Relationship between long-term coffcc

Artihl en ubstra. ttubc/1~11 Lb.' blokit rt.< ~(1\fBJ J d. H.l ~-2fJ09

r IL~CCCJ .;.

oot 14 r.r: -~ ~

Relationship between long-term coffcc

and componcnh of lhl ' nwtabolic

th e ,\msterdam Gro,,th and Health l.ongitud inal

Rt:.:-e!\'td ~ ~~ ::oos A ·~ : ) I

Tl:: "" t. "_, 1 ~XH llL: ani t.. ~

v.aly :»9 l'llbLkd ~ r-'J :\tudt ~

h ~ wub ~n .a.::o:ss t "ip-11 fllw.kcXD

\lr.tract C~".J:...: ·~·r .:h - .an.:l d1.tb:'CS meUitu.:.

1vpc U (J)).f ffi !te both nt:..Jf'f bc:alth prob~ ns A L.:r7.:

nsk t:' .. __,<.'11" t:'cw ttx:: ~ d.)Q..~ lbc ::1: ~ o1 :bt: m...<->t:

hohc <)"DDlrOrDI!. h IS t.-..n ~ • th! r · Cl" )).1 IJ ...n boe dccrascd try •• :c!fec ~oOl'l'!Umpt &':"di ll"C cunuoeJ lftc: ~n bct-A'ttr.: ( (f; 1i: \UJr.ption lO"J tbc '- nl-

pon<:nt:; of thc: m.:totboiH; ")' 1diOObl:' )rm.pc~t· ~·e data. fr\.im tlu.: Amlitenla.m. Growlh am:! lk:1hh I Hlltll\a!m.d Stud}"

1·\(oAIIl.S) 1:> \lSC•i ,., ~m.ilyst· ~he J.' -,..,·at·nn!) between

·ofte"" conl>umptJ<'n l "'tl ar.('d ov a :tenr j frorr 27 Wl 4l \ t.11".. .nd the ... ocr.ponc 1!. or ^I he 1: - :mdr\.OJII.

( tbr: ~. f .:.~ 'o..:.:t'S ~ ~ :I ~.;-;o.s.Km

- .md .t:.:.O.: ....;Ir -... pi:-~..:-JJ

... :.J ~1i::LQ -

_,

Lap .IJ..o,v " tt~ ~ n<.urrpaon "· tgm 1v ~~'3

\\11 ~ lowcr HI>L in wcmcn F ^t" me.-.. Jl =e ,_·cn!.~ur.pri('lll

\\.;~,:;. nt•l a."socb.tc=d "'1th m; f th' cvrr;1:cnu.;,.; of •he rnetJ.bolK s:-ndmrne

1\.t'H,ordo; CW,!t • JIM • ( (fc<

~.: • ïlpt'on Oilh<:tc n t•:.- \kt ^{L. ...:} "T.ib'l ~

l'lok ''" L• nptodinol Jdy

I I \ •~l ''

1l r 1'11U' I ( ( i.,K ll lï dC'n ,, 10"\' ~n I .,. !!

'l \• C' !K <11 P.o 1 1 !'I I I

I lf\ fb

( - ,, ...;J.t d;_;c~ fC\D md ~ rr; I !\1 P)pc

I D\ 1 U) JC >«"' ro..:.:.J4 .. li. ... ~ Jm hlta _ .1Dd con · ~3te

r,..-:- rch h-.. th. -;? 1.. ro!'d out 10 thc <=... ... crm~nu : thc 1 .. <) \ \.,.1'\ unpon.m. n.:.k f.Jetf"'!' r~ lhcsc

d. - ¹ :he mcta.bolic .. } udro~· 16. I lb '-' •n,,<l. ot·

fivc Cl•lnflni\Cnts~ I I' cle\'~1t·•j taJood Ft<!• ure, ('I lov.- l lOL .-h,•ll!' tt • level . Ch high tn .. ly~.. ·wJc L·wl\ •·H turh fa• ng fluco• • In._ and (jl ..tb.J, •uunoal obc~aiY \\he u 'lrtc r. of~ .. .: of ~ "':"rponenl· r rc~nl mc'l

bolt~. ....t me .... dl;. -:n<Y~ I

Tl-: f tbe C " "Ddrocn IS • ~

~ UI ;>ll

r·•c'\'O

I!: ... ~\ ~"'() (,_.J=J ~ .!. ~ r

I"Deel .tnd ( '\'D ~~~ womc:n 1

c(

1- \

lt ... 'o crca.'-C' 10 r k f"' c un:•uarv ~:ut Jt ;e:1.; ac:

.1öle tkl :a ru.:.-xe.J ncrt"' .. : Jn c<d'di '""l' -11..: lllt)rt.lhty 1n

!10\JI'IC' v. lh lhe metabolu li) nili\ln~ w..-r- 1ho1 rcpQrh·d 1 he :n:Uo ca\r!:~ ! tbe :ntt ~nc: tyndr(lnlC: t!C

-~·c1t.: 11. b.: tf\:, ~cneur.; lacet. 71. nd ~i re t)k c1on ' h "'.c!!l 'ea.l ~h't :~nurc:u;n '~Ir' :!:''"'.LL~h "'~ur ~- omd ... I ç. r "pbon [''-. .:.; l''ov.;-va t.:n · 1f v -:, • .,c(i

"'hu 1 ~ not ~ :~~tudit"' oftt:n n _ lt! n h t~ meta·

•· ndn ~ ..:ot ... -e .. ~ lrr.ption. "" en thou ." coffc ..

Jr ... t:IAl med x .. u !'l tJwo " rld 1 I

Tbc cf[ ... o: ... nee ~..'OCStlmptXm on t ^:":'l be.Uth nd

n <r lhr '- ~nt th: mctlN · )-ndtom:

lf'l ft n ... ' t- :k. -,.-.· I I \t f r,h.;-~

'lo:W. .. r. f. c "'.t:f vn .horT lt c: :oflcc c •u· Ull'p••<•n Tl1t:1et~ te 1n fh.- prescn! • 1d) r ,c.: .. r.t ti••ll\ h IW!.!C.fl long rC'nn \.'tlff•:1.· (•)ll·.umpllt•n ;trt,l the .... ,,.llpuunu öf lhe nv·c.1"""lic.: (~OdH•I\l'" w re inv.:•~i&.UC'J.

\11 111 h c \\(lt" rwrhi111C'd Wllll 1\e' .(' I' b.tJ fwm 1 \ • 'd: .1 Growrb .n 1 k:Jth .on .. , Jdin,..l St:.. :h·

\C.AHL <

21)4

Methods

Study dc~gn and ~ub)CC't~

'Thc AmMcrd.:un Gro"1h and Hca.lth l.ongitudin.al Srudy (AGAHLS) a~ .111 observomonal longitudinal ~udy that beg.m m 1976 "ub a group of dSQ boy"' and girl'>. la inüial go:ll!lo wcrc 10 ~ribe lbe oatural dc.vdopment of groWih, hcahh :t,nd hf~tyle of ;adol~nts and to invesugate ktn- gitudanal rcl.:luomtup) betv.~c:n biologicaJ aod bfestylc

vanabl~ Thc me~m ± SD age of the sub;ects at thç beimnang of thc: ~udy w:u 13.1 ± O.S yc.ars. Smcc thcn. a sene-s Of cx~rrünJtJOI'IS have b«n perform«f during a 30-

ycar (QIIQ\~Hlp penod. coiJecting data on anduopomctrié (b<Jdy betgllt, b<Jdy l>etght. and slon folds), biol<>gical

(~rum bpopi'Otcm Jeveb. blood pcessurc ~nd physical tit-

nc~s). h(~tylc: (nutnlionaJ h.lbits. smokîng bch;~v1our, :md

<.f~uly ph)·~îc.al .lCtJvîty). and psycholog1cal van:~ bles [ 19).

In thc: most recent measuccmcnt pcnod (2006) at the :tg~

of 42 ye.~. the twe <:omponçnts of the metabolic syn- dromc:. necording to thc current guidéline" [8], wcre mc:.~.. ... urell ul 344 sub;cc-ts. The coffc:e con.sumption of the :.ubJCCb was mcaS\lrt.d at thc ;tgcs or 27, 29. 32. 36 and 42 year~. !>ubjects who m•sscd dnt;t or two l)r more mea- l!IUretnents on coftcc commmplion wcre exdudtd from the.

,lnalylloc~

Thc sltl<ly wa1> .:•ppl(lved hy tlle mOOical ctlucal com- tmmce of thc VU Vmvcro;ity Medical Centre and all

~lbJCétS gave thcir wrincn inforrned COtlSeot.

f\·1et::tbohc syndromc nnd it:> componenu

BlóOd prc~o:ure \o,.·o.: me:lsured io 3 Sllpine posmo-n wuh an :lUtom;ucd dc\•iCC' (Oinomap Procare 100). at 5·min imer- v.-.h.. ren 60 frlÎil, Fot blood pressurc as 3 conllnuous

v~niahlc, the ?v1t!:an AneriaJ l'rcssure (MAP) w~tS calcul;ued

J"- (2•diar.tolîc bJood prt5sure- l*rystohc blood prcs-

!<>urcY.' [~0] High dcnsny hpoprotcm (and tota))

cholt~terol. U'lfl)!ccndcs and fa~tinz. blood gluc~ Je, els WCfC IUC3.\Urcd by enzymalle techmquc:s (Roche Diag.nos·

ltO. M.mnhc1m, Gc.nn:my). W3ist circumf~ence W\l.S

n"W:~u~ Wlth a Jlex.Jb1c steel lape (~tanin circumeter:

f'ranl\cn &. lt.Jihc:) ;11 lhc len:J nudwo')' betwee.o Ûle" )O~"Cst

nb I1UIJIR ;md ahc 1h:ac crc~l (~IJ.

11lC tdenufic.ahon of thc mel3bolic ~) ndroolt' 3Jld ns

component~ w.:u b.-.scd on a ~Jighdy rnodifitd .. ·ersion of the dèf1n1tH'>n pmpo'ied hy thc :'littional Choles.ttrof Educailon l'rOV>m (I'CFP) Adult T•<otm<lll Panel JU I< . ) 'e

\\hc:n thrtt ur more of d~ following h'o'C n5k t.~ctoo. wc:rc

~nt (I) :a !optuJiç bklood pu!.55Ute ot 130 mmHg or h1ghc.·r .u'llt-llor ,l ch.L\tolic blood J)(~urc of SS mmHg <1r lujehcr. C2> ;1 htgh-dcll\llY hpoprottill cholesterol fe••el of

IC~!\ th.m l.O.~ mmulfl iu men a1td less than I 2Q mmoiJl m

women~ (3) a triglycendc: lcvd of 1.69 rnmolll or n)()rc. (4) 3 fa~ting plasma glucose levels of 6.1 mmolil or n)ort; Md (5) a wai~l circumfcrtnce of mort: th:m 94 cm in men a.nd more dtan 80 cm 10 women.. 1e, nlOI't: lihernl cut off value<

then orig,ma)ly proposed (>102 cm m men~ >88 cm m

"'on'lt'n). stnce they m:~y bc: mace ~pproprbt.e in tht' tden- lifi.calioo of 1ndi'o'tdu:JI~ :u incre:t~l ri-J. in yoong and app3rently bealthy populanons ('1, > 11

Coff« con\umpl-ion

Coffec con.wmption ''as mc01sured ...,.,lh :a q\JC:...tionn:urc at the :~g~~ of 27. 29. 32, 36 and 42 ye:~" In tbc: que<tion ..

n3ire.~. it ~;~.3s asked for bow m:my cur" uf c-orrc:è a subJect drink~ during ""eekdays and how m:my cup' uf coffce 3 subject drink& during weekend day.cc F'urthcrmort :1 d1~ ..

ti netion wa.'i. made bet\\'CCn caffem:1ted :md decafftin:Hed coffec con_,umption. Thc avcrage coffec con'iumption ovtr the total measuccn\enr pericxl wa.-> c!l.lcul:.tted by t::tkulz the rne:ul of tbc thrce. fQur or 11vc: coffc:e in1.:1J...e me:..c;utcment!i and IS cxpresscd m cups/dJ.y. In thè 3n31ys~s. no dtSht\Ction was made bctw~<~n the typt's of coffee (filtered. boilcd.

mstant. pads) ::md betwctn caffein:ued :tnd dccaffetn:ue(l colfee

Tbe rclaüonsh1p herween comJlOrh~llh of th~ .netnbohc

syndromc and coffee consumpti<m e:.n bi? u)flucnced by othcr lifestyle components lil, 221. Con,..equènlly.J)OS.Stblc confoundmg factors, !\Uch :ls llhysical 3Chvity, encrgy ultake, alcohol conc;umplion :l.nd l.moking. behMiour were laken into con.sitler:ltion.

Physlc::tl :tclivity was asses.~ed with. a vahdmcd interv-Iew and is e:\pt'e~t'd in .MET"nUn/\\:CCk for phyMc31 ;lCIIVIIY.

ye.ar ~pecific z-scores wcre calcuhued ~md the \'i.lluc.\ we•·c :tver..1gc:d over the period from the .tge of 27 till 36 yc.11'!\, EMrgy intake was measured wilh :1 croc;~;..c:heck d1et~ y interview in whtch the subJIXl~ wcre ..t\l:cd tu rccJII thcu osual d1etary mt:tkc dunng the prc:v1ou~ mozlth, Frcqucncy.

amounts 3Jld methods of prcp:u-"3tion of thc Joods :md dnnks consumed wcre reponed 31ld valurs are e~p~c;c;cd m kC3.11day. Yclr -;~c-.fic 2-~ort~ wtte ~lcul~ttd for tnergy inu.J.:e 3nd the nlllès ""tte averJ~td 0\'('1' thc pc:nOO fmm the .:.ge of 2Î lill 36 )~~. Tht- diet3J')' IDICt\'I('W 31'K!

provided inform~lion :!bout alcohol consumptK"n :md thc .1mount of altohol ^cOtbUO\td (tn gl:a<-sc<lwcek) :u ^d~ agc of 42)"c.m. \\;h. oblained Smokmg wac; me;.,.urcd with a t<>b::!t.-eO q<..'t!!>l!Or\n~re and was dtvukd 1010 tilree ~relup~

(smoltrs. non-smo'-e's <11'1<1 c;uhJC<'f" whn h.wc 'moktû m the p:~. ... t. but uot M)'lllOte)

Mme detail~d mf\3!1'1l3tion of th4.' mcthOth n;"cd in dit"

AGAHLS c.m be toun,1 t>l<>cwhcr(" (

To c;c:.mine th~ :'l'\SOC:iattons between coffce coosumpt100 (nvcraged over the pcnod from the age of 27 to -l2 years) nnd thê five componcnts of thc mctabulîc.: synd.fome at thc :,lge of 42 yeats, linea• rc~ret~~10n nn::~lyse.s were used. In men, thè average coftec consumptîon betwee!l the ages of 27 and 42 ye:u~ w:1;; c:uegorncd m four groups (52. >2 and ~4. >4 Md ~6, >6 cupN'day}, Coffcc consump!ion in women \\'<IS cntegorized in tlll'te groups ( <2, >2 :md ~­

>4 cups/day) m~tend or rour, 3$ lhe highest çategory (>6

cups/d~y) was combined with thc ~ccond htghest category (>4 and ~6). given th31 lhl! group SlZC of the his,hest C:ll- egory on ito~, O\•in waç too ~mali Thc é3tesoric3.1 "ariabJe was rcprc~nted in the rt~1on an.1Jysc.s by dunuuy va.nttblcs. whert lhe lo\\~ ca.tegory (.:s_2 cupSiday) was uscd " thc t<f<r<ooo <.>t<gol) T1us (Siandanl) apptooell fe$Uits m rc:gre«ion toefrtetcnls li'M.hcatmg tbc differetlre ma particular OutC:Omt' v:m:ab!c between thc:' groups wlth:;

diffe~nt :~.mouor of coffcc conot\lmi)IIOn.

Of the omeome v:lllable\, mglyc:crîde and ras.ting blood glucose \~<'ere not nonnally thMnbuh:d ;1nd these variables were Jogarithmically 1rnnsformcd ro correspond wu.ll the :l.'>sumptions of rcgrcs:;aon an:tlpk All analyses wcre performeel scpacately for men :tnd womcn. Besides the Cftlde aoaJy~c~. an adJU~>In1c:nt ror phyc;ical acuvny. cncrgy intake, alcohol consumpllon and :;moking was pcrfonned.

To cvalu:liC mnin effect-.. a. 5% ~ignîficance level was assumcd. AH st:ttio:tic.ll ~naly~Sc were performcd with SPSS 14.0.

Rtsuhs

Table I show~ the char3cttri!i:UCS of thc popul3tton. strat- lfied by gendc!'f. A\·erage coflcc: con)ump«aon for men \\"35

4..$ cups/d~y. for \\omen 3 I cupVday

Tlhlc!' 2 ~ho\\~ rht pfc\..dc-ncc ofthe mctlboJic S}"ndcome

;md iL" contpooe11l~ The ptc\..alc:ncc of the membohc S}'11·

drome at thc :t,ge of ·l2 )C:.J.I'\ i~ thc enurt popul;lt1on wa-<>

011ly 3.5% (around Sc:t, for men and 0% tor womcn).

Table 3 present~ 1hc rc:,.uhlt) ot' the re~resston an~1lp;c:s,

showing the effe<.:t of tS yc:ar;) ol cotfcc cono;omption on the five component:;. of 1he mctabolîc syndrome :u thc agè of 42 for men The c-rude :m.ily~~ show no <:~gmlic:lnt

effect for ;my of 1hc v.m:ables. In thc odjuo;ted modd (adjusted for phy~ico1l ?."IIYY~ . t'Offi'Y~--SD!Qk.ing beha\•1our :md :1icöhol ÏomttmplJO•l) no -<>•gnificant effecis were found cJihcr. - -

TabJe ' pre:.enh thc tt~ulh OI thc s;unc an:lly~e5ö as Tablc .~. only for womcn. n1c cmdc ,,nnlyo;cs o:how oo.ne bordcrime sJgnlfk.mt ~ll~c.l~ !or HOL h o:eem~ 1h:u a moderate cofftc -.:on .. umJ>hon (>2 0\nd <4 cups/dà)' ). M

T2bfe I Me.1n ~nd ~1.Jn<b1d dc'VJ:IIII<)n (ber'l'lttD br.Kktts) er ~~jttt Ch1!3Cteti"«.ÎCS lt.l thc llgç O( 42 )'UI~ (ll'ICaSI.i.led in 20()6)

M~n Womtn

(N • 123) (N 160) CCJffec: 1()(31, cup1/day J 5 (2.'> 3.1 (1.9)

<2. no (~) 19 (15.4) 4$ (30)

>l .• tld ~4. I)()(%) 12 (2(..0) 62

os

>4 a.'ld <6, no (91·) 47 (38.2) 42 (16.3)

>6. ^tl\) (~) 2' (20 1) 9 (56) S)·stolic blood pre .. w•<' 122.2 (IJ.6) 1109 (12.6) Di:tSlolic-blood pre"'Sllle 1'2.8 (7,7) 678 (1.9)

\tc:~n :ulcr'i31 pr«...,re (mmlit t S'/3 (9.0) 822 (9.0) HDL (ITim(~lll) I ~ <0 )) 1.9 (0.4) Trigl)'l.--tridts tmmol/1) ^{1.• (11) I 0 (0.4)}

h~mg: ttu.. .. 't'i.t tmmo&m ^{5.2 (1.1) 49(0SJ}

W~st cirn~m(m:n.."C {u') S'/3(81) 71.6 (&.6) Pbysicl xchit) (M~~~d..)" l<>04(2190) )9)1 (19l7)

~rgy 1nuk.t (K~<by}• 29\1 (Mlo) 2257 (.Jl9) Akobol C.'Qn\Lirl'lphon (f!;w/ Ct1(19 llS) I 9 (O.ó-6 3>

VIC:~lt

Smoking beh:z.,.,~,

:-1~\let, no (%1 69 (56.1) 98 (61.))

1':•9. no {4) 32 126 0> 43 (26.8)

Currem, no (~J 22: (17.9) 19(11.9)

• Ca!culatcd as (2 .. di~'tltliiC blood prcssure + i)':Stoltc: blc)l\tl !)IC'>·

!.~.<n:)/3

I> Avtr~tt:d ^O'o't:( pefiCid (t'(~l'n 2i •u '\6 yt.llr"

• Medli\n {11\lttqu.ulile l';lOJ;c)

~'"" uctm ^Mel.'l

(N-123) Btood pcn~t.crC' (!:: I.)O.'M mmfig) Z6tll ~)

HOL t<I.OJ mmolJ1. mm. 7 t5~)

<1.29 mtOO!IJ, VIOIQCft)

Tn~!y .. "tt1des (,.! 69 mmoll'l) JO f2'--~~)

Fasung blood Jlm:~ (~6 I mmol/11 ^!t (6Ci~) WaJit CII'I>Om(C'IC"'-".: (:ofl..l (rn, fnm. )J(l6l$~)

:>SO cm. worn<'nl

~1ctabolic ">·ndron~~e• 10 (81%)

~ l (or more) of 5 C:<lll'lJ>.>II<Ilh

·womm

t"' ~ 160) 16 (lO.&:f) 8(50'5)

8 (51)<1.) 3 (19'1.) 4S (3~)

0

wdl :l\ :1 h1gh coffté! con~umpuon (>4 C.:UJlslday) deercases HOL lcvds. A1thou~h. thc~c cffe('l~ art just abovc 'he 5%

s-tgmlic:u·K~e level {P-0 06) At.lJuM!llent lor phystc:ll

:~ctJVity. <:l'lt'fg}' 1ntnkc, ~mvl.ul,g beh<.tVÎOllf Md nlcohol

con~urnptil)l'l, stl'cngthcned ~hc.w a~SOCÎ;)UOn!'. Fu11her·

more. ~AP appe:'II'S h') dc:-l:reA.~.t~ with a moderate cofree

cotlwu)pliM (>2 ;md <·1 .:upJd.ty). ;,dthough 1hio: c:ffètl

\\';L' OIIJ)' bOI'dethnt 'lrOiil<:;.u\1 fc.H all Olh('f ÇOI11pC'IOC!I115ö, nu si~nióc3nt ('lft~l'!> ~-crc lound

C.-ur.ie :.na!)"U:l

\k.sn ."mal pt(»SIC. (ntmUGI

JIJ)L ln••ol/1)'

Ac.IJU~I(-ll .1fl.11~1<'

M~;an ~ncr•:•l p•c.'''ut:. (ullfiiiGJ•

1101 (rnmol/1)•

Tri;lycemle (nnnoiJl)"

w"''' drcumlcrencc (cm)•

>1 atld <4

-3.7 (-8..9 IO 1.5) p

=

0.01 (-0.19 to 02J) I's 090

l.07 (0.76 to I 51) P=06S I 01 (0.9::! 10 I 091 p-09l 0.7 <-·tOto 5.3) p : 013

-5.1 (-IQ6 to 0.2) I'= 0.06

o<n c-o 191o o.22>

p = 087 1.01 {0.73 10 I MI) P-OS~

1.00 (0.92 to 1.09)

" - 094 05 l--4 4 tu $.$) p

=

-36!-S.SIO 11) p -0.15

00S(-01SIOO:ll) /' = 0.68

1.0\ (O.?S 10 1.40J J•-0$7 1.03(095tol.12) I'= o . ...s

o~ (-.!Oto~S)

p = 0.87

-~ 7 ( ·9.$ 10 0-4) 1'=007

0.05 (-0.14 !0 0.2-J) J> 0.62

0.93 (0.67 to lJOJ P

=

1.01 (0.9.! IQ i 10) 1'=0.72 0.2 l-4.5!0 4.8) p ~ 0.95

~1(-S&ua.Sl) P~093

-0.05 (-02$ t00.16) p 066

U9 tO~ to L70) P•034 I 0) (094 t6 I 1:!)

P=OSO 25 (-2.-41(') 74)

P• lt}l

-1.4 (-7 0 I() 4 J) J•-006

OOS( 0Z6to016) P=0.61

112(07!<1()161) P-OSJ 1.02 t093to I 11) ,. 0.72 23(-·2.8toï4) P-=Olï

I' fC'C

"""'

u )7

068 0.71

• lifieo:t •~ thHnnK:t" m ::we.ap_e \':llue with tcfetcncc ca1egory <2 c-upsld3)'

" F.!Tcct i• t;~tio in á"·cr.;agc ''<litM" Wilh rdereocc: ça~ego1y :;l~;up~d.::.y

AdjU\Ir.d r~)l i:llC.Ity intalc.. physicaJ acth-il)'. ~:mokin_g: 3..0d a!<:ohol ÇQnS\IJllpHOll

'fhc dfecl of c:offee coosumption on HOL appe31cd to bc- ~ignî!icanl iu wo1nen. but not i11 mell. Howc,•e-r. H 'hould be noted tJ1at the diHerencc m the rclanonshJp of HOl. and colTee con~umption between mcn :md woroen w:~~~ not MO.llslically stgmfic;tnt gJvcn the Q\'erbp-ping .;o-nliden« u1tervals.

To cxplorc thc rc:IJtiOJl~tup bctwetn coffee conl.umption 3nd HOLmwomen a bil iul1her. wc fir:-.t added body m~~

tnc:lcl (B~U) 10 the model m tn\C:Stlg_ate "bethet lhe tda.·

uon .. tup between coffee con~umption and HDL was me<hatcd by B\0 Th1!t wa.' nu; the (.--:ut'. tht 1e.s,ults ot tbe

.mal)·~ dKI n04 ch.mge (dJu 1K>l ~bown). In a steood e'plor:.II\"C' .maly\i'\ • .1 muhlpk rt.~r~on analyst"> \\35 pertomled m wtuch coffec cmhumption ~-m. anal)~d in combtnJII<m '"'lh 8~11. \\3i~t ó.r~t.anftttoce. pb)"Stc-al ...:11\'11), V11t'1tkln~ heh.l\IOUr ilnd alcohol C'Ol'tSUm.pnon

T.ablc: '\ ~' the Ct-M~lb of ttus muiuple ~ton

.tn.tl}'"~'~ Al\0 m lhb multiple cegcesstOn model. roffcc

cun,ump«ion renLuna. bJ~nitkil.lltl~) rd.<lted to HOl \\'htle oal"'lt ;~kohol \:un,mnpCion (lhc ntOI't' ~IJS.S(s/week.. th(' h11hn' HOt le"cb) .uW "AJ.l){ ,·ltçumferet'K't (1he h1g_hcr

wa~st Cl!cumfercncc:, thc 1owèr HOL level') we1c :o.t~tnlll

ca.otly :t.Ssoci:m:d with HDL

Discus.o;ion

This stody exaouncd tbe as.soctauon between co(fec C(')n~

sumpuon and the componcnt'i. of thc metabohc !<.)ndromc m ::t rclauvcly hc;Jhhy Dutch \tudy popul:uiön 1t :1Jlpc:trtd that conee con'iuntpuon ^W::t!\ 1m·er-.cly .1.\"-QCi:utd wnh HDL level m women A ..-ignific:.:tnl, În\et-:..e relahon between coffee con<umption .1nd HDI. \\.1.\ found rut

û:lcnnore. an alfllC;'KI oqgnific:1nt tn\t'f\C 3.\.~i.lriM \\3.\

tound between 3\"C'f:!ge coff« ccm,umptM>n and \lAP ~nd foc men, wat.;t circumft-rt-OC't' ~nh 10 be sOtne'~h>ll

J"-"''CI:ned wilh .J hi.gh roffte con.wrnJ)Iron

In 1hc pre~nl ~lu<l). 3tl in\("~ ;b)()CI3hOn w.t. .. (nund Pelween HOL rc\d 3nd :l\tt3~/hr~h coltee con\umpcKIO in w<m1en A n~la·3nll) l>b ot rUldomtZ('d contmUaJ tn.tlt.

(RCT reg:udin8 :..-...~i31ÎOI'l'o. bet\\~0 ,of( te COO'IoUMpcKan .lnd danle'\leTt'll. ~ho\\t"d dut coruomlftg 6 curslcf.\y ^\\ol'l

(\offee consûmplion {cupsldny)

Cru« Analym

tl-kaR anc:ri~ presswe (tnmHG 1•

>2 aod < <4

-3.0 (-65 :oO~)

p,.

oos

0 t (-J.5lO 3.7) , •• 006

0.94

-0.15 (-0.30to0011 r a006

-Q.l5 (-0.31 ;o OOI) P•006

006

W:uM circ:umfetcnce (cm}'"

AllJU~lt..J aulysis"

Mt.n .11nt:nal prt~s;ure (mmH(if'

I .al (0.!7 10 1.17J p -090 I 01 (0.99 !Q l.07l p =0.16 1.4 (-1 9 to 4.7) I' 0.41

-'\1 C-6.7Lo0.5)

I'. 0.09

I 0.& ~O.S9 ;o 11:2) p 0~9 I OI (U.91 10 1.05) p =u 5~

2 5 (-10 to 5.9)

,. o. ¹⁶

-0 I (-3 S :o 3.7) P•09"1

~s

U lS 0.16

095

0 I~ ( -0. ).4 to -0.0~ l P=003

-<J20( Ol61o-<JOll P = o_re

0.03

0%!0Slto U4) Pa0ï5 I 02 (0.99 to I 07) /'• 020

I )6( -2.~ tç,49) p = 044

J..(.t$ !0.90 10 12~1

p -OSJ I OI (U.97 ;.o 1.05) I' 061

~.6l-l I to 6:\) P-OJ7

0<9

0.7'i

017

• EN«t i-J dllfcrcoce m :t\'et:t~c-H1!ue \Hlh rdcreoce category ~ C'llfi'Jd~)

" I·Nttl L\ r~tio i.n ~.,enge \aluc-wHh rdr1r~r utr:rory :;2 e-..1~dly

• :\dj~·ed kc-~-tnlti.e.. ph)tU:ll act.uty. an.\•n~ W ~ QOO~l>("'aton

r .... .5 Rt-w.lts of .a mulopk ~pnuoll :uul,.,n 110 urk<e me

cfi«C o-f colke coosumpao-n

*

('uffce con~umptior/

.:>lM••I ~4 c:u1"'/day -0 11 ( Ollto- 021 003

•4 (\IJ)Yd<l)' -0 I~ t-0 ll tO 0.00) 006 Ah:ohol coosumphon 002 (fiOI hl 00\1 OOI

(llil,~fo/V.('Ck)

rh>"".:at -.:ti .. i1)' OOl( .()()tjtö0091 070

W.au\1 cuc. .. fet~ -002( 00:10 001) 00:

8ocJy fJII1.S • • , OOI t-oOliOOO.:I 061 Smol.na bdwivioul'

...

C'urrcnt -o_o:-. c-o.:' ^U) o. 1 ~~ 0~5

.. ~ Cup<JJ~}' ' ' IJS<'d :1s n·f.-lt:nt.:~ (;:>.!etui)'

" Nt"\'tl ~mokc~ b u~d as rdt'ICilC:t' ,,;;•!cl("' y

:l\\c~·i~•lrd wllh inC:Jtased LOL chölrqc-rol. t"lut nor wilh ltl>l. A di\llln:l lhffcrcnce in outCfllllt m hluod chole~tc1·o1

"-"'''" ·•P·JX':olred l'>c=lw~n boJitd l'ollrt .1nd hhcred c,~ffe-e

lnc:rc.1\Ci m Krum bpg;ds (e"(çepc fcw Hl)L) \\CfC' ~t:teater ul

~tud!.c· Ythtre peop!e drank hoiled coffee (In) Tbe.M: dal ttrtncts m cUcct on bfCX'I<I c:hole~rerol htt\\~n hittred :and unh11crcd/b<u1cd coffcoe wc:re found in st.o,.et:ll othcr stud1c:5

:l's: wel! (, 1-'~ ), However, at Je:lSt OllC tn:~l USIOi fihcrcd

COft('(', h:l'\ \ll<twn lhál COffee COOSlll\lpliOO W,l!; ,1\SOCI:ltc:d wnh :tn mc-rcJ'c in lot31 se.n.11n choltstcrol (.'!.~) Thc dm- le'\teml rJi .. îng factOrs tn bolled coffcC' arl" c;•fe~tol and bh"'eol Two taH.olubJe maue~. wh•ch .u-e otiginally prt>-.ent 10 coUcc o11 In p.1.rucular c.:!fe,t<1Jt, r~;und ro rasse blood thok1tttol(:-) 'The popub110n m thc pr~nt ~tud}

d~n.k mo,tJy dnp-filten:d calfcm:aJed cofr«. v.luch doel.

OOI cont.lm C.a.le'l-tol and k:thwc:QI.

Rtgatdmg w.u .. t c•rcumfcn:n..:c. pc»iti,·c a.\~14lhons

wert h'li111<1 m both m:~lr: and fc:m;~le ~UbJ~h w1th J. h1gh cotfcc ~UO\Umplton Huwc:.,.c:l'. 1he~e :WIOCt:llltlm~ wen: nut

blitiJ-..tiC,III)' \lgmfic.mL To uu1 knowledge thcu: :lrr" .1lmu~l

no Mtldlt~ rrportmg J rdation~hip bêtween çoffcc: ..:~m·

~ump110n ouul waH•I <:tn:umference HO\\CVer, nwny \lutht:~

10\'(''Ht;.el~· 1hc rdat1vn.Jlip bet\vccn colfee t.:om.umpllon ::ttld body ma\, 1mk't a.s indic;ttOJ l<~f hödy f:llnn\ Po..,IIJvc

.1..\11-."laliOilS betv.«n rolt« consumrclC1C1 :.&lid body mas.s

ll'kk:t (BMI) were rvund 111 Sot\CraJ "lid IC" ( 1.~. 2S • .:9) Ho'-'-t"er. aho contr.u)· c=ffe"'b v.erc fottl'ld In a pruspet:(J\C uudy O\cr a penod of 12 )CJU. 1t lpp('.ltnf thon an increase m uffcioe mlak..e~ nwnly duc to cot lee C'<lfl'-UI1lpt»>O. led to a '"'~11 rcducuon in long·term wc&&J11 p1n (lOl

In the prt::$Cfl~ c.tu.J)'. tnehctno.ks '-'C:C'le not a.s.soc:J.:ltcd '4ilh C:\.,ffee coosu:mpoon tn cathtt mC"n nr v. ·mea_ Con·

uadH:tu~ to tht.s out.;onk' • .t n.tt.l aruJy-g~ of RITs rcponcd ;a dosc·tespon.~ n=I .. IKJO bctv.ccn coffee con-

~umpcwn and ttiglyccndc\ (lttl On lbc olhcT h;l.nd. a

hm~puadmJI ~tudy tn JJp.an 'h"'4c\lth:u tnzlycende le,·els

wc:~ :ugni1ic::uHJy and an'·c:r..cly IU~'ICI3ted with coffec- lOftMunplion (ISl

In the present study. blood p1cuurc wa-. 10 'l)Jne extcm

LD\IC:"-dY ~i3.ted \\Uh ffi(""C'IJ.l( CC'Ift('C' COn"-untptlOI\

CNnpoa~le to tlus oul~ol'n(, an •nvt'ro.c:: a...s~•auon

Mwttn coffee UKI blood rrcbU.IC' \\&.\ lound ma 'SOJd} 1.0 .l tenaal _:..:orv.~gwn popubttc:>n 1141 lt -.c\c-r. 1.0 pre'I.')OittS

\t~ lt ~ been s.u;~(\U\'1 dut (('fT« fa&.Se$ blond pnque o\ md.ol-l.n.ai)StS of RCl 'rc'c~kd" ~g:mficmt W«l31100 bctv.een (0Jltc' (OGSuruptM!n Jnd boûa SJ-~;Iotic

.md dr~tohc blood pl'ts~urt' fi~J In a mOJe ce«nt me1=t- analy"\ tf v.a~ .. ugg~:Sted thJt c.lffc~nc, .,.,hen mgested

thr,,u~h cuffee, ~ithef ha:. A \'rry "'rn.lll, 01 no effeçt on hlt'll')d pre~\urt: l3 IJ. Th1~ hmhng t\ \llf)J)Ofttd by ml!ny

•HnJ!Ié o,:lu(he:o. a~ well P2-h ),

1-'Qr (a,llng blood ~lucoo;e, nn .1\MlC.'I~Uon\ wJlh coffee C't'm\Uillplmn -.ctt (OUI\d In thc rrC'.,C'III \lUdy Thc:re :trc!'

rmn'lt'tou' oJUI.'b~ \\hidt cl.um J'OI-111\t he.&Jlb cffcos of cnftcr roa .. unlf)t.JOO on dtaMC''\ melhHII

•>"PC

m:i.nJ) dut to conee cot'I\.W'I'If'UOn. can rcduc:c n...;. of 0~1

11 .;and redtK-C msuhn rt'Sl'\U~ ('. 11 lO. ,~. r]. Tbe prestut ,.t,Jdy doe"> not ">upport 1~ outconlltS.. Ho-A·e\et 11I~J ma srudy m whith ~ redu,('d n""k of 0\111 'A-"U found due 10 tUJh toffee conl\umplloo. oo a."\41c;-1Jlion between lu~h coltee con,umption and f.-.. t•ns, pl.r\ma. ~lucose levels

wo~\ tound [lSJ On 1h~ Olhtr lurllll, Kc)/CI' to\md .m 111\-C'f'.,(' rdallC'In,hip bttwt'C'n lft!óulm k'n\ilJ\'ity and caf- IC' nr m hcahhy hwn3.tb f ,•J) Th'' dft·\-t howe,·er w.J.S l Jhott ltnn effect :and v.:a, a. .. a muit<" ps-1 (mtna\eOOW.) calt~~~ mral.~ tnMcild of c<,tfcc mz2l.c

Allhou ¹h lhi~ lollld~ I\ rn""oahJ~ Ofll!' O.i !he hr-1 ;.n wbich lonr, 1ttrn rofftt .;ontumpcw,n rdattd In he~th out- CC'If'lC'' . .a (~\.\ hnut,lt10n'i \.hUP.Jid he fll(mKmtd Tlu) stody

WA~ AllrJXI~d {0 eumrnc tht uw..: 1111on ~tWtC'O Jong

1~ coffc-~ COCNimpliM and tht mctabo.hc "') udtome lt•J\l't'\Tr IM r•t\akncC o( tbe n~ böll( ))'nd:rollle lU oor RUd'9 ptft11.31K•O ·~ .. only l . .S IJOUntt 8 ( oc men aD-1

l BJU. rt at

~ k•r \\omc"ftl ^\Cl 11 'lfU OOI J'O''it'lk CO ~yzc th1-, rtl-tl~l..,..Jp lb s prc .. ·...tcD~r..--e ot tiK' MMJI'w)hc \)ndcomc '"

OUT )tudy f»PUiotllon \\oU t>xucmdy lo~, comp;utd tn thc Pf'C' Jlcn.:c ol thc: mc:t.;aboiK syndmmc fnf adult.) 1n thc

~ethcr1.tn~.b (I ~22'1- lor mtn and C) IS1L tor wvnlc:n) {lU)

1'1tcrc a« l<'cnl rt.uons tor ^not fir"-hng WOOJ: c((c~.1. ..

of ~.-utf« «GSUn:ptWn L'l'l tht compoocnu u( tht mtllhohc

~)-ndniCt'.C hr!t G.\ mdllKJJlitd berou tbc \rud) popobt"""' wa;s ITI.IIhH•Iy halth) Bc. ... klb tht: Jo. pn'"alc.-:t' fot tbc:

11tf'1,1ht I~~~; "'l'kfron~ thc: pupulatJon S«rMd tobt' hnhhy for 1hc .cp.&t3t-: compvnc:nts <lS W('ll ('c< Tablt

">

uuU", .:1cam nnd ..,ug;.1r rmo con~tdcr::uiun ;\lthough these ''!irzJhlc, war not in.duded ul onr an.lly,.e;;, adJU~uucnls

werc moadt tor en('rs.>· unaie (kc.al/day) Rt~ouk~ ttu).. thc

t\Cr.I(C Cll>fl('t (;'1.11'1\LUOptlOO IR thc J'IOI)O):Uton W.S:\

J 5 <ur<!.b) fot men .00 3.1 ,-up</day foc v.om<n Th«<

-'~'are rtiAil\cJ) krA: compom:f lO nntJ.na. htcnturc~

\\b.zle t ." ... oo-n tJw. cspcct.JII) tbc tuther Ct,tf~ ('(IQ~

•ump<IOO (:..<> or >7 cvpslda) l

""''"lil<

l!''(trtfl'l('l) smo~tl oand b.1d 10 bc: cumhu)td "Alth the ~'-"'Und hi~h('ll (:;I(('~Uf)

In condu\um, IS years of çnffce C<llhUmpuon w.u in\·crwly li'I\UllateiJ Wlth Hl)l, .md wilh MAl' (thc bttct 0111)• l11f rnmlts.tiC col lcç con ... umption) fo1 wumcn. f'or

•nt-n, no ... ~·n•h""'"' a»ociat•on~ were ro-nnd betwee-n lnng tefnl tuUrt' c:um.umphcm ;md nlèt3txlhC ~)'ndn.lmc" li<.l

fXh')f~

Opn. ' ' " ' ' Tbis ankk du.tnt..oud . - . , 1tw ~ Gif ~

en., ... c ... ,

Rerc:rcnc._....,

!111 F8.

-...n

n,

1ok• OI I) I"" o4 1•1 ,.1>d ~l.lbob)'.:lflne llul\ttnlo~a.a. ~001.4-*·10~

"

l Hu Ci T\IIOOII:Ithlo J. Sahm:OOk'" t;; HJr.""''I N. Jo.ubh P Jod1 ctf~•('b of .. )UCaJ a..-'i1}" l'Od)' IUU lrdr•. "'.11" cu cumfntna; .Mld •ate-40-brp r»t<> 1uth 1be n ^1. af(...,._~..._.._ M (Ü)(',tW aramc ....Jdlc-..-cl folmmh rwa aad •O«Wn. hr ll.>;ul J ~·--1-'llll 0

\UI [).llfl lo!\1 11~ f.lt Cdt« ('QtiUmpiOII Md rKl I l)pt Z

d . a•y\WnlMCRV~· J\\1\ ~:\.l9''P 1~

4 I~ :\oC'IIPI 'i \1 ~Iu \ Pl\Aintll M \ IIOJI I 0,.. P

\tuflltn'J J 801t) m11n rrtdt\ tft)'1.k.,.)eiUICli'IC) ar.J IQ. t•cl

>I ~Y" ;allitiiC'U a1. k.rru.uau t.f .aD nc.w alld c-a .... Joo' !KUW dnaw: ....

wfl,

tam .-J MJmta Int J ~ .:\)()() ~ • I 4M ..

' \\ M\ [YA.pa•• RB.. ' ~ L hnw 11 J\:IDIW'I ""ft 0 '"' Jf11 u4 ctaay ~ dt-:ro:wua

..-.1.11

M-b n!I.Scd :OO:I~l~()" ""'!