University of Groningen
Central because Liminal
IJssennagger, Nelleke Laure
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IJssennagger, N. L. (2017). Central because Liminal: Frisia in a Viking Age North Sea World. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
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Central because Liminal
© Nelleke Laure IJssennagger, Groningen. All rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-94-034-0197-3 ISBN e-book: 978-94-034-0196-6 Design: Rik Van der Pluym English correction: Connie Hopkins Printed by: Netzodruk Groningen
Central because Liminal
Frisia in a Viking Age North Sea World
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
op gezag van de
rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties.
De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 23 november 2017 om 14.30 uur
door
Nelleke Laure IJssennagger geboren op 12 juni 1986
Promotores
Prof. dr. D.E.H. de Boer Prof. dr. F.C.J.W. Theuws Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. J. Hines Prof. dr. N.S. Price Prof. dr. G.J. de Langen Dr. K.J. Heidecker
List of figures List of abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Scope and aim of the PhD thesis
1.2 Earlier studies and present state of research 1.3 Connectivity and the Viking Age
1.4 Research question and structure of the research 1.5 Delineation of the research area and period 1.6 Corpus
1.7 Structure of the PhD thesis
Chapter 2 Three formative periods. A historical-archaeological framework for Frisia and the spheres with which it is connected
2.1 Early times of transition: From Prehistory to the end of the Roman era 2.2 Shifting spheres in the Migration Period and early Middle Ages 2.3 The Viking Age: From mare Frisicum to Norse Sea
2.4 Frisian freedom and ‘ National Histories’
Chapter 3 Theory and methodology. Finding the Viking Age horizon and boundary
3.1 Theoretical framework
3.1.1 Connectivity and the dynamics of cross-cultural connections 3.1.2 Travelling things. Distribution of material culture in light of cross-cultural exchange
3.1.3 Mythologies, mentalities and authentication
3.2 Towards a methodology. Finding the Viking Age horizon and connecting
the sources
3.2.1 The Viking Age horizon in textual sources
3.2.2 From theory to practice. Establishing layers and horizons in texts
3.2.3 The Viking Age horizon in distribution maps of material culture 13 14 15 16 21 24 25 30 31 34 36 38 52 63 66 68 80 93 98 101 104 107 9 68
Chapter 4 Recorded, constructed and condensed connectivity 4.1 Case study 1: The case of the Viking Age in the Frisian corpus
4.1.1 From nord seredera ridder to hethena hera. Vikings in Frisian sources
4.1.2 Recurring themes
4.2 Case study 2: Viking-Frisian relations in the non-Frisian corpus 4.2.1 Back and forth between the Insular world and Frisia 4.2.2 The sons of Ragnarr Loðbrók and their Frisian connection 4.3 Case study 3: Frisia within the Viking sphere
4.3.1 Frisia as part of the Danish realm
4.3.2 Viking visits to Frisia: Landscape and battle-lists 4.3.3 Kinship and feud, alliance and rivalry
4.4 General remarks: The textual sources considered
Chapter 5 Materialised connectivity and the (in)visible boundary of the Viking sphere
5.1 Case study 1: Brooches and pins
5.1.1 Disc brooches and related finds 5.1.2 Oval brooches
5.1.3 Ring-pins and ring-brooches
5.2 Case study 2: The Viking silver sphere: Hack-silver, weights and related coins 5.2.1 Hack-silver
5.2.2 Weights
5.3 Case study 3: Other and future finds 5.3.1 Rings and pendants 5.3.2 Mounts and buckles 5.4 General remarks: All finds considered
Chapter 6 Conclusion Bibliography
Appendix 1: The Textual Corpus
Appendix 2: The Material Corpus: Catalogue Dutch summary / Samenvatting
Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae 110 112 112 122 141 141 147 154 154 159 165 171 176 178 178 198 201 212 213 217 228 228 231 236 244 258 284 308 330 335 337
List of figures
Most of the maps in this PhD thesis have been created by the author, using the base map of Europe drawn by Frans Theuws. The map of the distribution of cubo-octahedral weights is based on the information collected and map made by Jane Kershaw, to which the Frisian finds are added. Finally, the palaeogeographical map of the Netherlands around AD 800 is provided by Deltares via the RCE with the following reference: Vos, P. and S. de Vries 2013: 2e generatie palaeogeografische kaarten van Nederland (versie 2.0). Deltares, Utrecht. Downloaded March 2017 from www.archeologieinnederland.nl. All object photos are reworked to create unity and are scaled to the accompanying scale.
Chapter 1
Fig. 1.1 The falsified Viking hoard of Winsum. Fries Museum Leeuwarden; Collection Provincie Fryslân.
Fig. 1.2 Falsified Viking dragon head related to the Winsum hoard Fries Museum Leeuwarden; Collection Provincie Fryslân. Fig. 1.3 Map of the North Sea area indicating Friesland (red) and
historic Frisia (pink). Chapter 2
Fig. 2.1 The Roman sphere of influence in relation to Frisia.
Fig. 2.2 The Migration Period direction of movement and areas involved. Fig. 2.3 The spheres of influence and power right before AD 734. Fig. 2.4 Palaeogeographical map of the Netherlands. Vos, P. and S. de
Vries 2013: 2e generatie palaeogeografische kaarten van Neder land (versie 2.0). Deltares, Utrecht. Downloaded March 2017 from www.archeologieinnederland.nl
Fig. 2.5 The Frankish and Danish spheres around 800 AD, which overlap in the Frisian sphere.
Chapter 4
Fig. 4.1 The North Sea world in the Viking Age with highlighted areas indicated in or of importance for the textual sources.
Chapter 5
Fig. 5.1 Front and back of the Oosterwijtwerd-brooch (Cat. 1.1). Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker.
Fig. 5.2 Distribution of the Jansson Type II D brooch.
Fig. 5.3 The Wijnaldum brooch fragment (Cat. 1.2). Photo: author. Fig. 5.4 Terslev Type VII (Borre style) brooch from Bygrave. Photo: Courtesy of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (CC BY attribution
licence). Record BH-2337E2. Kershaw (2013) number 246. Fig. 5.5 Distribution of the Jansson Type III C / Typ Uppåkra / Terslev VII brooch.
Fig. 5.6 The convex brooch-plate from Kenwerd (Cat. 1.3). Photo: Zijlstra.
Fig. 5.7 Distribution of the Jansson Type 1 A1 brooch.
Fig. 5.8 The disc brooch from Groningen (Cat. 1.4). Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker
Fig. 5.9 The two disc brooches from Nørholm (right), photos The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland, and the Bejsebakken disc brooch (left), scan from article Christiansen and Sarauw
(2014, 132).
Fig. 5.10 Distribution map ‘Limfjord type’.
Fig. 5.11 Tortoise brooch Wijk bij Duurstede, WD771.2.38 (Cat. 1.5). Photo: National Museum of Antiquities (RMO), Leiden. Fig. 5.12 Terminal fragment (Cat. 1.6). Photo: Johan Koning, Fries Museum, Leeuwarden.
Fig. 5.13 St1052 ©2017 Arkeologisk museum, UiS/CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 via Fotoportalen UNIMUS. Photographer: Terje Tveit.
Fig. 5.14 Find-spots of the Penannular brooches and brooch-fragments of
Type I,E.
Fig. 5.15 Back of the ring-pin RMO f1940/12.2 (Cat. 1.7). Photo: author. Fig. 5.16 Ring-pin, collection RMO f1940/12.2. (Cat. 1.7). Photo:
National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden. Fig. 5.17 Type 215 Petersen 1928, 179.
Fig. 5.18 Find-spots of the Petersen type 215 ring-pin, including the Dorestad-example.
Fig. 5.19 The Texel find (Cat. 2.1). Photo: Albert Allersma, Fries Museum. Fig. 5.20 The Texel find, side, frontal and rear view. Drawing: Rachel
Onstwedder, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. (Cat. 2.1).
Fig. 5.21 Distribution of the Texel find and its parallels in type and decoration.
Fig. 5.22 The Frisian Viking weights. (Cat. 2.2 and 2.3). Photo: author. Fig. 5.23 Drawings of 0032-76 and 869-16, Leida Goldschmitz-Wielinga.
Courtesy of Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen (KZGW). (Cat. 2.5 and 25).
Fig. 5.24 Distribution map of cubo-octahedral weights with the Frisian
finds added.
Fig. 5.25 Twisted gold ring Solwerd. inv. 0000.0906. Photo: Groninger Museum, Marten de Leeuw.
Fig. 5.26 F2005-XII-397 (NAD) from Dongjum. Photo: author. Fig. 5.27 Geographical distribution of the disc brooches and pins from
case study 1.
Fig. 5.28 The distribution of disc brooches and pins and the sphere that
connects them.
Fig. 5.29 The combined distribution of the plotted objects from case studies 1 (brooches and pins) and 2 (the broad-band arm-ring and the cubo-octahedral weights.
Chapter 6
Fig. 6.1 The distribution map and the reach of the spheres of influence of the Franks and Vikings as indicated by the case studies.
Fig. 6.2 The strongest sphere of connectivity.
Fig. 6.3 Frisia’s central and liminal position in relation to the various spheres of influence.
Catalogue
1.1 FIG 5.1 Front and back of the Oosterwijtwerd-brooch. Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker.
1.2 Wijnaldum brooch fragment. Photo NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker. 1.3 FIG 5.6 The convex brooch-plate from Kenwerd. Photo: Zijlstra. 1.4 FIG 5.8 The disc brooch from Groningen. Photo NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker
1.5 FIG. 5.11 Tortoise brooch Wijk bij Duurstede, WD771.2.38. Photo: National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden.
1.6 FIG 5.12 and photo of the back. Photos: Johan Koning, Fries Museum, Leeuwarden.
1.7 FIG 5.15 Ring-pin, collection RMO f1940/12.2. Photo: RMO, Leiden.
REL1.2.2 Dirham F 2010-VI-5332. Photo: author. REL1.2.3 Dirham FM 1995-XII-2.572. Photo: author. REL1.2.4 Dirham jewel F 2010-VI-5338. Photo: author.
REL1.2.5 Thorshammer FM 1995-XII-2.326. Photo: NAD Nuis. REL1.2.6 Ring-pin Q4. Photo: author.
2.1 FIG 5.20 The Texel find, side, frontal and rear view. Drawing: Rachel Onstwedder, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen.
2.2 Cubo-octahedral weight. Photo: author 2.3 Lead disc weight. Photo: author.
2.4 Cubo-octahedral weight F 2008-VIII-94. Photo: NAD Nuis. 2.5 Cubo-octahedral weight 869-16. Photo: Gemma van der
Hoogte, Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen. 2.6 Cubo-octahedral weight 0032-76. Photo: Gemma van der
Hoogte, Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen. REL 2.1.1 NUMISnr 1035493. Photo: Jan Jaap Waverijn.
REL 2.2/3.1 Balance F 2007-IV-187. Photo: NAD Nuis.
REL 2.2/3.2 Dirham fragment F 2011-VII-55. Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle
Schokker.
REL 2.2/3.3 Hack-silver fragment F 2005-XII-402. Photo: author. REL 2.2/3.4 FIG 5.26 F2005-XII-397 (NAD) from Dongjum. Photo: author.
3.1 Golden twisted finger ring 2009-XI-1. Photo: Fries Museum, Leeuwarden.
3.2 Silver finger ring 126-4. Photo: Fries Museum, Leeuwarden; Collectie Het Koninklijk Fries Genootschap.
3.3 Silver finger ring 157-85. Photo: Fries Museum, Leeuwarden; Collectie Het Koninklijk Fries Genootschap.
3.4 Golden ring FM 2016-0031.115. Photo: Johan Koning, Fries Museum, Leeuwarden.
3.5 Crucifix pendant F 2005-XII-397. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.6 Mount F 2006-XII-378. Photo: NAD Nuis.
3.7 Mount or pendant F 2006-XII-418. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.8 Mount G 2008-II-109h. Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Scokker. 3.9 Openworked mount F 2006-XII-412. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.10 Openworked mount F 2007-IV-113. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.11 Mount or cheek-piece. F 2007-IV-256. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.12 Mount F 2007-IV-160. Photo: author.
List of abbreviations
AB Annales Bertiniani AF Annales Fuldenses
ALD Annales Lindisfarnenses et dunelmenses ARF Annales regni Francorum
ASC Anglo Saxon Chronicle AX Annales Xantenses
ES Egills saga skallagrimsonnar FA Fragmentary Annals
FM Fries Museum (Museum of Friesland) GD Gesta Danorum
GH Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum GND Gesta Normannorum Ducum
HSC Historia de Sancto Cuthberto
KZGW Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen LF Lex Frisionum
MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica SS Scriptores (in Folio)
SS rer. Germ. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum seperatim editi
SS rer. Merov. Scriptores rerum Merovigicarum NAD Noordelijk Archeologisch Depot NUMIS Numismatisch Informatie Systeem PAN Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme
RMO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities)
s.a. sub anno VK Vita Karoli
