq). (Museon, The Hague, no. 48180.) Figure 64. Kundine Ignatiussen (wife of Hans Ignatiussen) with an amaarngut. She is carrying her child on her back. Ammassalik, March 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 104.)
Figure 65. Woman breastfeeding her child, Ammassalik, August 1937. (Photo: Jette Bang, Arctic Institute Copenhagen, no. 2970.)
Figure 66. Woman breastfeeding her child, sitting next to a man working on a bladder float, Kangerdlugssuaq, August 1937. (Photo: Jette Bang, Arctic Institute Copenhagen, NR. 2915.)
Figure 67. White cloth anorak with bead strings on top of the hood, 1930-1940. (Ammassalik Museum no. AM n4c 002-91.)
Figure 68. An East Greenlandic family builds a kayak, Ammassalik, May 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, nr. AF 167.)
Figure 69. Two East Greenlandic women (left), the daughter (Eliza Maqe) and wife of the catechist Kârale or Karl Andreassen (middle), wearing the latest fashion in East Greenland in the 1930s. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague.) Figure 70. Short white outer boots (nakatalat or kamisat) for women. (Rijksmuseum
voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, no. 5924-3.)
Figure 71. East Greenlandic family eating while making a kayak. Ammassalik, May 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 66.)
Figure 72. Salo and Tobias with a dog sled out on the ice, hunting or ice fishing. They both wear cloth anoraks as an outer layer, probably on top of woolen jerseys. Near Ammassalik, April 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 28.)
Figure 73. Two young hunters paddling in their kayaks, wearing white cloth kayak- anoraks as an outer layer. Sermilik, August 1932. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague, no.6.)
Figure 74. Thomas Jørgensen (KGH formand) wearing a cloth Scotch bonnet, a cloth anorak as an outer layer, and a pair of European type of cloth trousers. Ammassalik, 19 May 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 49.)
Figure 75. Kora, an East Greenland hunter in a settlement between Kuummiit (Kungmiut) and Kulusuk, wearing a knitted cap in the spring of 1933. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague. no. 34.)
Figure 76. Pair of overboots dating from the 1930s. The upper part is made of seal fur, whereas dog fur was used for the lower part. (National Museum of Ethnology Leiden, no. 5924-4.)
14 Furs and Fabrics
kolonibestyrer Rassow). Sømandsfjeld, June 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no.
AF 181.)
Figure 78. Two East Greenlanders standing near the waterside, almost completely dressed in textiles except for their sealskin boots, wearing shirts of a European style, and a European cardigan. Kangerlussuaq, August 1937. (Photo: Jette Bang, Arctic Institute Copenhagen, no. 3044.)
Figure 79. Kaarali Andreassen (left), catechist in Kuummiit (Kungmiut), wearing a European overcoat and jersey, and Salo Boassen (right), overkateket in Nanortalik, with a checked cloth anorak. Ammassalik, 15 December 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 74.)
Figure 80. Three old women in Kuummiit, East Greenland 1933. (Photo: Tinbergen, Museon, The Hague.)
Figure 81. Traditional East Greenlandic outer trousers (qarterpaat) and (inner trousers
(naatsit) (left) were replaced by coloured East Greenlandic trousers (seeqqini-
it) (right), influenced by West Greenland, dating from the 1930s. (Museon,
The Hague, nos. 48182, 48181, and 48188 respectively.)
Figure 82. Traditional East Greenlandic women’s boots, dating from the 1930s. (Museon, The Hague, nr. 48201.)
Figure 83. Two women sewing the seal-leather cover for a kayak. The woman on the right is wearing long boots with knee pieces (kamiit ajipertingarartiilit) of West Greenland type. Ammassalik May 1934. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF 164.)
Figure 84. Long, red-painted women’s boots, dating from the early 1930s. (Museon, The Hague, NR. 48188.)
Figure 85. Short red women’s boots from East Greenland, dating from the 1930s. (Museon, The Hague, no. 48202.)
Figure 86. Mrs. Rassow, the wife of the kolonibestyrer, and their children in Ammassalik, 23 June 1933. (Photo: Van Zuylen, no. AF. 179.)
Figure 87. A modern woman’s vest made of harp-seal fur (nalanginnaq; Phoca groen-
landicus) painted orange, one of Skaeven’s new products. (RMV 2001.)
Figure 88. Tobias Ignatiussen, helped by a group of kin, builds a kayak. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, RMV, Tasiilaq 2001.)
Figure 89. Advertisements for sports clothing in a Danish catalogue available in Tasiilaq and Tiniteqilaaq in 1998.
Figure 90. Asta Jonathansen sewing kamiit at her home in Tiniteqilaaq, 1985. (Photo:Cunera Buijs.)
Figure 91. Fancy blouse made from the skin of the harp seal (Phoca groenlandicus), edged with polar- fox fur (Alopex lagopus). It was made by Erna Christensen at Skæven sewing workshop in 2001. (RMV no. 5961-16.)
Figure 92. Mathilde Jonathansen dresses her nephew Aron in white cotton baby clothes, which were shop-bought. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, Tiniteqilaaq 1985.) Figure 93. Asta Jonathansen is trying a homemade fur costume on her grand daughter
Maps and figures xv
Figure 94. Elika Jonathansen during a spontaneous drum dance performance for the Tiniteqilaamiit. Elika is said to be one of the last shamans in Tiniteqilaaq. She is wearing a cotton homemade dress. (Photo: G. Nooter 1968 RMV/MUS. NR. 68-3-51-8.)
Figure 95. Tobias Ignatiussen, tourist outfitter and hunter, driving his motorboat. (Photo: Cunera Buijs RMV, Ammassalik Fjord, summer 1998.)
Figure 96. East Greenlandic children are bathing in the children’s home in Ammassalik in 1961, while two employees, one Greenlandic and the other Danish, each wearing a white dress and white apron, are assisting them. (Photo: Jette Bang, Arctic Institute Copenhagen no. 9143.)
Figure 97. Lodewika Akipe, Jordmor in Tinitelaaq, wearing official medical dress. (Photo: Cunera Buijs 2001.)
Figure 98. T-shirt showing some of Greenland’s national symbols, the national dress, and a mother and child rubbing noses in the Inuit manner. (RMV 2001.) Figure 99. Necklace made of beads depicting the logo of Siumut, Greenland’s social
democratic party (RMV NO. 5905-17).
Figure 100. Seal-fur waistcoat. A type of garment that Greenlandic politicians may wear during seal-fur debates abroad. Made at Skæven sewing workshop. (RMV Nos 5882-36.)
Figure 101. Children of Tiniteqilaaq gathered around the Christmas tree in the Church/School during the Christmas celebrations in 1995. (Photo: Pili Tarkisimat.)
Figure 102. Confirmation in Tasiilaq, summer 2001. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, RMV.) Figure 103. Aviaja and Mads Philbert, wearing a wedding dress and wedding suit dur-
ing their marriage at Dragholmsslot in Denmark, 16 July 2000.
Figure 104. The umiak from the Tasiilaq Museum, being rowed from Tasiilaq’s centre to Ittimiini. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, RMV, 21 June 2001.)
Figure 105. Anna Kuitse, a drum-dance leader and teacher from Kulusuk, and some schoolchildren, performing drum dances in ‘traditional East Greenland dress’ in Tasiilaq. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, RMV, 21 June 2001.)
Figure 106. Fashion show in Tasiilaq’s sports centre on Greenland’s National Day. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, RMV, 21 June 2001.)
Figure 107. Tattulaq made recently from machine-tanned sealskins by Thomasine Umeerineq, Tasiilaq 2001. (RMV no. 5961-1).
Figure 108. Sabine Jonathansen carries a doll inside her white cotton amaat. (Photo: Gerti Nooter, Museon, 1967, no. 67-4-10-02.)
Figure 109. Asta Jonathansen carries her small grandson on her back, inside her cotton
amaat. Sermilikfjord, near Tiniteqilaaq 1985. (Photo: Cunera Buijs, private
collection.)
Figure 110. White cotton anorak in East Greenlandic style.
16 Furs and Fabrics
guised hunter performs with a face made blackish brown with soot. (Photo: Pili Tarkisimat, private collection.)
Figure 113. The East Greenlander Simion Tarkisimat is dressed up as a woman carrying a child on his back. At a meeting in the school of Tiniteqilaaq on the 6th of January 1998. (Photo: Pili Tarkisimat, private collection.)
Figure 114. Football scarve used by fans during football competitions in East Greenland in 1998. (RMV No. 5905-39.)
