INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK
ON CHILD PARTICIPATION IN FAMILY LAW
European Family Law Series
Published by the Organising Committee of the Commission on European Family Law
Prof. Katharina Boele-Woelki (Utrecht) Prof. Frédérique Ferrand (Lyon)
Prof. Cristina González Beilfuss (Barcelona) Prof. Maarit Jänterä-Jareborg (Uppsala) Prof. Nigel Lowe (Cardiff )
Prof. Dieter Martiny (Frankfurt/Oder)
Prof. Velina Todorova (Plovdiv)
INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK ON CHILD PARTICIPATION
IN FAMILY LAW
Edited by Wendy Schrama Marilyn Freeman
Nicola Taylor Mari ë lle Bruning
Cambridge – Antwerp – Chicago
Intersentia Ltd 8 Wellington Mews
Wellington Street | Cambridge CB1 1HW | United Kingdom Tel: +44 1223 736 170 Email: mail@intersentia.co.uk
www.intersentia.com | www.intersentia.co.uk
Distribution for the UK and
Rest of the World (incl. Eastern Europe) NBN International
1 Deltic Avenue, Rooksley Milton Keynes MK13 8LD United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1752 202 301 | Fax: +44 1752 202 331 Email: orders@nbninternational.com Distribution for Europe
Lefebvre Sarrut Belgium NV Hoogstraat 139/6
1000 Brussels Belgium
Tel: +32 (0)800 39 067 Email: mail@intersentia.be Distribution for the USA and Canada Independent Publishers Group Order Department
814 North Franklin Street Chicago, IL 60610 USA
Tel: +1 800 888 4741 (toll free) | Fax: +1 312 337 5985 Email: orders@ipgbook.com
International Handbook on Child Participation in Family Law
© Th e editors and contributors severally 2021
Th e editors and contributors have asserted the right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identifi ed as authors of this work.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from Intersentia, or as expressly permitted by law or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction which may not be covered by the above should be addressed to Intersentia at the address above.
ISBN 978-1-83970-056-9 D/2021/7849/62
NUR 822
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Intersentia
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Th e idea for this Handbook grew out of a collaboration between the four co-editors when we met in London in March 2017, and then in Leiden in October 2017. We agreed to develop an international comparative project based on our shared research interest in child participation in family law contexts. Th e result of our initiative is this Handbook which includes 17 country chapters, preceded by several chapters on pedagogical and psychological perspectives, human and children ’ s rights standards and private international law in the context of child participation, and which culminates in a comparative analysis chapter. It has become clear that children are now taken more seriously in family law proceedings, but more work is still necessary to fully respect children ’ s right to participate in these contexts.
We would like to express our gratitude in the context of writing this Handbook. First of all, this Handbook was made possible through the support of Intersentia Ltd in response to our project proposal. We would particularly like to thank Ann-Christin Maak-Scherpe, Publisher and General Manager, and Rebecca Moff at, Editor, for their invaluable expertise and collegiality.
We also wish to express our sincere appreciation to all the child and family law experts who contributed to the Handbook. Th ey willingly shared their knowledge and experience of the ways in which children ’ s participation rights are given eff ect globally or in family law proceedings in their specifi c jurisdictions.
We are most grateful to Charlotte Mol for her comparative analysis chapter, as it was a complex task to thematise the diverse range of information provided in the 17 national perspectives chapters.
We would also like to thank the Organising Committee of the Commission on European Family Law (CEFL) for accepting this Handbook into the European Family Law Series.
Finally, we would like to thank our universities for their support as we undertook this project: Utrecht University, University of Westminster, University of Otago and Leiden University.
We hope that our Handbook inspires all those who are interested in child
participation in the family justice system. In addition, we would like to think
that the handbook stimulates further refl ection about how best to embed
children ’ s right to participation in family law contexts and to initiate more
research on this important topic.
Intersentia
vii
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements . . . v
List of Cases . . . .xi
List of Contributors . . . .xix
Introduction to the International Handbook Nicola Taylor, Marilyn Freeman, Mariëlle Bruning and Wendy Schrama . . . 1
1. Introduction . . . 1
2. United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child . . . 3
3. Structure of the Handbook . . . 4
4. Part I: Child Participation – An Evaluative Framework . . . 4
5. Part II: Private International Law . . . 7
6. Part III: National Perspectives . . . 8
7. Part IV: Comparative Analysis . . . 8
8. Conclusion . . . 10
PART I. CHILD PARTICIPATION: AN EVALUATIVE FRAMEWORK Child Participation in International and Regional Human Rights Instruments Mariëlle Bruning and Charlotte Mol . . . 13
1. Introduction . . . 13
2. Th e Six International and Regional Instruments . . . 15
3. Types of Proceedings . . . 19
4. Forms of Participation . . . 21
5. Conditions for Participation . . . 28
6. Location of Participation and Method of Communication . . . 33
7. Information and Feedback . . . 36
8. Conclusions . . . 39
Intersentia Contents
viii
Child Participation in Family Law Proceedings: Pedagogical Insights on Why and How to Involve Children
Daisy J.H. Smeets and Stephanie Rap . . . 41
1. Introduction . . . 41
2. Brief Historical Perspective on Childhood and Child Participation . . . 44
3. Th eoretical Perspectives on Child Participation . . . 47
4. Th e Role of Children in Family Law Proceedings . . . 50
5. Conditions for Eff ective Child Participation . . . 58
6. Conclusions . . . 65
PART II. CHILD PARTICIPATION IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW Th e Hague Conventions and EU Instruments in Private International Law Th alia Kruger and Francesca Maoli . . . 69
1. Introduction . . . 69
2. Child Protection . . . 70
3. Maintenance . . . 83
4. Conclusion . . . 85
PART III. NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Australia Felicity Bell, Judy Cashmore and Joe Harman . . . 89
Belgium Ingrid Boone, Charlotte Declerck and Eva Vertommen . . . 103
Canada Rachel Birnbaum and Nicholas Bala . . . 121
China Ningning Zhao . . . 133
Croatia Branka Rešetar and Nataša Lucić . . . 143
Denmark
Christina G. Jeppesen de Boer and Annette Kronborg . . . 157
Intersentia
ix
Contents
England and Wales
Marilyn Freeman and Nigel Lowe . . . 171
Germany Nina Dethloff and Daniela Schröder . . . 185
Israel Rhona Schuz and Tamar Morag . . . 205
Italy Ester di Napoli and Francesca Maoli . . . 219
Th e Netherlands Mariëlle Bruning and Wendy Schrama . . . 231
New Zealand Nicola Taylor . . . 245
Norway Anna Nylund . . . 259
Romania Simona Florescu . . . 273
Scotland E. Kay M. Tisdall . . . 287
South Africa Julia Sloth-Nielsen . . . 303
United States of America Linda D. Elrod . . . 317
PART IV. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Child Participation in Family Law Proceedings Compared Charlotte Mol . . . 335
1. Introduction . . . 335
2. Types of Proceedings . . . 336
3. Modes of Participation . . . 337
4. Participation in Specifi c Proceedings . . . 348
Intersentia Contents
x
5. Requirements for Participation . . . 351
6. Information and Feedback . . . 353
7. Conclusion . . . 356
Conclusion Mariëlle Bruning, Wendy Schrama, Marilyn Freeman and Nicola Taylor . . . 359
1. Introduction . . . 359
2. Human Rights . . . 360
3. Pedagogical Insights . . . 361
4. Private International Law . . . 362
5. National Perspectives and Comparative Analysis . . . 363
6. Future Developments . . . 366
Index . . . 369
Intersentia
xi
LIST OF CASES
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
CJEU Opinion 2/13 of 14 October 2014, ECLI:EU:C:2014:2303 . . . 75
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
ECtHR Ad ž i ć v Croatia (Appl. No. 22643/14), 12 March 2015 . . . 144 ECtHR Buturug ã v Romania (Appl. No. 56867/15), 11 February 2020 . . . 274 ECtHR C v Croatia (Appl. No. 80117/17), 8 October 2020 . . . 18 , 26 , 38 ECtHR D ö ring v Germany (dec.) (Appl. No. 50216/09), 21 February 2012 . . . 31 ECtHR ES v Romania and Bulgaria (Appl. No. 60281/11), 19 July 2016 . . . 18 ECtHR Getliff e and Grant v France (dec.) (Appl. No. 23547/06),
24 October 2006 . . . . . . . 25 ECtHR Glesmann v Germany (Appl. No. 25706/03), 10 January 2008 . . . 31 ECtHR Gobec v Slovenia (Appl. No. 7233/04), 3 October 2013 . . . 18 , 31 ECtHR Havelka and others v Czech Republic (Appl. No. 23499/06),
21 June 2007 . . . 21 ECtHR Iglesias Casarrubios and Cantalapiedra Iglesias v Spain
(Appl. No. 23298/12), 11 October 2016 . . . 25 , 366 ECtHR Khusnutdinov and X v Russia (Appl. No. 76598/12),
18 December 2018 . . . . . . 18 ECtHR M and M v Croatia (Appl. No. 10161/13), 3 September 2015 . . . 18 , 21 , 31 , 144 ECtHR MGC v Romania (Appl. No. 61495/11), 15 March 2016 . . . 274 ECtHR MK v Greece (Appl. No. 51312/16), 1 February 2018 . . . 76 ECtHR Moog v Germany (Appl. Nos. 23280/08 and 2334/10), 6 October 2016 . . . 25 ECtHR Neulinger and Shuruk v Switzerland [GC] (Appl. No. 41615/07),
6 July 2010 . . . 75 ECtHR NTs and others v Georgia (Appl. No. 71776/12), 2 February 2016 . . . 18 , 25 – 26 ECtHR P ł aza v Poland (Appl. No. 18830/07), 25 January 2011 . . . 18 , 31 ECtHR Rouiller v Switzerland (Appl. No. 3592/08), 22 July 2014 . . . 21 ECtHR Sahin v Germany [GC] (Appl. No. 30943/96), 8 July 2003 . . . 21 , 25 , 31 ECtHR Sommerfeld v Germany [GC] (Appl. No. 31871/96), 8 July 2003 . . . 21 , 25 , 31 ECtHR Wildgruber v Germany (dec.) (Appl. No. 32817/02), 16 October 2006 . . . 25 ECtHR Wildgruber v Germany (dec.) (Appl. Nos. 42402/05 and 42423/05),
29 January 2008 . . . . . . . 25 ECtHR X v Latvia [GC] (Appl. No. 27853/09), 26 November 2013 . . . 75
Intersentia List of Cases
xii
AUSTRALIA
B v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Aff airs
(2003) 199 ALR 604 . . . 96 – 97
Duff y v Gomes No. 2 (2015) FCCA 1757 (21 May 2015) . . . 96
Dylan & Dylan [2007] FamCA 842 (21 August 2007) [187] . . . 95
Kandal v Khyatt (2010) 43 Fam LR 344 . . . 97
Madley (2011) FLC 94-000 . . . 97
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Aff airs v B (2004) 206 ALR 130 . . . . . . 97
R v Kirby Ex parte Boilermakers ’ Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254 . . . 96
RCB as Litigation Guardian of EKV, CEV, CIV and LRV v Hon Justice Colin James Forrest (2012) 247 CLR 304 . . . 97
Re JJT Ex parte Victoria Legal Aid (1998) 195 CLR 184 . . . 95
Re K (1994) FLC 92-461, 80, 773 – 80, 775 . . . 95
BELGIUM
GwH 4 February 2010, no. 9/2010. . . . 110Cass. 10 February 2020, T.Fam. 2020, 198 . . . 110, 112 , 114 , 118 Brussels 28 June 1988, RTDF 1988, 565 . . . 117
CANADA
AC v Manitoba (Director of Child and Family Services) , 2009 SCC 30 . . . 123B(AC) v B(R) , 2010 ONCA 714 . . . 125
JESD v YEP , 2018 BCCA 286 . . . 125
Ludwig v Ludwig , 2019 ONCA 680 . . . 126
Maharaj v Wilfred-Jacob , 2016 ONSC 7925 . . . 124
Whidden v Ellwood , 2016 ONSC 6938 . . . 124
DENMARK
TFA 2015.185 Ø . . . 161TFA 2015.45 Ø . . . 161
ENGLAND AND WALES
An NHS Trust and Child B and Mr & Mrs B [2014] EWHC 3486 (Fam) . . . 181B v P (Hague Convention: Children ’ s Objections) [2017] EWHC 3577 (Fam) . . . 179
Lancashire County Council and Mr A, Mr B, Th e Children (by their Children ’ s Guardian) [2016] EWFC 9 . . . 183
Intersentia
xiii
List of Cases
Mabon v Mabon [2005] EWCA Civ 634 . . . 179 , 181
Re A: Letter to a Young Person [2017] EWFC 48 . . . 183
Re C (Abduction: Separate Representation of Children) [2008] EWHC 517 (Fam), [2008] 2 FLR 6 . . . . 180
Re CS (Appeal FPR 2010, Rule 16.5: Suffi ciency of Child ’ s Understanding) [2019] EWHC 634 (Fam) . . . 177
Re D (A Minor) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51 . . . 71, 174
Re G (Abduction: Child ’ s Objections) [2010] EWCA Civ 1232 . . . 178
Re J (Abduction: Children ’ s Objections) [2011] EWCA Civ 1448 . . . 178
Re J (Children) (Abduction: Children ’ s Objections to Return) [2004] EWCA Civ 428 . . . . . . 177
Re KP (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) (Practice Note) [2014] EWCA Civ 554 . . . . . . 174
Re L (Children) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre intervening) [2014] UKSC 1 . . . . . . 180
Re M (A Minor) (Child Abduction) [1994] 1 FLR 390 . . . 176
Re M (Disclosure: Children and Family Reporter) [2002] EWCA Civ 1199 . . . 176
Re M (Residence) [2004] EWCA Civ 1574 . . . 176
Re T (A Minor) (Child: Representation) [1994] Fam 49 . . . 181
Re W (Abduction) (Child ’ s Objections) [2010] EWCA Civ 520 . . . 174
Re X (A Child) [2018] EWFC B82 . . . 183
GERMANY
BGH 11 July 1984 – IVb ZB 73/83, FamRZ 1985, 169 . . . 193BGH 14 May 2008 – XII ZB 225/06, NJW 2008, 2586 . . . 199
BGH 17 February 2010 – XII ZB 68/09, FamRZ 2010, 720 . . . 196
BGH 28 April 2010 – XII ZB 81/09, FamRZ 2010, 1060 . . . 193
BGH 16 March 2011 – XII ZB 407/10, FamRZ 2011, 796 . . . 195
BGH 15 January 2014 – XII ZB 289/13, FamRZ 2014, 648 . . . 195
BGH 15 June 2016 – XII ZB 419/15, FamRZ 2016, 1439, 1444 . . . 192
BGH 5 October 2016 – XII ZB 280/15, NZFam 2016, 1179 . . . 188 , 192 BGH 31 October 2018 – XII ZB 411/18, NJW 2019, 432 . . . 189
BVerfG 5 November 1980 – 1 BvR 349/80, NJW 1981, 217, 219 . . . 194
BVerfG 23 March 2007 – 1 BvR 156/07, FamRZ 2007, 1078 . . . 192
BVerfG 14 July 2010 – 1 BvR 3189/09, FamRZ 2010, 1622 . . . 192
BVerfG 5 June 2019 – 1 BvR 675/19, NJW 2010, 2532 . . . 193 , 194 KG Berlin 17 May 2019 – 18 UF 32/19, FamRZ 2019, 1702 . . . 196
OLG Brandenburg 16 April 2008 – 9 UF 191/07, FamRZ 2008, 1474 . . . 193
OLG Brandenburg 8 January 2018 – 10 UF 21/17, juris , No. 27 . . . 193
OLG Cologne 6 October 1998 – 25 UF 102/98, FamRZ 1999, 1517 . . . 191
OLG D ü sseldorf 10 January 2011 – II-3 WF 148/10, FamRB (Familienrechtsberater) 2011, 172 . . . 190
OLG Hamburg 2 May 2017 – 12 WF 70/17, FamRZ 2018, 105 . . . 197
OLG Karlsruhe 26 March 2015 – 18 UF 304/14, FamRZ 2015, 2168, 2170 . . . 193
OLG Karlsruhe 12 November 2015 – 20 WF 162/15, FamRB 2016 . . . 195
OLG M ü nchen 8 October 2009 – 26 UF 1569/09, FamRZ 2010, 486 . . . 195
OLG Nuremberg 8 September 2011 – 7 UF 883/11, FamRZ 2012, 804, 805 . . . 190
OLG Stuttgart 28 August 2006 – 17 UF 151/06, FamRZ 2006, 1857 . . . 193
Intersentia List of Cases
xiv
ISRAEL
ACP 7015/94 Th e Attorney General v Plonit IsrSC 50 (1) 48, 65 [1995] . . . 210
FamA 477/09 Plonit and Almoni v Plonim tak-mech 2009(4) 1846 . . . 211
FamC 22809-02-16 (29 October 2017, published in Nevo) . . . 211
FamC 49123/03 Ploni v Almoni tak-mish 2006(4) 282 . . . 211
FamC 8622/05 EA v ESh tak-mish 2006(3) 1 . . . 211
RFamA 27/06 Ploni v Plonit tak-al 2006(2) 1055 . . . 210
ITALY
Constitutional Court, decision of 14 July 1986, No. 185, in Giur. it. 1988, 1112 . . . 223Constitutional Court, decision of 30 January 2002, in Foro italiano 2003, 423 . . . 223
Corte di Cassazione, Sezioni Unite, 21 October 2009, No. 22238/2009 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 16 June 2011, No. 13241 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 11 August 2011, No. 17201 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 8 March 2013, No. 5847 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 15 May 2013, No. 11687 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 15 May 2013, No. 22687 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 19 January 2015, No. 752 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 26 March 2015, No. 6129 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 29 September 2015, No. 19327 . . . 225
Corte di Cassazione, 7 March 2017, No. 5676 . . . 226
Corte di Cassazione, sez. I, 5 December 2017, No. 29118 . . . 75
Corte di Cassazione, 6 December 2018, No. 31671 . . . 226
Corte di Cassazione, 14 December 2018, No. 32520 . . . 226
Corte di Cassazione, 4 April 2019, No. 10874 . . . 227
Corte di Cassazione, 4 June 2019, No. 15254 . . . 227
THE NETHERLANDS
Court of Appeal Arnhem-Leeuwarden 21.03.2017, ECLI:NL:GHARL:2017:257 . . . 239District Court Limburg 29.01.2019, ECLI:NL:RBLIM:2019:1253 . . . 239
District Court Midden-Nederland 22.03.2017, ECLI:NL:RBMNE:2017:1541 . . . 239
Dutch Supreme Court 19.03.1982, NJ 1982, 559 . . . 237
Dutch Supreme Court 31.10.2003, ECLI:NL:HR:2003:AJ3261, NJ 2004/315 . . . 236
Dutch Supreme Court 04.02.2005, ECLI:NL:HR:2005:AR4850, NJ 2005/422 . . . 235
Dutch Supreme Court 23.11.2012, ECLI:NL:HR:2012:BY3968 . . . 236
Dutch Supreme Court 01.11.2013, ECLI:NL:HR:2013:1084 . . . 237
Dutch Supreme Court 05.12.2014, ECLI:NL:HR:2014:3535 . . . 233
NORWAY
HR-2017-18-U . . . 263Intersentia
xv
List of Cases
ROMANIA
Decision no. 5254/2015, Judecatoria Bistrita, 19 October 2016 . . . 283
Decision no. 8/2016, Tribunalul Buzau, 6 January 2016 . . . 283
Decision no. 15/2019 on rejecting the challenge to the constitutionality of Art. 264 para. (1) of the Civil Code (Decizia nr. 15/2019 referitoare la respingerea excep ț iei de neconstitu ț ionalitate a dispozi ț iilor art. 264 alin. (1) din Codul civil) . . . 276 , 284
SCOTLAND
B v B 2011 SLT (Sh Ct) 225 . . . 296B v G [2012] UKSC 21 . . . . 296
Hall v Hall 2014 GWD 26-521 . . . 297
L v L 2013 GWD 25-496 . . . 295
M Petitioner 2005 SCLR 396 . . . 294
MM v VM [2008] 1 AC 1288 . . . 294
S v A 2015 GWD 13-222 . . . 296
S v S 2012 Fam LR 32 . . . . . 293
Shields v Shields , 2002 SC 246 . . . 293
White v White 2001 SC 689, 17 . . . 290
X v Y 2018 SLT (SH Ct) 215 . . . 295
YG v EEP [2017] CSOH 75, 11 . . . 294
SOUTH AFRICA
B v B [2012] ZASCA 151 . . . 307Ex parte Van Niekerk: In re Van Niekerk v Van Niekerk , [2005] JOL 14218 (T) . . . 312
F v F 2006 (3) SA 42 (SCA) . . . 309
J v J 2008 (6) SA 30 (C) . . . . . 309
Legal Aid Board: in re four children [2011] ZASCA 39 . . . 312
MB v NB 2010 (3) SA 220 (GSJ) . . . 313
Soller v G 2003 (5) SA 430 (W) . . . 306, 310
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Abbott v Virusso , 862 N.E.2d 52. 60-61 (Mass. App. 2007) . . . 325Addison v Addison , 463 S.W.3d 755 (Ky. 2015) . . . 324
Andrews v Mouzon , 915 N.Y.S.2d 604 (App. Div. 2011) . . . 328
Auclair v Auclair , 730 A.2d 1260 (Md. Spec. App. 1999) . . . 326
Bak v Bak , 511 N.E.2d 625 (Mass. App. 1987) . . . 320
Baxendale v Raich , 878 N.E.2d 1252, 1255 (Ind. 2008) . . . 325
Bennett v Bennett , 242 So. 3d 210 (Miss. App. 2018) . . . 330
Beran v Beran , 450 N.W.2d 688 (Neb. 1990) . . . 320
Intersentia List of Cases
xvi
Blondin v Dubois , 189 F.3d 240, 247 (2d Cir. 1999) . . . 321
Buff alo v Buff alo , 211 P.3d 923 (Okla. 2009) . . . 329
Carr v Buenger , 330 P.3d 390 (Haw. App. 2014) . . . 327
Chess v Lichtman , 105 N.Y.S.3d 475 (App. Div. 2019) . . . 323
Couch v Couch , 146 S.W.3d 923, 925 (Ky. 2004) . . . 325
Cox v Cox , 515 S.E.2d 61 (N.C. App. 1999) . . . 324
Custodio v Samillan , 842 F.3d 1084, 1089 (8th Cir. 2016) . . . 321
D.A. v R.C ., 105 A.3d 1103 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2014) . . . 320
Dahlke v Dahlke , 351 P.3d 937 (Wyo. 2015) . . . 328
David v LoPresti , 111 N.Y.S.3d 356 (App. Div. 2019) . . . 320
DeMers v Nicks , 366 P.3d 977 (Wyo. 2016) . . . 329
deSilva v Pitts , 481 F. 3d 1279 (10th Cir. 2007) . . . 323
Dickison v Dickison , 874 P.2d 695 (Kan. App. 1994) . . . 325
Donscheski v Donscheski , 771 N.W.2d 213 (Nev. App. 2009) . . . 323
Duguma v Ayalew , 145 A.3d 511 (D.C. App. 2016) . . . 320
E.B. v D.B. , 209 A.3d 451 (Pa. Super. 2019) . . . 328
Eghaghe v Haro , 131 F. Supp. 2d 953, 957 – 958 (E.D. Mich. 2001) . . . 321
England v England , 234 F.3d 268, 271 (5th Cir. 2000) . . . 321
Frueh v Frueh , 771 N.W.2d 593 (N.D. 2009) . . . 320 , 324 Gianvito v Gianvito , 975 A.2d 1164 (Pa. 2009) . . . 329
Halford v Halford , 292 S.W.3d 536 (Mo. App. 2009) . . . 329
Helen S.K. v Samuel M.K. , 288 P.3d 463 (Alaska 2012) . . . 324
Holiday v Holiday , 247 P.3d 29 (Wyo. 2011) . . . 322 , 324 – 325 Ihinger v Ihinger , 824 A.2d 601 (Vt. 2003) . . . 326
In re Allen , 97 P.3d 1060 (Kan. App. 2004) . . . 323
In re Bunita B. v Mark P. , 89 N.Y.S.3d 55 (App. Div. 2018) . . . 324
In re Custody of Pearce , 456 A.2d 597 (Pa. Super. 1983) . . . 329
In re Gault , 387 U.S. 1 (1967) . . . 326
In re Marriage of Bates , 819 N.E.2d 714 (Ill. 2004) . . . 327
In re Marriage of Cobb , 988 P.2d 272 (Kan. App. 1999) . . . 330
In re Marriage of G.B.S. , 641 S.W.2d 776 (Mo. Ct. App. E.D. 1982) . . . 329
In re Marriage of Moe , 676 P.2d 336 (Or. App. 1984) . . . 329
In re Marriage of Osborn , 135 P.3d 199 (Kan. App. 2006) . . . 326
In re Marriage of Strauss , 539 N.E.2d 808 (Ill. App. 1989) . . . 326
In re Stapleford , 931 A.2d 1199 (N.H. 2007) . . . 326
Karanikas v Cartwright , 61 A.3d 69 (Md. Spec. App. 2013) . . . 323
Klos v Klos , 934 A.2d 724 (Pa. Super. 2007) . . . 329
Kubicki v Sharpe , 858 N.W.2d 57 (Mich. App. 2014) . . . 320
Kufner v Kufner , 519 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2008) . . . 321
Lao v Gonzales , 13 N.Y.S.3d 211 (App. Div. 2015) . . . 328
Mackowski v Mackowski , 721 A.2d 12 (N.J. Super. App. Div. 1998) . . . 320
Maier v Maier , 874 N.W.2d 725 (Mich. App. 2015) . . . 330
Martin v Martin , 878 N.Y.S.2d 475 (App. Div. 2009) . . . 330
McGovern v McGovern , 870 N.Y.S.2d 618 (App. Div. 2009) . . . 322 , 329 McN. v R.J.H., Sr. , 979 A.2d 1195 (D.C. 2009) . . . 325
Michele M. v Richard R. , 177 P.3d 830 (Alaska 2008) . . . 329
Miller v Miller , 677 A.2d 64 (Me. 1996) . . . 326
Monasky v Taglieri , 140 S. Ct. 719 (2020) . . . 321
Myers v DiDomenico , 657 A.2d 956 (Pa. Super. 1995) . . . 329
Myers v Myers , 867 N.E.2d 848 (Ohio App. 2007) . . . 325
Intersentia
xvii
List of Cases
Newton v McFarlane , 103 N.Y.S.3d 445 (App. Div. 2019) . . . 326
Ochoa v Suarez , No. 1:15-CV-1104, 2016 WL 6956609, at 2 (W.D. Mich. 29 November 2016) . . . . 321
Ottolini v Barrett , 954 A.2d 610, 613 (Pa. Super. 2008) . . . 325
Palazzolo v Mire , 10 So. 3d 748 (La. App. 2009) . . . 330
Passero v Giordano , 861 N.Y.S.2d 479 (App. Div. 2008) . . . 320
Patel v Patel , 555 S.E.2d 386, 389 (S.C. 2001) . . . 326
Payne v Payne , 674 S.E.2d 515 (S.C. App. 2009) . . . 329
Phillips v Phillips , 45 So. 3d 684 (Miss. App. 2010) . . . 329
Pierron v Pierron , 765 N.W.2d 345 (Mich. App. 2009) . . . 329
Rivera v LaSalle , 923 N.Y.S.2d 254 (App. Div. 2011) . . . 325 , 330 Roper v Simmons , 543 U.S. 551, 575 – 576 (2005) . . . 331
Roth v Haag , 834 N.W.2d 337 (S.D. 2013) . . . 329
Schlieve v Schlieve , 846 N.W.2d 733 (N.D. 2014) . . . 320
Schneider v Schneider , 258 P.3d 350 (Idaho 2011) . . . 325
Sheridan v Cassidy , 273 So. 3d 783 (Miss. App. 2019) . . . 323
Sheridan v Sheridan , 12 N.Y.S.3d 434 (App. Div. 2015) . . . 329
Simmons v Simmons , 554 So. 2d 238 (La. App. 1989) . . . 329
T.E.G. v G.T.G. , 986 N.Y.S.2d 313 (Misc. 2014) . . . 324
Troxel v Granville , 530 U.S. 57 (2000) . . . 319
Trudrung v Trudrung , 686 F. Supp. 2d 570 (M.D. N.C. 2010) . . . 321
Wilson v Wilson , 170 So. 3d 340 (La. App. 2015) . . . 324
Woods v Woods , 987 So. 2d 339, 348 (La. App. 2008) . . . 325
Wright v Kemp , 207 A.3d 1021 (Vt. 2019) . . . 323
Yang v Tsui , 499 F.3d 259 (3d Cir. 2007) . . . 321
Ynclan v Woodward , 237 P.3d 145 (Okla. 2010) . . . 324
Intersentia
xix
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Nicholas Bala
Professor of Law at the Faculty of Law, Queen ’ s University, Ontario, Canada;
Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
Felicity Bell
Research Fellow at the Law Society of New South Wales ’ Future of Law and Innovation in the Profession (FLIP) research stream, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Rachel Birnbaum
Professor of Social Work and Cross-Appointed to Childhood Studies (Interdisciplinary Programs) at King ’ s University College at Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
Ingrid Boone
Associate Professor and Campus Dean of the Faculty of Law, and Director of the Institute for Family Law and Juvenile Law, KU Leuven, Belgium.
Mari ë lle Bruning
Professor of Child Law at Leiden Law School, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
Judy Cashmore AO
Professor of Social Legal Research and Policy at Sydney Law School and Professorial Research Fellow in the Research Centre for Children and Families, University of Sydney, Australia.
Charlotte Declerck
Associate Professor of Family and Family Property Law at the Faculty of Law, Hasselt University, Belgium; Member of the Brussels Bar.
Nina Dethloff
Director of the Institute for German, European and International Family Law and Center for Advanced Study ‘ Law as Culture ’ , University of Bonn, Germany.
Ester di Napoli
Adjunct Professor of European Private International Law at LUMSA University,
Rome, Italy; Legal Consultant at the Department for Family Policies, Italian
Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
Intersentia List of Contributors
xx
Linda D. Elrod
Richard S. Righter Distinguished Professor of Law and Director of the Children and Family Law Center, Washburn University, Kansas, USA.
Simona Florescu
Doctoral Researcher at Leiden Law School, Leiden University, the Netherlands;
Attorney with the Bucharest Bar Association.
Marilyn Freeman
Co-Director of the International Centre for Family Law, Policy and Practice (ICFLPP) and Principal Research Fellow at Westminster Law School, University of Westminster, London, England, UK.
Joe Harman
Judge at the Federal Circuit Court of Australia; Lecturer in Family Law at the University of Sydney, Australia.
Christina G. Jeppesen de Boer
Assistant Professor and Researcher in Comparative Family Law at the Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law (UCERF), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Annette Kronborg
Associate Professor of Family Law at the Faculty of Law, Southern University of Denmark.
Th alia Kruger
Professor of Private International Law at the University of Antwerp, Belgium; Honorary Research Associate at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Nigel Lowe QC (Hon)
Emeritus Professor of Law, Cardiff University, Wales, UK; Senior Bencher of the Inner Temple; Member of the UK International Family Law Committee.
Nata š a Luci ć
Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University, Osijek, Croatia.
Francesca Maoli
Contract Research Fellow in European Union Law, University of Genoa, Italy.
Charlotte Mol
PhD Candidate at the Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law
(UCERF), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Intersentia
xxi
List of Contributors
Tamar Morag
Academic Director of the Child Advocacy Law Clinic, Th e Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; formerly Vice-Chair of the Israeli CRC Legislation Committee.
Anna Nylund
Full Professor of Law at the University of Troms ø – Th e Arctic University of Norway.
Stephanie Rap
Assistant Professor in Children ’ s Rights at Leiden Law School, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
Branka Re š etar
Full Professor of Family Law at the Faculty of Law, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Osijek, Croatia; formerly President of the Law Commission concerning the reform of Croatian family law.
Wendy Schrama
Professor of Family Law and Comparative Law and Director of the Utrecht Centre for European Research into Family Law (UCERF), Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
Daniela Schr ö der
Research Assistant and PhD Candidate at the Institute for German, European and International Family Law, University of Bonn, Germany.
Rhona Schuz
Professor of Law and Director of the Centre for the Rights of the Child and the Family, Academic College for Law and Science, and Adjunct Professor at Bar Ilan University, Israel.
Julia Sloth-Nielsen
Professor in the Department of Public Law and Jurisprudence, University of the Western Cape, South Africa; Professor of Children ’ s Rights in the Developing World at Leiden Law School, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
Daisy J.H. Smeets
Assistant Professor of Forensic Family Studies at the Institute of Child Education Studies, Leiden University, the Netherlands.
Nicola Taylor
Professor at the Faculty of Law and Director of the Children ’ s Issues Centre,
University of Otago, New Zealand; Holder of the Alexander McMillan Leading
Th inker Chair in Childhood Studies.
Intersentia List of Contributors
