VU Research Portal

VU Research Portal

Autonomous groups between power and empowerment

Sinteur, I.

2018

document version

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link to publication in VU Research Portal

citation for published version (APA)

Sinteur, I. (2018). Autonomous groups between power and empowerment.

General rights

Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain

• You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ?

Take down policy

If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.

E-mail address:



6XPPDU\

5HFHQWO\WKHFRQFHSWRIDXWRQRPRXVVHOIVWHHULQJWHDPVKDVUHJDLQHGSRSXODULW\ LQPDQDJHPHQWGLVFRXUVHDQGLQWKHSXEOLFGHEDWH+RZHYHUFRQVHQVXVLVODFNLQJ RQDVKDUHGGHILQLWLRQDQGKRZWRLPSOHPHQWVHOIVWHHULQJLQSUDFWLFHDQGWKHUROH RISRZHULVUDWKHULJQRUHG,QDFRPSDUDWLYHFDVHVWXG\RIWKUHHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG DORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIRQHRIWKHVHRUJDQL]DWLRQVZHFRQWULEXWHWRLPSURYLQJWKH FRQFHSWRIµVHOI¶VWHHULQJE\DQDO\]LQJWKHUROHRISRZHUZLWKLQVHOIVWHHULQJ 7KHGLVFXVVLRQRQVHOIVWHHULQJFRPHVIURPDORQJWUDGLWLRQ$OUHDG\LQWKHV H[SHULPHQWVZHUHGRQHZLWKDXWRQRPRXVJURXSV&RRQH\2UJDQL]DWLRQDO GHVLJQXVLQJVXFKJURXSVEHFDPHVXEMHFWRIWKHVRFLRWHFKQLFDOV\VWHPVDSSURDFK $WWKHLQGLYLGXDOOHYHOIRFXVZDVRQMREHQULFKPHQWLQRUGHUWRHQODUJHPRWLYDWLRQ DQG SURGXFWLYLW\ RI HPSOR\HHV 9RXJK DQG 3DUNHU  ,Q WKH V VHOI PDQDJHPHQW DQG VHOIOHDGHUVKLS ZHUH LQWURGXFHG DV FRQFHSWV RI KRZ SHRSOH PDQDJHDQGOHDGWKHPVHOYHV6WHZDUWHWDO,QWKHVHPSRZHUPHQW JDLQHGLQWHUHVWDVPDQDJHPHQWVWUDWHJ\WRVWLPXODWHHPSOR\HHVWREHFRPHPRUH SURDFWLYHDQGHIIHFWLYH&RRQH\

([WHQVLYHOLWHUDWXUHRQWKHRXWFRPHVRIHPSRZHUPHQWSURYLGHHYLGHQFHWKDWLWLV SRVLWLYHO\ UHODWHG WR MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FRPPLWPHQW DQG SHUIRUPDQFHDQGQHJDWLYHO\WRVWUDLQDQGWXUQRYHU6HLEHUWHWDO0D\QDUG HWDO7KHVHEHKDYLRUDODQGPRWLYDWLRQDOHIIHFWVDUHQRWWKHRQO\UHDVRQIRU WKHFXUUHQWSRSXODULW\RIHPSRZHULQJPDQDJHPHQWFRQFHSWVVXFKDVVHOIVWHHULQJ %\LGHQWLI\LQJWKHPVHOYHVZLWKSRSXODUPDQDJHPHQWFRQFHSWVRUJDQL]DWLRQVJDLQ OHJLWLPDF\DQGFXOWXUDOVXSSRUWZKLFKLPSURYHVWKHLUH[WHUQDOUHSXWDWLRQHYHQ ZKHQ WKHVH FRQFHSWV DUH QRW DFWXDOO\ LPSOHPHQWHG 6WDZ DQG (SVWHLQ  +RZHYHURQO\VWRU\WHOOLQJDERXWVHOIVWHHULQJLVQRWZLWKRXWULVNQRWPHHWLQJ FUHDWHGH[SHFWDWLRQVRIVKDULQJSRZHULVDQLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQIRUHPSRZHUPHQW SURJUDPVWRIDLO+DUG\DQG/HLED2¶6XOOLYDQ+DUOH\



DQGLQFUHDVHSURGXFWLYLW\7KRPDVDQG9HOWKRXVH%DUWXQHNDQG6SUHLW]HU  7KLV UHVXOWHG LQ WKH FRQFHSW RI SV\FKRORJLFDO HPSRZHUPHQW ZKLFK GRPLQDWHVWKHHPSRZHUPHQWGHEDWHPsychological empowermentLVDQLQWULQVLF PRWLYDWLRQUHIOHFWLQJDVHQVHRIFRQWUROLQUHODWLRQWRRQH¶VZRUNDQGDQDFWLYH RULHQWDWLRQWRRQH¶VZRUNUROH,WLVPDQLIHVWHGLQIRXUFRJQLWLRQV7KRPDVDQG 9HOWKRXVHmeaningWKHDOLJQPHQWEHWZHHQWKHGHPDQGVRIWKHZRUNUROH DQG RQH¶V RZQ EHOLHIV YDOXHV DQG VWDQGDUGV competence WKH EHOLHI LQ RQH¶V FDSDELOLW\WRVXFFHVVIXOO\SHUIRUPZRUNDFWLYLWLHVself-determinationDVHQVHRI FKRLFHFRQFHUQLQJWKHLQLWLDWLRQRUUHJXODWLRQRIRQH¶VDFWLRQVDQGimpactWKH EHOLHIWKDWRQHFDQLQIOXHQFHVWUDWHJLFDGPLQLVWUDWLYHRURSHUDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHVDQG RXWFRPHVLQRQH¶VZRUNXQLW

)RU VWXG\LQJ WKH PXFK QHJOHFWHG UROH RI SRZHU ZLWKLQ HPSRZHUPHQW ZH XVH GLIIHUHQWSRZHUDSSURDFKHV:HH[SODLQWKHPE\SRVLWLRQLQJWKHPZLWKKLQGVLJKW ZLWKLQWKHPRGHORI&OHJJWKDWVKRZVKRZSRZHUZRUNVLQRUJDQL]DWLRQV WKURXJKWKUHHFRQQHFWHGSRZHUFLUFXLWV

x 7KH(SLVRGLFFLUFXLWLVZKHUHVRFLDOUHODWLRQVLQFOXGLQJSRZHUUHODWLRQV DUHVLWXDWHG,QDSRZHUUHODWLRQWKHPRUHSRZHUIXOKDVPRUHLQIOXHQFH RQ WKH EHKDYLRU RI WKH OHVVSRZHUIXO WKDQ UHYHUVH the relational approach 3IHIIHU  0XOGHU  7KH DJHQWV LQ WKH SRZHU UHODWLRQV DUH PRWLYDWHG WR XVH SRZHU VRXUFHV WKH\ FRQWURO OHJLWLPDWH SRZHU H[SHUW SRZHU VDQFWLRQ SRZHU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ SRZHU the power sources approach )UHQFK DQG 5DYHQ  0XOGHU  DQG WR UHGXFH RU LQFUHDVH SRZHU GLVWDQFHV 0XOGHU  +RIVWHGH  ZKLFKLVLQIOXHQFHGE\WKHZD\WKH\HYDOXDWHWKHPVHOYHVDVZHOODVWKH DJHQWV WKH\ UHODWH WR the motivational approach 0XOGHU  )RU VHOIVWHHULQJ WKH QRQSRZHU UHODWLRQ UHFLSURFDO RSHQ FRQVXOWDWLRQ VHHPVLPSRUWDQWDVLWLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSLQZKLFKHYHU\RQHLQFOXGLQJWKH RQHZKRLVRWKHUZLVHPRUHSRZHUIXOLVSUHSDUHGWREHSHUVXDGHGE\JRRG DUJXPHQWV RIWKH RWKHUV 7KLV UHODWLRQVKLS LV RQO\SRVVLEOH LIWKH RWKHU SRZHUVRXUFHVDUHQRWWRRXQHYHQO\GLVWULEXWHG0XOGHU x 7KH'LVSRVLWLRQDOFLUFXLWRISRZHULVZKHUHVRFLDOLQWHJUDWLRQWDNHVSODFH



6WDZHWDO%RLQDQGµW+DUW'UDEHNDQG0F(QWLUH 7KLV ZRXOG LPSO\ WKDW GHFHQWUDOL]HG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FRQFHSWV DV VHOI VWHHULQJDUHYXOQHUDEOHGXULQJVXFKVLWXDWLRQV

x 7KH )DFLOLWDWLYH FLUFXLW UHSUHVHQWV WKH FKDQJH LQQRYDWLRQ RI WKH WHFKQLTXHVRISURGXFWLRQDQGRIH[HUFLVLQJSRZHU+HUHDUHWKHVWUXFWXUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ FUHDWHG LQFOXGLQJ WKH OHYHO RI VWUXFWXUDOHPSRZHUPHQWRUJDQL]DWLRQDOGHVLJQVXSSRUWLQJRUUHVWULFWLQJ GLVWULEXWLRQ RI DXWKRULW\ DQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQG WKH VWUXFWXUHV RI RZQHUVKLS



8VLQJWKLVDSSURDFKWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQVDUHDQVZHUHG

4 :KDW DVSHFWV RI VWUXFWXUDO HPSRZHUPHQW DUH GHWHUPHQW IRU WKH GLVWULEXWLRQRIDXWKRULW\DQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\"

 WKURXJKWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG/LQNHG,QDERXWJHQGHURZQHUVKLSDQGVHQLRULW\ DQGWKHODWWHULVFRPSRVHGRIDJH\HDUVLQWKHFRPSDQLHVDQG\HDUVRIZRUNLQJ H[SHULHQFH7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHKDGDUHVSRQVHRIXSWR7KHVXUYH\GDWD DUHDQDO\]HGXVLQJ6366DQG$026:HLQWHUYLHZHGLQ3$57DQG1(;7 PHPEHUV ZLWKDYDULHW\RIUROHV,QWHUYLHZHHVLQWKHVHWZRRUJDQL]DWLRQVZHUH DQG,Q62/9ZHGLGQRWGRLQWHUYLHZVEXWXVHWKHGDWDFROOHFWHGIRU 6LQWHXU)RUWUDFLQJWKHFDUHHUVRIRIWKHIRUPHUHPSOR\HHVRIWKHFDVH LQRXUORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\ZHXVHG/LQNHG,Q &RPSDULQJWKUHHRUJDQL]DWLRQV±EDVHGRQGRFXPHQWVZHEVLWHVDQGLQWHUYLHZ GDWDVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHQH[WDVSHFWVRIVWUXFWXUDOHPSRZHUPHQWDUHFUXFLDOIRU GLVWULEXWLQJDXWKRULW\DQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\4



KLGHSRZHUGLIIHUHQFHV,Q3$57ZLWKKDUGO\DQ\VWUXFWXUDOHPSRZHUPHQWWKH SRZHU GLVWDQFH LV ODUJHU WKDQ LQ WKH RWKHU WZR FRPSDQLHV $OVR LQ LQWHUYLHZV RUJDQL]DWLRQ PHPEHUV RI 3$57 GR UHSRUW SRZHU XVH SDUDOOHO WR D VWURQJ DGKHUHQFH WR WKH HPSRZHUPHQW VWRU\ $W WKH VDPH WLPH WKH\ VHHP QRW DOZD\V DZDUHRIWKHODUJHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQWKHVWRU\DQGWKHUHDOLW\RISRZHUXVH 7KHFRPSDULVRQRIFDVHVVKRZVDWWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQOHYHOWKDWWKHOHYHORIVWUXFWXUDO HPSRZHUPHQW DQG SRZHU GLVWDQFH DUH UHODWHG WR SV\FKRORJLFDO HPSRZHUPHQW 4PRUHVSHFLILFDOO\ORZHUSRZHUGLVWDQFHVJRWRJHWKHUZLWKDKLJKHUVFRUHRQ WKHLQIOXHQFHIHOWRQWKHZRUNXQLWimpactDQGZLWKDKLJKHUVFRUHRQLQIOXHQFH RQRQH¶VRZQZRUNself-determination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





1(;7 HSLVRGLF FLUFXLW HPSOR\HHV UHVLVWHG DQG RIIHUHG WR EX\ WKH FRPSDQ\ WKHPVHOYHV WKH DOWHUQDWLYH EHLQJ WKHLU FROOHFWLYH UHVLJQDWLRQ $IWHU D ORQJ DQG GLIILFXOWSURFHVVWKHRZQHUDFFHSWHGWKHVWRU\DVFKDQJHGE\WKHPHPEHUV±³ZH DOODUHRZQHUV´,Q1(;7EHFDPHLQGHSHQGHQWDJDLQZLWKHPSOR\HHV RIZKLFKDUHRZQHU7KHSULFHWKH\SDLGIRUWKHFRPSDQ\ZDVHDUQHGEDFN ZLWKLQWZR\HDUV

$GHWDLOHGVWXG\RIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI1(;7VKRZVWKDWQRWRQO\NQRZOHGJHDQG VNLOOV ZHUH D SRZHU VRXUFH H[SHUW SRZHU EXW DOVR D VKDUHG LGHQWLW\ LGHQWLILFDWLRQSRZHU,Q62/9WKHOHVVSRZHUIXOVDZWKHPVHOYHVEHLQJLQWKH VDPH JURXS DV WKH RZQHUV DQG WKHUHIRUH FRXOG QRW HYHQ WKLQN RI FROOHFWLYH UHVLVWDQFH,QWKH1(;7FDVHWKHQHZµWUDGLWLRQDO¶FRPSDQ\DQGLWVPDQDJHPHQW ZDV VHHQ DV WKH µRWKHUV¶ ZKHUHDV WKH 1(;7 HPSOR\HHV VKDUHG D VHOIVWHHULQJ LGHRORJ\GLVSRVLWLRQDOFLUFXLW7KLVGLIIHUHQWLGHQWLW\DOVRPDGHFROOHFWLYHDFWLRQ HDVLHU ,Q WKH HPSOR\HH EX\RXW DQ H[SOLFLW FKRLFH ZDV PDGH IRU GLVWULEXWHG RZQHUVKLSZKHUHOHVVSRZHUIXOKDYHDYRLFHLQLPSRUWDQWGHFLVLRQVLQQRYDWLRQ LQIDFLOLWDWLYHFLUFXLW:LWKWKLVLQQRYDWLRQWKHVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D GLVWULEXWHG OHJDO DQG RZQHUVKLS VWUXFWXUH GLVWULEXWHG GHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGDQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOGHVLJQVXSSRUWLQJGLVWULEXWLRQRIDXWKRULW\ DQGUHVSRQVLELOLW\VWUXFWXUDOHPSRZHUPHQWLVHPEHGGHGLQWKHHSLVRGLFFLUFXLW 7KLVLQQRYDWLRQLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHGRPLQDQWVWRU\GLVSRVLWLRQDOFLUFXLW7KLV HQDEOHVUHFLSURFDORSHQFRQVXOWDWLRQDQGHQDEOHVRUJDQL]DWLRQPHPEHUVRI1(;7 WRVWDELOL]HWKHVHOIVWHHULQJPRGHOEHFDXVHSRVVLELOLWLHVWRFRQWURODQGLQIOXHQFH SDVVDJHVEHWZHHQWKHFLUFXLWVUHPDLQGLVWULEXWHG

&RQFOXGLQJ ZLWKRXW DFWXDO GLVWULEXWLRQ RI DXWKRULW\ DQG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ GHFHQWUDOL]HGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFRQFHSWVDVVHOIVWHHULQJDUHYXOQHUDEOHHVSHFLDOO\ LQFULVLVVLWXDWLRQV,QWKHORQJWHUPSV\FKRORJLFDOHPSRZHUPHQWDQGLWVUHODWHG EHKDYLRUDODQGPRWLYDWLRQDOHIIHFWVPD\QRWEHVXVWDLQDEOHZLWKRXWDKLJKOHYHO RIVWUXFWXUDOHPSRZHUPHQWLQFOXGLQJGLVWULEXWHGRZQHUVKLS

2XU WKHRUHWLFDO FRQWULEXWLRQ LV WKDW ZH KDYH FODULILHG WKH FRQFHSW RI VWUXFWXUDO HPSRZHUPHQWDVGHILQHGE\6HLEHUWHWDO:HKDYHDOVRVKRZQWKDWLQ WHUPV RI WKLV GHILQLWLRQ UDGLFDO VWUXFWXUDO HPSRZHUPHQW LV SRVVLEOH $OVR ZH VKRZHGWKDWWKHIRXUGLPHQVLRQVRISV\FKRORJLFDOHPSRZHUPHQWVKRXOGEHWUHDWHG DV IRXU VHSDUDWH GLPHQVLRQV ZKLFK DUH GLIIHUHQWO\ LQIOXHQFHG E\ SRZHU GLIIHUHQFHVDQGSRZHUXVH)LQDOO\FRPELQLQJVHYHUDOFRQFHSWVRISRZHUKHOSV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ SRZHU DQG HPSRZHUPHQW 7KH µ&LUFXLWV RI 3RZHU¶ DSSURDFK &OHJJ  VXSSRUWV RXUFRQFOXVLRQWKDW IRUSV\FKRORJLFDO HPSRZHUPHQWDWOHDVWVRPHVWUXFWXUDOHPSRZHUPHQWLVQHHGHG