Zhang, J.
Citation
Zhang, J. (2006, January 31). The phonology of Shaoxing Chinese. LOT dissertation series. LOT, Utrecht. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4279
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License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in theInstitutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4279
abduction, 205
78, 79, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 110, 111, 114, 119, 120, 121, 129, 139, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 183, 197 foot domain, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 242, 248, 251, 253, 255, 256, 260 formant, 55, 90 fricatives, 28, 53, 54, 55, 56, 117, 164, 197, 200, 201, 202 fronting, 90, 91, 92 frontness, 85, 122 full-tone syllables, 32, 48, 59, 117, 118, 119, 132, 159, 203, 207 fusion, 125 geminates, 8 gemination, 59, 119, 154, 155 geomery structure, 13, 186, 220 glides, 16, 22, 25, 33, 49, 53, 61, 62, 63, 65, 68, 83, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 155, 157, 161, 170, 202, 203, 257, 259 Glottal Aperture, 13
165, 178, 180, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 256, 257, 259, 260 input, 4, 18, 27, 28, 76, 96, 102, 103, 126, 152, 208, 209, 215, 218, 237, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 253, 254 International Phonetic Alphabet,
15, 169 intrasegmental, 6 intuition, 15, 43, 163 LAB, 152, 153 labialization, 134 laminal, 77 laryngeal features, 12, 13, 32, 49, 181, 204, 205, 208 laryngealized vowels, 149 larynx, 78 laterals, 34, 35, 44, 45, 51, 57, 107, 114, 133, 165, 174 lax, 88, 111, 157, 204 length, 47, 75, 88, 99, 100, 129, 131, 149, 157, 158, 160 lengthening, 94, 229 lenition, 152 level tones, 10, 11, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 192, 194, 196, 197, 213, 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 242, 245, 246, 250, 253 levels, 6, 10, 87, 88, 113, 142, 143, 160, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 187, 258 intermediate level, 235 lexical, 10, 11, 23, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 59, 62, 69, 70, 71, 94, 110, 117, 118, 119, 159, 160, 162, 177, 190, 194, 203, 211, 212, 220, 221, 222, 225, 231, 232, 233, 238, 239, 241, 242, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 255, 261 lexicology, 2 liaison, 59, 117, 118, 119, 154, 209 licensing, 7 licensing principles, 7 liquids, 44, 45, 50 loanwords, 4, 27, 28, 125, 126, 127, 139, 259 manner features, 78 markedness, 152, 242, 243 markedness theory, 152 MAX-IO, 125, 126, 127, 152, 153 medial glides, 112, 122, 123, 130, 131, 134, 139, 140, 146, 174 merger, 80, 104, 199, 210, 259 metrical, 16, 178, 218, 222, 224, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 252, 256 metrical mechanism, 16 metrical structure, 178, 218, 222, 224, 230, 232, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 252, 256 minimal pairs, 20, 23, 70, 80, 107, 133, 154, 168
mora, 5, 8, 11, 46, 49, 70, 99, 127, 155, 157, 158, 178, 191, 192, 193, 194, 230 moraic theory, 8, 157 moraicity, 8, 9, 11, 47, 48, 49, 70, 79, 99, 104, 119, 127, 128, 152, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 192, 193, 218, 230 moras, 110, 146, 157, 158, 160, 192, 194, 221, 230, 234 morphemes, 93 morphological structure, 160 morphology, 6 morphophonological, 47, 90, 221 narrow approximation, 28 narrow transcription, 15 nasal, 15, 32, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 83, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101, 104, 119, 134, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 158, 166, 201, 209 nasality, 86, 93, 151, 152, 154, 155, 159 nasalization, 44, 52, 58, 60, 61, 75, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 148, 151, 152, 154, 155 neutral tone, 47, 187, 192, 218 neutralization, 80, 81 non-moraic, 8, 9, 11, 50, 64, 129, 131, 156, 157 nuclei, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 17, 45, 49, 54, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 78, 83, 84, 103, 107, 120, 122, 127, 128, 135, 137, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 152, 153, 157, 158, 161, 162, 174, 191, 192, 261
rules, 16, 34, 62, 69, 72, 76, 80, 82, 98, 111, 115, 122, 162, 163, 180, 200, 210, 211, 217, 220, 221, 236, 240, 241, 242, 246, 252, 257, 258, 260, 261 sandhi, 14, 16, 178, 203, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 218, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 261 schwa, 45, 65, 89, 95, 96, 97, 110 secondary articulation, 115, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 segmental phonology, 3 segments, 3, 10, 13, 14, 25, 26, 28, 34, 38, 65, 69, 70, 73, 85, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 113, 122, 124, 128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 140, 141, 146, 148, 154, 157, 161, 172, 174, 177, 181, 191, 221, 258 shortening, 103 sibilants, 56, 77, 78, 82 simplification, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 250 sonorant, 15, 18, 32, 35, 44, 45, 48, 51, 148, 152, 159, 208, 259 sonority, 6, 9, 80, 113, 128, 161 sonority hierarchy, 128 sonority peak, 6, 113 sonority scale, 80
sonority sequencing principle, 6, 54, 115, 161 SPE, 4, 56, 83, 84, 90, 93, 105, 106, 114, 115, 152 specifications, 90, 93, 111, 154, 159, 183, 195 specifiers, 4, 16, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 155, 161, 259 spectral tilt, 160 speech errors, 123, 124, 140, 147 spelling, 122 spreading, 14, 16, 60, 78, 83, 85, 86, 93, 94, 108, 125, 151, 178, 189, 190, 210, 212, 219, 225, 227, 228, 229, 237, 238, 252, 256, 260 stems, 226, 248 stops, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 29, 43, 71, 107, 133, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 159, 168, 170, 174, 180, 205, 206 stress, 46, 47, 48, 50, 110, 114, 155, 156, 159, 160, 177, 178, 217, 221, 224, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241, 248, 251, 253, 254, 256, 260 stress foot, 178, 221, 230, 233, 238, 239, 241, 256, 260 stress languages, 46, 160, 229 stress placement, 177
syllabicity, 44, 45
Syllable Contact Law, 161 syllable fusion, 124, 125 syllable node, 8, 9, 138, 140, 146 syllable structure, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 16, 17, 25, 38, 46, 47, 50, 60, 63, 64, 70, 71, 72, 78, 80, 85, 90, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 109, 110, 111, 115, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 155, 157, 158, 161, 185, 192, 197, 207, 210, 218, 241, 253, 255, 257, 258, 259 closed syllable, 60, 76 moraic syllable structure, 47,
48, 50, 59, 65, 70, 71, 100, 110, 118, 119, 120, 121, 125, 129, 130, 132, 137, 158, 160, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261 ping, 71, 178, 179, 188, 195, 196, 207, 234 qu, 71, 178, 179, 180, 195, 196, 197, 207, 234 ru, 71, 149, 178, 179, 180, 195, 196, 197, 207, 218, 221, 227, 234, 235, 236, 240, 242, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260 shang, 71, 178, 179, 180, 195, 196, 207, 234 yang, 19, 20, 149, 178, 179, 180, 184, 196, 197 yin, 19, 20, 149, 178, 179, 180, 184, 188, 194, 196, 197 tone bearing units, 11, 13, 47, 60,
100, 119, 128, 137, 138, 139, 185, 186, 191 tone features, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 70, 132, 158, 178, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 193, 194, 196, 197, 210, 211, 212, 215, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 234, 235, 236, 237, 246, 252, 256, 260 tone languages, 9, 11, 46, 160, 177, 178, 185, 187, 211, 229, 241, 260, 261 tone pitch, 4, 10, 46, 70, 158, 179, 182, 183, 184, 194, 195, 196, 197, 210, 234, 235, 260 tone register, 3, 12, 21, 24, 202 tone sandhi, 4, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 178, 181, 182, 189, 190, 192, 203, 210, 211, 216, 218, 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261 tone-bearing unit, 11, 13, 184, 187 toneme, 210 tonogenesis, 16, 19, 21, 180, 203, 204, 205, 206 tonology, 71 tree, 17, 29, 57, 76, 137, 140, 155 trimoraic, 156 triphthongs, 63, 64 trochaic, 231, 239, 250 trochees, 229 typology, 147
underspecification, 63, 79, 100 unspecified, 90, 91, 92, 157, 208 unstressed syllables, 46, 47, 59, 110, 119, 156, 159, 191, 192, 220, 221, 229, 249 vocal cords, 12, 24, 48, 181, 204, 206 vocal folds, 48, 205 vocalic, 62, 123, 124, 148, 157 vocoid, 50
voice onset time, 24 voice quality, 12 voiced, 2, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 38, 48, 117, 125, 137, 178, 180, 181, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 256, 257, 259 Voiced-L, 32, 125 voiceless, 2, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 78, 117, 125, 150, 178, 180, 181, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 256, 258, 259 Voiceless-H, 32, 125 voicelessness, 12, 198 vowel harmony, 111 vowel height, 87 vowel length, 79 vowel quality, 62, 63, 65, 87, 90, 94 vowel reduction, 160 vowel sequences, 48 vowel system, 63, 67, 73, 74, 75, 85, 87, 100, 109, 110, 111, 112, 257, 258 vowels ATR vowel, 88, 89 back vowels, 52, 73, 74, 76, 82, 84, 87, 88, 104 central vowels, 73, 74, 84, 90 front vowels, 52, 57, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 87, 90, 94, 104, 165, 166, 169, 203 high vowel, 30, 33, 53, 73, 74, 76, 86, 104, 105, 106, 109, 131, 166 lax vowels, 88 long vowels, 5, 8, 9, 48, 69, 79, 104, 157, 163, 230, 231 low vowels, 74, 76, 86, 98, 99, 104, 109, 131 mid vowels, 76, 84, 85, 86, 95, 97, 99, 109 nasal vowels, 15, 59, 60, 61, 154 tense vowels, 88, 114, 158 weak syllable, 158, 238, 255 weight, 8, 9, 46, 47, 79, 99, 110, 111, 119, 128, 131, 138, 143, 146, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 192, 193, 259 Weight to Stress Principle, 47,
