The effect of income inequality on political participation in the advanced industrialized countries

Contents

0.200 0.220 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.300 0.320 0.340 0.360 0.380 0.400 1981-1984 1990-1994 1995-1998 1999-2004 2005-2009 2010-2014 Gi ni C oeffci ent Wave

Participation

=β

+ β

(Income

)+ β

(Inequality

) +

β

(Income

*Inequality

) +ε

(1)

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

β

∂y Participation

∂x Inequality

= β

+ β

Income

(2)

β

Y

=b

+b

I

+ε

ε

∼N(0,σ

₎

₍₃₎

b0j=Country specific intercept

b_1j=Country specific effect of the individual leval variable

ε

)

σ

b

&

b

b

& b

b

= γ

+γ

G

+U

U

∼(0,τ

)

(4)

b

=γ

+γ

G

+U

U

∼N(0,τ

)

(5)

cov(U

,U

)= τ

γ₀₀=Common intercept among countries

γ₀₁=Effect of country level predictor on the group specific intercept

γ₁₀= Common slope associated with the individual level variables across countries γ₁₁=Effect of the country level predictor on the country specific slope

U

U

)

τ

τ

τ

γ

& γ

γ

& γ

U

U

Y

=

γ

+γ

G

+γ

I

+γ

G

I

+U

U

(6)

5. Methodology

Participation_ijw Incomeijw

Inequality_jw Incomeijw*GINIjw

Political scaleijw

Femaleijw Fulltimeijw Parttimeijw unemployed_ijw Marriedijw Single_ijw Postcommunistj EU18j NonEU OEDCj

i

j

w

ε

ε

5.1. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression

Participation

= 𝛽

+ 𝛽

(𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

) + 𝛽

(𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐼

) + 𝛽

(𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

∗ 𝐺𝐼𝑁𝐼

)

+ 𝛽

𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

+ 𝛽

𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒

+ 𝛽

𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

+ 𝛽

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

+ 𝛽

𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑

+ 𝛽

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑

+ 𝛽

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

+ 𝛽

𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑠𝑡

+ 𝛽

𝐸𝑈18

+ 𝛽

𝑁𝑜𝑛𝐸𝑈 𝑂𝐸𝐷𝐶

+ 𝜀

+ 𝜀

𝑌̂

5.2. Ordinal Logistic regression

𝑃 1−𝑃

6. Results

Standard errors in parentheses

* _{p < 0.10,} ** _{p < 0.05,} *** _{p < 0.01}

0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.3 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 Not at all interested Not very interested Somewhat interested Very interested P re di cte d proba bi liti es Political interest 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.3 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.45 0.48

Would never do Might do Have done

P re di cte d prob ab ili ti es Political Consumersim