CHAPTERFOUR QUAHTATIVEDATAPRESENTATlON

CHAPTERFOUR

QUAHTATIVEDATAPRESENTATlON

4▲11NTRODUCTiON

而ChapterFouriIpresentquaiitat−Vedatawhichico∼iected bymeansofface−tOface interviewsfromtenBiackgir。earnerSWhoheadhousehoidsintheXhariepDistrict．The

discussionofthefindingsisstructuredaccordmgtOthemalnCategOriesthatguidedthe

Se出ng Oftheinterview protoc0上The findingsfrom theinterViews are presentedin a SynthesizedmamerandtheparticipantswiiibeidentifiedaccordingtothefoHowingkey‥ ・Forone−On一〇neinterviews，PahicipantsandtheirSChoo∼swere∼den描edbymeansof numbers（CfAppendixE）． ・Forcia面catlCnandmotivationpurposescross−referencingtOrOWnumbersthatappear intheverbatimtranscripts（cf Append−XE）一SuSedinthediscussionofthefindings．

4．2 BlCGRAPHICiNFORMATiONOFTHEPARTiCIPANTS

ThiS SeCtjon w旧00k at a briefbiography・Ofthe participantS SO aS tO PrOVide some informationonthebackgroundofthepa巾cipants ● Participantlwas20yearsoidiStayIngWithheryoungbrotherandsister．Therearefour 旧theirfamily・tWOSistersandtwobrothers Sheisthemiddlechiidandwas8yearsoid

Whenherparentspassedaway

．Pahicipant2was16yearsold，andstayedwithhereiderandyoungersisters There arethreeintheirfam−iy・andshe∼Sthesecond−born・Shewas15yearsoidwhenher ParentSPaSSedaway・Themothervvas46yearsoldatthattime，buttheageatwhiCh thefatherpassedaway−S，nOtknowntoher・ ．Pa由cipant・3was19yearsoidandstayedwithheryoungerbrother・Theyarefourinthe family，3brothersandher・Sheisthesecond−bornchiid∼nthefamiiy．Shedoesnot

knowhowoidhermotherwaswhenshepassedaway，anddoesnotknowherfatherat e Pahicipant4was16yearsold−andstayedwithheryoungersister・Thereare2boys and4girlsintheirfam時Sheisthesecondbornc回C‖nthefamiiy・Shewas7years Oidwhenherparentspassedaway・ ・Pahicipant5was22yearsoidandstayedwithherothertwosistersinthefami−y，Of Whichsheisthemiddle−bornc回d・ShewaslOyearsoidwhenhermotherwhowas40 years0回 PaSSedaway Theirfatherisnotknowntothem ・Participant6was17yearsoIdandstayedathomewithherthreeothersisters Sheis theiastborninthefamily Shewas7yearsoldwhenherparentspassedon． ・Pa蘭cipant7was20yearsoid，Stayingaioneathome SheiStheoniych時andwasll yearsoidwhenhermotherdied・Themotherwas31yearso凪Shedoesnotknowher father． ・Partic∼Pant8was19yearsoid，andstayingWiththreeothersibiings Sheisthelast− borninthefam−lyandwas6years’01dwhenhermotherpassedawayat38years She doesnotknowwhenherfatherpassedaway． ・Pahic，Pant9was18yearsoidandstayedwith heryoungertwosibiings．Thereare

threein the fam時and sheis the oldest ch岨Herfatheris s帥aiive，but has abandonedthemandhermotherieftthemtoseekajob．

・Pa由cipantlOwas19yearsoidandstayedwithheryo…gerbrother・Theyaretwoin thefamily Shewas15yearsoはwhenhermotherpassedawayiandshedoes not

knowwhenherfatherpassedaway

The background而Crmation刷cated that aiIthe pahicipants had been heading househoidswithanumberofsib冊gsforquitesomet∼me．

4．31NTERPRETATIONOFTHEINTERV旧WDATA

旧hissectk：町themainthemesthatwereiden描edfromtheverbatimtranSCriptsofthe 而erviewdataw川behighiighted・ThedISCuSSionbeiowisstructuredaccordingtOthe topiCSintheinterViewprotoco上 ． Basicneeds ・Factors∼mPaCtingonsch00Iperformance ● Attention ・Perceptionsaboutsch00l o Lackoff00d／MaInutritjon ・Responsib冊es ・Academicgoais ・Socia汗eiationshiPS ・CopIngStrategJeS ・ Generalissues 4．3，1Basic needs Whoassistsyouwithyoureverydayneedssuchasfood，Clothesandscho01fees？ Doyouhaveenough？Whatdoyoudoifyoud。nOthaveenoughmoneyforfood Responsestothisquestionind−Catedthata＝enpahicIPantSareaSSistedbyafamliy memberorreiat一Veforneedssuchasf00dielectricltyandcosmetics（Cf：3，88，235】365， 509，576，642，648℃49，715，789，790，873）

0neParticipantindicatedthattheysometimesborrowfrompeopleandreturnwhatthey

borrOWedattheendofthemonth（Cf584），VVhiieanolheroneindicatedthattheyare Strugglingandtheyjustasknecessitiesfrompeopie（Cf514−516）．0neresponse蘭。ated that aSSistanceis provided by means ofa socialgrant（Cf．355）．Fu捕ermoreith。 responseslndicatedthatthepa巾cipantsareassiStedbygrandparentsifriends，COmmunity

membersandfamIiymembersiftheydonothaveenoughbasicnecessitleSforthemonth

（Cf176−178，365，513，794） Whonormaiiyassistsyouwithyoursch00Iwork？ Mostofthepa由cIPantS）aCCOrdingtothedata十eiyonthemselvestocomp∼etetheirschooI WOrk，WhjchindlCateSahighdegreeofindependence（Cf12，116，368，653，718，796） Whiiesomegetassistancefromfam時members（Cf587−588・881，888）；neighbours（Cf 13・721−722）iand other peopIe（Cf516）・One participant佃cated that she gets assiStanCefromherboyfriend（Cf238）． Doyousometimesexperienceproblemswithsch00lwork？Whatcausesthat？ A旧enparticipantsrevealedthattheyiattimes，eXPerienceprobiemsw冊theirschooiwork （Cf16，119，243，371，520，591−592，655−656，719−721，798，821）ford肝erentreas。nS SuChasnotunderstandmgSUbjects何606−607，735，821），angerduetobeinghungry〈cf 248】251），lSOLationfromciassmates（Cf・119−120）andonefe旧hatsheisno川kedbyher SCh00Imates（Cf81，82） Whatdoyoudowhenyouexperienceprob−emswithyourschooIwork？ 圧emergedfrom pamcipant，sresponsesthatwhentheyexperienceprobIemswiththeir SChooiwork）theysharetheirprobiemswithfriendsandotherchiidren（Cf245，885）， neighbours（Cf721−722），OtherpeopJe（Cf591），Otheriearners（Cf656）Tw00fthe PahiciPantSindICatedthattheygotothe胸raryforassistance（Cf368】656）．

Discussion

Threemainthemesemergedfromthedataobtainedfromtheresponsesreiatedtobasic

needs・Theresponsesindicatedthatthepahicipantshaveanumberofpersona−support StruCtureSthatsupportthemw∼ththeirneedsforbasicresources・itemergedfromthe datathatfam白ymembers（Sistersibrothers，auntS，grandmothers）ma∼niysupportthegiri learnerfromchiid−headedfam用es（Cf3，88，235，365，509，576，642，715，715，789，790， 813）・ThefoiIowingwasreveaiedintheexactwordsofthepahicIPantS：，1twasmyb′Ofher： ’’askouro／dersistertoassist’∵itisourauntsr′mysisterassIStSmeWiu7food′：Thisiinks

Weiiwith what Newe‖（20087）（Cf2・24・8）indicates that sibJings are taking care to

PrOVideforchiid−headedfamiiiessch00日eesandday−tO−daycare・inadditiontothis言t WaSaisoreveaiedthatgovernmentaisupportstructuresprovideforeverydayneeds（Cf 355−356），WhichisinilneWith亜eraturethatindlCateSthatgovernmentstructuressuchas SOCiaigrantssupportIearnersfromchiid−headedfamiiies（Cf・Sioth−Nieisen，2004：27（Cf 2・2・2）・Fu皿ermore言hepartICipantsreportedthatfriends，thecommunity，neighbours and otherch囲ren（Cf13−14，176，178，365】513，516，584，800，812，814）playan mpo正ant roiein assisting with sch00日esources・‘′assIStanCe かom our next door ne／ghbour’：‘L／have新ends言heyglVemeSOmeu7Ing’l AIthoughitappearsthatthereare relat∼VeSWhoarew剛ngtoassISt，SOmelimestheseieamersfromchild−headedhouseholds StayWithoutassistance，aSrePOrtedinoneoftheresponses：“レ嶋a′ehek）edbyour reIafivesbutsometimeswejuststayaswearebecausewealea舶idtoask”（Cf648− 649） Asecondthemethatemergedwasthecausesofschooi−reIatedproblemssuchasnot understandingsubjects（Cf607，735），angerduetohunger（Cf．248，251）言SOlationfrom Ciassmates（Cf119−120）andonegirIfeitthatsheisn。tiikedbyhersch00imates（Cf 81，82）．TheiSSueOfnotbeingHkedbyotheriearners冊ksweiiwithdiscriminatiOnaSOne Oftheeffectsofchiid−headedhousehoids（Woo悔Ik，2004：167）（Cf2．4．2）

＼∧佃enl00king而O ChaIIenges wIth whichiearnersfrom child−headed househ01ds can be faced，aStheyrep。hedduringinterviews言earningm∼ghtbe∼mPOSSibiewhentheydonot

havef00dwhichisabasicneed（Cotton，1995：59）（Cf 2・51）．Thismeansthattheir f…Ctioningmightbeimpa′redwhichcoukZ∼eadtoadeciine−nSChoiasticperformance （Ca航Z，2001：30）（Cf2．51）． 4“3・2FactorsimpactingonschoClperformance Doyouregularlyattendschooi？ Whattranspiredfromtheresponsesisverypos−tive Someofthepartic，PantStrytheir utmosttobeatschooi）eXCePtWhentheyarenotwe冊eaith−Wise（Cf385−386，890−891）． SomeindicatedthattheydonotattendreguLarIyduetofoodbeingunavaiiab−e（Cf815）or being hurtbyfamiiyprobiems（Cf268−270）・Irregu−arattendancewasoniydetected amongthreepa荊cIPantS（Cf268，728，815）（Cf2．5．1）． HaveyoueverfajJed，howmanytimes・Whichgrade？Whatdoyouthinkcoutdbethe Theresponsesreveaiedthatmanyofthepartic，PantShavefalledonceortw∼Ceduringtheir SCh00lcareer（Cf24）277，388，604，733，818）Thereasonsthattheymentiond桁。「。n。 ParticLPantindiCatedthatshewasrunnhgafterfriends（Cf279），anOtheronefeiipregnant （Cf665−666）W回eothersfa−iedduetop00raCademiCPe血rmance（Cf606，735）．Sadly， OneParticIPantindicatedthatshefaiLedbecausehermotherdiedandshewasle苗Withher grandmotherwhoaisodiediateron（Cf393−394）Twopahicipantsreportedthattheywere hosp∼taHzedforsometimeastheywerebadly両uredunintentjonailybyotherchildren Whenpiayingandcouidnotattendsch00巾encetheyfai∼ed（Cf151−152，53年532）．Three PartICipantsreportedthattheyrepeatedacはssduetop00raCademicachievement（Cf26− 27，427）．

ThemaJOrthemesthatemergedfromthedatarekatetothefactorsaffectingreguiar

SChoClattendanCeandthequatityofacademicperformance・OneoftheoverwheImLng reSPOnSeSreVeaJedbymostparticipantsisthatscho0両gischa‖enging（Cf20，128，376，

594，803）duetod肝erentreasons Theyhaved価cultiesrelatedtosubjectmatterandtheir basicneedstoattendschooiarenotfu剛ed・Thissituationmakesthemfeelisoiated（Cf 119−120）・Onepa面cipantemot10na時Said当don’thaveaschoo／jeISeyandthosewhodo notwearschoo／jeISeySarenOta〃owedtocometoschooI’（Cf805−807）言，／exp／ainedthat／ amstrugg／ing，／ammovingaIOLJndaskingbuthedidnotunde′Stand’’〈cf808−809）．These responsesareinIinewithwhatCaiitz（2001：26）indicated，namelythatch剛enfromchild−

headed househoIds struggIewith schooiresources and are often discrIminated againSt

（German，2006：148−149）（Cf2・4．1）．

AnotherpartICipantindicatedthaItheschCCliSChaliengingduetoherbe一nganOrPhan：昭・s Cha／／engingespecla／小rWhenyoudonothavesomeoneto／eanonNkeparents”（Cf376− 378）Itis活dicatedlnthe亜eraturethattheinvoivementofparentsintheirchiid、sacademic 庸epiaysanimportantroie（Ca冊Z，2001：17）（Cf2．610）Althoughtheiifeofiearnerswho head househoIdsis not easyiitis remarkabie that some of the pahicipants sti1両nd SCh00iing竹ice’’and祐terestjng’’（Cf258，888，523，725）．Normany，aCCOrding to the literature，theIearnershaVethetendencytodropoutwhenlifebecomesmored圃cuit（Cf W00Hoik，2004：158）（Cf2・6・11）・itappearsthatalthoughtheparticipantsiackbasicneeds andsafetyneedsthattheydonotexhlb∼tfeeiingSOfheipiessnessthatcouldhampertheir

Pe什0rmanCe，aSindicateEioffandEbersohn（2004：71）（Cf2．6．7）．

Emotions are provoked by death of parents，Iack of respect and being diSCriminated againstiandtheneedto beIoved andto beiong causes emotionsthataffectcognition． When the cognitive systemlS affected言eamlng Wilidefinitely be affected togetherwith ImPOrtantCOgnitivesk用ssuchascreativityandreasoning（Eioff＆Ebersohn2004：34）（Cf 26．8）Theresponsesofthepa由cipantspo而tothefactthattheyneedtobeIovedandto beiong，WhlCh could resuitinineffective cogn−tive developmentthatcouid hampertheir lea…ngSuCCeSS

4．3．3 Attention Doyouattjmesfinditd輔culttoconcentrateatsch001？Whatdoyouthinkcouldbe thereason？ PaRicipantsindicatedthattheirconcentration∼nCraSSgetSdisturbedattimes（Cf182，255， 290】399】535−536】672・748−749）828）896）duetothekindofiifetheyare廟ng（Cf674− 675，828）・SomeindiCatedthatitisd瀞cuIttoconcentrateatsch00l，duetounava自ab冊y Offood（Cf・251−252））fam時PrOblemsand thedeathofparents（Cf32，33，163−164，401− 405）and nothavingmoneyforschooitours（Cf535−537）OnepahicIPant・s response ind−Cated that her attent一〇n and concentrationis aHected when she dreams of the

PerPetratOrSWhorapedher（Cf157−158）

Discussion

The ma活themethatcouid be deducedfrom the responsesisthefactors thata鯖ect COnCentratjonintheclassr00m・itissadtoreanzethatpa砧cipantsreportthatthekind Ofiife they are going through affects their concentration due toiSSueS SuCh as food unavaila［川ity，financiaiprobiems（Cf5351537）・famiiyproblemssuchas・lthhkhgthatifmy motherwasstiIla〝veItWOu／dn、tbeNkefh／S”（Cf32−33）andtraumafromrape（Cf157−158）． The冊eraturehighiightsthenegativeeffectsoftheunava∼iabilityoffoodasabasiCneedon theab冊ytoconcentrateiWhichappearstobetruefortheparticipantswhotookpartinthe Study（Cf Richter＆Desmond，20081028；Arnab＆Serumaga−Zake，2006・221）（Cf2．1； 2・5・1）旧sindicatedintheliteraturethatfinanCiaiprobIemsandfoodunavaiiab亜ydistracts attentIOnandconcentrationgetsdisturbeddumgmSChooiactIVities，Whichmakeseffective iearningd楯cuIt（Arends，2009‥142；Cotton，1995：59）（Cf2．5．1）．

4．3．4 Perceptionsaboutsch001

Howdoyoufindschooi−interesting，Chaileng…gOrboring？Whycha畦ng…gOr boring？

Responsestothisquestionindicatedthat，a剛Oughsomeofthepamcipantsfindsch00両g interesting・enjoyabie and nice（Cf258，523，725，888），SOme find schoo冊g very Ch訓enging（Cf20，128，376，594，803）・The reas。nSthatthe pa由cipantslndICatedf。r f佃ngschooichaHengingvaried・Oneindicatedthatitisduet。n。thavingparents（Cf 376−378），One柚catedthatsheiss血ggiingwithsch。Oiciothes（Cf805−807）巾av∼ng StreSS（Cf128・131）andhavingprobiemswiththecurricuIumitse洋（Cf20，134）One Pa面cipantindicatedthatsheisactuaIiyboredwithschoor（Cf659）．

Discussion

Themainthemesthatwerederivedfromtheresponsesofthepahicipantswere：factors

CauSingprobiemswithschooiandconcentratjonandattitudestowardssch00L One

Oftheoverwheim∼ngreSPOnSeSreVeaiedbymostoftheparticipantsisthatsch00回gis ChaiiengIng（Cf18・128，376】594，803），due to d肝erent reaSOnS．雄is cha／／enging especla／小′Whenyoudonothavesomeoneto／eanon／ikeparents’∵thingswedoatschoo／ a′eCha〃eng／ng’∵／havea／otofsZress’’Theyreportedd圃cuuieswithregardtosubject matterand ofsch00ineeds notbeing met（Cf19−20，128，131）．Anotherpa面ciPant indicatedthatthechaliengeisduetobeinganorphan・I‘／t“scha〟englngeSpeCIa／h／When

youdonothavesomeonetoIeanon／Ikeparents”（Cf376−378）．LiteraturehighIightsthe factthatwhenparentsareneVerPreSen自nthelrChirdren’sschooiilfe言tbecomesd櫛cuit forchiidrentoperformweii（Cf Caiitz，2001●17，Magdoleta／・，1992‥7）（Cf2．6．7，2．6．10）． AIthough thellfe ofch潤一headed househoidsiearnersis noteasy言tis remarkabie that SOmeSt川面dschooIlngniceandinteresting（Cf258，888，523，723）．ThisISafindingthat COntradictstheiiteraturewhiChlndicatedthatiearnersfromchiid−headed households have atendencyofdroppingoutfromsch00i（MartInuS，2009：302；Mokoena，2007：62；WooWolk， 2004：158）（Cf2．4．6；2．6．11）．

Schooi∼ngmightbechaiiengingfortheseiearnersduet。feeiingSOfinsecur坤inkedtothe absenceofparents（CfCaiitz12005：19；Donaideta／・，2004：244，266）（Cf2．5．2）． 4．3．5 Lackoff00d／maInutrition DoyOueVergOtOSCheelwithoutfood？Whyandhowoften？ Outoftenpa由C∼PantSOniytwoindicatedthaltheyalwayshavesomethingtoeatwhen goingtoschool（Cf613・682）・A旧heotherparticIPantSindicatedthattheynormailygoto SChooiwIthoutfood（Cf43】172，409）540，741−743，832，836，899），aSthefoodthatthey haveisusedupveryquICkiy・Theperiodiearnersg。W航outfood言SOnCeaWeek（Cf542， 743）工面ceaweek（Cf901），t回ceaweek（Cf287，837），aWeek（Cf45，174）andfrom mid−mOnthuntiitheendofthemonth（Cf41年412）． Howdoesgoingwithoutf00dinfluenceyou？

According tO the responses to帥s questiOn，PahiciPantSindicated thattheir classroom

Performancedroppedastheirstud∼eSgOta菅ected duetohavingtOgOtOSChooiwithout food〈cf・162−163，291−292）・TheyindicatedthattheyjuStCannOtCOnCentrateatsch。。i Whentheyarehungry（Cf748−749）‘‘／don’tconcentrateInC／ass，：′′／cannot〃stentothe teachermype′わmancebecomesbad’’iOneparticipantreportedthatitisd瀞cuittocope （Cf545−546）i Whiieanotherreportedandexpiamedthatshefeeiscrazy（182−183）she getsbadlyaffectedtoanextentthatshesometimeswantstoieaveschool（Cf97，182− 183）Someofthepahicipants十esponsesindicatedthattheyareassistedbythefeeding SChemeatschooi（Cf・179，746，903−907）iitemergedfromtheresponsesthatneighbours PLayanimPOrtantrOieinassistingthe9両swhoheadhousehoidswithfoodwhentheyhave nothingtOeat（cf48，420−421）．

Discussion

OneofthemainthemeswhichemergedduringthemterV∼eWWaStheimpactofalackof foodandthemagnitudeoffooddepr｝Vation・AIackoff00damongiearnerswhohead househo（dsisreportedwide申ntheiiterature（RlChter＆Desmond，2008：1023，Arnab＆

費

等

男！

剥

Serumaga−Zake・2006・221）（Cf2・5千2・1）・Mostofthepa由cipantsreportedthattheydo nothavef00dfromadayaweektonumerousdaysaweek，yettheyareexpectedtobeat SChooIandfunctioningnorma時iikeotherIearners（Cf・8）43，45，92，172−174，287，409， 4121542，674−675，743】831−837，901）Itwassadandemotionaiiytouchingtohearon。 Pa繭PantSaying雄／dIdnoteatthe励stday／gotomy／e／atIVeS，聞esecondday／donot gotoschooI’（Cf83年834）．

Stud−eS COnducted both nationaiiy andinternationany regard∼ng ChiId−headed fam帖es 刷Cated povehyasoneofthechaIlengesexperiencedbythesec帥dren（CfA用ance， 2009，Masondo，2006’4；Mokoena，200757−58）（Cf1．1）．Ltterature aIsoindicatesthat Iearnerswhoheadhouseho旧Spossessfeeiingsofangerduetoalackoffood（CfArnab＆ Serumaga−Zake，2006：2，3；DonaJd etaら2004・244，266）（Cf2．4．3）．Theiackoffood COuIdiead tothem becomingvulnerabletoabuse（Cf Richter＆Desmond，2008：1023＿ 10247Mokoena，2007：57；German，2006：149−158）（Cf24．4；25．1）．A冊eseargumentsin theiiteraturesupporttheresponsesobtainedfromtheparticIPantSWhotookpar自nthe Study，WiththeexceptionofbelngeXPloitedorabused．

Safetyneeds言Ogetherw廿日Oveandbeiongmgneedscanthreatentheab冊ytolearn（Cf． 2・5・3）・Leatham（2005：63）lndiCateS that poverty strains the physioIogicai and

引∴psychoiogicaibeingofapersonbecausetheab冊ytocopeisweakened（Cf・24・7）・・This meansthatitWiiibed瀞cuittoprogressacademicaiiy，aSIear…gISimpossibiewhenone ishungry（Ca亜Z，2001’301）（Cf2・5・1）iitisfu柚er∼ndicatedthatpovertyresukslnheaith risks which further resu旧niearning barriers（Cf Leatham，2005：63，Donaid et a／．， 2004205）（Cf2．410；26．11）．

4．3．6 Responsibiiities

Whatareyourresponsib冊iesathome？

Responses to this quest一〇nindicated that aii ten participants have numerous responsib冊essuchashousechoresinadditiOntOtheirsch00iwork，SuChas clean∼ngthe houseandc00king（Cf5年52，185，297，548，684，840−841，930−931）and takingcareof

theirsiblingS（Cf5十52，434−436，548−549，614−615，683−685）：／′cook，C／eanthehouseand ／00kaHermyyoungersibNngs’当00kaHerch〃den，C／eanu7ehouse，COOk，dowash／hgA： lfc／eanthehouseand／○○klntOmybooks，当oc／eanmehouseand／00ka種rtheyounger

S／bmgs’坐mybooks，C／eanlngthehouse，告oc／eanU7ehoUseandcook，当oseefhatmy

youngersJb励gs／SC／ean，，・ DoyoucopewithaJlyourresponsib冊es？HowdoesthjsinfIuenceyourtimefor

AlthoughtheresponsestothisquestionIndicatedthattheydocopewiththeirschooiwork

irrespectiveoffamIIyrespons冊ies（Cf54）188−300，441，687，754，845，937），One Participant佃catedthatshegetsdisturbedinhersch00lworkasshesacrlficesnormaI restbynotsleepingduringthenightsoastodoherschoo−work（Cf551−552）Oneofthe Part，Cipantsindicatedthattheiracademicperformancegetsaffectedduetothemany responsibiiities（Cf306）． ThemaJOrthemesthaticouididentifyfromtheseresponseswere‥thenatureofthe reSPOnSibiIitiesthatthegirIiearnershavetocarryandtheimpactoftheresponsib冊es Onthe，rSChooIwork・同scoveredthatthegirlswhoheadhouseho，dsareoverburdenedby 描erentactN砧essuchashousechores）takingcareofs刷ngsandhavingtoconcentrate Onthe汀SCho〇両ork（Cf51−52，185−297・434−436）541−543，614−615，684，840−841，930− 931）・Thesefindingsarein而ew∼thwhatisindicatedinthei−terature（Cf2・4・7），that ieamerswhohead househoidshavemanyreSPOnSib冊estotakecareofbecausetheydo nothaveparents（Mahinus，2009‥299；Newe町2008：6）．Theyspend mostofth。Irt−me Piayingaparenta圧oie〈MoHet・2007：58・Mokoena）2007‥49）（Cfl・2・1】1・1）ForInStanCe， Pa巾C，PantSreSPOndedwith・“to／00kaHerch／／den，C／eanthehouse，COOk，dowash／ngand makesurethatwhentheygohgtoschoo／theywearp／℃perunibrm，，（Cf684−685）and当 COOk，C／ean的ehouse，／00kafrermyyoungersib／ings’’（cf930−931）．

HavJngmanyreSPOnSib咽estotakecare0日nciudingbe，ngaParenttOyOurSiblings， 一ndicatethattheremightbeaneedtobeiongandthiscou−daffectthedeve一〇pmentofse廿 esteem for rearnersfrom c帥d−headed househoids・When the seif−eSteemis notweJl estab剛ed言hese ch臨en w用experience probiemsin their−earning（Cf W00IfoIk， 2004・353）（Cf25・4）・Furthermore・aCCOrding tOArends（2009‥143）and WooIfolk， （2004353）（Cf2・5・4）themanyresponsibiiitiesmightmakeiearnersmorecon。。rn。dw臨 fu剛＝gtherespons剛tiesthanwithiearning． 4▲3，7Academicgoals WhatwouidyouIiketostudyfumeraftercompJetingyOurbasiceducation？Doyou thinkitisimportanttofurtheryourstudies？Why？ Theresponses刷catedthata旧hepahicipantsfind旧mportanttostudyfurtherasthey aisoindicatedtheird肺erentcareerchoiCeS（Cf56）59日90−191，308，310−311，447，554， 557，618・620℃21）690）692，751・847，956，956），eXCePtforonepartlCTpantwhofeeIs that・a剛oughshehaschosenacareertof01Iowiitisnotimportantforhertostudyfu軸er duetoaiackoffhances（Cf196−199）・Theseresponsesindicatedthatthepa巾cIPantS， irrespectiveoftheircircumstances・S帥hadacademicgoa−sandfuturepianswhichthey Wantedtofu町amongothers膏eingaSOCiaiworker，nurSeOrengineer．Theimportanceof StUdyingwashighiightedinOtherresponsessuchas‥“SOaStOgetemp／oyed・，（Cf59）， ‘‘stud／eSW〃／assIStmein／ife”（Cf739−740），γwanttowo′kandbeab／etodoeverythingfor myse／f’（Cf310−311），YwI／／getwoIkandhavemoneytoassIStmySib”ngs′，（Cf451）言′so u7at／haveabrighthJture’’（Cf557），〝S。that／canbesomeoneiI〟IiTe，，（Cf849），“aSSISt Otherch囲ren’’（Cf555）言‘tobecomesomeonein庸e，，（Cf．849）and当donotwantt。Iivein thissituationiaminnow”（Cf709−710）． Fromtheresponses判efoHoIJVlngma」0rthemesemerged‥gOalorientation，futureplans and opinions regarding further studjes Aithough g一「一一earners from child−headed househoidsseemtobeoverburdenedbyd旧erentresponsib冊es，theyreportedpositiVe

hopeSregardingacademicgoals・TheirresponsesindICatedthattheywanttobe半間Jt造S，： 伽rteredaccountants’∵teache／S，∵eng／nee′S′∴ 陶ectmanage′S′；世／iceomce／S，： ／bocia／woIke／S”and偽〃0′S’’（Cf56）59）191−192）308−310，447，618，620−621，690，692， 757）847）853，958−959）・Even though theseiearners might experienCe aCademiC

PrObJems言heyappeartobemotivatedandgoa一一Oriented，aStheyhavefuturepLansand goaJsthattheywanttoachieve互contrasttowhatisindicatedin−iteraturebyArEmadl （2007）（Cf26・3），theseiearnersappearlohaveadesiretosucceedandtoavoidfallure．it isaindicatedInthe‖teraturethatone・sgoalsaredetermInedbyone、sexperiences （Bernard，1972：49）（Cf2・57）・itcouIdbethatthenegativeexper）enCeSthatthesegiris arefacedwithhavemotivatedthemtosetpositivegoaiforthemse，vesthat，Ontheother handiCOuidmot，VatethemtobetteracademicachIeVement（McM用an＆Wergin，2006：76 （Cf26・6）． 0nepa南cipantaPPearedtohaveiosthopeassherepoHedhowd圃cuititiswithher StudJeSbecauseshehasaiotofstress・（Cf129−131，134−135）．Shefu軸erindicatedthat StudyingfurtheriSn〇日mportantforher・“／thmkforme／cannotgetwhat／wan仁一−−at ／eastgettingawagecanass庫わrotherpeop／ewhohavemoneyitsimportant的eycan goandstu句′’’（Cf196−199）・ThisresponselS剛new−ththe庸eraturewhe，。旧S両。ated thatachiid−headedhouseh01dcanbecomeabarr−ertOStudyingduetofinanciaiprobiems WhichIeadtodepressionandiosinghope（Cf63日eatham）2005；Eioff＆Ebersohn， 2004：1・Mwamwenda，2004‥237）（Cf247；2・6．8；26．9） itiSgOingtObed櫛cu旧orIearnersfromch岨headedhousehoidstofu帥heirdreamsof Studyingfu皿er）aStheymightnotreachthestageofself−aCtua−lZationduetotheirbasic PhysioIogiCaineedsnotbeingfu剛ed〈cf2．57）． 4・3・8Sociatreiationships Doyouhavefriendsatsch001andathome？一sitimportanttohavefriends？ ResponsestothisquestionindicatedthattheJearnerswhoheadhouseho（dsareabieto SOCia厄easa旧enparticipantSrePOrtedthattheyhavefriendshipreiationshfps（Cf61，205，

握461・624，695，765，851・958）・TheyindicatedthattheyfIndthatfriendspはyan irnportantrOieintheIriives・aSthefriendsassistthemwith描erentthings，SuChasf00d， adviceandsomebodywithwhomtheycansharetheirfee冊gs（Cf63・208−209，315−317， 464−465・626）697−698）853−854）判eyassistyou，ルOuShou／dshareyourprob／emsw筋 them’告b／etoassistmewhen／haveprob／ems，ルOuCanSharethhgsthatbomersyou andyoufee／betterthe′ea勘（′atth7eStheyglVeyouadvice，常youaIeSれ∋SSed SOmet痢esyoucanta侶oherandgetbetteri′′assisteachotherwithourschCC／workl Doyoutakepartinsch001activitiessuchassport？ Mostpa噂antsrespondedpos庸ve申Othisquestionastheyindicatedthatthey Pa碕ateind盾erentSChooiactivitiesiSuChasp，ayingsoccerandnetba岬213，319， 629，700）966）・OnepahicipantindicatedthatsheisnotparticipatingbecauseshehasaIot Ofworktodo・fromsch00Iwork，housechores）tOtakingcareofs航gs（Cf47十472）． SomeofthepahicipantsindicatedthattheydonotparticiPateinschoo−activitiesdueto behgshy（Cf・77十774）orbeingtoooidforsomeofthesportteams（Cf858）． ThemaInthemesderivedfromtheabovewere‥thenatureofsociaIinteracti0両he SuPPOrtStruCtureSforcopingWithd輔culttimesandtheroiethatfriendshipplaysrt emergedfromtheresponsesthattheg帖earnerswhoheadhousehCldsappearnottobe Withdrawnandnotacceptedbyothers（Kanyamurwa＆Ampek・2007‥72（Cf2・4・1）・They rePOrtedthatItisimPOrtanttOhavefr）ends，aStheyass−Stthemwhentheyaremneedof things岨efood，SOaPandadv∼Ce（Cf63・208−209）313，461）624・694・765，851，958）． Theydopa嘩ate−nSPOrtaCtivities（Cf213・319，629日00，966）・Theadvantageof SOCia剛giSthatiearningiSenhancedevenforthosewhomightfee用ist00heavy・They Canforgetaboutprobiemsforawhile（Cf2．5．5）． Duetomanyrespons剛es（cf5十52）185）2977434−436）548・614−615，684，840−841， 930郎1）＝tmighthappentha＝helearnersareunab−etopa砧pateinsch0ClactlVitieS Wh−ChIS，n間ewiththeiiteraturethat佃catesthatiearnerswhoheadhousehoidshave

manyreSPOnS剛estobear（Newe町2008‥6）（Cf2・4・8）duetotheunavaiiab冊yof ParentS Theunava伽i庸yofparentSbecomesashohcomIngasthereisnoassistanceor SuPPO旧halcou掴Jo−JVtheseiearnerssometimetosoc−a‖ze（Arends，2009・142（Cf 2・52）・AJackofsociaiizat一〇nimpactsdirectiyon cognitjvede、／e一〇pment（Ebff＆ Ebersohn12004：40）一WhiChcouldcontributetothefactthat someofthegirIswhohead househoidsmightneverbeabletorea−IZethe両aientsandfu‖potentiaLandiear…gW川 手emainchaIIengingtothem（Woo圃k・2004‥435）（Cf2．5．7）． 4▲3・9Copingstrategies WhoheIpsyoutocopeduringd櫛cuIttimes？Whatkjndofsupportdoyouget？ Responsestothisquestion佃catedthatsomepahicipantsdonotsharetheirprobiems Withanybody・butprefertosieep（Cf861）・Cry（Cf140，477），Writepoems（Cた216−217）or keeptheprobIemsassecretswithinthemse−ves（Cf67∼679）・Someoftheresponses 油cated thatfamiiymembers and re−atives such assisters and aunts，aSWeiias neighbours，aSSistthegirlsbyglV−ngthemadviceandte用ngthemwhattodowhenthereis someth，ngtrOU証ngthem（Cf632，777−779） itaga旧aPPearedfromthedatathatfriendspiayaroleinassisthgduringdHicu冊mes，aS thegirlsindicatedthatfriendscomfortthem（Cf265−266，321，566，569）：“When／have prob／emsIsha／eWithmends，：ltshete〃smenottosfress，thingsw〟behne，：

ThemaInthemethatlextractedfromtheresponsesisthesupportstructurestocope

Withproblems／difficulties・旧sgoodtorea厄ethatpartICipantsareabietosharetheir PrOblemswithfriends，ne∼ghboursandfam一一ymemberswhenthereissomethingbothering Ordepress活gthem（Cf67】265−266）321，477，566，632−777）779，973）a冊oughthey keepfee冊gstothemseivesmostofthetime‥用smys／Ster；Wearec′osetoeacho的I nOma／小′te〟herandwebo的cry………・getbetferaHerthatpah7”（Cf477）・Thisisg00d，tO aVOidthemfa冊gpreysothattheycannotfa‖preytohe∼pIessness（E∼off＆Ebersohn， 2004‥71）（Cf2・6・7）・Theresponsesobtainedconf∼rmWhatthe庸eraturerevea−S，nameiy

thatfa両ymemberspiayaroieinaliev−atingtheemotionaineedsofiearnerswhohead househoJds砕Leatham・2005・68）（Cf26・10）・SomepartJCipantsaisomentionedfrlends and neighboursassistingthem du而gd圃cu，ttJmeS（Cf46−48，321，564，980）．ln Summary言tappearsthatthecommu両y同ativesandfriendsprovideastrongsLmC而 StrUCturetOthegir＝earnerswhoheadhousehoIds（Cf48・71，142】224，235，245，265，

313）315，324−325−365，422】477）513）566，5841591）626−627，632−649，697）715，768，

777，784，789，800，873，942，973）． 旧SsadthatsomepahicIPantSrePOrtedthatthey侮epthmgstofhemse／ves，，，andrather ′‘C／γ’’0「‘b／eep’’ascopingStrategies（Cf140−141】217−678，700−720，861），WhIChIndicates thattheseIearnersmightbeloneiyandwithdrawn（CfE一off＆Ebersohn，2004・401）（Cf

2．5．5）．

Theunfu剛edneedofbeinglovedandtobe一〇ngtogetherwithinsu苗C，entSafetystrateg−eS −SeVidentwheniearnersindicatethattheyareunabIetosharetheiremotions，WhichcouId distractIearnhg（Eggen＆Kauchak，2010・367；Dona−deta／・，2004‥244，266）（Cf25．2）． Responsesaisoindicatedthattheiearnersfee。nsecurebecauseofthebadtreatmentthey

receivefromsomepeople7tOaneXtentthattheyendupbeingemotionaIandthentheir

iearning∼Saffected（Cf81−82）402−405，498−500）（Cf Leatham，2005・71−72）Cotton （1995：60）indicatesthatioveassistslearnefStoIearnsuccessfuliy（Cf2．5．3），butone deducesfromtheirresponsesthattheyareemotiOna‖yaffectedwhichcou旧mpacton theirnotbe，ngSUCCeSSfu帖the一日earning（Donaideta／・，2004‥244，266）（Cf25．2）． isthereanythingyouwouldlovetosharewithmeinre‘ationtoyourstudiesoriifeat Partic，PantShadd肝erentsIorieStOShareaboutthe帖ves・Whatemergedfromthedatais thatonepartic，PantWaSSuicidaLduetoanger（Cf330）andsomestruggleabt；duetothe absenceofparents（Cf・864−868）・OnepahicipantindlCatedthatsheisab。utt。i。S。h。「

SheueraSherauntswantthemtovacatethehousetheyare廟nginnovI（Cf498−500）． Anotherresponse佃catedthattheparticipan自stroub∼edandhurtbyotherchiidrenat SCh00（WhousuaiiyteIlherthatsheis′lL／gh／（Cf81−82）・Onepa宙cipaintsharedwithme thatsheisdatIngaboyfriendwho“seemstobe／ovhgandcarjng，，（Cf224−225，230−231）， andanotherpahicipant佃catedthatsheis，′hopingtogetabu′Sa中OStuqy航her，（Cf 708−709）． Discussion Whattranspiredfromtheinterviewsarethefee旧gsofthepahiciPantSaboutthekindo掴fe theyareiiving・Theyreportedhowmuchthey h叫thattheyareuncertainaboutwhatw用 happentothemandabouttheirfuture・OnepahicipantevenrePOrtedtobesuicidai，Which isquitedisturblng（Cf351） Oneoftheresponseswas“偽havemanyp／Ob／emsathome妨atwea／eunab／etosoIve SOWhen／fee／hurt／donotcometoschooI，（Cf268−271）・itwasrepohedthatthese kindsoffeeiingsarecausedbythingsiikemothavhgsoaptowashc／Othes‘′（Cf272− 274）・ThisislniineWithwhatappearedintheIIterature，thattherearemanythmgsthat mightpreventiearnersfromchild−headedfam掴estoaHendschoo一regurarly（CfMoHet，

2007脅Mokoena−2007・62判choIson＆Jefferson，2008・411）（Cf2・3・2；2．64）

AnewdlmenSionthatemergedfromthedataisthefactthatone−earner油catedbe∼ng Suicidalandhavingattemptedit Anothereventwhich，Sa−Sotouchingandwhichemerged fromtheresponsesisthatofiosingshe什er（Cf500）which−SaisorepohedIntheiiterat．「。 aSOneOfthe庸echaJiengesfacedbyiearnerswhoheadhousehoids（CfFrance，2006， Leatham，2005”71−72）（Cf2．53）． Fromwhatwassharedgeneraliybypa由cipantswhoheadhouseho−d，name∼yforexampie howtheyareh両theirLnCehaintyabouttheirfutureandfee冊gsofcom輔ngsuicide，it isciearthattheirseif−aCtuailZationmightbeprobiematiC

Based on theinterviewresponses一一summarizethe maJOreffectsofch柑headed househo焼experienCedbythe−earnerSWhotookpahinthestudyiandverifymymain flndingsagainStlheiiteraturereview．

4・4THEMAJOREFFECTSEMANAT−NGFROMTHENEEDSEXPER−ENCEDBYTHE

GIRLLEARNERSWHOHEADHOUSEHOLDS

ThefoiIowlngWerethema｝0reffectsidentifiedfromthelnterViews． 帖newiththeI，terature・Signsofstjgmatjzationanddiscrimjnation（NichoIson＆ Jefferson，2008：4時German，2006‥148）（Cf2・4・1；2・4・2）WeredetectedIntheresponses Oftheiearnerwhoindicatedthatherpeersf一ndherug，y（Cf81−82）言heonewhowas dISCrimInatedagainstfornothavingasch001jersey（Cf805−809）ortheresponsethat indicated・‘如memendsthhkbadaboutyouwhenyoudonothaveenoughbod，，（Cf963− 964）OrfrIends“taN（badth／ngs当hat u冊ateIyInfiuenced theiearners who head

househoidsnottotakepartinschooiactivities hthISregardsignSOfisoIatjonand

ione冊esswereaisodetectedamongthepahicipants はappearedasifsomeofthe Participantsratherkeeptheirprobiemstothemse一vesanddonotsharethemwithother PeOPkLinSuPPOHofthisargume申responsessuchas‥′用on，tsha′eW勅anyone，華 36）0rnOtteJiinganyone（Cf67）Jjusts姐e′ea／one”（Cf114，16g，・l／doitmyse／f， （Cfl141164），Jbitmere産ithecomerandcIy”（Cf216−217），andmeIeISnOboC勅／ norma／ルjusts／eepJ’（Cf861）wereobtained The冊eratureIndicatedabuse（German，2006‥149）（Cf2・4・4）asoneoftheeHectsofchiid＿ headedhouseh01ds・OneofthepahicIPantSrePOrtedtohavebeenrapedaHerthedeathof herparentsiWh−Chreauyaffectsherconcentrat−Onincはss（Cf157−158）． Psycho−SOCiaJproblems（Leatham・2005・63）（Cf2・4・7）werea−sodetectedasaneffectof head∼ngahousehoid（Cf131−536−537，921−922）‥用avea／otofst／eSS∵／donothave mOney’∵Whatam／go／I7gtOeataHerschool，，・AnumberofpartwipantsindiCatedthattheir COncentrationgetsaffectedinclass（182，255）290）399）536−672，748−749膏28，896）

andtheyaJsoexperiencestressandareemotiona−duetoihedeathofthe叫arents（Cf 128−131；568）andhavIngtOCOPeW仙earnerpregnancy（Cf485，666−668）． hcorrespondencewiththeIIterature）POVertywasa，Sodetectedamongtheparticipantsof thestudy（Cf8，43・45・92・172−174，251−252，287，647，831−837，901）（Richter＆ Desmond，20081023−1024）（cf2・4・10）・They廟catedthattheygotoscho〇品thoutfood forseveraidaysiVaryhgfromonceaweektotwoweeksir”mOnth（Cf45，174，287】542， 743朝1）411412）andbecauseoftheiackoffood，theirciassr00mPerformancedrops （Cf291−292，437）． 冊ecaseofviClence（DonaIdeta／・，2004‥244−266）（Cf2・4・3）0∩一yonepahicipant 油catedthatfightingwithhers剛ngsescaiatestosuchanextentthatshe言掴mes，feeis iikecomm航gsu周eandthatshehas−e冊ehousetostaysomewhereeIse（Cf329− 1temergedfromtheresponsesthatiearners言nlIneWiththe冊erature，havemany reSPOnSib冊es（Newe町2008・6；Roby＆Cochrani2007・20）（Cf2・3；24・8）concerning takingCareOftheirsibiings，housechoresandtheirstudiesaiJofwhichaffect曲r・ aCademicperformance（Cf16，24・27】243・277）305】388）520−551）604，687−688，733， 818i798・799），andtheyendupsacmcingnightstodoschooIwork（Cf551−552）． FromtheresponsesofthepahicIPantS，tCOu−dbeconciudedthattheyarenotexposedto Ch剛abour andinv0lvedincriminaIactivitieswhichareindiCatedaspossibIeeffectsof ChiId壷adedhousehoids両heIIterature（Nichoison＆Jeffersoni2008・409；Mokoena，

2007：59）（Cf2．4号2．49）．

Linkedtothenegativeeffectsistheabsenceofneedfu剛mentinthenextsection，i highiighttheabsenceofneed剛mentamongtheg一「＝earnerswhotookpa両thestudy

4・5THEMAJORNEEDSOFTHEGIRLLEARNERSWHOHEADHOUSEHOLDS

ThefoIIowing maJOrneedswereidentlfiedfromtheresponsesoftheparticipants． PhysiClogiCaineeds（Cf8・406−407・498−500i739−743）・Safetyneeds（Cf393−395，650），

Ioveandbeiongingneeds（Cf32−33，119−120，393−395，598−601），andesteemneeds（Cf 81−82）119，963−964）・Participants柚cated that unavaiiab亜y offood（as a basjc

Physi0logicaJneed）（cf2・51）impacts on their−earning asit becomes d価cultto COnCentrateandpayattentionwhenhungry（Cf182・255−290】399，535，672，748−749， 828】896）Itemergedfromthedatathatthedeathofparentsaffectedtheirsecurityand ioveandbelonging（Cf2・52；2・5・3）whichhadanegativeimpactontheirearning（Cf32， 33）163−164）40年405，545−546）・ResponseslndicatedthatonepahicipantiSabouttolose hershelter〈cf498−502）・Boththebasicneedandthesecu而yneedsareiackingamong thepa面cipantswhot00kpa臣nthestudy・Thestudya−so−den描edthatesteemneeds duetodiscriminationandstigmatizationarenotmet，aSParticipantsfe冊srespectedwhen theyarecaiJedl‘ugh／（Cf81】82），OrWhenitissaidthattheyarenOtiiked（Cf119−120） andwhenfriendstaIkbadaboutthem（cf963−964）． WhatissurprISingandinCOntraStWIthwhattheiiteraturereveais，isthattheIackofbasic needsappearnottoimpactonthepahicipants・needtogainknowiedgeandtodrop一〇utof SChool（Mahinusi2009・302川asondo）2006：4）buttofurthertheirstudiesforacareer（Cf 2．4．8，4．2．7）

Linked tothe needsidentified above）ipresentthe ma」Or−earn−ngCha，ienges that emanatedfromtheneedsexperienCedbythepahicipants・Theresponsesreceivedfrom thepahicipantscorrespondedweiiwithmanyofthe帥ngsinthe冊eratureregardhgthe generai）earningchallengesthatcouJdbefacedbyIearnerswhoheadhousehoids．

4・6 THEMAJORLEARNINGCHALLENGESEMANAT周GFROMTHENEEDSAND

EFFECTSOFHEADiNGHOUSEHOLDS

Basedontheidentifiedneedsandtheeffectsofheadingahouseh吋thefoilowing iearn−ngChaliengesemerged． Absenceofexpectations（Cf2・61）：Fromthelearnerresponsesiinf。，．edthatdu。t。the absenceofparents言heparticipantswhotookpa両thestudywou−dbeatadisadvantage． Parentalexpectat一OnS−Peer grOuP eXPeCtat，OnS and se肝expectatjons，aiihave a

determiningfactortowardsacademicachievemen中hetherposkNeornegatiVe（CaHtz， 2001：57）（cf2・6・1）・Fortheiearnerfromac間−headedfamnywheretheparentisnot ava伽ieiandsocialinvoivementmightbe，imItedduetonumerousresponsibiiitiesat

homeandatschooIthathavetobetakencareofiitmighthappenthattheynever

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Socio−eCOnOmicfaciors〈cf26・11）：Learnersareaffectedsocio−eCOnOmica時because theydonothaveenoughmoneytoprovideforbasicneeds，tOattendscho0日egula高yorto buyciothes（Cf9，38，39，91，92，174，251−252，287，406−407，411−412，541−542，647， 741，836諸37，901）・Theiackofmoneytosecurebasicneeds，impactsontheabiiitytopay attention，IeveIofmotivation，ab冊ytoconcentrateandfeeiingsofse廿esteem（Arends， 2009：142・143；Richter＆Desmond，2008：1023；German，2006・148−149）（cf．2．5千2．5．4） iniinewiththeiiteratureitheparticipantsinthestudyaisocomefrompoorsocio−eCOnOmic S，tuat一〇nS and experience fInanCialprobiems，Pain，hunger and education faiiure〈cf Mokoena・200759；Masondo，20064）（Cf2・2・2）Fu刷ermore言he responses ofthe PartIC−PantSSuPPOrtedthe旧eraturewhichindicatesthatpove直yieadstopoornutritionand unfavourable health conditions（Ca冊Z，2001：19）（Cf 2．5．3）which 周 turniead to absenteeism（CfMokoena，2007：2；Go什man，2003）（Cf26．4；2．3．8）．

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