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University of Groningen Temptation and restraint Jonker, Nienke Christina

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Temptation and restraint

Jonker, Nienke Christina

DOI:

10.33612/diss.95014556

IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.

Document Version

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Publication date: 2019

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

Jonker, N. C. (2019). Temptation and restraint: the role of reward and punishment sensitivity in anorexia nervosa, obesity, and unsuccessful dieting. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.95014556

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Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.

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