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Reducing sitting time in office workers

Renaud, L.R.

2020

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Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link to publication in VU Research Portal

citation for published version (APA)

Renaud, L. R. (2020). Reducing sitting time in office workers.

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‘The End of Sitting’ in a public space: observations of spontaneous

visitors

/LGHZLM55HQDXG0DDLNH$+X\VPDQV(UZLQ0 6SHNO«$OODUG-YDQGHU%HHN+LGGH3YDQGHU3ORHJ

ABSTRACT

Objective: SLWWLQJ WRR PXFK KDV EHHQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK QHJDWLYH KHDOWK RXWFRPHV

Ȇ7KH(QGRI6LWWLQJȇLVDQHZO\GHYHORSHGRɝFHODQGVFDSHWKDWPRYHVDZD\IURPWKH

WUDGLWLRQDOFKDLUGHVNVHWXS7KHODQGVFDSHDLPVWRUHGXFHVLWWLQJWLPHE\R΍HULQJD YDULHW\RIVXSSRUWHGVWDQGLQJSRVLWLRQV7KHDLPRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRGHWHUPLQHWKH usage of the landscape after being placed in the main entrance hall of the VU University in Amsterdam. Methods: We REVHUYHGWKHQXPEHURIVSRQWDQHRXVYLVLWRUVDVZHOODVWKHGXUDWLRQ RIYLVLWVFKDQJHVWRDQRWKHUORFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHODQGVFDSHDQGDGRSWHGSRVWXUHV 8VLQJTXHVWLRQQDLUHVUHDVRQVQRWWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHSHUFHLYHGD΍RUGDQFHVRIWKH ODQGVFDSHDQGDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKORQJWHUPXVHZHUHGHWHUPLQHG Results: 2EVHUYHGQXPEHUVRIYLVLWRUVZHUHUHODWLYHO\ORZDQGGXUDWLRQRIYLVLWVZHUH VKRUWZKLFKVHHPHGWRLQGLFDWHYLVLWRUVZHUHWU\LQJRXWWKHODQGVFDSH7KHPDMRULW\RI YLVLWRUVZHUHLQDQXSULJKWSRVLWLRQUHȵHFWLQJWKHGHVLJQHUVȇLQWHQWLRQV9LVLWRUVLQGLFDWHG WKDWORQJWHUPXVHZRXOGEHSOHDVDQWWRWKHP

Conclusion: ‘The End of Sitting’ landscape received positive reactions but number of

YLVLWVZHUHOLPLWHGLQWKHIHZPRQWKVWKDWLWZDVSODFHGLQWKHXQLYHUVLW\PDLQHQWUDQFH KDOO7KHODQGVFDSHPLJKWEHEHWWHUVXLWHGIRUGHVLJQDWHGZRUNLQJRUVWXG\VSDFHV IRUZKLFKLWZDVRULJLQDOO\LQWHQGHGΖWPLJKWDOVREHZRUWKWRH[SORUHWKHODQGVFDSHV VXLWDELOLW\IRUVKRUWVWD\HQYLURQPHQWVVXFKDVZDLWLQJURRPV

INTRODUCTION

7KH KHDOWK ULVNV RI KLJK OHYHOV RI VLWWLQJ WLPH DUH ZHOO GRFXPHQWHG DQG KDYH EHHQ DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIGLDEHWHVFDUGLRYDVFXODUGLVHDVHVDQGSUHPDWXUH PRUWDOLW\>@ΖWVHHPVWKDWWKHVHH΍HFWVFDQRQO\EHPDUJLQDOO\DWWHQXDWHGE\ SK\VLFDODFWLYLW\>@DQGWKHUHLVDQHHGIRUVWUDWHJLHVWRUHGXFHVHGHQWDU\EHKDYLRXU >@ 6LQFHRɝFHZRUNHUVVSHQGDODUJHSDUWRIWKHLUZRUNGD\VHDWHG>@WKHZRUNSODFH LVDKLJKO\FRQGXFWLYHHQYLURQPHQWIRUKHDOWKSURPRWLRQ>@6HYHUDOLQWHUYHQWLRQV WRUHGXFHVLWWLQJWLPHKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGIRURɝFHZRUNHUV>@ΖQWKHVH LQWHUYHQWLRQVWKHDLPLVWRUHGXFHFKDLUXVHDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\UHGXFHVLWWLQJWLPH increasing movement or standing time. Furthermore, standing time has been inversely DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDOOFDXVHPRUWDOLW\DQGKDVEHHQLGHQWLȴHGDVDSURPLVLQJDOWHUQDWLYH IRUVLWWLQJLQWKHZRUNSODFH>@

ΖQVSLUHG E\ WKH UHVHDUFK DURXQG WKH KHDOWK ULVNV RI VLWWLQJ WLPH 5$$$) 5LHWYHOG $UFKLWHFWXUH$UW$΍RUGDQFHVDQGYLVXDODUWLVW%DUEDUD9LVVHUFUHDWHGDQRɝFHODQGVFDSH of the future called ‘The End of Sitting’, completely abandoning the conventional setting RIRɝFHFKDLUDQGGHVN$GHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQGWKHWKHRU\ EHKLQGWKHODQGVFDSHFDQEHIRXQGHOVHZKHUH>@ΖQVKRUWDVDQRɝFHFKDLUD΍RUGV VLWWLQJWKHGHYHORSHGODQGVFDSHD΍RUGVDYDULHW\RIVXSSRUWHGVWDQGLQJSRVLWLRQV 7KHODQGVFDSHZDVGHVLJQHGWRVWLPXODWHYLVLWRUVWRIUHTXHQWO\FKDQJHWKHLUSRVWXUH and location in the landscape.

:LWKDJHQ &DOMRXZXVHGDODEVHWWLQJWRFRPSDUHȆ7KH(QGRI6LWWLQJȇWRDFRQYHQWLRQDO RɝFHE\VWXG\LQJVXEMHFWVZKRSHUIRUPHGDVHPLVWDQGDUGL]HGWDVNSUHSDULQJ DSUHVHQWDWLRQZLWKLQPLQXWHVLQERWKHQYLURQPHQWV>@7KH\IRXQGWKDWPRVW RIWKHVXEMHFWVZRUNHGLQPRUHWKDQRQHQRQVLWWLQJSRVWXUHLQWKHODQGVFDSH ZKHUHDVDOOEXWRQHRIWKHVXEMHFWVZRUNHGLQDVLWWLQJSRVWXUHLQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDORɝFH Also subjects felt more energetic, although they experienced higher levels of fatigue in WKHOHJVDIWHUZRUNLQJLQWKHODQGVFDSH7RGDWHLWKDVQRWEHHQLQYHVWLJDWHGKRZWKH ODQGVFDSHZRXOGEHXVHGLQDUHDOZRUOGVHWWLQJ

ΖQ WKH FXUUHQW VWXG\ ZH REVHUYHG ZKHWKHU WKLV QHZ HQYLURQPHQW ZRXOG DWWUDFW VSRQWDQHRXVYLVLWRUVZKHQSODFHGLQDQDUHDRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\PDLQHQWUDQFHKDOOWKDW is generally used as transit, study, meeting and break area. Hence, our primary research TXHVWLRQZDV+RZPDQ\SHRSOHGRHVWKHODQGVFDSHDWWUDFW"$GGLWLRQDOO\ZHDGGUHVVHG WKHIROORZLQJVHFRQGDU\TXHVWLRQV:KDWLVWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHYLVLWV"'RYLVLWRUVFKDQJH ORFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHODQGVFDSHDQGZKLFKSRVWXUHVDQGDFWLYLWLHVGRYLVLWRUVDGRSW" )LQDOO\ZHH[DPLQHGUHDVRQVQRWWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHSHUFHLYHGD΍RUGDQFHVRIWKH ODQGVFDSHDQGSHUFHLYHGDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKORQJWHUPXVH

METHODS

7KHODQGVFDSHDQGVWXG\GHVLJQ

$FXWRXWRIWKHRULJLQDORɝFHODQGVFDSHZDVSODFHGLQWKHPDLQHQWUDQFHKDOORIWKH 988QLYHUVLW\$PVWHUGDPLQWKH1HWKHUODQGV7KHODQGVFDSHȂD[PHWHUFXWRXW RIWKHRULJLQDOȆ(QGRI6LWWLQJȇODQGVFDSHȂZDVSODFHGLQWKHPDLQHQWUDQFHKDOORIWKH 988QLYHUVLW\IURP0DUFK0D\)LJXUH7KHȴUVWPRQWKWKHODQGVFDSHGUHZ VRPHORFDODQGQDWLRQDOPHGLDLQWHUHVW1RPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGGXULQJWKLV ȴUVWSHULRG$Q$VL]HGSRVWHUZLWKEDFNJURXQGLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHKHDOWKULVNVRI SURORQJHGVLWWLQJDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHODQGVFDSHZDVDWWDFKHGWRWKHVLGHRIWKH ODQGVFDSHWRLQIRUPSRWHQWLDOYLVLWRUV7KHSRVWHUDOVRVWDWHGWKDWWKHODQGVFDSHZDV IUHHWREHXVHG1RIXUWKHUSURPSWVWRDWWUDFWYLVLWRUVWRWKHODQGVFDSHZHUHSURYLGHG UHVXOWLQJ LQ VROHO\ VSRQWDQHRXV YLVLWRUV 7R DQVZHU WKH UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV WKUHH GL΍HUHQWUHVHDUFKPHWKRGVZHUHXVHGFRQWLQXRXVREVHUYDWLRQVREVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQV DQGTXHVWLRQQDLUHV'DWDZHUHFROOHFWHGGXULQJ$SULODQG0D\7KH0HGLFDO(WKLFDO Committee of the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam approved the study.

Continuous observations

&RQWLQXRXVREVHUYDWLRQVZHUHSHUIRUPHGWRDVVHVVQXPEHURIYLVLWRUVGXUDWLRQRI YLVLWVDQGFKDQJHVLQORFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHODQGVFDSH7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVZHUHDGGHGWR WKHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGEHFDXVHWKHREVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQVGHVFULEHGEHORZSURYLGHGWRR OLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQRQVKRUWWHUPYLVLWRUVZKLFKZHUHWKHPRVWSUHYDOHQWYLVLWRUV7KH researcher recorded the start and end time of every visit on the landscape. Visiting times ZHUHURXQGHGXSWRIXOOPLQXWHVHJDGXUDWLRQRIPLQXWHLQGLFDWHVWKHYLVLWODVWHG PLQXWHRUOHVV)XUWKHUPRUHWKHUHVHDUFKHUUHFRUGHGZKHWKHUWKHYLVLWRUFKDQJHG

location to at least one other location ZLWKLQWKHODQGVFDSHGLFKRWRPRXVO\ Also, gender and estimated age group FKLOG VWXGHQW RWKHU DGXOW VHQLRU ZHUH UHFRUGHG LQ D ORJERRN 7KH continuous observations took place EHWZHHQKDQGKGXULQJVL[ ZHHNGD\VUHVXOWLQJLQDWRWDORI hours of observations. When visitors OHIWWKHODQGVFDSHWKH\ZHUHDVNHG by a second researcher to complete D TXHVWLRQQDLUH IRU ODQGVFDSH visitors.

Observational scans

2EVHUYDWLRQDO VFDQV ZHUH XVHG to assess number of visitors and adopted postures and activities. ΖQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH 623$5& DQG 623/$< PHWKRGV > @ DQ REVHU YDWLRQ PHWKRG ZDV GHYHORSHG SLORWHG DQG RSWLPL]HG To compare number of visitors, adopted postures and activities, ZH LQFOXGHG VSRQWDQHRXV YLVLWRUV RI WKH VXUURXQGLQJ EHQFKHV ZKLFK ZHUH DOUHDG\ SUHVHQW LQ WKH PDLQ KDOOEHIRUHWKHLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHODQGVFDSHVHH)LJXUHIRUDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHVWXG\ DUHD'XULQJWKHVFDQWKHVWXG\DUHDODQGVFDSHEHQFKHVZDVREVHUYHGIURPOHIWWR ULJKWDQGWKHIROORZLQJZDVUHFRUGHGSUHVHQFHRILQGLYLGXDOVLQWKHODQGVFDSHRUWKH VXUURXQGLQJEHQFKHVWKHLUERG\SRVWXUHDVVSHFLȴHGE\:LWKDJHQ &DOMRXZ>@ VLWOHDQVWDQGVWRRSVWDQGOD\EDFNOD\EHOO\RWKHUWKHLUDFWLYLW\GULQNLQJRUHDWLQJ LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKDGHYLFHUHDGLQJRUZULWLQJRQSDSHULQWHUDFWLRQZLWKRWKHUSHRSOH JHQHUDOOHLVXUHDFWLYLW\JHQGHUDQGHVWLPDWHGDJHJURXS$GGLWLRQDOO\ZLWKHYHU\VFDQ WKHRXWVLGHWHPSHUDWXUHr&DQGZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVXQQ\KDOIFORXG\FORXG\RUUDLQ\ ZHUHUHFRUGHG

)LJXUH Cut-out of The End of Sitting placed

in the main entrance hall of the university GXULQJDPHHWLQJZLWKWKHSXUSRVHWRWU\RXW the landscape.

2EVHUYDWLRQVZHUHPDGHGXULQJHLJKWZHHNGD\VSHUIRUPLQJVL[VFDQVSHUGD\WKUHH scans every hour starting from 10.50h and three scans every hour starting from 13.20h. 7KHVHWLPHVZHUHVHOHFWHGEHFDXVHLWZDVOLNHO\WKDWPRUHSHRSOHZRXOGEHLQWKHPDLQ HQWUDQFHKDOOVLQFHLWZDVPLQXWHVEHIRUHFODVVHVZRXOGVWDUWRULWZDVGXULQJOXQFK or class breaks. This resulted in a total of 48 scans, performed by the researcher or DUHVHDUFKVWXGHQW$IWHUHYHU\REVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQDTXHVWLRQQDLUHIRUEHQFKDQG ODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVZDVGLVWULEXWHGIURPOHIWWRULJKWLQWKHEHQFKDUHDDQGWKHODQGVFDSH UHVSHFWLYHO\7KLVFRXOGPHDQWKDWYLVLWRUVZKRKDGEHHQREVHUYHGGXULQJWKHVFDQ GLGQRWDOZD\VFRPSOHWHWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHEHFDXVHWKH\PLJKWKDYHOHIWEHIRUHWKH GLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGYLFHYHUVD

ΖQWHUUDWHU UHOLDELOLW\ IRU WKH REVHUYDWLRQDO VFDQV ZDV GHWHUPLQHG E\ FRPSDULQJ REVHUYDWLRQVRIWZRGD\VVFDQVREVHUYHGLQGLYLGXDOVSHUIRUPHGVHSDUDWHO\E\ WKHWZRUHVHDUFKHUVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\RQHGD\EHIRUHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWSHULRGDQGRQH day during the measurement period.

Questionnaires

7KHYLVLWRUVRIWKHODQGVFDSHDQGWKHEHQFKHVUHFHLYHGGL΍HUHQWTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZLWK VRPHRYHUODSSLQJTXHVWLRQV7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVIRFXVVHGRQDFWLYLWLHVSRVWXUHVYLVLWLQJ GXUDWLRQFKDQJHRIORFDWLRQUHDVRQVQRWWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHSHUFHLYHGD΍RUGDQFHV RIWKHODQGVFDSHDQGDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKORQJWHUPXVH$QRYHUYLHZRITXHVWLRQVDQG DQVZHULQJFDWHJRULHVFDQEHIRXQGLQ6WXG\PDWHULDOV$ΖQERWKTXHVWLRQQDLUHVGDWD RQJHQGHUDJHDQGW\SHRIYLVLWRUVWXGHQWHPSOR\HHRUYLVLWRUZHUHFROOHFWHG7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHDYDLODEOHLQ'XWFKDQG(QJOLVK7KHQXPEHURILQGLYLGXDOVZKR GHFOLQHGWRFRPSOHWHWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHRUKDGDOUHDG\FRPSOHWHGWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH ZHUHUHFRUGHG

6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV

The collected data from the continuous observations, the observational scans and WKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHDQDO\VHGXVLQJΖ%063666WDWLVWLFVWRJHQHUDWHGHVFULSWLYH VWDWLVWLFVDQGLQWHUUDWHUUHOLDELOLW\FRHɝFLHQWV&RKHQȇV.DSSD

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RESULTS

'HVSLWHWUDLQLQJWKHUHVHDUFKHUVGLGQRWȴQGFRQVHQVXVRQWKHSRVWXUHVDVSURSRVHGE\ :LWKDJHQ &DOMDXZ>@ZKLFKZDVLQGLFDWHGE\D&RKHQȇV.DSSDRI7KHSRVWXUH GDWDZDVUHOLDEOHZKHQRQO\DGLVWLQFWLRQZDVPDGHEHWZHHQDVLWWLQJDQGDQXSULJKW SRVLWLRQOHDQVWDQGRUVWRRSVWDQGZLWKD&RKHQȇV.DSSDRI+HQFHSRVWXUHVZHUH RQO\DVVHVVHGDVVLWWLQJRUXSULJKW7KHLQWHUUDWHUUHOLDELOLW\IRUDOODFWLYLWLHV&RKHQȇV .DSSDRIDQGKLJKHUDQGORFDWLRQ&RKHQȇV.DSSDZHUHJRRG

1XPEHURIYLVLWRUVDQGGHPRJUDSKLFV

'XULQJWKHKRXUVRIFRQWLQXRXVREVHUYDWLRQVODQGVFDSHYLVLWVZHUHREVHUYHG ZKLFKZDVODQGVFDSHYLVLWVRQDYHUDJHSHUREVHUYHGKRXU'XULQJWKHREVHUYDWLRQDO VFDQVYLVLWRUVZHUHREVHUYHGRIZKRPZHUHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVZKLFK resulted in on average 1 landscape visitor per scan. The majority of the observed bench DQGODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVZHUHRIDVWXGHQWȇVDJHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ΖQWRWDO YLVLWRUVFRPSOHWHGDTXHVWLRQQDLUHRIZKRPWKHPDMRULW\ZHUHEHQFKYLVLWRUV DQGZRPHQWKHPHDQDJHZDV\HDUVVG \HDUV7DEOHSURYLGHVDQ RYHUYLHZRIQXPEHUVRIYLVLWRUVFDSWXUHGE\WKHGL΍HUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWPHWKRGV

7DEOH Number of visitors observed during continuous observations, observational

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Location Continuous observation

PDOHV Observational scanPDOHV QuestionnairesPDOHV

Bench -  

Landscape   

Total  

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Continuous observations of the landscape

The 62 landscape visits recorded during the continuous observations had a median GXUDWLRQRIPLQDQGWKHPHDQGXUDWLRQZDVPLQVG PLQDQGPD[ PLQ 7ZHOYHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVFKDQJHGWKHLUORFDWLRQGXULQJWKHLUYLVLWRIZKLFKDOO but one visit had a duration of 8 min or less.

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ΖQJHQHUDOVHOIUHSRUWHGGXUDWLRQRIYLVLWVWRWKHEHQFKHVZHUHRIPRUHYDULDEOHOHQJWK WKDQWKRVHRIWKHODQGVFDSHZKLFKZHUHVKRUWHUZLWKDOPRVWRIWKHODQGVFDSHYLVLWV EHLQJVKRUWHUWKDQPLQXWHVVHH)LJXUH

$PRQJWKHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVUHSRUWHGWKH\YLVLWHGWKHODQGVFDSHIRUWKHȴUVW WLPH DQG  KDG YLVLWHG WKH ODQGVFDSH RQFH SUHYLRXVO\ GDWD QRW VKRZQ $OVR 51.8% reported to have visited only one location in the landscape during their current YLVLWZKLOHDQGUHSRUWHGWZRWKUHHDQGIRXURUPRUHORFDWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\2IWKHQLQHYLVLWRUVZKRUHSRUWHGDGXUDWLRQRIYLVLWRI!PLQXWHVWZR reported visiting more than one location during that visit.

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'XULQJREVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQVWKHPDLQDFWLYLW\RIEHQFKYLVLWRUVZDVLQWHUDFWLRQZLWK RWKHUV  IROORZHG E\ HDWLQJ RU GULQNLQJ  2Q WKH ODQGVFDSH WKH PDLQ DFWLYLW\ZDVLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKDGHYLFHGLUHFWO\IROORZHGE\LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKRWKHUV DVVHFRQGDFWLYLW\VHH7DEOH'XULQJREVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQVRIWKHEHQFK YLVLWRUVZDVLQDVLWWLQJSRVLWLRQZKLOHRIWKHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVZHUHLQDQXSULJKW position.

)LJXUH Self-reported duration of bench and landscape visits.

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The self-reported activities by the bench and landscape visitors and postures and SHUFHLYHGD΍RUGDQFHVIRUODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH&KDWWLQJZLWKRWKHUV ZDVERWKRQWKHEHQFKHVDQGWKHODQGVFDSHWKHPRVWRIWHQUHSRUWHGDFWLYLW\DQG UHVSHFWLYHO\'ULQNLQJFR΍HHHDWLQJKDYLQJOXQFKDQGLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKDSKRQH ZDVPRUHRIWHQUHSRUWHGE\WKHEHQFKYLVLWRUVDVFRPSDUHGWRWKHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUV ΖQWRWDOYLVLWRUVZURWHGRZQȆRWKHUDFWLYLW\ȇRIZKLFKZHUHWKHPHGDVȆRWKHUOHLVXUH DFWLYLWLHVȇDQGIRXUODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVDVȆWU\LQJRXWWKHODQGVFDSHȇ 0RVWVHOIUHSRUWHGSRVWXUHVDGRSWHGRQWKHODQGVFDSHZHUHOHDQLQJDJDLQVW DQGRUVWDQGLQJZKLOHLQGLFDWHGWKH\DOVRVDWGXULQJWKHLUYLVLW/HDQ DJDLQVWDQGVWDQGLQZHUHDOVRWKHPRVWUHSRUWHGSRVWXUHVIRUZKLFKWKH ODQGVFDSHLQYLWHVWR6WLOOLQJHQHUDOYLVLWRUVGLGQRWVHHDQD΍RUGDQFHWRFKDQJHORFDWLRQ 7KHPDMRULW\IRXQGWKHODQGVFDSHPRVWVXLWDEOHIRUKDYLQJDEUHDNEXW WRDOHVVHUH[WHQWWRHDWRUGULQNLQLW

7DEOH Observed activities during observational scans, self-reported activities and

VHOIUHSRUWHGSRVWXUHVDQGD΍RUGDQFHVIRUWKHODQGVFDSH 1 Benches Landscape Observed activities Eating or drinking   Interaction device   Interaction others   5HDGLQJZULWLQJSDSHU   General leisure  0.0 6HOIUHSRUWHGDFWLYLWLHV 'ULQNLQJ&R΍HH  

Eating / having lunch  

ΖQWHUDFWLRQZLWKSKRQH  

Using a laptop / tablet   &KDWWLQJZLWKRWKHUV  

5HDGLQJZULWLQJSDSHU  

Waiting for someone  

7DEOH Observed activities during observational scans, self-reported activities and VHOIUHSRUWHGSRVWXUHVDQGD΍RUGDQFHVIRUWKHODQGVFDSHFRQWLQXHG 1 Benches Landscape 6HOIUHSRUWHGSRVWXUHV Sitting  Standing  /D\LQJGRZQ  Leaning against  6TXDWWLQJ  $΍RUGDQFHVȆ7KLVODQGVFDSHLQYLWHVWRȇ Sit in  Stand in  /D\GRZQ  Change posture  Climb  Change location  Lean against  $΍RUGDQFHVȆ7KLVODQGVFDSHLVPRVWVXLWDEOHWRȇ Study / read  Use a phone  Have a break  Have a meeting  Brainstorm  Eat / drink 

Use tablet / laptop 

*In brackets the percentage of within groups are shown. 9LVLWRUVZHUHDEOHWRJLYHPXOWLSOHDQVZHUVWRWKLVTXHVWLRQ

5HDVRQVQRWWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHDQGDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKORQJWHUP

use

6HOIUHSRUWHGUHDVRQQRWWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSH 0RVWEHQFKYLVLWRUVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKH\ȆSUHIHUVLWWLQJRQDEHQFKȇRUȆLWGRHV QRWORRNLQYLWLQJWRPHȇDVWKHUHDVRQZK\WKH\GLGQRWYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHVHH 7DEOH7KHUHZHUHEHQFKYLVLWRUVZKRLQGLFDWHGDQȆRWKHUȇUHDVRQQRWWRYLVLWWKH ODQGVFDSHZKLFKLQFOXGHGΖGRQRWNQRZLWVSXUSRVH1 ΖDPXVXDOO\QRWKHUH1  QRWLQWHUHVWHG1 ΖZRXOGIHHODZNZDUG1 DQGLWLVXQFRPIRUWDEOH1 

ΖQ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH   RI WKH EHQFK YLVLWRUV LQGLFDWHG WR KDYH YLVLWHG WKH ODQGVFDSHSUHYLRXVO\DQGWKH\DOVRDQVZHUHGWKHTXHVWLRQDERXWWKHLUUHDVRQWRYLVLW UHVXOWLQJLQUHVSRQGHQWVIRUWKLVTXHVWLRQZKHQDGGHGWRWKHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUV ZKRFRPSOHWHGDTXHVWLRQQDLUH0RVWYLVLWRUVLQGLFDWHGWKH\KDGYLVLWHGWKHODQGVFDSH SUHYLRXVO\ EHFDXVH WKH\ ZHUH FXULRXV  7KH  ȆRWKHUȇ UHDVRQV WR YLVLW WKH landscape, could all be themed as ‘being a convenient place’. Some visitors marked PRUHWKDQRQHUHDVRQEHVLGHȆFXULRXVȇGDWDQRWSUHVHQWHG

7DEOH5HDVRQVWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHDQGUHDVRQVQRWWRYLVLWWKHODQGVFDSHDJDLQ 1

5HDVRQQRWWRYLVLWODQGVFDSHEHQFKYLVLWRUV

I prefer sitting on a bench 

It goes against my routine 

I do not have time for it 

I did not notice it before 

I think it is not practical for use  It does not look inviting to me 

ΖWKRXJKWLWZDVQRWDOORZHG  Other  5HDVRQWRYLVLWODQGVFDSHSUHYLRXVO\ Curious  )ROORZLQJIULHQGVFROOHDJXHV  1RSODFHVRPHZKHUHHOVH  Nice place  Read about it  Other  Total  9LVLWRUVZHUHDEOHWRWLFNPXOWLSOHER[HVSHUFHQWDJHVUHSUHVHQWWKHTXDQWLW\RIER[HVFKHFNHG within the bench users.

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ΖQ7DEOHDQRYHUYLHZRIDVVRFLDWLRQVZLWKSHUFHLYHGORQJWHUPXVHLVSUHVHQWHG0RVW RIWKHODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVLQGLFDWHGWKDWORQJWHUPXVHZRXOGEHSOHDVDQWWRWKHP DQGLQGLFDWHGWKDWLWZRXOGJLYHWKHPHQHUJ\ZKLOHIRUWKHRWKHUFDWHJRULHVPRVW visitors scored ‘neutral’.

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/RQJWHUPXVHZRXOGȐ $JUHH1 1HXWUDO1 5HYHUVH1

make me more productive    make me more creative    give me energy    be physically easy    make me relaxed    be pleasant to me   

DISCUSSION

7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGZKHWKHUȆ7KH(QGRI6LWWLQJȇZKHQSODFHGLQDXQLYHUVLW\PDLQ HQWUDQFHKDOOZRXOGDWWUDFWVSRQWDQHRXVYLVLWRUV'XULQJWKHFRQWLQXRXVREVHUYDWLRQV DQGWKHREVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQVYLVLWRUVSHUKRXUDQGYLVLWRUSHUVFDQZHUHREVHUYHG UHVSHFWLYHO\7RJHWKHUZLWKWKHORZREVHUYHGPHGLDQ PLQDQGVHOIUHSRUWHG PLQGXUDWLRQRIYLVLWVWKLVVKRZVWKDWYLVLWVWRWKHODQGVFDSHZHUHVSRUDGLFDQG mostly of short duration. Almost half of the visitors reported that they visited the ODQGVFDSHEHFDXVHWKH\ZHUHFXULRXV

The local and national media coverage of the placement of the landscape and its purpose WRUHGXFHVHGHQWDU\EHKDYLRXUSUHVXPDEO\FRQWULEXWHGWRLQFUHDVHGDZDUHQHVVDPRQJ SRWHQWLDOYLVLWRUV6WLOOWKHEHQFKHVVXUURXQGLQJWKHODQGVFDSHZHUHXVHGPRUHIUHTXHQW DQGPDQ\EHQFKYLVLWRUVUHSRUWHGWKH\SUHIHUUHGVLWWLQJRQDEHQFKDVUHDVRQ not to visit the landscape. The limited visits to the landscape might have partly been due to the presence of the traditional seating areas nearby. Also, the lack of an accepting culture for such a radical redesign of the seating areas could have been restricting to LQȵXHQFHSURVSHFWLYHYLVLWRUVWRLWVIXOOSRWHQWLDO3RWHQWLDOYLVLWRUVPLJKWQRWKDYHQRWLFHG the landscape or understood its purpose and might have overlooked the poster that

explained the landscapes purpose. Scarce numbers of visitors have been reported EHIRUHZKHQLQWURGXFLQJDQHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHWRGHFUHDVHVLWWLQJWLPHLQDSXEOLF VSDFHDVH[HPSOLȴHGE\DVWXG\WKDWLQWURGXFHGGHVNELNHVLQFRPPRQVSDFHVDWD %HOJLXPDLUSRUWDQGWUDLQVWDWLRQV>@ΖQDQRɝFHHQYLURQPHQWZKHQLQWURGXFLQJ DOWHUQDWLYHZRUNVWDWLRQVQH[WWRFRQYHQWLRQDOZRUNVWDWLRQVRɝFHZRUNHUVDOVRVHHPHG WRSUHIHUWKHVLWWLQJRSWLRQV>@ ΖQOLQHZLWKWKHGHYHORSHUVȇLQWHQWLRQV>@WKHPDMRULW\RIODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVZHUH LQDQXSULJKWSRVLWLRQGXULQJWKHREVHUYDWLRQDOVFDQVDQGVHOIUHSRUWHGGDWD VKRZHG WKDW YLVLWRUV ZHUH PRVWO\ OHDQLQJ DJDLQVW  DQGRU VWDQGLQJ  $OWKRXJKWKHODQGVFDSHZDVGHVLJQHGWRHQDEOHFKDQJHVLQSRVWXUHDQGORFDWLRQZLWKLQ WKHODQGVFDSHPRVWYLVLWRUVGLGQRWFKDQJHORFDWLRQ+RZHYHUVHOIUHSRUWHG QXPEHUVRIQRFKDQJHRIORFDWLRQZHUHORZHU6WLOORXUREVHUYHGODFNRIYDULDWLRQ LQORFDWLRQPLJKWKDYHEHHQGXHWRWKHVKRUWGXUDWLRQRIYLVLWV:LWKDJHQ &DOMDXZ>@ VKRZHGPRUHYDULDWLRQLQORFDWLRQVLQWKHLUODERUDWRULDOVWXG\ZKHUHVXEMHFWVZHUHLQ WKHODQGVFDSHIRUPLQXWHVWRȴQLVKDSUHGHȴQHGWDVN7KH\VKRZHGWKDWRIWKH VXEMHFWVZRUNHGRQWZRORFDWLRQVRQWKUHHORFDWLRQVRQIRXUORFDWLRQVDQG RQO\RQMXVWRQHORFDWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHODQGVFDSHLQZKLFKWKHLUH[SHULPHQW WRRNSODFHZDVFRQVLGHUDEO\ODUJHUWKDQWKHFXUUHQWFXWRXWYHUVLRQ

9LVLWRUV LQGLFDWHG WKDW ORQJWHUP XVH RI WKH ODQGVFDSH ZRXOG EH SOHDVDQW WR WKHP %HVLGHWKHHDUOLHUGHVFULEHGFDUGLRPHWDEROLFKHDOWKULVNVRISURORQJHGVLWWLQJ XQLQWHUUXSWHGVWDQGLQJDOVRKDVQHJDWLYHKHDOWKH΍HFWV>@ΖWVHHPVLPSRUWDQWWR alternate sitting, standing and physical activity throughout the day, although there is QRFRQVHQVXVRQWKHIUHTXHQF\IRUYDU\LQJSRVWXUHVWRUHGXFHPXVFXORVNHOHWDOULVNVRU ORQJWHUPKHDOWKULVNV>@1HYHUWKHOHVVLWKDVEHHQVKRZQWKDWWUDLQLQJFDQLQWHQVLI\ WKHXVHDQGWKHUHE\WKHDOWHUQDWLRQLQSRVWXUHVRIDOWHUQDWLYHZRUNVWDWLRQV>@ 7KHPDMRULW\RIODQGVFDSHYLVLWRUVIRXQGWKHODQGVFDSHPRVWVXLWDEOHIRUWDNLQJ D EUHDN 7KLV ȴQGLQJ DERXW WKH EUHDN D΍RUGDQFH RI WKH ODQGVFDSH PD\ KDYH EHHQ GULYHQE\WKHVSHFLȴFORFDWLRQLQWKHXQLYHUVLW\PDLQHQWUDQFHKDOOZKLFKLVQRWRQO\D WUDQVLWDUHDEXWDOVRXVHGIRUWDNLQJDEUHDNPHHWLQJDQGVWXG\LQJΖQDW\SLFDORɝFH HQYLURQPHQWSHUIRUPHGDFWLYLWLHVDQGVHOIUHSRUWHGSRVVLEOHZRUNWDVND΍RUGDQFHVPD\ KDYHEHHQGL΍HUHQW6WLOOFUHDWLYHRɝFHOLNHWDVNVZHUHUHSRUWHGZLWKLQGLFDWLQJ WKHODQGVFDSHZDVPRVWVXLWDEOHWREUDLQVWRUPVXEVWDQWLDWHGE\LQGLFDWLQJWKH ODQGVFDSHZRXOGPDNHWKHPPRUHFUHDWLYHZLWKORQJWHUPXVH

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$QRWKHU OLPLWDWLRQ RI WKH VWXG\ ZDV WKH LQVXɝFLHQW FRQVHQVXV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR UHVHDUFKHUVZLWKUHJDUGWRVFRULQJWKHGL΍HUHQWVWDQGLQJSRVWXUHVDVSURSRVHGE\ :LWKDJHQ &DOMDXZ>@+HQFHIRUWKHREVHUYHGSRVWXUHVRQO\WKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQ sitting and standing could be made. Video analyses might have been more suitable for scoring postures in such a detailed manner, rather than the real time direct observations utilised in this study. Still, due to the ethical aspects of video recording spontaneous visitors, real-time observations had the preference. Furthermore, using the self-reported TXHVWLRQQDLUHGDWDZHZHUHDEOHWRJHWPRUHGHWDLOHGGDWDRQSRVWXUHV

$WUDQVLWDUHDVXFKDVWKHPDLQHQWUDQFHKDOORIWKHXQLYHUVLW\PLJKWQRWEHWKHPRVW suitable space for placement. The landscape might be better suited for designated ZRUNLQJDQGVWXG\LQJVSDFHVIRUZKLFKLWZDVRULJLQDOO\LQWHQGHG:KHQSODFLQJWKH ODQGVFDSHLQDQRɝFHHQYLURQPHQWWKHUHVHDUFKHUVUHFRPPHQGIRFXVLQJRQDVVLVWLQJ potential visitors to adapt to the drastic environmental change. It is recommended to SURYLGHDGGLWLRQDOWUDLQLQJRQSUDFWLFDOXVHVLQFHERWKVWDWLFVLWWLQJDVZHOODVVWDWLF VWDQGLQJVKRXOGEHDYRLGHG>@7KHODQGVFDSHFRXOGEHXVHGSHUIRUPLQJFHUWDLQZRUN WDVNVIRUZKLFKFUHDWLYLW\LVUHTXLUHGVXFKDVEUDLQVWRUPVHVVLRQVΖWKDVEHHQSURSRVHG that a reduction of comfort levels can increase variation of posture and movement >@ZKLFKWKHODQGVFDSHPLJKWLQGXFHZKHQXVHGIRUORQJHUSHULRGVRIWLPHWKDQZH observed in the current study. Future research should focus on the landscape as part RIDUHDOOLIHRɝFHVHWWLQJLQZKLFKWKHODQGVFDSHFRXOGEHWKHRQO\RSWLRQRULWFRXOGEH SODFHGQH[WWRPRUHWUDGLWLRQDOZRUNLQJDUHDVΖQWKHODWWHUFDVHQRWRQO\PRUHDWWHQWLRQ VKRXOGEHIRFXVVHGRQLQIRUPLQJZRUNHUVRISURSHUXVDJHEXWDOVRRQDWWHPSWVWRFKDQJH perceptions and culture around landscape usage. A behavioural change program might IXUWKHUIDFLOLWDWHODQGVFDSHYLVLWVDVZDVVKRZQIRUVLWVWDQGZRUNVWDWLRQV>@

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Conclusion

The placement of the ‘The end of sitting’ in a public space did attract spontaneous YLVLWRUV$OWKRXJKWKH\ZHUHQRWKLJKLQQXPEHUVDQGWKHGXUDWLRQRIYLVLWVZHUHVKRUW WKHYDVWPDMRULW\RIYLVLWRUVZDVLQDQXSULJKWSRVLWLRQ7KLVODQGVFDSHLVRQHRIWKH ȴUVW DOWHUQDWLYHV IRU WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO FKDLUGHVN VHWXS DQG VKRXOG EH VHHQ DV DQ HQFRXUDJHPHQWIRULQWHUYHQWLRQGHYHORSHUVLQWKHRFFXSDWLRQDOKHDOWKȴHOG+RZHYHU DWUDQVLWDUHDVXFKDVWKHPDLQHQWUDQFHKDOORIWKHXQLYHUVLW\PLJKWQRWEHWKHPRVW VXLWDEOHVSDFHIRUSODFHPHQWDWOHDVWQRWZLWKWKHFXUUHQWFXOWXUHRISUHIHUUHGVLWWLQJ 'HVLJQDWHGZRUNLQJRUVWXG\DUHDVDVZHOODVZDLWLQJDUHDVPLJKWEHEHWWHUVXLWHGIRU ‘The End of Sitting’ landscape.