The phonology of Shaoxing Chinese
Zhang, J.Citation
Zhang, J. (2006, January 31). The phonology of Shaoxing Chinese. LOT dissertation series. LOT, Utrecht. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4279
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Cover illustration: A mural painting of Emperor Gou Jian of the Yue Kingdom (497-465 B.C.) (present-day Shaoxing). The photo was taken by Xiaonan Zhang in Shaoxing.
ISBN 90-76864-90-X NUR 632
The Phonology of Shaoxing Chinese
PROEFSCHRIFT
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. D.D. Breimer,
hoogleraar in de faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op dinsdag 31 januari 2006 klokke 15.15 uur
door
J
ISHENG
Z
HANG
Promotiecommissie
promotor: prof. dr. V.J.J.P. van Heuven co-promotor: dr. J.M. van de Weijer
referent: prof. dr. M. Yip (University College London) overige leden: prof. dr. C.J. Ewen
Contents
Acknowledgements ... xi 1 Background...1 1.1 Introduction ...1 1.2 Methodology ...3 1.3 Syllable Theory ...4 1.3.1 Onset-Rhyme models ...51.3.2 Dependency and Government Phonology...6
1.3.3 Moraic models...8 1.4 Tone Theory ...9 1.4.1 Tone features...10 1.4.2 Register features...12 1.5 Data ...15 1.6 Organization ...15
viii CONTENTS 2.3.5.1 GV...61 2.3.5.2 VV...64 2.3.5.3 VC ...67 2.3.5.4 GVC ...68 2.4 Phonemic [/] in SX ...70 2.5 Summary ...72
3 The Underlying Vowel Inventory of Shaoxing 73 3.1 Introduction ... 73
3.2 The Arrangement of Surface Vowels... 73
3.3 The Vowel Phonemes of Shaoxing ... 75
3.3.1 High front vowels... 76
3.3.1.1 Distribution of high front vowels...77
3.3.1.2 Segment merger ...80
3.3.1.3 Phonemic /i/ ...82
3.3.2 The high back vowel ...82
3.3.3 Mid vowels...84 3.3.3.1 Introduction...84 3.3.3.2 Major-feature constraints ...85 3.3.3.3 Tense vs ATR...87 3.3.3.4 OT analysis ...91 3.3.3.5 Phonological motivation ...92 3.3.3.6 Schwa in Shaoxing...95 3.3.4 Low vowels ...99
3.3.5 The distribution of glides ...105
3.3.5.1 What is a glide?...105
3.3.5.2 Glides in Shaoxing ...106
3.4 The Six-vowel System ... 109
3.4.1 Stress ... 110
3.4.2 Tenseness ... 111
3.5 Summary ... 111
4 The Syllable Structure of Shaoxing 113 4.1 Introduction ... 113
4.2 The Syllable Types of Shaoxing ... 116
4.3 The Internal Syllable Structure ... 120
4.3.1 Onset clusters ... 121
4.3.2 Secondary articulation... 128
CONTENTS ix
4.3.4 Head of the Final... 137
4.3.5 Other options within OR theory ... 140
4.3.6 A syntactic approach ... 141
4.4 The Coda in Shaoxing ... 147
4.4.1 Previous argumentations for different dialects... 148
4.4.2 Debuccalization in SX... 149
4.4.3 Nasal debuccalization... 152
4.5 Syllable Weight ... 155
4.5.1 Weight-irrelevance of CG ... 155
4.5.2 The weight domain in SX... 157
4.6 Phonotactics ... 160
4.6.1 Simplicity of segment sequences in SX ... 160
4.6.2 Distribution of the Initials and the Finals... 161
5 The Tonal System of Shaoxing 177
5.1 Introduction ... 177
5.2 Traditional Tone Representations ... 178
5.3 Specification for Tones ... 180
5.4 The Geometry of Tone ... 185
5.4.1 Snider’s proposal... 185
5.4.2 Yip’s proposal ... 187
5.4.3 Bao’s proposal... 188
5.4.4 Register feature spreading... 190
5.5 The TBU in SX ... 191
5.6 The Tone Inventory of SX ... 194
5.7 Consonant-tone Correlation ... 197 5.7.1 Allotones?... 198 5.7.2 Allophones?... 202 5.7.3 Voiced/L in tonogenesis?... 203 5.8 Tone Sandhi... 210 5.8.1 Contour dissimilation ... 211 5.8.2 Contour simplification... 213 5.8.3 Contour formation... 218 5.8.4 Default tone... 220 5.8.5 Reduplication ... 222
5.8.6 Tone sandhi in trisyllables... 225
5.9 The Stress-foot as Sandhi Domain ... 229
5.9.1 Right-prominent in SX... 230
x CONTENTS
5.10 An OT Approach to Tone Sandhi ... 241
5.10.1 Identical contours ... 243
5.10.2 Identical level tones... 245
5.10.3 Different contours ... 247
5.10.4 Combination of a contour and a low tone ... 250
5.10.5 Combination of a low tone and a contour ... 252
5.10.6 The ru tone in tone sandhi... 253
5.11 Summary ... 256
6 Conclusion 257 6.1 Summary ... 257
6.2 Main Conclusions... 257
6.2.1 The vowel and consonant inventory... 257
6.2.2 Syllable structure... 258
6.2.3 Consonant-tone correlation ... 259
6.2.4 Tone sandhi rules ... 260
6.3 Further Study... 261 Appendix I...263 Appendix II ...265 Appendix III ...267 References ...269 Summary ...285
Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch)...287
概要 (Summary in Chinese)...289
Curriculum Vitae...291
Index of Authors...293
Index of Languages ...297
Acknowledgements
Writing this thesis was my life-long ambition, but would never have been accomplished and brought to a favourable conclusion without the help of those to whom I would express my heart-felt thanks.
Leiden regulations forbid me to thank the members of my doctoral committee for their guidance and encouragement from the initial to the final stages of this work and for their critical reading of the manuscript, detailed and extensive comments and instructive and valuable advice.
Prof. Iggy Roca has been an influential scholar in my phonological studies. My visit to him in Colchester in 2003 benefited me a lot, as a result of his profound knowledge and his insightful opinions about phonological theories. Prof. Wang Futang, an expert at dialectology in Beijing University, China, and also a Shaoxing native, helped me through his letters to me, discussing the phonetics of the onset consonants in Shaoxing.
I have profited greatly from discussions in the ULCL phonology group, held every week, which provided everyone with the opportunity to freely and extensively exchange phonological ideas and learn from each other.
I wish to thank also all my colleagues in LUCL (previously ULCL), not only in the phonological and phonetic circles, but also in syntax. Talks with everyone during my stay in Leiden have enriched my linguistic knowledge. Besides, their friendly and considerate help, and good humour, always made me feel at home.
Although I am a native speaker of Shaoxing myself, I have also learned great deal from my family members in Shaoxing and neighbours who helped with data that I could record and collect. I thank them for allowing me to consult them.
My PhD study in Leiden University was privately funded, for which I feel deeply indebted to my family, my wife and my son, who fully understand me and who have given me enormous support during these years.
Many thanks should go to my friends at home and abroad whose constant care and concern helped me to go through these years.
