THE LIMITS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION BY THE EU
School of Human Rights Research Series, Volume 79.
Th e titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
THE LIMITS OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION BY THE EU
Th e Scope for the Development of Positive Obligations
Malu Beijer
Cambridge – Antwerp – Portland
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Malu Beijer (1986) graduated from Utrecht University, the Netherlands, in 2012, where she obtained a bachelor’s degree in law (with distinction) and a master’s degree in Legal Research with a specialisation in European Public Law (cum laude). During her studies, Malu Beijer undertook several research projects on European migration law, internal market law and EU fundamental rights. She worked as a legal intern at the Dutch Council of State, the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Aff airs, and the law fi rm, Pels Rijcken & Drooglever Fortuijn. She also worked as a student-assistant at Utrecht University, where she organised two legal conferences, and took part in an exchange with Tsukuba University, Japan.
In 2012 Malu Beijer received a Research Talent grant from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientifi c Research (NWO). She carried out her research under the supervision of prof. dr. J.H. (Janneke) Gerards at the law faculty of the Radboud University, Nijmegen. At this university, Malu Beijer has taught several classes on EU fundamental rights law and EU judicial protection, and continues to do so. She is a member of the European law working group of the Netherlands Committee of Jurists for Human Rights (NJCM) and is a board member of the Dutch young network for European Law (STER). She also writes a weekly newsletter on ECtHR and ECJ cases.
Malu Beijer has participated in, and co-organised several legal conferences and
has published in international and Dutch legal journals. She continues her work as
a researcher and lecturer in the fi eld of EU law and fundamental rights at Radboud
University alongside her work as a judicial assistant.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Writing my PhD over the course of the past four years was a challenging but ultimately very rewarding experience. For a long time much of my work was only stored on a small USB device that I have carried with me during the journeys from Utrecht to Nijmegen and back. It has been diffi cult to work on a project that never is quite complete. Even aft er days, weeks and months of work, there are always further thoughts that remain and projects that are left unfi nished. Now I am very pleased to be able to show the fi nal results of my work in this book.
I would not have succeeded without the excellent guidance provided by Janneke. At every stage of the project, Janneke made time to listen to my thoughts and struggles with the materials, and to give me most helpful feedback on my work. Janneke has given me the confi dence to write my PhD and to speak out about topics of EU law and human rights which have become very dear to me. For many reasons Janneke is a very important person who has helped me to complete this project and has been there for me on a personal level as well. I could not have wished for a better supervisor.
Of course there are others to thank too. I have met some inspiring people along the way in Nijmegen as well as in other places. I am grateful to the department of International and European Law of the Radboud University which has off ered me a great working environment, and which has allowed me to keep learning about topics of International and European law. I have been able to learn more about human rights in practice, by attending the Venice Academy of Human Rights and the regular meetings of the working group of European law of the NJCM . I am especially grateful to have been allowed to share my work at the Realaw Research Forum of 2015 and at the seminar in Utrecht on positive obligations. Ellen – thank you for the smooth and fun cooperation! Further thanks to John Morijn for the opportunity to discuss my research and to Herman van Harten for writing about Dhahbi v. Italy .
Th anks to Marc for providing distractions and a lot of ‘ gezelligheid ’ during the fi nal stages of my PhD, as well as to Jasper for sharing thoughts on our common research interests, and of course to the Jonghe Gaerde for other fun experiences. I am grateful to my friends from Utrecht and from the LRM, in particular Eduardo, Wouter and Frank. Special thanks to Irene and Caroline for their lasting friendship and for being my ‘ paranimfen ’ . Further thanks to my family (in law).
Th is list would not be complete, far from it, if I did not mention Jie-Heda. You have
been there for me for many years. I am very lucky to have you in my life.
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CONTENTS
About the Author. . . v
Acknowledgements . . . vii
Abbreviations . . . xvii
Table of Cases . . . xix
Chapter 1. Introduction . . . .1
1.1. Background to this Study. . . 1
1.1.1. Two Supranational Courts in Europe Deciding on Fundamental Rights Cases . . . 1
1.1.2. Th e Concept of Positive Obligations . . . 4
1.1.3. Th e Debate about Positive Obligations within the Context of EU Law . . . 5
1.1.4. Th e Main Research Question of this Study . . . 8
1.2. Aims and Objectives . . . 8
1.3. Methods and Approach . . . 9
1.3.1. Defi ning the Concept of Positive Obligations and its Implications . . . 10
1.3.2. Identifying the Scope and Limits for the Development of Positive Obligations under EU Law . . . 10
1.3.3. Studying Specifi c Case-law Examples . . . 11
1.4. Working Defi nition of Positive Obligations within the Context of EU Law . . . 12
1.5. Outline of this Study. . . 15
1.5.1. Part I: Th e Concept of Positive Obligations within the Context of the European Convention on Human Rights . . . 15
1.5.2. Part II: Th e Scope for a Development of Positive Obligations within the Context of EU Law – An Analysis of the Specifi c Parameters of the EU Legal Order and the EU System of Fundamental Rights Protection . . . 16
1.5.3. Part III: Synthesis . . . 16
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Contents
PART I: THE CONCEPT OF POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Chapter 2. Th e System of Fundamental Rights Protection Under the European
Convention on Human Rights . . . 19
2.1. Introduction . . . 19
2.2. Background and Purpose of the European Convention on Human Rights . . . 20
2.3. Enforcement Mechanisms . . . 21
2.4. Subsidiary System of Protection of Fundamental Rights . . . 22
2.5. Th e Role of the ECtHR . . . 24
2.6. Tools of Interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights . . . 26
2.6.1. Th e Principle of Eff ectiveness . . . 27
2.6.2. Th e Principle of Dynamic or Evolutive Interpretation . . . 29
2.6.3. Th e Margin of Appreciation Doctrine . . . 30
2.7. Th e Eff ects of the European Convention on Human Rights in the National Legal Order . . . 31
2.8. Horizontal Eff ect of Convention Provisions . . . 34
2.9. Conclusions . . . 35
Chapter 3. Th e Development of Positive Obligations Under the European Convention on Human Rights . . . 37
3.1. Introduction . . . 37
3.2. Th e Development of Positive Obligations by the ECtHR . . . 38
3.2.1. Th e Belgian Linguistic Case: Introducing Positive Obligations . . . 38
3.2.2. Defi ning the Concept of Positive Obligations . . . 41
3.2.3. Th e Distinction between Negative and Positive Obligations . . . 42
3.2.3.1. Traditional versus Implied Obligations. . . 42
3.2.3.2. State Action versus State Omission . . . 44
3.2.3.3. Conjunctive versus Alternative Structure . . . 46
3.2.4. Rationales for Recognising Positive Obligations . . . 46
3.2.5. Explicit Legal Bases . . . 50
3.2.6. Methodology for Determining the Existence of Positive Obligations . . . 52
3.3. Typologies of Positive Obligations . . . 54
3.3.1. Typology Developed by the ECtHR . . . 55
3.3.2. Typologies Developed in Academic Literature . . . 57
3.4. Implications of Positive Obligations for the Protection of Convention Rights . . . 60
3.4.1. Th e Position of States Parties . . . 60
3.4.2. Th e Position of Individuals . . . 62
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3.5. Limitations on the Scope of Positive Obligations . . . 63
3.5.1. Knowledge of Fundamental Rights Violations . . . 65
3.5.2. Direct and Immediate Link/Minimum Level of Severity . . . 67
3.5.3. No Impossible or Disproportionate Burdens . . . 68
3.6. Conclusions . . . 69
Chapter 4. A Critical Appraisal of the Development of Positive Obligations Under the European Convention on Human Rights. . . 71
4.1. Introduction . . . 71
4.2. Are Positive Obligations Inherent in Fundamental Rights Protection? . . . 72
4.2.1. Criticism Based on Originalism . . . 72
4.2.2. Contemporary Debates on the Nature of Fundamental Rights . . . 73
4.2.3. Th e Concern over Human Rights Infl ation . . . 76
4.3. Horizontal Positive Obligations . . . 77
4.3.1. Th e Limited Personal Scope of Fundamental Rights . . . 77
4.3.2. Th e Determination of State Responsibility for Private Acts . . . 79
4.4. Th e Political Character of Positive Obligations . . . 80
4.4.1. Lack of Democratic Legitimacy . . . 81
4.4.2. Empowerment of Individuals . . . 83
4.5. Th e Supranational Position of the ECtHR . . . 84
4.6. Legal Uncertainty Regarding the Scope of Positive Obligations . . . 86
4.7. Ambiguous Methods of the ECtHR for Determining the Existence of Positive Obligations . . . 88
4.7.1. Critical Evaluation of the Fair Balance Test . . . 88
4.7.1.1. Lack of Clarity, Structure and Fairness . . . 88
4.7.1.2. Th e Incorrect Use of the Margin of Appreciation Doctrine . . . 90
4.7.1.3. Confused Approaches to Positive and Negative Obligations . . . 91
4.7.2. Proposals to Improve the Structure of the Court’s Approach . . . 94
4.8. Conclusions . . . 96
Chapter 5. Part I – Conclusions . . . 99
5.1. Th e Main Features Relating to the Development of Positive Obligations by the ECtHR . . . 99
5.2. Th e Defi nition of Positive Obligations and the Distinction
between Positive and Negative Obligations . . . 99
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5.3. Typologies of Positive Obligations . . . 101
5.4. Rationale and Eff ects of Recognising Positive Obligations . . . 102
5.5. Critical Evaluation of the Development of Positive Obligations . . . 104
5.6. Concluding Remarks Looking Forward to the Analysis in Part II . . . 106
PART II: THE SCOPE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF EU LAW – AN ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIFIC PARAMETERS OF THE EU LEGAL ORDER AND THE EU SYSTEM OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS PROTECTION Chapter 6. Main Principles of the EU System of Fundamental Rights Protection . . . 109
6.1. Introduction . . . 109
6.2. Origins and Historical Development of EU Fundamental Rights Protection . . . 110
6.3. Rationales of Fundamental Rights Protection within the EU Legal Order . . . 113
6.4. Institutional Developments within the Field of Fundamental Rights Protection . . . 115
6.5. Th e Charter . . . 117
6.6. Th e General Principles of EU Law . . . 119
6.7. Th e Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights . . . 120
6.7.1. Th e Vertical Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights . . . 120
6.7.2. Th e Horizontal Scope of Application of the Charter . . . 122
6.8. Th e Scope for the Protection of National Fundamental Rights under EU law and the Principle of Mutual Recognition . . . 124
6.9. Th e Relationship between the EU and the European Convention on Human Rights . . . 127
6.9.1. Th e Status of the European Convention on Human Rights and Judgments of the ECtHR under EU Law . . . 127
6.9.2. Overlapping Jurisdiction between the ECtHR and the ECJ . . . 130
6.10. Th e Distinction between Rights and Principles under the Charter . . . 132
6.11. Conclusions . . . 135
Chapter 7. Th e Institutional Characteristics and Judicial Culture of the ECJ . . . 137
7.1. Introduction . . . 137
7.2. Doing too Little or Rather too Much? . . . 138
7.2.1. Th e Bostock Case . . . 138
7.2.2. Th e Chatzi Case . . . 139
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7.3. Th e Role and Judicial Style of the ECJ in General . . . 141
7.4. Th e Specifi c Characteristics of the Procedures before the ECJ . . . 145
7.4.1. Th e Preliminary Reference Procedure . . . 146
7.4.1.1. Th e Specifi c Function of the Preliminary Reference Procedure . . . 146
7.4.1.2. Th e Dialogue with the National Courts . . . 147
7.4.2. Direct Actions . . . 149
7.5. Th e Institutional Position of the ECJ . . . 150
7.5.1. Separation of Powers and the Supranational Position of the ECJ . . . 150
7.5.2. Th e Role of the ECJ towards the EU Institutions . . . 151
7.5.3. Th e Role of the ECJ towards the Member States . . . 156
7.6. Th e EU and the ECJ’s Role in the Field of Fundamental Rights . . . 160
7.6.1. Th e EU as a Human Rights Organisation? . . . 161
7.6.2. Th e ECJ as a Human Rights Court? . . . 165
7.6.2.1. Th e Role of the ECJ Pre-Lisbon . . . 165
7.6.2.2. Th e Role of the ECJ Post-Lisbon . . . 168
7.6.2.3. Th e Development of Fundamental Rights Doctrines by the ECJ . . . 174
7.7. Conclusions . . . 176
Chapter 8. EU Competences and Subsidiarity in Fundamental Rights Protection . . . 179
8.1. Introduction . . . 179
8.2. Th e Principle of Attributed Competences and the Division of Powers between the EU and its Member States . . . 180
8.3. EU Competences to Protect Fundamental Rights . . . 183
8.3.1. Silence in the EU Treaties and the Case-law of the ECJ . . . 183
8.3.2. A General Power to Protect Fundamental Rights. . . 186
8.3.3. Specifi c Power to Protect Fundamental Rights . . . 187
8.3.4. Indirect Power to Protect Fundamental Rights . . . 188
8.3.4.1. An Indirect, Accessory or Functional Rule-making Power. . . 188
8.3.4.2. Article 4(3) TEU: Th e Principle of Loyal Cooperation . . . 192
8.3.4.3. Article 19(1) TEU: Provision of Remedies at National Level . . . 193
8.3.4.4. Charter Rights Calling for Positive Measures . . . 194
8.3.5. Remaining Tensions: Competence Creep or Protection Gaps?. . . 197
8.4. Reasons for Actively Protecting Fundamental Rights at EU Level . . . 200
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8.4.1. Diff erent Approaches for Incorporating a Th eory
of Positive Obligations within EU Law . . . 200
8.4.2. An Approach Based on the Division of Powers between the EU and the Member States . . . 204
8.4.3. Subsidiarity and Proportionality . . . 205
8.4.4. Connections between EU Acts and Fundamental Rights Infringements . . . 209
8.4.5. Preventing a Race to the Bottom . . . 214
8.4.6. Ensuring the Primacy, Unity and Eff ectiveness of EU Law . . . 216
8.5. Providing Room for the Application of National or International Fundamental Rights Standards . . . 217
8.6. Conclusions . . . 219
Chapter 9. Th e Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights . . . 221
9.1. Introduction . . . 221
9.2. Article 51 of the Charter and its Eff ects on a Development of Positive Obligations by the ECJ . . . 222
9.2.1. Background to Article 51 of the Charter and its Main Eff ects on the Development of Positive Obligations . . . 222
9.2.2. Gaps in Protection or Competence Creep? . . . 224
9.2.3. Responding to Gaps in the Protection of Fundamental Rights: Flexibility in the Interpretation of the Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights Law . . . 227
9.3. Th e Interpretation of Article 51 by the ECJ . . . 230
9.3.1. Th e Relation between the Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights and the Limited Powers of the EU . . . 230
9.3.2. Th e Specifi c Situations within the Meaning of ‘Implementing Union Law’ . . . 232
9.3.2.1. Th e Agency Situation . . . 232
9.3.2.2. Th e Situation of Derogation from the Free Movement Rules . . . 235
9.3.2.3. Th e Situation of Optioning Rules . . . 239
9.3.3. Th e Sovereign Powers of the Member States . . . 241
9.3.4. Th e Discretion for the Member States to Apply their own Fundamental Rights Standards . . . 243
9.4. Conclusions . . . 244
Chapter 10. Part II – Conclusions . . . 247
10.1. Th e Specifi c Parameters of EU Law Defi ning the Scope and the Limits for the Development of Positive Obligations . . . 247
10.2. Th e Development of Positive Obligations under the Preliminary
Reference Procedure . . . 248
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10.3. Th e Relevant Legal Framework for the Development of
Positive Obligations under EU Law . . . 249
10.4. Th e Limited Competences of the EU in Combination with the Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights . . . 251
10.5. Why and When Could the ECJ Accept Positive Obligations? . . . 255
10.5.1. Reasons for Active Protection of Fundamental Rights at the EU level . . . 255
10.5.2. Th e Role of the ECJ in the Field of Fundamental Rights . . . 257
10.5.3. Th e Judicial Style of the ECJ . . . 258
PART III: SYNTHESIS Chapter 11. Th e Development of Positive Obligations within the Context of EU Law: Overview and Evaluation of the Case-Law of the ECJ . . . 263
11.1. Introduction . . . 263
11.2. Th e Distinction between Positive and Negative Obligations within the Context of EU Law . . . 263
11.3. Examples of Positive Obligations in the Case-law of the ECJ . . . 267
11.3.1. Positive Obligations for the EU Institutions . . . 267
11.3.2. Positive Obligations for the Member States in the Agency Situation . . . 269
11.3.2.1. Positive Obligations for the Member States’ Judiciaries . . . 270
11.3.2.2. Positive Obligations for the Member States’ Administrative Authorities . . . 271
11.3.2.3. Positive Obligations for the Member States’ Legislatures . . . 272
11.3.3. Positive Obligations for the Member States when Derogating from the Free Movement Rules . . . 272
11.3.4. Positive Obligations for the Member States when Applying Optioning Rules . . . 274
11.4. Th e Types of Positive Obligation within the Context of EU Law . . . 274
11.5. Respecting the Limits of EU Law? . . . 275
11.5.1. Th e Grant Case . . . 275
11.5.2. Th e Chatzi Case . . . 278
11.5.3. Th e N.S. and others Case . . . 282
11.5.4. Th e Abdida Case . . . 286
11.5.5. Th e T. Port Case . . . 289
11.6. Conclusions . . . 292
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Chapter 12. Conclusions and Recommendations . . . 295 12.1. Incorporating Positive Obligations to Protect Fundamental
Rights in EU Law? . . . 295 12.2. A Limited Scope for the Development of Positive Obligations
under EU law . . . 297 12.2.1. Th e Relevance of Secondary EU Law as a Framework for the
Protection of Fundamental Rights . . . 297 12.2.2. Th e Development of Positive Obligations on the Basis
of an Indirect Power to Protect Fundamental Rights . . . 299 12.2.3. Th e Division of Competences between the EU
and the Member States . . . 300 12.2.4. Limited Scope of Application of EU Fundamental Rights . . . 302 12.3. Contrasts with the Development of Positive Obligations
by the ECtHR . . . 303 12.3.1. A Wide Variety of Types of Positive Obligations . . . 303 12.3.2. Procedural Limitations . . . 306 12.3.3. Th e Political Character of the Development of
Positive Obligations . . . 307 12.3.4. Th e Specifi c Role and the Judicial Style of the ECJ . . . 310 12.4. Recommendations for the Development of a Doctrine
of Positive Obligations by the ECJ . . . 311 12.5. Expansion of Competences or Gaps in the Protection
of Fundamental Rights? . . . 314
Bibliography . . . 319
Index . . . 339
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ABBREVIATIONS
A-G Advocate General
BVerfG Bundesverfassungsgericht
EC European Community
ECJ European Court of Justice
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ( ‘ the Convention ’ ) ECSR European Committee on Social Rights
ECtHR European Court of Human Rights
EU European Union
GC General Court of the European Union
IACHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights TEC Treaty establishing the European Community TEU Treaty on European Union
TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN United Nations
US United States of America
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TABLE OF CASES
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
ECtHR 23 May 2016, no. 17502/07, Avoti ņ š v. Latvia ... 132
ECtHR 26 April 2016, no. 62649/10, İ zzetin Do ğ an and others v. Turkey ... 93
ECtHR 2 February 2016, no. 3648/04, Cavit Tinarlioglu v. Turkey ... 66
ECtHR 4 December 2015, no. 47143/06, Zakharov v. Russia ... 131
ECtHR 20 October 2015, no. 15529/12, Bal á zs v. Hungary ... 81
ECtHR 22 September 2015, no. 62116/12, Nabil and others v. Hungary ... 131
ECtHR 16 June 2015, no. 64569/09, Delfi and others v. Estonia . ... 131
ECtHR 13 January 2015, no. 65681/13, V é kony v. Hungary ... 273
ECtHR 4 November 2014, no. 29217/12, Tarakhel v. Switzerland ... 171, 172 ECtHR 3 October 2014, no. 12738/10, Jeunesse v. the Netherlands ... 93
ECtHR 24 July 2014, nos. 60908/11 to 62338/11, Brincat and others v. Malta ... 66
ECtHR 16 July 2014, no. 37359/09, H ä m ä l ä inen v. Finland ... 69, 93 ECtHR 24 June 2014, no. 33011/08, A.K. v. Latvia ... 56
ECtHR 8 April 2014, no.17120/09, Dhahbi v. Italy ... 147, 173 ECtHR 26 March 2014, no. 8978/80, O ’ Keeff e v. Ireland ... 54
ECtHR 12 December 2013, no. 5786/08, S ö derman v. Sweden ... 44
ECtHR 5 December 2013, nos. 52806/09 and 22703/10, Vilnes and others v. Norway ... 66
ECtHR 4 July 2013, no. 21788/06, Balakin v. Russia ... 51
ECtHR 6 December 2012, no. 12323/11, Michaud v. France ... 132, 202 ECtHR 26 June 2012, no. 26828/06, Kuri ć and others v . Slovenia ... 33
ECtHR 23 February 2012, no. 27765/09, Hirsi Jamaa and others v. Italy ... 288, 289 ECtHR 10 January 2012, nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, Ananyev and others v. Russia ... 33
ECtHR 20 December 2011, nos. 18299/03 and 27311/03, Fingenov and others v. Russia ... 66
ECtHR 3 November 2011, no. 12793/03, Balitskiy v. Ukraine ... 33
ECtHR 20 September 2011, nos. 3989/07 and 38353.07, Ullens de Schooten and Rezabek v. Belgium ... 173
ECtHR 26 July 2011, no. 41416/08, M. and others v. Bulgaria ... 32
ECtHR 26 July 2011, no. 9718/03, Georgel and Georgeta Stoiescu v. Romania ... 66, 87 ECtHR 26 May 2011, no. 27617/04, R. R. V. Poland ... 85
ECtHR 24 March 2011, no. 23458/02, Giuliani and Gaggio v. Italy ... 93
ECtHR 10 February 2011, no. 30499/03, Dubetska and others v. Ukraine ... 53
ECtHR 21 January 2011, no. 30696/09, M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece ... 126, 130, 131, 132, 283 ECtHR 18 January 2011, no. 272385/95, Chapman v. the United Kingdom ... 85
ECtHR 16 December 2010, no. 25579/05, A.B. and C. v. Ireland ... 56, 64, 95 ECtHR 1 March 2010, nos. 46113/99 to 21819/04 (adm. dec.), Demopoulos and others v. Turkey ... 22
ECtHR 7 January 2010, no. 25965/04, Rantsev v. Cyprus and Russia ... 61
ECtHR 15 October 2009, no. 17056/06, Micallef v. Malta ... 23
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Table of Cases
ECtHR 17 September 2009, no. 10249/03, Scoppola v. Italy (No. 2) ... 33
ECtHR 30 June 2009, no. 32772/02, Verein gegen Tierfabriken Schweiz (VgT) v. Switzerland (No. 2) ... 54
ECtHR 9 June 2009, no. 33401/02, Opuz v. Turkey ... 68
ECtHR 9 April 2009, no. 71463/01, Silih v. Slovenia ... 55, 56 ECtHR 3 February 2009, no. 31276/05, Women on Waves v. Portugal ... 90
ECtHR 16 December 2008, no. 23883/06, Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden ... 64
ECtHR 4 December 2008, nos. 30562/04 and 30566/04, S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom ... 31, 195 ECtHR 24 July 2008, no. 36376/04, Kononov v. Latvia ... 25
ECtHR 27 May 2008, no. 26565/05, N. v. the United Kingdom ... 289
ECtHR 20 March 2008, nos. 15339/02 to 15343/02, Budayeva and others v. Russia ... 314
ECtHR 22 January 2008, no. 43546/02, E.B. v. France ... 24
ECtHR 4 December 2007, no. 44362/04, Dickson v. the United Kingdom ... 54
ECtHR 9 October 2007, no. 14484/04, Hasan and Eylem Zengin v. Turkey ... 33
ECtHR 31 May 2007, no. 7510/04, Kontrov á v. Slovakia ... 51
ECtHR 31 May 2007, no. 26828/06 (adm. dec.), Makuc and others v. Slovenia ... 68
ECtHR 26 April 2007, no. 25389/05, Gebremedhin v. France ... 288, 289 ECtHR 10 April 2007, no. 6339/05, Evans v. the United Kingdom ... 31
ECtHR 20 March 2007, no. 5410/03, Tysia ç v. Poland ... 56
ECtHR 30 June 2006, no. 45036/98, Bosphorus v. Ireland ... 131, 132, 202 ECtHR 29 March 2006, no. 36813/97, Scordino v. Italy (No. 1) ... 269
ECtHR 23 February 2006, no. 51500/08, Ç am v. Turkey ... 82
ECtHR 11 January 2006, nos. 52562/99 and 52620/99, S ø rensen and Rasmussen v. Denmark ... 75
ECtHR 6 October 2005, no. 74025/01, Hirst v. the United Kingdom (No. 2) ... 43
ECtHR 9 June 2005, no. 55723/00, Fadeyeva v. Russia ... 50, 61, 67 ECtHR 4 February 2005, nos. 46827/99 to 46951/99, Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey ... 22, 27 ECtHR 4 January 2005, no. 14462/03 (adm. dec.), Pentiacova and 48 others v. Moldova ... 68
ECtHR 20 December 2004, no. 50385/99, Maraktzis v. Greece ... 78, 79 ECtHR 2 December 2004, no. 4672/02, Farbtuhs v. Latvia ... 55
ECtHR 30 November 2004, no. 48939/99, Ö neryildiz v. Turkey ... 51, 54, 56, 57, 79, 94 ECtHR 18 November 2004, no. 58255/00, Propokovich v. Russia ... 25
ECtHR 16 November 2004, no. 4143/02, G ó mez v. Spain ... 34
ECtHR 13 July 2004, no. 69498/01, Pla and Puncernau v. Andorra ... 34, 47, 63, 64, 271 ECtHR 8 July 2004, no. 53924/00, Vo v. France ... 30
ECtHR 24 June 2004, no. 59320/00, Von Hannover v. Germany ... 63, 271 ECtHR 22 June 2004, no. 31443/96, Broniowski v. Poland ... 48
ECtHR 8 April 2004, no. 71503/01, Assanidze v. Georgia ... 33
ECtHR 27 May 2004, no. 66746/01, Connors v. the United Kingdom ... 31
ECtHR 17 February 2004, no. 39748/98, Maestri v. Italy ... 34
ECtHR 24 July 2003, no. 40016/98, Karner v. Austria ... 25
ECtHR 8 July 2003, no. 36022/97, Hatton and others v. the United Kingdom ... 31, 45, 53, 56, 85, 89, 91 ECtHR 8 July 2003, no. 27677/02 (adm. dec.), Sentges v. the Netherlands ... 67 ECtHR 11 July 2002, no. 28957/95, Christina Goodwin v. the United Kingdom ... 29, 55 ECtHR 14 May 2002, no. 38621/97 (adm. dec.), Zehnalova and
Zehnal v. the Czech Republic ... 64, 68, 313
Intersentia
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Table of Cases
ECtHR 21 December 2001, no. 31465/96, Sen v. the Netherlands ... 15
ECtHR 28 June 2001, no. 24699/94, VgT Verein Gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerland ... 49
ECtHR 26 June 2001, no. 26390/95, Beck v. Norway ... 269
ECtHR 10 May 2001, no. 29392/95, Z. and others v. the United Kingdom ... 65
ECtHR 23 January 2001, no. 28342/95, Brum ă rescu v. Romania (Article 41) ... 33
ECtHR 18 January 2001, no. 24882/94, Beard v. the United Kingdom ... 32, 88 ECtHR 18 January 2001, no. 27238/95, Chapman v. the United Kingdom ... 55, 68, 69, 87, 93 ECtHR 17 January 2001, no. 32967/96, Calvelli and Ciglio v. Italy ... 69
ECtHR 26 October 2000, no. 30210/96, Kudla v. Poland ... 51, 68, 172, 269 ECtHR 13 July 2000, nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98, Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy ... 33
ECtHR 11 July 2000, no. 29192/95, Ciliz v. the Netherlands ... 15
ECtHR 16 March 2000, no. 23144/93, Ö zg ü r G ü ndem v. Turkey ... 68, 75 ECtHR 18 February 1999, no. 24833/94, Matthews v. the United Kingdom ... 131
ECtHR 28 October 1998, no. 23452/94, Osman v. the United Kingdom ... 53, 65, 68, 69, 95 ECtHR 9 June 1998, no. 23413/94, L.C.B. v. the United Kingdom ... 50
ECtHR 24 February 1998, no. 21439/93, Botta v. Italy ... 67
ECtHR 19 February 1998, no. 14967/89, Guerra and others v. Italy ... 67, 79 ECtHR 19 February 1998, no. 22729/93, Kaya v. Turkey ... 313
ECtHR 28 November 1996, no. 21702/93, Ahmut v. the Netherlands ... 15
ECtHR 25 April 1996, no. 15573/89, Gustafsson v. Sweden ... 47
ECtHR 19 February 1996, no. 23218/94, G ü l v. Switzerland ... 15
ECtHR 31 October 1995, no. 14556/89, Papamichalopoulos and others v. Greece (Article 50) ... 33
ECtHR 27 September 1995, no. 18984/91, McCann and others v. the United Kingdom ... 24, 34, 51–53, 56, 86 ECtHR 23 March 1995, no. 15318/89, Loizidou v. Turkey (preliminary objections) ... 26, 27 ECtHR 9 December 1994, no. 16798/90, L ó pez Ostra v. Spain ... 50, 54, 67 ECtHR 25 November 1994, no. 18131/91, Stjerna v. Finland ... 91, 94 ECtHR 24 November 1994, no. 17621/91, Kemmache v. France (No. 3) ... 25
ECtHR 20 September 1994, no. 13470/84, Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria ... 50
ECtHR 26 May 1994, no. 16969/90, Keegan v. Ireland ... 54, 80, 91, 92 ECtHR 29 April 1994, nos. 25088/94 to 28443/95, Chassagnou and others v. France ... 85
ECtHR 25 March 1993, no. 13134/87, Costello-Roberts v. the United Kingdom ... 79
ECtHR 16 December 1992, no. 13710/88, Niemitz ... 168
ECtHR 4 March 1991, nos. 15299/89 to 15318/89 (adm. dec.), Chrysostomos, Papachrysostomou and Loizidou v. Turkey ... 26
ECtHR 27 September 1990, no. 10843/84, Cossey v. the United Kingdom ... 29, 41, 91 ECtHR 21 February 1990, no. 9310/81, Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom ... 54
ECtHR 7 July 1989, no. 14038/88, Soering v. the United Kingdom ... 26, 28 ECtHR 7 July 1989, no. 10454/83, Gaskin v. the United Kingdom ... 54
ECtHR 21 June 1988, no. 10126/82, Plattform “ Ä rtze f ü r das Leben ” v. Austria ... 41, 46, 47, 78 ECtHR 29 April 1988, no. 10328/83, Belilos v. Switzerland ... 34
ECtHR 8 July 1987, no. 9840/82, B. v. the United Kingdom ... 56
ECtHR 2 March 1987, no. 9267/81, Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v. Belgium ... 43 ECtHR 17 October 1986, no. 9532/81, Rees v. the United Kingdom ... 52, 85, 91 ECtHR 21 February 1986, no. 8793/79, James and others v. the United Kingdom ... 31, 51, 81 ECtHR 28 May 1985, nos. 9214/80 to 9474/81, Abdulaziz, Cabales
and Balkandali v. the United Kingdom ... 15, 41, 60, 85
Intersentia
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Table of Cases
ECtHR 26 March 1985, no. 8978/80, X and Y v. the Netherlands ... 34, 39, 41, 47, 49, 57, 67, 77, 82, 87 ECtHR 2 August 1984, no. 8691/79, Malone v. the United Kingdom ... 195 ECtHR 25 February 1982, nos. 7511/76 to 7743/76, Campbell and
Cosans v. the United Kingdom ... 34, 50 ECtHR 13 August 1981, nos. 7601/76 and 7806/77, Young, James and
Webster v. the United Kingdom ... 24, 49, 51 ECtHR 9 October 1979, no. 6289/73, Airey v. Ireland ... 28, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, 61, 67, 71, 74 ECtHR 13 June 1979, no. 6833/74, Marckx v. Belgium ... 5, 29, 30, 32, 39–43, 48, 60, 64, 71–73, 75, 92, 95, 103, 265 ECtHR 26 April 1979, no. 653874, Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom ... 195 ECtHR 6 September 1978, no. 5029/71, Klass and others v. Germany ... 29, 34, 51 ECtHR 25 April 1978, no. 5856/72, Tyrer v. the United Kingdom ... 29, 72 ECtHR, 18 January 1978, no. 5310/71, Ireland v. the United Kingdom ... 25, 32, 51 ECtHR 7 December 1976, no. 5493/72, Handyside v. the United Kingdom ... 23, 30 ECtHR 7 December 1976, nos. 5095/71 to 5926/71, Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen
and Pedersen v. Denmark ... 26 ECtHR 8 June 1976, nos. 5100/71 to 5370/72, Engel and others v. the Netherlands ... 23 ECtHR 6 February 1976, no. 5614/72, Swedish Engine Driver ’ s Union v. Sweden ... 31 ECtHR 21 February 1975, no. 4451/70, Golder v. the United Kingdom ... 26, 27, 43, 44 ECtHR 10 March 1972, nos. 2832/66 to 2899/66, De Wilde, Ooms
and Versyp ( ‘ Vagrancy ’ ) v. Belgium (Article 50) ... 45 ECtHR 23 July 1968, nos. 1474/62 to 2126/64, Belgian Linguistic case ... 23, 30, 38, 39, 42, 43, 47, 48, 51, 57, 71 ECtHR 27 June 1968, no. 2122/64, Wemhoff v. Germany ... 26 ECtHR 1 July 1961, no. 332/57, Lawless v. Ireland ... 27
EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE
ECJ 20 September 2016, Joined Cases C-8/15 and C-10/15, Ledra Advertising ,
ECLI:EU:C:2016:701 ... 120 ECJ 4 May 2016, C-358/14, Poland v. Parliament and Council ,
ECLI:EU:C:2016:323 ... 191, 206–208 ECJ 4 May 2016, Joined cases C-477/14 and C-547/14, Pillbox 38l ,
ECLI:EU:C:2016:324 ... 191 ECJ 19 April 2016, C-441/14, Danski Industri , ECLI:EU:C:2016:278 ... 270 ECJ 5 April 2016, Joined cases C-404/15 and C-659/15, Aranyosi and C ă ld ă ru ,
ECLI:EU:C:2016:198... 127, 152, 162, 175 ECJ 15 February 2016, C-601/115, J.N. , ECLI:EU:C:2016:84 ... 114, 118, 131, 211 ECJ 6 October 2015, C-362/14, Schrems , ECLI:EU:C:2015:650 ... 2, 131, 151, 155, 169, 174 ECJ 6 October 2015, C-61/14, Orizzonte Salute , ECLI:EU:C:2015:655 ... 158 ECJ 10 September 2015, C-408/14, Wojchiechowski , ECLI:EU:C:2015:591 ... 193 ECJ 9 September 2015, Joined Cases C-72/14 and C-197/14, X. and T.A. van Dijk ,
ECLI:EU:C:2015:564... 173 ECJ 9 September 2015, C-160/14, Ferreira da Silva , ECLI:EU:C:2015:565 ... 146 ECJ 18 June 2015, C-508/13, Estonia v. Parliament and Council ,
ECLI:EU:C:2015:403... 208 ECJ 7 May 2015, C-608/14, Pondiche , ECLI:EU:C:2015:313 ... 231 ECJ 7 May 2015, C-496/14, V ặ raru , ECLI:EU:C:2015:312 ... 231
Intersentia
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Table of Cases
ECJ 29 April 2015, C-528/13, L é ger , ECLI:EU:C:2015:288 ... 271 ECJ 16 April 2015, Joined cases C-446/12 to C-449/12, Willems and others ,
ECLI:EU:C:2015:238... 159, 160, 242 ECJ 18 December 2014, C-562/13, Abdida , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2453 ... 130, 193, 272, 286–289, 298 ECJ 18 December 2014, C-542/13, M ’ Bodj , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2452 ... 130 ECJ 18 December 2014, Opinion 2/13 , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2431 ... 3, 114, 117, 127, 129, 130, 169,189, 193, 203 ECJ 11 December 2014, C-249/13, Boudjlida , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2431 ... 272 ECJ 11 November 2014, C-333/13, Dano , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2358 ... 122 ECJ 5 November 2014, C-166/13, Mukarubega , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2229 ... 119, 272 ECJ 17 September 2014, C-562/12, Liivimaa Lihaveis , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2229 ... 270 ECJ 17 July 2014, Joined Cases C-141/12 and C-372/12, YS and others ,
ECLI:EU:C:2014:2081 ... 119, 272 ECJ 17 July 2014, C-474/13, Pham , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2096 ... 196 ECJ 10 July 2014, C-198/13, Julian Hern á ndez and others , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2055 ... 114, 280 ECJ 3 July 2014, C-129/13, Kamino International Logistics , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2041 ... 272 ECJ 5 June 2014, C-146/14, Mahdi , ECLI:EU:C:2014:1320 ... 271 ECJ 22 May 2014, C-56/13, É rsekcsan á di Mez ö gazdasagi , ECLI:EU:C:2014:352 ... 231, 280 ECJ 22 May 2014, C-356/12, Glatzel , ECLI:EU:C:2014:350 ... 134, 151, 152 ECJ 13 May 2014, C-131/12, Google Spain , ECLI:EU:C:2014:317 ... 131, 121, 123 ECJ 8 May 2014, C-483/12, Pelckmans Turnhout , ECLI:EU:C:2014:304 ... 231 ECJ 30 April 2014, C-390/12, Pfl eger and others , ECLI:EU:C:2014:238 ... 231, 235, 236 ECJ 8 April 2014, Joined cases C-293/12 and 594/12, Digital Rights Ireland ,
ECLI:EU:C:2014:238... 131, 174, 190 ECJ 8 April 2014, C-288/12, Commission v. Hungary , ECLI:EU:C:2014:237 ... 145 ECJ 27 March 2014, C-314/12, UPC Telekabel Wien , ECLI:EU:C:2014:192 ... 123, 270 ECJ 27 March 2014, C-265/13, Torralbo Marcos , ECLI:EU:C:2014:187 ... 122 ECJ 6 March 2014, C-206/13, Siragusa , ECLI:EU:C:2014:126 ... 114, 122 ECJ 27 February 2014, C-79/13, Saciri and others , ECLI:EU:C:2014:103 ... 196 ECJ 15 January 2014, C-176/12, AMS , ECLI:EU:C:2014:2 ... 123, 124, 134 ECJ 26 November 2013, C-58/12 P, Group Gascogne v. Commission ,
ECLI:EU:C:2013:770... 172 ECJ 3 October 2013, C-583/11 P, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami and others ,
ECLI:EU:C:2013:625... 149 ECJ 18 July 2013, C-584/10 P, Commission and others v Kadi , ECLI:EU:C:2013:518 ... 113, 149, 169, 202 ECJ 6 June 2013, C-648/11, MA and others , ECLI:EU:C:2013:367... 196 ECJ 4 June 2013, C-300/11, ZZ , ECLI:EU:C:2013:363 ... 271 ECJ 7 March 2013, C-128/12, Sindicato dos Banc á rios do Norte and others ,
ECLI:EU:C:2013:149... 122 ECJ 26 February 2013, C-399/11, Melloni , ECLI:EU:C:2013:107 ... 114, 125, 126, 159, 218 ECJ 26 February 2013, C-617/10, Å kerberg Fransson , ECLI:EU:C:2013:105 ... 120, 121, 126, 127, 169, 230, 233, 243 ECJ 22 January 2013, C-283/11, Sky Ö sterreich , ECLI:EU:C:2013:28 ... 119, 152, 174 ECJ 6 December 2012, Joined cases C-356/11 and C-357/11, O and others ,
ECLI:EU:C:2012:776... 270 ECJ 27 November 2012, C-370/12, Pringle , ECLI:EU:C:2012:756 ... 122 ECJ 22 November 2012, C-277/11, M. , ECLI:EU:C:2012:744 ... 119, 272 ECJ 8 March 2011, C-34/09, Zambrano , ECLI:EU:C:2011:124 ... 225
Intersentia
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Table of Cases
ECJ 9 November 2010, Joined Cases C-92/09 and C-93/09,
Volker und Markus Schecke , ECLI:EU:C:2010:662 ... 171
ECJ 8 November 2012, C-40/11, Iida , ECLI:EU:C:2012:691 ... 122, 234 ECJ 6 November 2012, C-286/12, Commission v. Hungary , ECLI:EU:C:2012:687... 145
ECJ 26 April 2012, C-92/12, Health Service Executive , ECLI:EU:C:2012:255 ... 196
ECJ 24 April 2012, C-571/10, Kamberaj , ECLI:EU:C:2012:233 ... 127
ECJ 16 February 2012, C-182/10, Solvay , ECLI:EU:C:2012:82 ... 148
ECJ 24 January 2012, C-282/10, Dominguez , ECLI:EU:C:2012:33 ... 271, 123 ECJ 21 December 2011, Joined cases C-411/10 and C-493/10, N.S. and others , ECLI:EU:C:2011:865 ... 121, 126, 131, 152, 162, 175, 211, 215, 240, 274, 284, 286 ECJ 15 November 2011, C-256/11, Dereci , ECLI:EU:C:2011:734... 159
ECJ 1 March 2011, Case C-236/09, Test-Achats , ECLI:EU:C:2011:100 ... 169
ECJ 5 October 2010, C-400/10, McB. , ECLI:EU:C:2010:582 ... 122
ECJ 22 December 2010, C-279/09, DEB , ECLI:EU:C:2010:811 ... 158, 234 ECJ 22 December 2010, C-208/09, Sayn-Wittgenstein , ECLI:EU:C:2010:806 ... 157
ECJ 16 September 2010, C-149/10, Chatzi , ECLI:EU:C:2010:534 ... 121, 139, 140, 141, 148, 153, 272, 279–281 ECJ 8 June 2010, C-58/08, Vodafone and others , ECLI:EU:C:2010:321 ... 151, 152 ECJ 19 January 2010, C-555/07, K ü c ü kdeveci , ECLI:EU:C:2010:21 ... 123, 124 ECJ 18 December 2008, C-349/07, Soprop é , ECLI:EU:C:2008:746 ... 272
ECJ 3 September 2008, C-402/05, Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission, ECLI:EU:C:2008:461 ... 113, 149, 267, 268 ECJ 1 April 2008, C-267/06, Maruko , ECLI:EU:C:2008:179 ... 237, 238, 278 ECJ 29 January 2008, C-275/06, Promusicae , ECLI:EU:C:2008:54 ... 123, 193, 270 ECJ 18 December 2007, C-341/05, Laval , ECLI:EU:C:2007:809 ... 168
ECJ 11 December 2007, C-438/05, Viking Line , ECLI:EU:C:2007:772 ... 123, 168 ECJ 11 September 2007, Joined cases C-76/05 and C-318/05, Schwarz and Gootjes , ECLI:EU:C:2007:492... 237
ECJ 27 June 2006, C-540/03, Parliament v. Council , ECLI:EU:C:2006:429 ... 14, 15, 145, 211 ECJ 26 June 2007, C-305/05, Ordre des barreaux francophone and germanophone and others , ECLI:EU:C:2007:383 ... 123, 148, 270 ECJ 13 March 2007, C-432/05, Unibet , ECLI:EU:C:2007:163 ... 158, 287, 298 ECJ 22 November 2005, C-144/04, Mangold , ECLI:EU:C:2005:709 ... 121, 123, 124, 148, 170, 229, 270 ECJ 11 June 2005, C-98/14, Berlington , ECLI:EU:C:2015:386 ... 273
ECJ 16 December 2004, C-293/03, My , ECLI:EU:C:2004:821 ... 193
ECJ 11 November 2004, C-372/04, Watts , ECLI:EU:C:2006:325... 237, 238 ECJ 14 October 2004, C-36/02, Omega , ECLI:EU:C:2004:614 ... 142, 157, 167, 239 ECJ 6 November 2003, C-101/01, Lindqvist , ECLI:EU:C:2003:596 ... 211
ECJ 30 September 2003, C-224/01, K ö bler , ECLI:EU:C:2003:513 ... 147
ECJ 12 June 2003, C-112/00, Schmidberger , ECLI:EU:C:2003:333 ... 142, 156, 167, 174, 273 ECJ 10 December 2002, C-491/01, Britisch American Tobacco (Investments) and Imperial Tobacco , ECLI:EU:C:2002:741... 151, 152 ECJ 22 October 2002, C-94/00, Roquettes Fr è res , ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 ... 168
ECJ 25 July 2002, C-50/00, Uni ó n de Peque ñ os Agricultores v. Council , ECLI:EU:C:2002:462 ... 150
ECJ 19 February 2002, C-309/99, Wouters and others , ECLI:EU:C:2002:98 ... 123
ECJ 5 October 2000, C-376/98, Germany v. Parliament and Council , ECLI:EU:C:2000:544... 191
Intersentia
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Table of Cases
ECJ 17 February 1998, C-249/96, Grant , ECLI:EU:C:1998:63 ... 184, 275, 276, 278 ECJ 19 December 1997, C-309/96, Annibaldi , ECLI:EU:C:1997:631 ... 120 ECJ 9 December 1997, C-265/95, Commission v. France , ECLI:EU:C:1997:595 ... 174, 193 ECJ 26 June 1997, C-368/95, Familiapress , ECLI:EU:C:1997:325 ... 273 ECJ 26 November 1996, C-68/95, T. Port , ECLI:EU:C:1996:452 ... 13, 189, 287, 290 ECJ 30 April 1996, Case C-13/94, P v S and Cornwall County Council ,
ECLI:EU:C:1996:170... 276–278 ECJ 28 March 1996, Opinion 2/94 , ECLI:EU:C:1996:140 ... 6, 111, 152, 165, 179, 184, 189 ECJ 15 December 1995, C-415/93, Bosman , ECLI:EU:C:1995:463 ... 123 ECJ 9 November 1995, case C-465/93, Atlanta Fruchthandelsgesellschaft
and others (I) v. Budensansalt fuer Landwirtschaft , ECLI:EU:C:1995:369 ... 291 ECJ 24 March 1994, C-2/92, Bostock , ECLI:EU:C:1995:83 ... 138 ECJ 19 November 1991, Joined cases C-6/90 and C-9/90, Francovich
and Bonifaci v. Italy , ECLI:EU:C:1991:428 ... 123, 148, 192, 270, 271 ECJ 25 July 1991, C-208/90, Emmott , ECLI:EU:C:1991:333 ... 148, 270 ECJ 18 June 1991, C-260/89, ERT , ECLI:EU:C:1991:254 ... 3, 110, 121, 235 ECJ 28 February 1991, C-234/89, Delimitis v. Henninger Br ä u ,
ECLI:EU:C:1991:91 ... 192 ECJ 21 February 1991, Joined cases C-143/88 and C-92/89,
Zuckerfabrik Suederdithmarschen and Zuckerfabrik Soest , ECLI:EU:C:1991:65 ... 291 ECJ 13 November 1990, C-106/89, Marleasing , ECLI:EU:C:1990:395ECJ
19 June 1990, C-213/89, Factortame , ECLI:EU:C:1990:257 ... 133 ECJ 21 September 1989, C-46/87, Hoechst , ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 ... 168 ECJ 13 July 1989, C-5/88 Wachauf , ECLI:EU:C:1989:321 ... 110, 121, 139 ECJ 15 October 1987, C-222/86 Heylens , ECLI:EU:C:1987:442 ... 270, 272 ECJ 15 May 1986, C-222/84, Johnston , ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 ... 270 ECJ 23 April 1986, C-294/83, Les Verts v Parliament , ECLI:EU:C:1986:166 ... 165, 189 ECJ 26 February 1986, C-152/84, Marshall , ECLI:EU:C:1986:84 ... 124 ECJ 11 July 1985, C-60/84, Cin é th è que v. F é d é ration nationale des
cin é mas fran ç ais , ECLI:EU:C:1985:329 ... 189 ECJ 6 October 1982, C-283/81, Cilfi t , ECLI:EU:C:1982:335 ... 146, 147 ECJ 13 December 1979, C-44/79, Hauer , ECLI:EU:C:1979:290 ... 110, 114 ECJ 16 December 1976, C-33/76, Rewe , ECLI:EU:C:1976:188 ... 194, 266, 287 ECJ 8 April 1976, C-43/75, Defrenne v. Sabena (No 2) , ECLI:EU:C:1976:56 ... 214 ECJ 12 December 1974, C-36/74, Walrave and Koch , ECLI:EU:C:1974:140 ... 123 ECJ 14 May 1974, C-4/73, Nold , ECLI:EU:C:1974:51 ... 110 ECJ 7 February 1970, C-11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft ,
ECLI:EU:C:1970:114 ... 110 ECJ 12 November 1969, C-29/69, Stauder , ECLI:EU:C:1969:57 ... 110 ECJ 15 July 1964, C-6/64, Costa v. ENEL , ECLI:EU:C:1964:66 ... 110, 152 ECJ 15 July 1963, C-25/62, Plaumann v. Commission of the EEC ,
ECLI:EU:C:1963:17 ... 149 ECJ 27 March 1963, Joined cases C-28/62 to 30/62, Da Costa ,
ECLI:EU:C:1963:6 ... 146 ECJ 5 February 1963, C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos , ECLI:EU:C:1963:1 ... 110, 147 ECJ 15 July 1960, Joined cases C-36/59 and C-40/59, Geitling v. High Authority ,
ECLI:EU:C:1960:36 ... 110 ECJ 4 February 1959, C-1/58, Stork & Cie. v High Authority , ECLI:EU:C:1959:4 ... 110 ECJ 29 November 1956, C-8/55, F é d é ration charbonni è re de
Belgique v. High Authority , ECLI:EU:C:1956:11 ... 183
Intersentia
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Table of Cases
GENERAL COURT
GC 16 October 2014, T-208/11, LTTE v. Council , ECLI:EU:T:2014:885 ... 268
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE ON SOCIAL RIGHTS
ECSR 14 November 2014, no. 90/2103, Conference of European
Churches v. the Netherlands ... 21
INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
IACHR 29 July 1988, Inter-Am.Ct.H.R. Series C No 4, V é lasquez Rodr í guez
v. Honduras (Merits) ... 4
AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLE ’ S RIGHTS
African Commission on Human and People ’ s Rights No 211/89 (1 May 2001),
Legal Resources Foundation v. Zambia ... 4
PERMANENT COURT OF INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE
Permanent Court of International Justice, Chorz ó w Factory (Germany v. Poland)
(Indemnity) (Merits) , case PCIJ Rep Series A No 17 ... 83
BUNDESVERFASSUNGSGERICHT (GERMAN CONSTITUTIONAL COURT)
BVerfG 29 May 1974, 2 BvL 52/7, Solange I ... 110
U.S. SUPREME COURT
U.S. Supreme Court 6 June 1994, Farmer/Brennan , 511 U.S. 825 (1994) ... 78 U.S. Supreme Court 27 June 2005, Castle Rock/Gonzales , 545 U.S. 189 (1989) ... 78
