by
Mphanza P a t r i c k Mvunga
A K ie s is S u b m itted f o r th e Ph*D.
Degree i n th e F a c u lty o f Laws o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f London
December, 1977
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system o f Zambia o v e r th e y e a r s 1924 to 1975* T h is i s done by t r a c i n g th e developm ent o f governm ent la n d p o l i c i e s from th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e r u l e (s u p e rs e d in g th e B r i t i s h South A f r ic a Company a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) • The p re s e n c e o f Europeans i n a c o u n try p re d o m in a n tly in h a b ite d by A fric a n s r e q u ir e d a la n d te n u re system t h a t c o u ld accommodate th e i n t e r e s t s o f b o th r a c e s . The B r i t i s h South A f r ic a Company which r e t a i n e d some la n d and e x te n s iv e m in e ra l r i g h t s c o n tin u e d to c o n s t i t u t e an im p o rta n t economic g ro u p . Thus th e Company became a ls o i n t e r e s t e d i n m oulding a la n d te n u r e system c o m p atib le w ith economic e x p a n sio n . The Im p e ria l Government, on th e o th e r hand, e x e r c is e d th e r i g h t o f c o n t r o l o v e r a l l c a te g o r ie s o f i n t e r e s t s i n la n d .
On th e T e r r i t o r y 's a tta in m e n t o f Independence i n 196^ th e s e f a c t o r s in f lu e n c in g p o lic y developm ents i n th e la n d law s fad ed away. The Im p e ria l Government and th e Company d is a p p e a re d and th e re m a in in g European s e t t l e r s l o s t th e power b a s e . A fric a n i n t e r e s t s now became pre-em dm ent. However, th e Government o f th e R ep u b lic now c o n tr o ls th e u se o f la n d .
The t h e s i s i s a rra n g e d i n f i v e p a r t s . P a r t I i s in tr o d u c to r y and c o n s i s t s o f C h a p te rs 1 and 2 . C h ap ter 1 d is c u s s e s i n t e r a l i a th e o r i g i n s o f t i t l e to la n d . C h ap ter 2 e x p lo re s th e n a tu r e o f
in P a r t
in d ig e n o u s t i t l e to la n d . C h a p te rs 3-5 / tr a c e developm ents
d u rin g th e c o l o n i a l p e r io d : 192*f to 196^+. C h ap ter 6 re v ie w s th e p o s t in d ep en d en ce e r a : 1 9 6^1975*
C h a p te r 7 i n P a r t I I I a p p r a is e s th e vacuum c r e a t e d i n th e law a p p lic a b le to d e a lin g s i n la n d a f t e r In d ep en d en ce.
P a r t IV c o n s i s t i n g o f C h a p te rs 8 and 9 e v a lu a te s
Government c o n t r o l i n la n d u se and th e f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n a s s u r in g a l a n d h o l d e r 's r i g h t s .
P a r t V c o n c lu d e s w ith c h a p te r 10 s u g g e s tin g th e n eed f o r o v e r a l l la n d re fo rm s .
R e se a rc h u n d e rta k e n in c lu d e s b o th o r a l and docum entary s o u r c e s .
ABSTRACT ... 1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 10
ABBREVIATIONS ... 12
TABLE OF STA TU TES... 15
TABLE OF CASES... 20
PART I I n t r o d u c tio n and Background ... 31
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ... 32
A. ( i ) I n t r o d u c t i o n ... 32
( i i ) C o n s ti tu tio n a l developm ents* The making o f Z a m b i a ... 3^
B. P r o t e c t o r a t e S t a t u s ... 36 C. Crown ow nership o f th e la n d s i n a P r o t e c t o r a t e . . 38
D. O rig in s o f t i t l e ... 53
( i ) The Land C o n cessio n s i n N orth W estern R h o d e s i a ... 53
( i i ) Land r i g h t s i n N orth E a s te r n R h o d e s i a ... 82
( i i i ) The m in e ra l c o n c e s sio n s and th e s e v e ra n c e o f m in e ra l r i g h t s from th e l a n d ... 70
(a ) C onsent and a u t h o r i t y o f th e g r a n to r . . . . 7^
(b ) The c o n c e s sio n s and th e r i g h t g ra n te d . . . 77 (c ) The d e f i n i t i o n o f m i n e r a l s ... 8 l
B. Land u n d e r custom ary law :
A com parison o f th e N goni, Tonga and L uvale . . . 10^
I B a c k g r o u n d ... 10^
( i ) The S o c ia l s t r u c t u r e ... 10^
( i i ) P r e lim in a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s ... 110
(a ) What i s l a w ? ... I l l (b) Ownership o f l a n d ... 11^
I I Modes o f a c q u ir in g l a n d ... 1M
( i ) O r ig in a l A c q u is itio n o f L a n d ... 1^2 a
(a ) C le a rin g o f / v i r g i n b u s h ... Ik2 (b) O u trig h t g r a n t o f la n d by one p e rs o n
to th e o t h e r ... 146 (c ) S a le o f la n d and th e c o n ce p t o f s a le . . 1^9
( i i ) D e riv a tiv e A c q u is itio n o f l a n d ... 159 (a ) L andholding i n a v i r i l o c a l and
u x o r i l o c a l m a rria g e s i t u a t i o n ... 159 (b) G r a tu ito u s lo a n s o f la n d ... 166
( i i i ) I n h e r ita n c e ... 167 (a ) The i n t e s t a t e e s t a t e o f a m a rrie d man . 169 (b) The i n t e s t a t e e s t a t e o f a m a rrie d
woman ... 182 (c) The i n t e s t a t e e s t a t e o f an u n m arried
w om an... 18^
(d) The i n t e s t a t e e s t a t e o f an u n m arried
m a n ... 184- (e) C u rre n t tr e n d s i n th e law o f i n h e r ita n c e 18^
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PART I I
Development o f th e la n d te n u re sy stem : 192^-
1975 ... 198
CHAPTER 3 NATIVE RESERVES 1 9 2 ^ - 1 9 3 ^ ... 199
A. The E a s t Luangwa D i s t r i c t R e se rv e s:
The p io n e e r s c h e m e ... 201 ( i ) P o lic y o f la n d r e s e r v a t i o n on assu m p tio n o f
d i r e c t B r i t i s h A d m in is tra tio n ... 202 ( i i ) Form ula o f r e s e r v a t i o n and n a tu r e o f
i n t e r e s t in te n d e d ... 209 ( i i i ) E f f e c t o f th e O rder i n C o u n c i l ... 217
( i v ) The P u b lic E n q u iry and th e Maugham R ep o rt . . 223
B. The R ailw ay L in e A rea R e s e r v e s ... 227
C. The T anganyika D i s t r i c t R eserv es ... .239
CHAPTER k ’NATIVE TRUST LAND': G overnor Y oung's Scheme
1 9 3 5 - 1 9 ^ 7 ...252
A. The C o lo n ia l O ffic e a c c e p ta n c e o f S i r H. Y oung's
p r o p o s a l s ... 265
B. The Land Commission R ep o rt and E uropean
s e t t l e r s ' an tag o n ism ... 270
C. T r u s t la n d , th e F e d e r a l s t a t u s o f th e T e r r i t o r y
and A fric a n o p in io n ... 289
CHAPTER 5 LAND POLICY RELATING TO EUROPEANS AND
DETRIBALIZED AFRICANS ... 295 A. Land a l i e n a t i o n to E uropean s e t t l e r s ...295
Page
( i ) F re e h o ld v s . L e a s e h o l d ... 296
( i i ) L easeh o ld te n u re r e v e r s e d ... 310
B. Land a l i e n a t i o n to d e t r i b a l i z e d A fric a n s* d e f i n i t i o n o f 'A fric a n * and in te n d e d i n t e r e s t . 328 CHAPTER 6 THE POST INDEPENDENCE ERA AND THE EXISTING CATEGORIES OF INTERESTS IN LAND* 1964-1975 ... 339
A. The n a tu r e o f e x i s t i n g i n t e r e s t s ... 340
( i ) R ese rv e s and T r u s t l a n d ... 340
( i i ) S ta te la n d ... 352
B. The f i r s t d ecad e o f th e c o lo n ia l h e rita g e * 1964-1974 362 ( i ) S ta t u s o f la n d i n W estern P ro v in c e a s R e s e r v e s ... 368
( i i ) The L e a d e rsh ip C o d e ... 374
C. The 1975 Land R e f o r m s ... 378
( i ) The t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s o f th e la n d re fo rm s . 380 ( i i ) An a p p r a i s a l o f th e m achinery o f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ... . 384
(a) Methods o f im plem enting la n d re fo rm s . 384 (b) A n a ly s is o f th e t i t l e s c o n v e rs io n l e g i s l a t i o n ... 390
PART I I I The c h o ice of law problem i n la n d d e a lin g s . . . . 402
CHAPTER 7 THE LAW APPLICABLE TO DEALINGS IN LAND ... 403
A. R ec e p tio n and a p p l i c a t i o n o f E n g lis h law . . . . 405
Page
( i ) The e f f e c t o f th e T r u s ts R e s t r i c t i o n Act . . 410
( i i ) The e f f e c t o f th e Land (C o n v ersio n o f T i t l e s ) A ct 1 9 7 5 ... 415
B. I n t e r n a l c o n f l i c t o f law and th e c h o ic e o f law p r o b l e m ... 417
( i ) The a b sen ce o f j u r i s d i c t i o n i n th e H igh C o u rt t o a d m in is te r custom ary l a w ... 419
( i i ) Choice o f law r u l e s ... 424
(a ) Where th e p a r t i e s a r e A fric a n s . . . . 424
(b ) Where th e p a r t i e s a r e an A fric a n and n o n -A fric a n ... 430
(c ) Mixed c h o ic e o f law r u l e s ... 431
(d) C hoice o f law r u l e s v i s - a - v i s la n d tr a n s a c t i o n s ... 435
C. A s e a rc h f o r new p r o v i s i o n s ... 438
( i ) t e s t a c y ... 438
( i i ) i n t e s t a c y ... 444
( i i i ) t r a n s f e r i n t e r v iv o s ... 458
PART IV C o n tro ls and f a c i l i t i e s ... 462
CHAPTER 8 THE STATUTORY CONTROL OF LAND U S E ... 463
A. The Lands A c q u is itio n A c t ... 463
( i ) A c q u is itio n w ith com pensation ... 470
( i i ) A c q u is itio n w ith o u t com pensation ... 471
( i i i ) Problem s i n th e A d m in is tr a tio n o f th e Lands A c q u is itio n A c t ... 473
Page
B. The Town and C ountry P la n n in g A c t ... 482
( i ) Developm ent d e fin e d ... 484
( i i ) P r e p a r a tio n of developm ent p l a n ... 488
( i i i ) Enforcem ent p ro c e d u re ... 492
(a) C o n tro l o f d e v e lo p m e n t... 492
(b) E nforcem ent o f p la n n in g c o n t r o l . . . 498
(c ) Com pensation ... 503
(iv ) The e f f i c a c y o f th e town and c o u n try p la n n in g m achinery ... 504
(v) S u g g e s tio n s ... 512
C. Rent c o n tr o l and r e g u la ti o n i n l e t t i n g o f p re m is e s ... 520
( i ) R e s id e n tia l p re m ises ... 520
(a) R ent r e g u l a t i o n ... 523
(b) R e s t r i c t i o n on th e r i g h t to p o s s e s s io n of d w e llin g h o u s e s ... 525
( i i ) B u sin e ss p re m is e s ... 52?
(a ) S e c u r ity o f te n u re f o r b u s in e s s p r e m i s e s ... 527
(b) D e te rm in a tio n o f r e n t ... 535
( i i i ) E v a lu a tio n o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s of r e n t c o n t r o l ... 537
Page
CHAPTER 9 THE MACHINERY FOR ASSURING INTERESTS IN
--- LAND... 5^5 A. The Lands and Deeds R e g is tr y A c t ... 545 ( i ) R e g i s t r a t i o n o f d e e d s ... 547 ( i i ) R e g i s t r a t i o n o f t i t l e ... 556 ( i i i ) L eg al consequences o f r e g i s t r a t i o n . . . . 559 ( i v ) The c a v e a t f a c i l i t y ... 565
B. The H ousing ( S ta t u to r y and Improvement A reas)
A c t ... 570
C. The ab sen ce o f r e g i s t r a t i o n m achinery f o r
i n t e r e s t s h e ld u n d er cu sto m ary law ... 575
D. S u i t a b i l i t y o f th e la n d r e g i s t r a t i o n system un d er th e Lands and Deeds R e g i s tr y A ct . . . .
PART V
C o n c l u s i o n s ... 590
CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS AND SOME PROPOSALS FOR REFORM 591
APPENDICES ... 608
BIBLIOGRAPHY... 637
M A P ... 648
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The c o m p le tio n o f t h i s t h e s i s h a s been p o s s ib le w ith t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f o th e r s . I must h e re r e c o r d my th a n k s . To Mr N. Rubin and Mrs M. R ogers I am p a r t i c u l a r l y in d e b te d . Mr Rubin was my s u p e r v is o r in t h e e a r ly s ta g e s o f my
r e s e a r c h w h ile M rs R ogers to o k o v er t h e p a in s ta k in g ta s k o f re a d in g th ro u g h my m a n u s c rip ts . Her s u g g e s tio n s w ere most u s e f u l and h e r a s s is ta n c e im m eBurable, To P r o f e s s o r J . S . Read and Dr P .E . S lin n o f th e School o f O r ie n ta l and A fric a n S tu d ie s I am e q u a lly g r a t e f u l f o r h a v in g re a d th ro u g h some o f my c h a p te r s . They made v e iy v a lu a b le comments. I must a ls o acknow ledge M essrs. W.T. M cClain and W. N e ill o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f Zambia f o r t h e i r h e lp . Mr N e ill re a d th ro u g h
some o f my c h a p te r s and made u s e f u l comments. Dr* T. Seymour o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f Zambia was a ls o o f a s s i s t a n c e in th e r e l a t e d f i e l d o f S o cio lo g y .
To Mr. C.M.N. W hite, once a N o rth e rn R hodesia Government Land T en u re O f f i c e r , I must pay t r i b u t e f o r h i s p io n e e r
know ledge on t h e la n d te n u r e o f th e t e r r i t o r y w hich he g la d ly d is c u s s e d w ith me.
To t h e v a r io u s k e e p e rs o f a r c h iv a l r e c o r d s and l i b r a r i a n s I am in d e b te d t o t h e i r u n f a i l i n g a s s i s t a n c e . I am p a r t i c u l a r l y o b lig e d to th e K eep er o f t h e P u b lic R ecords O f f i c e , D ir e c to r o f t h e N a tio n a l A rc h iv e s o f Zambia, L i b r a r ia n o f th e F o re ig n and Commonwealth O f f i c e , L i b r a r ia n o f th e Royal Commonwealth S o c ie ty ,
and L i b r a r i a n o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f Zambia.
F o r a c c e s s t o u n r e p o rte d c a s e re c o rd s in th e s u b o rd in a te and l o c a l c o u r t s , I a p p r e c ia te th e a u th o r it y g r a n te d by t h e R e g i s t r a r o f t h e H igh C o u rt f o r Zambia. F o r p ro v is io n o f th e u n re p o rte d High C o u rt d e c is io n s , I am g r a t e f u l to t h e L i b r a r ia n o f th e High C o u rt, L usaka and th e U n iv e r s ity o f Zambia Law S chool.
F o r th e s c a rc e d e c is io n s o f t h e Town and C o u n try P la n n in g T rib u n a l I am th a n k f u l to Mr. V a le, t h e S e c re ta r y to t h e T r ib u n a l.
I owe a ls o g r a t i t u d e to th o s e who h e lp e d me w ith th e t o u r o f th e t h r e e a r e a s o f th e c o u n try in th e c u sto m aiy law i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . I am p a r t i c u l a r l y g r a t e f u l to Param ount C h ie f M pezeni who s h o u ld e re d w ith k e e n n e ss th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f o r g a n is a tio n in t h e C h ip a ta D i s t r i c t . The th e n Prim e M i n i s t e r , th e Hon. M. Chona, re n d e re d me g u id an ce i n th e S o u th ern P ro v in c e f o r w hich I a p p r e c ia te . The o u t
g o in g and su c c e e d in g D i s t r i c t G overnors o f Mazabuka were e q u a lly o f immense h e lp and so w ere th e D i s t r i c t S e c r e t a r i e s . The Hon.
M i n i s t e r , Mr. W. M ondela, M.P. f o r Chavuma, Mr. and M iss M. C h i l i l a w ere e q u a lly o f g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e in my Chavuma r e s e a r c h f o r w hich I am g r a t e f u l . I must a ls o make s p e c ia l m ention o f th e s t a f f o f l o c a l c o u r t s f o r t h e i r c o - o p e r a tio n w h erev er I w ent.
To th o s e o th e r s I have n o t been a b le to name, I am no l e s s th a n k f u l f o r h a v in g been a b e n e f i c ia r y o f t h e i r h e lp .
The f i n a n c i a l l i a b i l i t y o f my r e s e a r c h f a l l s on th e U n iv e r s ity o f Z ambia to whom I am e s p e c i a l l y in d e b te d f o r th e g en ero u s g ra n t o f a R ese arch F e llo w s h ip w hich h a s e n a b le d me t o co n d u ct my work o v e r th e p a s t f o u r y e a r s b o th a t home and ab ro a d .
I am a ls o p a r t i c u l a r l y th a n k fu l to M iss N. S ta r l e y and M rs S.
Murphy f o r ty p in g t h i s t h e s i s w ith undou b ted prom ptness and p a tie n c e . And f i n a l l y I owe a l o t to my w ife f o r s h a r in g th e burden o f b e in g m a rrie d t o a t h e s i s w r i t e r .
A.C. Appeal C ases (House o f L o rd s and P r iv y C o u n c il).
A.R.C. A fric a n R e p r e s e n ta tiv e C o u n c il.
A ll. N .L.R . A ll N ig e r ia Law R e p o rts . BSA. Co. B r i t i s h South A f r ic a Company C.A. C o u rt o f A ppeal.
Ch. Chancexy D iv is io n .
CO C o lo n ia l O f f ic e .
C o ls . Columns
E.A. E a s t ^ o r E a s te r n / A f r ic a Law R e p o rts E.A. C.A. C o u rt o f A ppeal f o r E a s te r n A f r ic a .
E .A .L .R . (1) E a st A f r ic a P r o t e c t o r a t e Law R e p o rts.
(2) E a s t A f r ic a Law Review.
F .L .R . F e d e ra l Law R e p o rts ( A u s t r a l i a ) . FO F o re ig n O f f ic e .
F . S.C, (1) F e d e ra l Supreme C o u rt.
(2) S e le c te d Judgem ents o f t h e F e d e ra l Supreme C o u rt o f N ig e r ia .
G.L.R. Ghana Law R e p o rts.
H.C. High C o u rt.
H.C.D. H igh C o u rt D ig e s t.
H.M.G. H is /H e r M a je sty Government.
I . A . I . I n t e r n a t i o n a l A fric a n I n s t i t u t e . J.A .A . J o u r n a l o f A fric a n A d m in is tra tio n . J .A .L . J o u r n a l o f A fric a n Law.
K.B. K ing*s Bench D iv is io n . K.H.D. Kenya High C o u rt D ig e s t.
L .L .R . L agos Law R e p o rts.
L. T. Law Times R e p o rts .
Leg* Co. L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c il.
M .L.R. Modem Law Review.
N.A.C. N & T N a tiv e Appeal C ase s N a ta l & T ra n s v a a l N .L.R. N ig e r ia Law R e p o rts .
N.M.L.R. N ig e ria n M onthly Law R e p o rts.
N.R.C.D. N a tio n a l Redem ption C o u n cil D ecree N. R.L. R. Law R e p o rts o f N o rth e rn R h o d esia.
Ny. P .L .R . N y asalan d P r o t e c t o r a t e Law R e p o rts . 0 . A. G. O f f i c e r A d m in is te rin g Government.
O -in -C . O rd o r-in -C ounc i l . P .C . P r iv y C o u n c il.
Q. B. Queen*s Bench D iv is io n .
R & N.L.R. R h o d esia and N y asalan d Law R e p o rts.
S.C. Supreme C o u rt.
S . I . S t a tu to r y In s tru m e n t.
S .J .Z . S e le c te d Judgem ents o f Zambia.
T .C .P .T . Town and C ou n try P la n n in g T r ib u n a l.
T .L .R . Tim es Law R e p o rts.
T .S . T ra n s v a a l Supreme C o u rt.
U .G .L .J. U n iv e r s ity o f Ghana Law J o u r n a l.
U .N .I.P . U n ite d N a tio n a l In dependence P a r ty .
W.A.C.A. ( l ) West A fric a n C o u rt o f Appeal
(2 ) S e le c te d Judgem ents o f t h e W.A*C.A«
Z . I . S . Zambia In fo rm a tio n S e rv ic e s . Z .L .J . Zambia Law J o u r n a l.
Z.R. Zambia Law R e p o rts.
(The fo llo w in g a r e a b b r e v ia ti o n s o f u n re p o rte d judgem ents o f th e High C o u rt f o r Zambia c i t e d in t h i s w o rk ).
H.K. High C o u rt, K itw e w ith Y ear and S u it No.
H.N. High C o u rt, N dola w ith Y ear and S u it No.
H .P. High C o u rt, Lusaka w ith Y ear and S u it No.
( i ) O rd ers and P ro c la m a tio n s
1899 N orth W estern R h o d esia O rder i n C o u n cil.
1900 N orth E a s te r n R h o d esia O rd er i n C o u n c il.
1911 N o rth e rn R hodesia O rder i n C o u n c il.
1912 M ining P ro c la m a tio n (No. 3) •
1924 N o rth e rn R h o d esia O rder in C o u n c il.
1928 N o rth e rn R hodesia (Crown Lands and N a tiv e R ese rv e s) O rder i n C o u n c il.
1929 Supplemented. O rd er i n C o u n c il.
1929 N a tiv e R eserv es (T anganyika D i s t r i c t ) O rd er in C o u n c il.
1947 N ativ e T r u s t Land O rd er i n C o u n c il.
1955 N o rth e rn R hodesia (N a tiv e R ese rv e s Amendment) O rder i n C o u n c il.
1959 N o rth e rn R h odesia (Gwembe D i s t r i c t ) O rder i n C o u n cil.
1963 N o rth e rn R hodesia ( C o n s titu tio n ) O rder i n C o u n cil.
1964 C o n s t i t u tio n o f Zambia.
1964 Zambia (Gwembe D i s t r i c t ) O rd e rs , A ppendix 5>
(1965 e d . ) .
1964 Zambia Independence O rd er.
1964 Zambia ( S ta te Lands and R e se rv e s) O rd e rs, 1928-1964, Appendix 3 . (1963 e d . ) .
1964 Zambia ( T ru s t Land) O rd e rs, 1947-1964, A ppendix 3>
(1963 e d . ) .
( i i ) R e g u la tio n s and O rd in a n c es.
1900 Lands and Deeds R e g is tr y R e g u la tio n s (No. 1 0 ).
1903 Lands and Deeds R e g is tr y R e g u la tio n s . 1933 High C o u rt O rd in an ce (No. 1 8 ).
I960 I960 1965
1965 1965 1965
1965
B.
CAP 200 CAP 292 CAP 5
CAP 4 CAP 50
CAP 293
CAP 296 CAP 28?
CAP 54 CAP 329
A g r i c u l t u r a l Lands O rdinance (No. 57)•
Crown G ran t O rd in an ce (No. 13) (s in c e r e p e a le d ) . The R eserv es (A p p lic a tio n o f L e g is la ti o n )
R e g u la tio n s .
The R eserve G ra n ts R e g u la tio n s . The R ese rv e s R e g u la tio n s .
The T r u s t Land (A p p lic a tio n o f L e g i s la tio n ) R e g u la tio n s .
The T r u s t Land G ra n ts R e g u la tio n s .
ZAMBIA ACTS OF PARLIAMENT AND ORDERS (R ev ised Laws u n l e s s o th e rw is e s t a t e d ) .
A d m in is tra to r G e n e r a l's A c t 453 e t s e q . A g r i c u l t u r a l Lands A c t ...• . . 4-86 B r i t i s h A cts E x te n s io n A c t ...417 C o n s ti tu tio n (Amendment) A ct (No. 44 o f 1970) . . 371 C o n s ti t u tio n o f Zambia A ct (No. 27 o f 1973) • 37*+,380
Law
E n g l is h /( E x te n t o f A p p lic a tio n ) A ct *+05 High C o u rt A ct . ... 4 1 9 ,4 2 0 ,4 5 3 H ousing ( S t a t u t o r y and Improvem ent)
A reas A ct (No. 30 o f 197*0. 3 5 8 ,3 5 9 ,5 2 2 ,5 7 0 e t seq Land (C o n v ersio n o f T i t l e s ) Act
(No. 20 o f 1 9 7 5 )... 327.384 e t s e q . , 488, 5*+3, 5*+5 Land Survey A ct ...3*+6 L a n d lo rd and T en an t (B u sin e ss P re m ise s)
A ct (No. 34 o f 1 9 7 1 )... 527 e t seq Lands A c q u is itio n A c t ... 387, **63 e t seq Lands and Deeds R e g is tr y A ct . . 3*+6,388,5*+5 e t seq L e a d e rsh ip Code ( S . I . No. 108 o f
1974) 37*^,375,376,378
L o c a l C o u rts A ct . . . . 179,196,419,*+ 20,435,*06,452 Mines and M in e ra ls A ct ... 8 3 ,8 4
R ent A ct (No. 10 o f 1 9 7 2 ) ... 520 e t s e q . R ent (Amendment) A ct (No. 12 o f 1974) . 520,521,525»526 R en t C o n tro l (Temporary P r o v is io n ) A ct
(No. 55 o f 1968) (s in c e r e p e a l e d ) ... 521 CAP 295 R e se rv e s and T r u s t Land (A d ju d ic a tio n and T i t l e s )
A ct ( s in c e r e p e a le d ) ... 5^5*576,577 CAP 45 S u b o rd in a te C o u rts A c t ... 4 1 8 ,4 1 9 ,4 2 0 ,4 3 1 ,4 3 2 CAP 475 Town and C ountry P la n n in g A c t ... 482 e t s e q .
T r u s ts R e s t r i c t i o n Act (No. 64 o f
1970) 396,410 e t s e q .
W estern P ro v in c e (Land and M isc e lla n e o u s
P r o v is io n s ) A ct (No. 47 o f 1 9 7 0 ) ... 370 Zambia ( S ta t e Lands and R e se rv e s)
O rd e rs 1928-1964, Appendix 4 ...3 ^ 0 ,3 4 1 ,3 4 4 ,3 4 7 Zambia (T ru s t Land) O rders 1947 to 1964,
A ppendix 4 344,347
C. FEDERAL LEGISLATION
1953 F e d e r a tio n o f R h o d esia and N yasaland ( C o n s titu ti o n )
O rd er i n C o u n cil ( S . I . No. 1 1 9 9 )... 289,290
D. U.K. LEGISLATION
1677 (29 G ar. 2 , c .3 ) S t a t u t e o f F r a u d s ...^ 6 1837 (7 W ill. 4 & 1 V ie t. c . 26) W ills A c t ... ^39 1845 (8 & 9 V ie t. c . 106) R eal P r o p e r ty A ct . . 446,551 1875 (60 & 61 V ie t. c . 65) Land T r a n s fe r A c t ...^ 6 1881 (44 & 45 V ie t. c . 4 l ) Conveyancing and
P r o p e r ty A ct ... 3 2 1 ,3 2 2 ,4 4 5 1890 (53 & 54 V ie t. c . 37) F o r e ig n J u r i s d i c t i o n A ct . . 221 1892 (55 & 56 V ie t. c . 13) C onveyancing and
P r o p e r ty A c t ... ^ 5 1908 (8 Edw. 7, c . 28) A g r ic u ltu r a l H o ld in g s A ct . . . . 321 1911 ( l & 2 Geo. 5. c . 37) C onveyancing A c t ... 417 1938 ( l & 2 Geo. 6. c . 4 5) I n h e r ita n c e (F am ily
P r o v is io n ) A c t ... 443,4 4 4
1954 (2 & 3 E l i z . 2 . c . 5 6) L an d lo rd and T enant
A c t ... 530
E . LEGISLATION OF OTHER COUNTRIES
( i ) Ghana
c in g k
Conveyan/ D ecree (N.R.C.D. 175 o f 19731 ... ^61
C o u rts A ct (No. 732 o f 1971) 4 3 6,4 3 7
cap .
Land R e g is tr y O rdinance* / l l 2 , Laws o f th e
Gold C o a s t ... 580 ( i i ) Kenya
Land C o n tro l A ct, c ap . 302 (1968 e d . ) ...487 Land P la n n in g A ct, cap . 303 (1970 e d .) . . . . 487,505 Law o f S u c c e s s io n B i l l (No. 3 o f 1 9 7 0 ) ... 455 R e g i s t r a t i o n o f T i t l e s O rd in an ce, cap . 160 . . 582,563 ( i i i ) Malawi (R ev ised law s u n le s s o th e rw is e s t a t e d ) .
Custom ary Land (D evelopm ent) A c t, cap . 59*01 . 4 5 8 ,5 7 7
Land A c t, cap . 57*01 458
Lands R e g i s t r a t i o n O rdinance (No. 8 o f 1916) . . . 550 N yasaland P r o t e c t o r a t e (N a tiv e T r u s t Land)
O rder i n C ouncil (C o n s o lid a te d ) , 1936 . . . . 253,254
R e g is te r e d Land A ct, cap . 58*01 458
R e g i s t r a t i o n o f Documents O rdinance (No. 12 o f
1910) 150
W ills and I n h e r ita n c e A ct (No. 25 o f
1967) ... 443,4 5 5 e t s e q , ( iv ) R h o d esia
S o u th e rn R hodesia O rder i n C o u n c il, 1920 ... 209
(v ) T a n z an ia (T anganyika)
F re e h o ld T i t l e s (C o n v ersio n ) and Government
L e a se s A ct (No. 2k o f 1 9 6 3 ) ... 391 e t s e q . Government L e a se h o ld s (C o n v ersio n o f R ig h ts
Occupancy) A ct (No. kk o f 1 9 6 9 ) ... ^0*1 Land O rdinance (No. 3 o f 1923) a s amended by
O rdinance No. 5 o f 192** 298,299
Town and C ountry P la n n in g O rd in an ce, cap . 378,
R ev ised Laws ...505
( v i ) Uganda
R e g i s t r a t i o n o f T i t l e s O rd in an ce, cap . 1 2 3,
(1951 e d . ) ... 552,553 Town and C ountry P la n n in g O rd in an ce, c ap . 1 0 5,
(1951 e d .) . . . ...505
TABLE OF GASES TABLES OF ZAMBIAN GASES
A. S u p e rio r and S u b o rd in a te C o u rts C ases.
A.
A g r ic u ltu r a l F in a n c e Co. L td . & Mweemba & O th rs , i n th e
m a tte r o f , 1973/H P/923 (u n re p o rte d ) ... 567 Akowa v . M ukuati, 1972/HP/530 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) ... 3 ^
B.
B a ll v . W estern P la n n in g A u th o rity 1966, Z .R .I .
( T . C . P . T . ) ... 494,495 B endela v. N o rth e rn P la n n in g A u th o rity , A ppeal No.
T P T /0 6 /7 /l2 /l ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 2 1 /8 /1 9 7 2
(T .C .P .T .) ^ 9 9 ,5 0 0 ,5 1 0 ,5 1 1
B r i t i s h S outh A f r ic a Company L td . v. Y eta, C i v i l Cause No.
20 o f 1929 (u n re p o rte d ) (High C o u rt, L u s a k a ) ...78,79 C.
C a p ta in Mbewe v . N jalik w a & A n o th er, C iv il Case No. S J/1 3 8 /7 4 (u n r e p o rte d ) (C h ip a ta R e s id e n t M a g i s t r a t e 's C o u rt,
c l a s s i ) . ... 137 Case No. 3 0 /7 ^ , Annual R ep o rt o f th e Commission f o r
I n v e s t i g a t i o n s , 1975 322
Chavuma L o cal C o u rt Case No. 73 on a p p e a l to M a g i s t r a t e 's
C o u rt, c l a s s I I , B a lo v a le D i s t r i c t (u n re p o rte d ) ... 142,143 C h ilu fy a v . C ity C o u n cil o f K itw e, S .J .Z . No. 8 o f 1967
( H . C . ) ...361 Chimpampwe v. R e g i s t r a r of Lands and D eeds, i9 7 l/H N /l0 3 9
( u n r e p o r te d ) ... . 4 4 4 ,4 4 5 ,4 4 6 Chizobe and o t h e r s v. Chongo, 197i/H P/20 (u n re p o rte d ) . . . . 423 C ity C o u n cil o f Lusaka v . The D ir e c to r o f P u b lic Works, Re,
A ppeal No. T P T /o 6 /7 /l/4 (u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 2 2 /2 /1 9 6 5
( T . C . P . T . ) ... 491
C ity C o u n cil o f Lusaka v . The D ir e c to r of P u b lic Works, Re, A ppeal No. TPT/06/7/ 1 /8 ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 3 1 /3 /1 9 6 6
( T . C . P . T . ) ... 491 C o n crete C o n s tr u c tio n (H o ld in g s) L td . v . Mubanga, 1970/
HK/298 (u n re p o rte d ) ... 5 6 5 ,5 6 6 C o n s tr u c tio n & In v e stm e n t H o ld in g s L td . v . W illiam Ja c k s
& Co. (Z) L t d ., 1972 Z .R.6 6 (H .C.) ... 568,5 6 9 ,5 7 0 D.
D e lk in s L td . & A i r f l e x L t d . , In th e m a tte r o f , i9 7 l/H K /
237 (u n re p o rte d ) ... 554,555 D uel v. The C ity C ouncil o f L usaka, A ppeal No. T P T / o 6 / 7 / l / l l
( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 3 0 / l / l 9 6 7 (T C .P .T .) ... 507,508 F .
F e l i y a Kachasu v . A tt. G en., S .J .Z . No. 10 o f 1969
( H . C . ) ... 371 G.
G re y lin g v . S o u th e rn P la n n in g A u th o rity , ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated
1 /6 /1 9 6 4 (T .C .P .T .) Lusaka ... 4 9 1,4 9 6 ,4 9 7 H.
Humane v. C h in k u li, 1971/HP/407 (u n re p o rte d ) ... 353 K.
Kabwe T r a n s p o rt Co. L td . v . The M unicipal C ou n cil o f Kabwe, Appeal No. TPT/06/ 7 /2 /2 (u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 3 0 /5 /1 9 7 2
(T .C .P .T .) 4 9 9 ,5 0 3 ,5 0 4
K an ik i v . J a i r u s , S .J . Z . No. 12 o f 1967 ( H . C . ) ...423 Kashunda v . The C ity C o u n cil o f Lusaka ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated
5 / H /1 9 7 1 (T .C .P .T .) L u s a k a ... 5 0 0 ,5 0 1 ,5 0 7 K ayela v. B o te s, 4 N .R .L .R . 1 8 3 ...407 Khumalo v . The S o u th e rn P la n n in g A u th o rity ( u n r e p o r te d ) .
D ated 19 & 2 0 /l0 /l 9 7 1 (T .C .P .T .) Lusaka ... 5 0 3 ,5 0 8 ,5 0 9 ,5 1 0 L.
Lembemba v. Nswima H .C.C.C. No. 449/57 / f l 958^7 J»A.L.
V ol. 2 , No. 2 , p . 129 4 2 1 ,4 2 2 ,4 3 2 ,4 3 3
L ieb en b erg v . The M un icip al C o u ncil o f Luanshya, Appeal No.
TPT/06/7 /6 ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 2 l/8 /l 9 7 2
(T .C .P .T .) 4 8 5 ,4 9 7 ,4 9 8 ,5 0 5
M a lin v . The M u n ic ip a l C o u n c il o f N d o la & K elw ay
( o b j e c t o r ) 1965 Z .R . 162 ( T . C . P . T * ) ... 497 M a ra p o d i & O th e r s v . A n d e rso n & A n o th e r, 1 9 6 1 R & N .L .R .
2 6 2 ... 4 l4 M organ v . C l a r k , 4 N .R .L .R . 1 9 7 ... 5 6 6 ,5 6 7 M o rton E s t a t e s L t s . v . L u sa k a A u c tio n e e r s & E s t a t e A g e n ts
L t d . , 1 9 7 V H P /7 8 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) ... 5 3 0 ,5 3 1 ,5 3 2 ,5 3 5 M u k a c h is a la L u b a la v . Mambaamba Munyangwe, C ase No.
1 Y /L A /1 9 /7 0 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) (Monze M a g i s t r a t e 's C o u r t,
C l a s s l ) . . ... 1 8 8 ,1 8 9 M u nalo , Re e s t a t e , 1 9 7 3 /H P /6 4 1 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) . . . 4 2 6 ,4 2 7 ,4 2 8 ,4 5 3 M u n ic ip a l C o u n c il o f L u a n sh y a v . D aka, 1970/HN No.
CA/3 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) ... 355 M u n ic ip a l C o u n c il o f L u a n sh y a v . D aka, 1 9 6 9/S Z/1 6 9
( u n r e p o r t e d ) ... • • • • • • • . • • • • . 437 M u sin g ah v . D aka, 1 9 7 3 /H P /3 3 9 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) 5 2 8 ,5 2 9 ,5 3 0 ,5 3 2 ,4 4 0 ,4 4 1 M utanda v . H atem bo, 1971/H PA /21 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) ... 436 Mwenya, ex p a r t e ^ 1 9 6 0 / 1 Q-B. 2 4 l ... 38
N.
N e v i l l e H w alim a, I n t h e m a t t e r o f , I9 6 8/HN/N0. 252
( u n r e p o r t e d ) • • • • • • • • • • • • ... ^-38,439 N jo b v u , ex p a r t e , 1 9 7 1 /H P /1 0 9 6 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) 4 3 9 ,4 4 2 ,4 4 4 ,4 4 8 ,4 5 5 Nkumbula v . The A t t . G e n ., A p p eal No. 6 o f 1972
( C . A . ) ... 465 N o rth C h a r t e r l a n d E x p l o r a t i o n Co. (1 9 1 0 ) L t d . v . The
K ing ( 1 9 3 0 ) , X IV I T .L .R . 5 6 6 ... 2 2 1 ,2 2 2 O b j e c t i o n s t o M o d i f i c a t i o n No. 8 t o th e K itw e D evelopm ent
P l a n , In t h e m a t t e r o f P u b l i c I n q u i r y , ( u n r e p o r t e d ) . D a ted
3 0 /1 1 /1 9 6 4 (H e ld b e f o r e J . D are a t N d o la ) • ... 4 8 9 ,4 9 0 O o s t h iz e n , Re e s t a t e , 4N .R *L .R . 1 50 ... 408
p .
P ap enfu s v . The Lusaka C ity C o u n c il, ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated
2 /1 0 /1 9 6 3 (T .C .P .T .) Lusaka ... 4 8 4 ,4 8 5 P a t e l v . L iv in g sto n e M u n icip al C o u n c il, A ppeal No.
T P T /0 6 /7 /5 /2 ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 2 6 /6 /1 9 6 8 (T .C .P .T .) . 4 9 5 ,4 9 6 P a t e l v . Lusaka C ity C o u n c il, A ppeal No. TPT/06/7/ 1 /5
( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 3 0 /9 /1 9 6 5 (T .C .P .T .) ... 513,514 P a t e l & A n o th er v. I s m a il, 5N .R .L .R.5 6 3 555,556 P a t e l (Zambia) L td . v . B a n c ro ft P h a rm a c e u tic a ls L t d .,
1974/HP/No. 629 (u n re p o rte d ) ... 530,532 P h i r i v. The C ity C o u n cil o f L usaka, A ppeal No. TPT/06/ 7/ l /V
( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 19 & 2 0 /2 /1 9 7 3 (T .C .P .T .) 502 R.
R u s s e ll v. A t t . G e n ., 1969/HP/No. 499 ( u n r e p o r t e d ) ... 406 S.
S ichone v. The S o u th e rn P la n n in g A u th o rity , Appeal No.
T P T /0 6 /7 /l6 /l ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated 25/5/ 1968 (T .C .P .T .) . . . 497 S p e c ia l Case s u b m itte d by R e g i s t r a r o f Lands & Deeds,
I n r e , 5N .R .L.R .475 ... 568 Sundi v. R a v a lia , 5 N . R . L . R . 3 4 5 ... 552
T.
T o ta l O il P ro d u c ts ( R h o d e s ia ) ( P v t.) L td . v. M u n icip al C o u n cil o f L iv in g s to n e , A ppeal No. TPT/06/7/5/ l ( u n r e p o r te d ) . D ated
3 /3 /1 9 6 4 (T .C .P .T .) 4 9 2 ,4 9 3 ,4 9 4
Trombas, Re e s t a t e , 4N .R .L .R .154 4 0 8 ,4 0 9
W.
Ward v . C a sa le & B urney, 5N»R»L.R.759 ... 551,552 W illiam J a c k s & Co. (Zambia) L td . v . R e g i s t r a r o f Lands
& Deeds & C o n s tru c tio n & In v e stm e n t H o ld in g s L t d . , S .J .Z .
No. 5 o f 1967 ( C . A . ) ... 548,549
B. L ocal C o u rt’s C ases, each w ith S u i t No. and Grade o f C o u rt ( u n r e p o r t e d ) .
A.
Adamson Soko, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade, Case No. 83
o f 1973 ... 195 A lik a n je lo Tembo, Re e s t a t e o f, C h ip a ta , "A" G rade, Case
No. 101 o f 1 9 7 4 ...174,175 A nderson K angulu, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A” G rade, Case
No. 81 o f 1972 195
B.
Banda v . Headman M ukanile, Nzamane, "B" G rade, Case No.
65 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 123 C.
l o
C h in d o lo /S a n d e , Re e s t a t e o f , Mazabuka, "A” G rade, Case
No. 920 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 191 C h ip e ta A b in a la , Re e s t a t e o f , Maguya, "B” G rade, Case
No. 68 o f 1975 173
D.
Damson M usale, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade, Case
No. 138 of 1 9 7 4 ... 174 E.
E s t e r Ngoma, Re e s t a t e o f , Monze, "A" G rade, Case No. 64
o f 1974 ... 191 G.
G aston Ngwenya, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade, Case No.
162 o f 1970 ... 174 G erson M ila n z i, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade, Case No.
96 o f 1972 175
H.
H alooba v . Headman H ing'om be, Siam usonde, ”B" G rade,
Case No. 19 o f 1975 ... I20 Hamuvumbe v . K auluka, Munyumbwe, "B" G rade,
Case No. 238 o f 1973 161
Hudson L u n eta, Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A" G rade,
Case No. 2 o f 1973 ... 193 I .
I s a a c Nyawale, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , MA" G rade,
Case No. 73 o f 1973 ... 173 I s a a c Z ulu, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A” G rade,
Case No. 69 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 174 J .
James C h i l i l a , Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A" G rade,
Case No. 5 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 193 J e f f r e y Msoni, Re e s t a t e o f , Nzamane, "B" G rade,
Case No. 4 l o f 1973 173
John J e r e , Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 423 o f 1972 ... 179 John K a lu lu , Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A" G rade,
Case No. 1 o f 1975 ... 194 J o s ia h N d o n ji, Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A” Grade,
Case No. 2 o f 1974 ... 194 K.
Kampala v. Z u lu , Nzamane, "B" G rade, Case No. 152
o f 1970... 147,148 Kamu Muchindu, Re e s t a t e o f , Mazabuka, "A" G rade,
Case No. 742 o f 1974 ... 187 L.
L a d is la u s Kabwata, Re e s t a t e o f , Monze, "A" G rade,
Case No. 70 o f 1975 186
Levu K apyololo v . P e j i S a m a la ta , Chavuma, "A" G rade,
Case No. 37 o f 1975 194
L iv e le Njombi, Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A" G rade, Case
No. 1 o f 1973... ... 192 Lwando Mainza v . Kanene Hatwaana, Mwanza, "B" G rade,
Case No. 64 o f 1975 181
M.
Makando v . C h a li, K atim ba, "B" G rade, Case No. 170
o f 1 9 7 4 ... 122 Makina v . C hisengo, Chavuma, "A" G rade, Case No.
155 o f 1973 ... 125 Makina Mutokoma v . Linongo P eza, Chavuma, "A” G rade,
Case No. 79 o f 1972 ... 162 M arian Ngoma, Re e s t a t e o f, C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 116 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 195 M artin Daka, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 1 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 174 Mbewe v . Nkhoma, Maguya, "B" G rade, Case No. 10
o f 1971 145
M ekelani Mphanza, Re e s t a t e o f , M pezeni, "B" G rade,
Case No. 50 o f 1975 ... 172 MosssMbete, Re e s t a t e o f , Monze, "A" G rade, Case
No. 221 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 187
Motson L w iin d i, Re e s t a t e o f , Mayaba, "BM G rade,
Case No. 89 o f 1 9 7 4 ... 187 Mwape v . P h i r i , Mayaba, "B" G rade, Case No. 28
o f 1974 153
N.
Namangoma v. Chongo, Mwanachingwala, "A" G rade,
Case No. 10508 o f 1974 122
N ativ e E s t a t e , Re D eceased, (D ated 3 1 /8 /1 9 3 5»
F o r t J a m e s o n ) ... 168 N donji v . Makiko, M a k a n jila , "B" G rade,
Case No. 5 o f 1975 157
Njomvu v . Mawde , M pezeni, "B" G rade,
Case No. 58 o f 1969 ... 428 0.
Okoma P h i r i v . N jilam anda P h i r i , M pezeni, "B" G rade,
(D ecided Nov. 1 9 6 8 ) ... 428
P.
Penya Daka, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 1**3 o f 1970 ... 173 P e tu lu L ufunda, Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A" G rade,
Case No. 6 o f 197**... 193 R.
R egina P h i r i , Re e s t a t e o f , Monze, "A" G rade,
Case No. 256 o f 197**... i 8 7 S.
Sam aleka v . Mukangwe, Chavuma, "A" G rade,
Case No. 96 o f 1973.... ... i2 5 Samson Daka, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 91 o f 1973.... ... 175 S a u lo s S a k a la , Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 90 o f 1973.... ... 173 S ita m b u li C hefu, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 90 o f 1972... 196 S tep h en M b ilis h i, Re e s t a t e o f , Chavuma, "A” G rade,
Case No. 4 of 197**... 193 S tep hen M ungaila, Re e s t a t e o f , K atim ba, "B" G rade,
Case No. 150 o f 197**... 191 S te v e n Mvula, Re e s t a t e o f , C h ip a ta , "A" G rade,
Case No. 77 o f 1973... 195
C. O th er C ases C ite d .
A.
A b d a lla v. Mohamedi & O th e rs , £/19& 9^7 E .A .* J 4 4 ... 353
Adamsv. C a irn s ( l 9 0 l ) , 85 L .T .1 0 , C.A 356. 357
A lade v . A b o rishad e ( i9 6 0 ) , 5 F . S . C . 1 6 7 ... **60 Amodu T i.ja n i v . S e c r e ta r y , S o u th e rn N ig e r ia ,
2 A.C. £ 1 9 2 1 J 399 ... 93 9**
B.
B ext v . G i l l , 41 L .J . Ch. 7 61 ... 81 Birmingham C o rp o ra tio n v . M .H.L.G., £ \ 9 & 3 j 3 A 11.E.R .669 . ^86 B ric k and P o t t e r i e s Co, v . R e g i s t r a r of Deeds,
1903 T .S .4 7 3 81
B r i t i s h C e n tra l A f r i c a Co. L t d ., v . The Crown P r o s e c u to r,
C iv il A ppeal No. 8 o f 1904, ( E . A . C . A . ) ... 4 5 ,4 6 Browne v . F lo w er (l9 1 l)> 1 Ch. 2 1 9 ...221
C.
Cadjoe v . Kwatchey (1935)» 2 W.A.C.A. 371 (Ghana) ... 131 C aled o n ia n R ailw ay v . G lenbuig U nion F i r e c l a y C o.,
A .C.290 83
C lark e v . S ondhi, 1963J7 E . A . 1 0 ? ... 552 Coker v . Animashawun (i9 6 0 ) L .L .R .71 (High C o u rt o f
L a g o s ) ... * * ... 460
Cox v . The A fric a n L akes C o rp o ra tio n L t d . , (u n re p o rte d ) (B efo re Nunan, J . D ated l 6 t h & 2 3 rd J u ly 19 0 l) ( B r i t i s h
C e n tra l A f r ic a P r o t e c t o r a t e High C o u rt)... 4 0 -4 2 .8 6 ,8 ? Crayem v . C o n so lid a te d T r u s t L t d ., (1 9 ^9 ),
12 W.A.C.A.443 560,561
Crown P r o s e c u to r o f th e B r i t i s h C e n tr a l A f r ic a P r o t e c t o r a t e v . The B r i t i s h C e n tra l A f r ic a Co. L t d ., ( B r i t i s h C e n tra l A f r ic a P r o t e c t o r a t e H igh C o u rt) r e p o r te d i n B r i t i s h C e n tra l
A f r ic a G a z e tte , F eb . 29» 1904, p . 196... 4 2 -4 4 ,8 7 D.
Dinshaw B yram jee& Sons L td . v. The A t t . G en.,
^ 1 9 6 6 _ 7 E .A .1 9 8 ... 562 E.
E lek o v . Government o f N ig e ria £ 1931 _ / A .C .662 ... 124 E l l i s & R uslip-N orthw ood U .D .C ., Re, ^ ”i9 2 0 _ / 1 K.B.343 • • . ^96
F.
F r a e n k e l & Makwati v. S e c h ele £ ~ 1 9 6 ? J J .A .L .
V ol. I I , No. 1, p . 51 ...
G.
Gathomo and a n o th e r v. In d a n g a ra and a n o th e r ,
9E .A .L .R .102 ... 342,3^3 G o v in d ji P o p a tl a l v. Nathoo V is a n d ji,
~J
E .A.3 7 2 . 562,563I .
I d d i v . A l i s / o Mpate (1967) P .C .C .A ,8 l/l9 6 6
(1967) H .C .D .49 ... 163 I j a l e v . Lawal (1967) N .M .L .R .1 5 5 (S .C .N .)... 129
J .
Ja c o b s v . O ladunni B ros. (1935)» 12 N .L .R .l... 441 ,4 4 2 Jam es T a rr k O th e rs v . E s t a t e L a te James T a rr ,
N.A.G. N & T. V ol. 12, p . 7 5 ... ^53 K.
K abato v . N agi, 8 E .A .L .R . 1 2 9 ... 343 Kabiawu v. Lawal 1 A 11.N .L.R .329 ... ^59 K h a d ija S a le h e v . A ll Kondo (1964) P .C .C .A .26/1964 ... 163 Koney v . Union T ra d in g Co. (1 9 3 4 ), 2 W.A.C.A. 188 ... 430
L.
Land C o n tro l A c t, In th e m a tte r o f c o n s e n t, M isc. Case
No. 52 o f 1971 £ 1971_7 K.H.D... 4 8 7 ,4 8 8 Land and P re m ise s a t L i s s H an ts, Re, 1971
~J
3 A llE .R. 3 3 0 529
Lewis v . Bankole (1 9 0 8 ), 1 N .L .R .8 1 ... 601 Lord P ro v o s t o f Glasgow v . F a r r i e ( l8 8 8) , 13 App.
Cases 657 81,82
M.
M ilirrp u m v . N abolco P ty L t d ., 17 F .L .R .1 4 1 91
M i l l e r B ro s. v . Ayeni (1 9 2 4 ), 5 N .L .R .40 ... 449 N.
Sky
New B lu e/G o ld M ining Co. L td . v . M a rsh a ll,
1905, T .S . 363 ... 82
N orth B r i t i s h R ailw ay v . B u d h ill Goal & S an d sto n e C o.,
£"1910J7 A .C.116 . . . , ... 8 2 ,8 3 Nwangwu v . N^kwu (1 9 5 7 ), 2 F . S . G . 3 6 ... 460 NyaLl v . The A t t . G e n ., £ "1 9 5 6 ,7 1 Q*B«1...
0.
Ogunmefun v. Ogunmefun (1 9 3 1 ), 10 N .L.R .82 ... 450 Olowu v . D esalu , (1955)» 1^ W.A.C.A.662 ... 450 Oshodi v . Balogun (1 9 3 6 ), 4 W .A.C.A.1 P .C ... 460 Osman Tayub, I n th e m a tte r o f th e E s t a t e , 5 Ny.
P .L .R .9 ... 550 P.
P a u lo c c i v. The Com m issioner o f Mines f o r th e B r i t i s h C e n tra l A f r ic a P r o t e c t o r a t e , C iv il A ppeal No. 7 o f 1904
(u n re p o rte d ) (E .A .C .A .) 4 2 -4 6 ,8 7 ,8 9 ,9 0
Premchand Nathu & Co. v. Land O f f i c e r , /~1963_7 A .C .177 • • ^16 Pyx G ra n ite Co. v. M in is try o f H ousing, ^""l958_7
1 A 11.E.R .625 493
R.
Roura & F o rg a s L td . v . B r i t i s h B ata Shoe Co. L t d .,
Z~196l_7 G .L .R .339 ... 459 S.
Sobhuza v. M ille r & O th e rs , A.C. /^ 1926^ J 518 . . . . 5 1 ,5 2 ,9 5 ,2 2 6 Sm ith v . Sm ith (1 9 2 4 ), 5 N .L .R .1 0 2 ... ^50 Souza F ig u e ir e d o & Co. L td . v . M oorings H o te l Co. L t d . ,
/ “ 1960J E.A .926 552,553
S o u th e rn R h o d esia, In r e , A.C. /~1919CJ • • 5 0 ,5 1 ,5 5 ,9 0 ,9 1 ,9 3 S u p e rv is o r o f N a tiv e A f f a i r s v. B la n ty re and E a s t A f r ic a L t d . ,
( B r i t i s h C e n tra l A f r ic a P r o t e c t o r a t e High C o u rt) r e p o r te d i n S upplem ent, The B r i t i s h C e n tr a l A f r ic a G a z e tte , A p r il 3 0 th ,
1903, p . 1 ^2 »88
W.
Wamala v . Sebutem ba, £ "l9 6 3 _ 7 E . A . 6 3 1 ... ^22
In this part, we look at background data; trace the origins of title to land in historical perspective; and pursue current developments relating to indigenous title to land. The historical review involves a discussion of Crown ownership in protectorate lands and the rights ceded by treaties entered into between the British South Africa Company and the African chiefs. Then the nature of title to land is analysed in relation to a landholder's rights. The latter discussion is amplified by focusing on the current customary law relating to land.
CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
A.
( i ) I n tr o d u c ti o n
Zambia, an in d e p en d e n t R ep u b lic i n C e n tra l A f r ic a i s bounded to th e n o rth by Z a ir e , to th e s o u th by Botswana and R ho d esia, to th e w est by A ngola, t o th e e a s t by T an zan ia and Malawi and to th e s o u t h - e a s t by Mozambique. The l a t e s t p o p u la tio n e s tim a te h as
1 2
b een p u t a t 4,695»000 o v e r an a r e a 75*260,000 h e c t a r e s . Of t h i s 47,4 5 3 s q u a re k ilo m e tr e s i s S t a t e la n d . 2 3 ,7 9 4 k ilo m e tre s o f S t a t e la n d i s a l i e n a t e d and 2 2 ,4 9 4 s q u a re k ilo m e tr e s i s u n a lie n a te d an d 1 ,1 6 5 s q u a re k ilo m e tre s c o n s i s t s o f to w n sh ip s. 705*161 s q u a re k ilo m e tr e s a r e R ese rv e s and T r u s t la n d w ith 270,681 s q u a re k ilo m e tr e s a c c o u n tin g f o r th e fo rm er and 434,480 sq u a re k ilo m e tr e s f o r th e
l a t t e r . ^
B ecause o f th e c lim a te and s o i l c o n d itio n s l a r g e t r a c t s o f la n d a r e u n in h a b ita b le and u n s u it a b le f o r c u l t i v a t i o n a lth o u g h th e r a t i o o f a r a b le la n d to p o p u la tio n — 2 1 .8 a c r e s p e r c a p i t a i s r e p o r te d l y one o f th e h ig h e s t i n t r o p i c a l A f r ic a . With a t r o p i c a l
^ See Sample Census o f P o p u la tio n 1974, C e n tr a l S t a t i s t i c a l O f f i c e , F e b ru a ry 1975* L usaka, p . 4 .
2 See Census o f P o p u la tio n 1969* C e n tra l S t a t i s t i c a l O f f ic e , 1971* L usaka, p . 9.
3 O ffic e o f th e S u rv ey o r G e n e ra l, Septem ber 1975* Lusaka.
F o r th e th r e e c l a s s e s o f la n d , se e map a t p . 4 lif t , i n f r a .
c lim a te , a h o t w et s e a so n a l t e r n a t e s w ith a c o o l and d ry one. In most o f th e c o u n try h e a t and h u m id ity i s le s s e n e d hy th e a l t i t u d e o f a b o u t 4 ,0 0 0 f e e t above s e a l e v e l . I n a r e a s o f lo w e r a l t i t u d e
(below 3 ,0 0 0 f e e t ) , su ch a s Luangwa and Zambezi v a l l e y s , th e c lim a te i s h o t and humid d u rin g th e r a i n y sea so n and b ecau se th e a r e a s sire d is e a s e rid d e n th e y a r e v i r t u a l l y u n in h a b ite d . The t s e - t s e f l y i n f e s t a t i o n i n th e w est and n o r th - w e s t an d th e Luangwa V a lley o f th e s o u th - e a s t, and l i g h t s o i l s i n many a r e a s , which w a te r - lo g
d u rin g th e r a i n y s e a s o n , have a f f e c t e d p a t t e r n s o f s e tt le m e n t. A reas alo n g th e l i n e o f r a i l (S o u th e rn and C o p p e rb e lt P ro v in c e s ) and p a r t s of th e E a s te r n P ro v in c e a c c e s s i b l e t o ro a d s have th e b e s t s o i l s and c lim a te th u s a t t r a c t i n g a h ig h c o n c e n tr a tio n o f human s e tt le m e n t. *
T here a r e s e v e n ty two e t h n i c g ro u p s i n Zambia 2 w ith in th e n in e a d m in i s tr a tiv e p ro v in c e s 3 o f th e c o u n try . D e sp ite t h i s number
o f e th n ic g ro u p s, t h e r e a r e o n ly a s few a s f o u r t o f i v e main
lan g u ag e d i a l e c t s w ith in th e c o u n try . The se v e n ty two e th n ic goups a r e p re d o m in a n tly m a t r i l i n e a l . 4
F o r P h y s ic a l E nvironm ent and A g r ic u ltu r e i n Zambia, see
K aplan & o th e r s , A rea Handbook f o r Zam bia, U .S . G ovt. P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , W ashington, D .G ., O c to b er 1969* C h ap ters 2 and 18. C f ., C .S.
Lombard & A.H.C. T w eedie, A g r ic u ltu r e i n Zambia S in c e In d e p e n d en c e , NECZAM 1974, p p . 63 and 76; and G. Kay, Maps o f th e D i s t r i b u t i o n and D e n sity o f A fric a n P o p u la tio n i n Zambia, U n iv e r s ity o f Zambia
I n s t i t u t e f o r S o c ia l R esearch Communication Number Two, 1967* PP» 18- 2 2.
2 F o r th e s e e th n ic co m m unities, s e e W.V. B r e ls f o r d , The T r ib e s o f N o rth ern R h o d e sia . G ovt. P r i n t e r , L usaka, 1956.
3 The C ity o f Lusaka, th e C a p ita l o f Zambia, h a s j u s t r e c e n t l y been c o n s t i t u t e d th e n in th P ro v in c e . See Zambia N e w s le tte r , In fo rm a tio n S e c tio n , High Commission o f Zambia to U .K ., 2 0 th F e b ru a ry , 1976.
4 See C.M.N. W hite, "M atrim o n ial C ases i n L o cal C o u rts i n Zam bia", £ l 9 7 l j J .A .L . V ol. 15, No. 3 , p . 256.
( i i ) C o n s ti tu t io n a l d ev elo p m en ts; th e making o f Zambia
Zambia has p a s s e d th ro u g h a number of s ta g e s o f p o l i t i c a l e v o lu tio n from th e end o f th e 19t h c e n tu ry u n t i l in dependence i n 1964. The c o u n try f i r s t f e l l w ith in th e sp h ere o f th e B r i t i s h
in flu e n c e from 1891 onwards b e fo re becoming th e B r i t i s h P r o t e c t o r a t e of N o rth e rn R h o d esia. While s t i l l a P r o t e c t o r a t e , th e c o u n try
became a c o n s t i t u e n t member o f th e F e d e r a tio n o f R hodesia and N yasaland. Soon a f t e r th e d i s s o l u t i o n o f th e F e d e r a tio n , th e t e r r i t o r y was g ra n te d independence a s a R ep u b lic w ith in th e Commonwealth.
Nyasaland (now Malawi) preceded Northern Rhodesia as a
protectorate. Both Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia provided a spring
board from which Northern Rhodesia was penetrated. The British South Africa Company, a pioneer in British expansion in Central Africa,
had sought an extension of its charter to regions north of the Zambezif The charter, initially granted in respect of Southern Rhodesia, was extended to cover the northern areas in 1891. ^ The Company's
administration north of the Zambezi was divided between the two areas:
'North Eastern Rhodesia' and 'North Western Rhodesia', territories in which protectorate status was established in 1895 and 1897 respectively. 2
These territories were administered by the Company with supervisory powers over the former vested in the Commissioner for the British Central Africa Protectorate and the latter in the High Commissioner
1 F or th e e x te n s io n o f th e c h a r t e r t o th e n o rth o f Zambezi, see H e r t s l e t , S i r E., Map o f A f r ic a by T r e a ty , V ol. 1, 3 rd edv, London,
1967, p p . 277-279.
2 See A .J . Hanna, The B eg in n in g s o f N yasaland and N orth E a s te r n R hodesia 1859-95. O xford C laren d o n P r e s s , 195&, PP« 263-2$+; and G.
C lay , Your F r ie n d , Lew anika, London, 1968, pp . 106 e t s e q . C f ., C.
G oudsbury & H. Sheane, The G re a t P la te a u o f N o rth ern R h o d esia , London, 1911, PP. 3 9 -4 0 .
i n South A f r i c a . T h is a rra n g em en t was te rm in a te d i n 1911 when th e two p a r t s were am algam ated i n t o one t e r r i t o r y t h e r e a f t e r known a s N o rth e rn R h o d esia. The B r i t i s h High Comm issioner i n S outh A f r ic a now became s o l e l y r e s p o n s ib le f o r th e Company's a d m i n is tr a tio n o f th e t e r r i t o r y . The Company, how ever, c e a se d i t s a d m in is t r a t iv e f u n c t io n s o v e r th e t e r r i t o r y on b e h a lf o f th e B r i t i s h Crown i n 1924 when N o rth ern R hodesia came u n d e r d i r e c t B r i t i s h r u l e . * In 1953 th e th r e e C e n tr a l A f ric a n t e r r i t o r i e s merged i n t o th e F e d e r a tio n o f R hodesia and N yasaland w ith th e two n o rth e rn n e ig h b o u rs r e t a i n i n g t h e i r p r o t e c t o r a t e s t a t u s . The F e d e r a tio n was s h o r t - l i v e d and i t s d i s s o l u t i o n a t th e end o f 1963 h e ra ld e d th e ach iev em en t o f independence o f N o rth e rn R hodesia a s th e R ep u b lic o f Zambia i n 1964.
The e x te n s io n o f th e B r i t i s h S o u th A fric a n Company's c h a r t e r t o th e n o r th and th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f th e B r i t i s h P r o t e c t o r a t e had a c o n s id e r a b le in f lu e n c e on th e h i s t o r i c a l developm ent o f la n d law . The c o n c e ssio n s o b ta in e d by th e Company from th e v a rio u s in d ig e n o u s c h i e f s o f th e re g io n in v o lv e d th e s u r r e n d e r o f r i g h t s t o la n d , m in e ra ls and t e r r i t o r i a l s o v e r e ig n ty . The e x t e n t t o which th e s e c o n c e s s io n s c o u ld be re g a rd e d a s a r o o t o f t i t l e t o la n d w i l l be d is c u s s e d a f t e r an e x a m in a tio n o f th e e f f e c t o f P r o t e c t o r a t e s t a t u s upon la n d t i t l e s .
1 C f ., A fric a n No. 1146 (C oftf.) p . 5-
B. P r o t e c t o r a t e S ta tu s
W hatever d e f e c ts m ight be a l l e g e d i n r e g a r d t o th e e a r l i e r c o n c e s s io n s , w hich w i l l be d is c u s s e d l a t e r , th e p r o t e c t o r a t e s t a t u s 1
o f th e t e r r i t o r y was p u t beyond doub t by th e p ro m u lg a tio n o f th e 1899 N orth W estern R hodesia O rd e r-in -C o u n c il and th e 1900 N o rth E a s te r n R h o desia O rd e r-in - C o u n c il. P r o t e c t o r a t e s t a t u s had an im p o rta n t b e a r in g on th e whole q u e s tio n o f la n d o w n ersh ip . B ut b e fo re we c an e x p lo re th e com peting l e g a l t h e o r i e s on th e m a tte r , l e t u s f i r s t lo o k a t th e n a tu r e o f P r o t e c t o r a t e s t a t u s .
A B r i t i s h p r o t e c t o r a t e h a s been d e s c r ib e d a s " a c o u n try w hich i s n o t w ith in th e B r i t i s h dom inions, b u t a s r e g a r d s i t s f o r e i g n r e l a t i o n s i s u n d e r th e e x c lu s iv e c o n tr o l o f th e k in g " . In th e o ry e v e ry su ch t e r r i t o r y " i s , a s r e s p e c t s i n t e r n a l s o v e r e ig n ty , l e f t more o r l e s s u n d e r an in d e p e n d e n t g o vernm ent". 2 In p r a c t i c e , how ever,
th e r e a l i t y was o f te n v e ry d i f f e r e n t : u n d er th e b ro a d term s o f th e F o re ig n J u r i s d i c t i o n A cts 1843-1890, a wide m easure o f i n t e r n a l
a d m in is tr a t iv e c o n tr o l c o u ld be assum ed by o r on b e h a lf o f th e B r i t i s h Crown, and t h i s i s what o c c u rre d i n N o rth e rn R h o d esia. 3 Thus Lord
Lugard o b serv ed o f t r o p i c a l A f r ic a : " . . . t e r r i t o r i a l a c q u i s i t i o n ,
^ See S e c tio n below .
2 See Jen k y n s, S i r H ., B r i t i s h R ule and J u r i s d i c t i o n Beyond th e S e a s . O xford C laren d o n P r e s s , 1902, p p . 165-166.
3 A lthough c e r t a i n a s p e c ts o f th e more l i m i t e d ty p e o f
p r o t e c t o r a t e s u rv iv e d w ith in N o rth e rn R hodesia i n th e " P r o t e c t o r a t e o f B a ro ts e la n d " w hich k e p t i t s " n a tiv e governm ent" th ro u g h o u t th e c o l o n i a l p e r io d (s e e G.L. C ap lan , The E l i t e s o f B a ro ts e la n d 1878-1969
(C. H u rs t, 1 9 7 0 )).
w h e th er u n d e r th e name o f P r o t e c t o r a t e o r o th e rw is e , meant n o th in g l e s s th a n s o v e r e ig n ty and th e c o n tr o l o f th e n a t i v e s ” . 1
By th e end o f th e 1 9 th c e n tu r y , th e B r i t i s h view r e g a r d in g th e l e g a l im p o rt o f a p r o t e c t o r a t e had c e r t a i n l y become a s s im ila t e d t o t h a t o f Germany and F ra n c e . The view h e ld by th e s e c o u n tr ie s was t h a t " th e e x is t e n c e o f a p r o t e c t o r a t e i n an u n c i v i l i s e d c o u n try im p o rts th e r i g h t t o assume w h atev er j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r a l l p e rs o n s may be needed f o r i t s e f f e c t u a l e x e r c i s e " . Commenting on th e C o lo n ia l O f f ic e d e s p a tc h s e n t t o G overnor S i r B. G r i f f i t h o v er th e m a tte r o f e x e r c i s i n g l e g a l j u r i s d i c t i o n i n th e p r o te c te d c o u n tr ie s a d ja c e n t t o th e G old C o ast C olony, th e Law O f f i c e r s app ro v ed t h i s new p r o t e c t o r a t e d o c t r i n e . In t h i s r e g a r d th e Law O f f i c e r s wrote*
" . . . w e have th o u g h t i t r i g h t , w h ile a g re e in g i n th e term s o f th e e n c lo s e d D e sp a tc h , to draw a t t e n t i o n t o th e f a c t t h a t i t c o n s t i t u t e s a n a c c e p ta n c e o f a l e g a l d o c t r i n e n o t h i t h e r t o u n e q u iv o c a lly a c c e p te d by G re a t B r i t a i n " . 2
N o rth e rn R hodesia f e l l w ith in t h i s expanded v e r s io n o f th e p r o t e c t o r a t e d o c t r i n e . In d eed i t was h e ld i n th e N o rth e rn R hodesian
^ Lord L ugard, The Dual Mandate i n B r i t i s h T r o p ic a l A f r i c a , London, 1965, p . 13.
2 See Law O f f i c e r s ’ O p in io n s, F eb. 14, 1895, V ol. V. 1892-1899, M isc e lla n e o u s No. 8 6. F o r a th o ro u g h d is c u s s io n o f th e l e g a l d o c tr in e o f a p r o t e c t o r a t e and i t s a p p l i c a t i o n to B r i t i s h A fric a n P r o t e c t o r a t e s , se e H .F. M o rris and J . S . Read, I n d i r e c t R ule and th e S earch f o r
J u s t i c e . O xford C laren d o n P r e s s , 1972, C h ap ter 2 .
c a se o f Ex p a r t e Mwenya ^ t h a t th e i n t e r n a l g o v ern an ce o f N o rth e rn R hodesia was i n l e g a l e f f e c t , i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h a t o f a B r i t i s h c o lo n y . The 1899 and 1900 O rd e rs -in -G o u n c il show t h a t th e Company assum ed e x te n s iv e i n t e r n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , a lth o u g h i n th e N o rth W estern p a r t o f th e t e r r i t o r y a sem i-autonom ous s t a t u s i n i n t e r n a l a d m i n is tr a tio n was r e s e r v e d t o Lew anika. 2 By th e tim e o f
d i r e c t B r i t i s h r u l e i n 192^, th e r e were v i r t u a l l y no l i m i t s on th e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f th e Crown.
T h is b r in g s u s t o c o n s id e r what e f f e c t t h i s a ssu m p tio n o f i n t e r n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n i n th e P r o t e c t o r a t e had on th e Crown ow nership o f la n d s .
C. Crown ow nership o f th e la n d s i n a P r o t e c t o r a t e
B a ro ts e la n d was g iv e n a s p e c i a l s t a t u s i n m a tte r s o f la n d so b e fo re exam ining th e g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n we w i l l ta k e a f u r t h e r lo o k a t t h i s p a r t o f N o rth -W estern R h o d esia. B a r o ts e la n d was e x p r e s s ly r e s e r v e d f o r th e L o zi K ing and h i s p e o p le . Thus i n la n d m a tte r s th e r e s e r v e d a r e a rem ain ed th e c o n ce rn o f L ozi cu sto m ary law . B a ro ts e la n d c o n tin u e d t o e n jo y t h i s s t a t u s th ro u g h s u c c e s s iv e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
developm ents t i l l a f t e r th e independence o f th e t e r r i t o r y . The Lewanika C o n cessio n s and th e p o s i t i o n o f B a r o ts e la n d were re c o g n is e d
1 ^~196oJ7 1 Q.B. 241 a t p . 3 0 3.
2 C f . , S . V. Mubako, The P r e s id e n t ia l System in the Zambian C o n s titu tio n , M. P h il. T h e s is , U n iv e r sity o f London, 1970, pp. 25~33»
8 8 -9 0 .
