PROPOSAL –
MASTER EARTH
SCIENCES **TRACK: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
** MINOR: SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Details of proposal
Details of applicant
Name: Carmen Capendale
Student number: 12382000
Email: carmen.capendale@hotmail.com
Date of birth: 19/10/1993
Details of daily-supervisor/examiner/co-assessor
Daily-supervisor
Name: Aleksandra Dragozet Specialization: Sustainable tourism
Institution: Seagoinggreen (seagoinggreen.org)
Examiner
Name: John Grin
Specialization: Policy science
Institution: University of Amsterdam
Co-assessor
Name: Marc Davidson
Specialization: Philosophy of sustainable development Institution: University of Amsterdam
Details of proposal
Title: The transition towards sustainable tourism Number of words: 6473
Table of Contents
Details of proposal... 1 Details of applicant... 1 Details of daily-supervisor/examiner/co-assessor... 1 Details of proposal... 1 Scientific summary... 3 Introduction... 3 Theoretical framework... 5 Research Aim... 9 Research questions... 10 Research question:... 10 Sub questions:... 10 Methodology... 10Literature description use of search engines... 11
Qualitative research... 11
Data storage... 13
Workflow and Time schedule... 13
Budget... 14
Scientific summary
The water related tourism sector is growing and is of great economic significance in the Netherlands, but has negative consequences on the environment because consumption and production take place at the same time and in a limited
geographical area. This is why this research is focused on how to accelerate the transition towards marine sustainable tourism. The different dynamics in the tourism system will be related to the different drivers and barriers received by the marine tourism companies in the transition towards sustainable tourism. With the goal to research how to overcome the barriers and stimulate the drivers that companies receive(d) in this transition towards sustainable tourism. This research will be
conducted with a mixed method methodology to follow a non-linear science approach which fits the research of the tourism system, a complex adaptive system. The dynamics of the tourism system will be research with the help of the transition theory and the different drivers and barriers will be researched with interviews with the relevant stakeholders.
Introduction
The transition from the agricultural society to the industrial society was a rapid transition. This transition still continues today and has enabled humankind, for the first time, to influence processes of environmental change on a global scale. This influence has led progressive environmentalists to calling this era the
Anthropocene(Haberl, Fischer-Kowalski, Krausmann, Martinez-Alier, & Winiwarter, 2011; Stromberg, 2013). As a consequence of these processes, a new movement has originated. The underlying thought of this movement is the idea that the economy should be sustainable to stop the over excessive use of the resources of the earth, so as to secure the future of our species. Studies of humanity’s ecological footprint have attracted much attention because they suggest that humanity already consumes more resources than the biosphere can restore. This has led to the start of a new transition: the sustainable transition(Haberl et al., 2011). Haberl et al. (2011) discusses that the change of the transition from an agrarian regime to an industrial society is as heavy as the change of the transition from an industrial society to a sustainable society. The majority of the world population is still in the transition process from an agrarian to an industrial society. So is, for example, 15 percent of the GDP in the sub-Saharan Africa composed of agriculture and only one percent of the GDP in North America. Also, a large part of the use of resources and sinks can be ascribed to industrialized countries (Verones, Moran, Stadler, Kanemoto, & Wood, 2017). The highest developed countries emit 86% of the global CO2 emissions while the countries with a low or lower-middle income only emit 17% of the global CO2 emissions (Ritchie & Roser, 2017). To make it even worse, the high levels of economic inequality found in less developed countries have been associated to the penetration of their economies by investments of multinational enterprises based in more
countries that bear the most historical responsibility for climate change are likely to be the ones least harmed by its consequences (the economist, 2019).
The industrialized countries have shown a shift to the tertiary sector, the service sector. This shift is called tertiarization and is part of the well-known “three-sector-hypothesis” which was described by Fisher (1939). Tertiarization comes mainly from the secondary sector (food processing, oil refining, energy production &
manufacturing) but also from agriculture (The service sector, n.d.; Miles, 1993; Paper & Paper, 1997). The percentage of the primary, secondary and tertiary sector in low-income, middle-income and high-income changes throughout the development from a country (Figure 1) (Aksentijević, Tijan, & Stumpf, 2015).
Figure 1: The different economic sectors are visible with the percentage of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors (Aksentijević et al., 2015).
The tourism sector is a large part of the tertiary sector. Tourism is of major importance for many countries and regions. Tourism provides jobs, tax revenue, increases the social cohesion and contributes to a variety of other economic and industrial sectors(Dinica, 2006). The tourism sector generates 10% of the GDP and represent 9% of the total employment in the European Union, and this percentage is still growing(“Eur. Union Tour. Trends,” 2018; WTTC, 2019). This is logical since the World Tourism Organization (WTO) saw an increase of 450 million tourist in 2010 to 700 million tourists in 2017 in Europe (Roser, 2017). A remarkable resource paradox exists between the tourism sector and the environment. Natural environments are the basis for a perfect tourist destination. These beautiful natural environments that tourist experience is at the same time exploited and compromised to meet the requirements of the visitor’s consumptive wishes. Consumption and production take places at the same time when it comes to a tourism context. Thus, having a bigger impact. This problem becomes worse because the consumption and production takes place in a limited geographical area. This behavior increases the pressure on such an area and thus increases the environmental negative consequences (Williams & Ponsford, 2009).
While this ‘resource paradox’ has characterized relationships between tourism and the environment for decades, the importance of managing this paradox is bigger than ever. Never before have there been so many, severe and persistence reporting of the negative consequences of climate change. Such as, natural disasters, disease outbreaks and environmental pollution. Therefore, has is never been more important
to think about the welfare of the ecosystems. This demonstrates the importance of the effects of climate change on the healthy environments that attract tourists. They also signal the importance of tourism stakeholders becoming proactive in creating more sustainable forms of tourism (Dinica, 2006; Williams & Ponsford, 2009).
Companies can use the corporate social responsibility (CSR) to take responsibility for the impact of the company operation on man, the environment and society (CSR, 2019). The literature about CSR suggests that companies should not be led by their customers but should be inspired by them. Companies should take responsibility and manufacture socially responsible products(Ryan, 2008). Research from Miller (2010) showed that consumers are already making decisions based on environmental, social and economic quality for day-to-day products and are keen to transfer these habits to the purchase of tourism products (G. A. Miller, 2003).
Coastal areas worldwide are major destinations for tourism, which represents the fastest growing sector of the global economy. The development and utilization of coastal zones has greatly increased during the recent decades and coasts are undergoing tremendous socio-economic and environmental changes. This trend is expected to continue on in the next years. (Neumann, Vafeidis, Zimmermann, & Nicholls, 2015). Yachts, charter boats and cruise ships are the major sources of pollution. The destination areas are often not fit to handle the waste that the marine tourism companies bring along (Liz Creel, 2003).
Water related tourism is of great economic significance in the Netherlands, with a total domestic tourism-recreation sector accounting for almost 5 percent of
employment nationally and 3% of the total national annual income(Dinica, 2006). The economy has grown in the last ten year and this trend is estimated to
continue. The Dutch have a strong relationship with water and have worked hard to keep the water from overflowing the country (Dinica, 2006). Almost half of the Netherlands is below the sea level and 18 percent of the surface area is covered with water(Hall & Härkönen, 2006). Water has become an important part of the society, nature and the environment. The Netherlands has three different
ministries controlling different aspects of the different water related topics to be able to control such a body of water (Hall & Härkönen, 2006). The Netherlands has taken charge in improving European water management regulations and is the most innovative (and well-known for this over the world) solutions like using the natural environment and processes to control the water (Kimmelman & Haner, 2017). But the health of the ecosystems of these water bodies are compromised by the growing number of tourists according to Boffey (2019). Because of the
increasing awareness of customers, companies and institutions, the (growing) significance of coastal areas and the ever-growing tourism sector this thesis is focused on how to overcome the barriers that companies receive in their transition towards sustainable tourism and stimulate their drivers in the transition towards sustainable tourism.
Sustainability as a policy concept has its origin in the Brundtland Report of 1987(G. Miller & Twinning-Ward, 2005.). The definition of sustainability has been discussed throughout the last two decades. This resulted in different articles discussing the content of what the actual meaning of the word sustainable is and even some who question the usefulness of its definition(Brown, Hanson, Liverman, & Merideth, 1987; Johnston, Everard, Santillo, & Robèrt, 2007; Kuhlman & Farrington, 2010; Morelli, 2011). The Brundtland Report mainly concentrates on the concept of sustainability with the focus on the pressure between the ambition of mankind for an improved life on the one hand and the limitations imposed by nature on the other hand(G. Miller & Twinning-Ward, n.d.). System resilience can play an important role in maintaining conditions that will sustain the provision of ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being (Fisher, Costanza, Turner, & Morling, 2007).
The concept of sustainability can be used in different contexts, these contexts are of major importance for the interpretation of the concept of sustainability (Kuhlman & Farrington, 2010). This thesis will use the concept of sustainability mostly in
combination within the context of sustainable tourism in Western countries. An example of the importance of the context considering the concept of sustainable tourism is the degree of the development of the country. Sustainable tourism in a less developed country is mostly focused on the local people and their welfare(Shokirov, 2014; UNWTO, EIF, & ITC, 2017). In a developed country the focus is more on the influence of the tourism on the ecosystem(s)(Dinica, 2008). The definition of sustainable tourism by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is “Tourism that
takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities” (UNEP&UNWTO, 2005).
It is argued in the book: “monitoring for a sustainable tourism transition” that the recent history of sustainable tourism is so brief, and its past is so intensively
interwoven with the transition/development/history of sustainable development, that an understanding of the origins, philosophies, different matters and present day explanations of sustainable development can provide basic and important guidelines to the right implementation of sustainable matters (Miller & Twinning-Ward, 2005). The transition/development/history of sustainable development can therefore also be used to look at the transition of tourism systems.
Systems are created around us to fulfill our societal needs. These systems seem stable but systems change. A system might go through fundamental changes. If such a fundamental change happens in a system it is said to go through a transition. An example of such fundamental changes is the introduction of the steam engine, which was a factor in the transition towards industrial society from agricultural
society(Kanefsky & Robey, 2019). The concept of transition has been studied for decades in several disciplines. All these interpretations have their (multi)disciplinary function and added value, but none of them is applicable to the complex nature and multiple dimensions of societal transformations implicated in sustainable
development. The book: “Transitions to sustainable development” describes this by writing about transition from a multidisciplinary approach. There are five
Transitions are co-evolution processes that require multiple changes in socio-technical systems of configurations. They are multi-actor processes, which entail interactions between different social groups, they are radical shifts from one system or configuration to another, they are long term processes and they are
macroscopic (Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2010).
A societal system can be considered to be driven to a transition if its functioning is compromised in some way according to De Haan& Rotmans (2011). There are three ways that a system can be compromised, a system can undergo tension, stress and pressure. A system falls under heightened tension when the survival of the very system itself relies on a sustainable environment that no longer is assured. One speaks of stress in the case that the regime is incompetent or inconsistent with the providing of the most common way that the societal needs are met and there is said to be pressure on a system when alternatives to the functioning regime emerge and become viable competitors or simply take away the need for certain aspects of the functioning regime(Hans de Haan & Rotmans, 2011).
There are three underlying concepts when interpreting transitions. The multi-level
perspective originally emerged from an evolutionary perspective. There are
different historical time-developments within the multi-level perspective. The bigger structures are called the landscapes (exogenous trends), the middle level is called the regime (structure/system) and the new ideas, the new technologies are called niches (innovative practices). The three levels are intended as functional scale levels, degrees of structuration (Figure 2) (Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2019).
To be able to understand why transitions happen it is important to know that new ideas and innovations start small. The new idea will have to be accept by society before a niche can settle in the regime. Therefore, there needs to be movement in the landscape and regime level of the multi-level perspective. The regime and niche are similar structures, although of a different level of aggregation. Competition takes places between these two levels (Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2019).
Figure 2. Shows the interaction between the niches, regimes and landscape (Geels and Kemp, 2000 in Loorbach, 2007)
The regimes are embedded within the landscapes and the niches within the regimes. Each level is a heterogenous socio-technical configuration but the three levels variate in size and stability. In niches, the social networks are small, unstable and
precarious. The actors need to put in a lot of work to uphold a niche. The socio-technical regimes are more stable: the networks are larger etc. Socio-socio-technical landscapes involve broader background structures that provide gradients from
actions. Alignments between levels have evolutionary characteristics: niches provide the locus for the generation of radical novelties (variation), but the selection and broader diffusion of these novelties depend on alignments with regime and landscape levels(Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2019).
The second underlying concept is co-evolution, shortly described above as one of the characteristics that belong to a transition. The last underlying concept described is the multi-phase concept. The multi-phase concept will be more extensively discussed because it is rooted in the theory of complex adaptive systems and a tourism system is considered to be a complex adaptive system. Most of the time, complex adaptive systems are in a period of dynamic equilibrium, with ongoing variation and selection, but with selection as the dominating mechanism. External stimulation forces the system to shift to a relatively short phase of instability and chaos where variation predominates. The multi-phase concept describes transition in time using four different phases. These phases differ in fast en slow dynamics that form a S-curve from one dynamic state of equilibrium to a different dynamic state of equilibrium. Figure 3 shows that the first phase is predevelopment. The system is changing but without showing any consequences. The second phase is the take-off phase. This is the point of ignition after which the process of sturctural change picks up momentum. The structural change is visible in the breakthrough phase, the third phase. In the end of the transisition stabilization takes place. In line with the name of
the fourth phase: the stabilization phase, the new dynamic state of equilibirium is attained (Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2019).
There are different drivers and barriers that influence novelties to enter the socio-technical regimes. It is, for example, possible that the existing regime has legislations that oppose the new novelty. Or the structure from the socio-technological systems is not there to support the novelty (Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2019). An example of a structure not being able to support a novelty are the existence of the charging poles for the electric cars. The electric cars were a novelty and got accepted by society (VW, 2019). Still, this was difficult since the structure in society was not ready yet. Influence of the government can help. So is Germany planning to install a million new charging poles for the electric cars (NWS,V 2019).
Figure 3. graphic display a transition regarding the multi-phase concept (Rotmans, Grin & Schot, 2010 in Loorbach, 2007)).
Discontent from civilians or changes from government can lead to a higher chance of the novelty becoming a regularity. These different drivers and barriers influence the system. According to Haan & Rotmans (2010) there were three different kind of patterns in transition. The first one is reconstellation. This is a top down constellation change. Governmental led structural changes typically are
reconstellation processes. The second one is called empowerment. This is bottom up constellation change. A new constellation emerges, or an existing one gains power, either by itself or through interacting or merging with other constellations within the societal system. The third type of pattern is called adaption. This pattern is internally induced constellation change. A constellation alters its functioning either through interacting or merging with other constellations within or from outside the societal system (Grin, Rotmans, & Schot, 2019).
According to the article “monitoring for sustainable tourism” tourism systems are complex adaptive systems. Like all complex adaptive systems, tourism systems are frequently subject to “surprise”. The surprises are created in cycles of long phases of increasing growth, efficiency and predicatbility followed suddenly by brief phases of reorganization and surprise. Therefore, complex sytems require approaches bases on non-lineair science (G. Miller & Twinning-Ward, 2005).
The combination of qualitative and quantitaive techniques is used in non-lineair science and offers a new way of thinking. Non-lineair scienes uses many different
methods from different disciplines. An interdisciplinairy view on the research topic takes shape by switching through these different methods. The research topic is better covered by all disciplines and thus the solutions or recomondations from these research method can universally be applied because of the interdisciplinary view. Lineair analyses are characterized by the assumption that individual effect can be unambiguously traced back to particular causes. The fundamental assumption of non-lineair science is to reject this idea(Yoshida, 2010).
For the qualitative techniques of the non-lineair science part it is of importance that the knowledge regarding interviews is up to date. The international bestseller
“thinking, fast and slow” describes the basic elements of a two-systems approach to judgment and choice. It distinguishes the automatic operations of the so called System One and the controlled operations of the so called System Two. The book states that a lot of research has been done to system two but that the actual wonder of the brains lies in System One (Kahneman, 2011). The general line of the book is the explanation of how it is possible that proffesionals use System One when making difficult decisions. We avoid cognitive overload by breaking up current tasks into small steps to be comitted to long term memory; we are naturally drawn to solutions that use as litte mental effort as possible. One of the main functions of System two is to monitor and control suggestions from System one, however it is often lazy ans places too much faith in intuition. System one provides impressions that often turn into beliefs and actions; even the most insignificant of ideas can trigger other ideas and so on (Kahneman, 2011).
The influence of personal decisions that influence the impact of marine focused tourism business on their transition towards sustainability within the company is a bottum-up way of looking at the sustainable tourism problem. It is important to keep in mind that the (political) institutions are of influence on the transition towards sustainable tourism. March & Olsen (1989) argue that the concern regarding institutions is increasing because of modern a cumulative consequence of the process of change of social institutions and the constant criticism from observers of them. Social, policical and economic institutions have become larger, far more
complex, active and noticable. Thus, more important to collective life (March& Olsen, 1989).
Van De Graaf goes further than the so called bottum up – bottum down distinction. They suggest a model based on the idea of communicative-interaction, which is the interaction between policy actors and their target groups. It is desccribed in the article “implementation as coumminicative action” that the first issue is that
policymakers, implementers and target groups will form their own interpretations of the language used in the implemenation plans, legislation content and the
implemenation actions” and that these differ from each other. The second issue that they state is that the background theories from which different actors interpret policy objectives, ends and means are of major importance. The implementation of a plan can be achieved through the right communication between the different
This knowledge is of importance when talking to different stakeholders. When conduting an interview it has to be kept in mind that everybody works and thinks within a different framework(Grin & Van De Graaf, 1996).
Research Aim
The transition towards sustainable tourism is a complicated issue. This research aims to write an advice on how to accelerate the transition of marine focused tourism companies towards sustainable tourism, by researching how to overcome the barriers that companies receive in their transition towards sustainable tourism and stimulate the drivers that they receive in the transition towards sustainable tourism and relating the different dynamics in a system with these different drivers and barriers received by marine tourism companies. The different drivers and barriers will be researched through the combination of literature review and qualitative interviews with the most important stakeholders.
Research questions
Research question:
How to accelerate the transition towards sustainable tourism when looking at the different dynamics in the tourism system and relate these dynamics to the drivers and barriers that companies receive in this transition in the Netherlands?
Sub questions:
How does a sustainable tourism system emerge and what are the different dynamics within this system in the Netherlands?
- What is the history of tourism?
- How did the sustainability issue enter the tourism system? - Who are the different stakeholders within this tourism system? - What are the legislations regarding sustainability in tourism?
- Are there examples of dynamics within sustainability transitions in other tourism systems?
What do marine focused tourism companies receive as the different drivers and barriers in the transition towards sustainable tourism in the Netherlands?
- What do the interviewees see as the different drivers and barriers in the transition towards sustainable tourism
Methodology
The aim of this thesis is to understand how to overcome the barriers and stimulate the drivers that companies receive in their transition towards sustainable tourism. Since the tourism system is considered to be a complex adaptive system, a nonlinear science approach is used. Therefore, this thesis will consist of a “mixed method” methodology including a literature review and qualitative interviews with the most important stakeholders. The first sub questions will be answered by using literature research and the last will be answered with the information of interviews & literature review. This because, businesses often do not like to publicly expose personal data about sustainability unless it is a cornerstone of their business (Herold, 2018). The interviews can help bridge the data gap. It is possible that the literature will either contradict or strengthen the data from the interviewees. This will be mentioned in the result section of the thesis.
Literature description use of search engines
Online bibliographical databases are used for the literature research part of this thesis. While choosing which literature to use, the following points were considered. First, the motivation of the author of the article or site for publishing will be
considered when validating the information. Secondly, the reliability of the scientific magazine in which the article was published in will be examined. Thirdly, the
literature referenced to in this thesis will be as up to date as literature possibly can be. New information and publications were given priority to ensure that my analysis will be up-to-date with the current trends and findings.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is primarily exploratory research. Used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It usually emphasizes words rather than quantification in the collection and analysis of data. As a research strategy it is broadly inductivist, constructionist and interpretivist, but not always subscribed to all three of these features. An inductive view of the relationship between theory and research, is one whereby the former is generated out of the latter. The feature constructionist implies that social properties are outcomes of the interactions
between individuals, rather than the phenomena ‘out there’ and separate from those involved in its construction. The last feature, interpretivist means that in contrast to the adoption of a natural scientific model in statistical-inferential research, the stress is on the understanding of the social world through an examination of the
interpretation of that world by its participants.
The qualitative research will ensure a widened view of the (sub)questions in this thesis. Qualitative research is choses as method to complete the literature research. This to be able to not only narrow it down to literature review and not only use what already has been stated. Reliability of the research will be achieved by ensuring that the measures that are devised for concepts in this thesis are consistent. Replication will be achieved by ensuring the methodology will be as detailed as necessary.
Validity will be achieved by ensuring internal validity and external validity (Windows, Corporation, Hori, & Sakajiri, n.d.).
List of interviewees
Stakeholders will be interviewed to gain a complete overview of the different drivers and barriers towards sustainable transition for marine focused tourism companies. Purposive sampling will be used to choose the different interviewees. Purposive sampling is a non-probability form of sampling. This to ensure the relevance of the interviewees to answer the research questions. The interviewees will be chosen on the analysis of the tourism system, which will be analyzed the first sub question. Because of the time frame of this thesis it is chosen to use theoretical sampling. This ensures an ongoing process rather than a distinct and single stage. Theoretical sampling is the process of data collection for generating theory whereby the analyst jointly collects, codes, and analyzes the data and decides what data to collect next and where to find them, in order to develop the theory as it emerges. If this theory is not possible or not feasible than the other option is snowball sampling. Snowball sampling is a sampling technique in which the researcher samples initially a small group of people relevant to the research (sub)questions, and these sampled participants propose other participants who have had the experience or
characteristics relevant to the research. These participants will then suggest others and so on.
It is difficult to estimate the number of interviewees needed for theoretical
saturation. The key idea is that until no new or relevant data seems to be emerging regarding a category, the category is well developed in terms of its properties and dimensions demonstrating variations and the relationships among categories are well established and validated (Strauss and Corbin 1998) the number of interviewees rises.
The stakeholders planned to be interviewed are different people from different
marine focused tourism related communities and strongly related stakeholders based on the analysis of the marine tourism system. Examples for these stakeholders are:
- The canal cruises
- Restaurant Noord (Bergen aan zee) - Diving (zeeland) - Yacht company - Travel industry - Environmental group - VVV - Texel – government - Government of Giethoorn Set up interview
Semi structured interview
Semi-structured interviews will be used for all interviewees that can be conducted either in person, skype or through a phone call. If this is not possible an equivalent
stakeholder will be searched to be able to do a semi-structured interview anyway. If this is not possible than a structured interview will be conducted. This will be
highlighted in the results. Open questions
With the use of a closed question interview the possible answers are limited to the writer’s imagination. This is why it is chosen to use open questions in this research. Literature background for the interview
The idea that the social world must be interpreted from the perspective of the people being studied, rather than as though those subjects were incapable of their own reflections on the social world is important. This is why the interviews will be composed using background literature to improve the understanding about the decision-making process in society.
The main literature used is from March & Olsen: rediscovering institutions,
Kahneman: Thinking, fast and slow and from Grin & Graaf: Technology Assessment as Learning & Implementation as communicative action. This literature will be used to get a better understanding of the way professionals make decisions, the way
institutions have influence and the importance of communication between all layers of society
Analyzing the interview
The interviews will need to be analyzed to be able to use the information in this thesis. The first step towards analyzing the interviews will be the transcribing of the interviews. This is necessary to be able to code the interviews on the basis of a code scheme in a later stage. Different types of coding are possible, like deductive and inductive coding. This thesis will use inductive coding, which allows for creating the codes while transcribing the interviews. This method is chosen to ensure that all possible drivers and barriers will be used in the coding if new ones pop up in the interview. Coding involves reading and re-reading the text (data) and identifying coherent categories. The first part of this process is to:- identify themes or patterns- ideas, concepts, behaviors, interaction ,etc. Organize them into coherent categories that summarizes the data. As each segment of text is read, the text will be pulled apart and the things that jump out as important will be highlighted. The program ATLAS.ti will be used. This software allows systematic arrangements and the creation of “code families” to identify the overarching themes that emerged from the
interviews.
Data storage
The data collected within this research will be stored accordingly to the FAIR principle. This entails that the data will be Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and
Reusable. The data will be stored in EASY, an online archiving system of Data
Archiving and Networked Services. EASY is an online archiving system for depositing and reusing research data. EASY contains datasets from the humanities, health sciences, social and behavioral sciences, oral history and spatial sciences (EASY, 2019). The interviews will be transcribed and all the data will be stored in Excel. The transcribing process will take place the same day the interviews were taken to ensure a correct transcribed interview. The name of the company that belongs to the data gained, will not be noted since anonymity is promised.
Workflow and Time schedule
The research is due to take 5 months starting in the beginning of November 2019 until the end of March 2020. The first three weeks will be used to finish the first sub-question and to finish the methodology. December and January will be used to process the data collection for generating theory whereby the coding, analyzing the data and deciding what data to collect next will happen at the same time to ensure that the theory is developed as it emerges. This is in line with theoretical sampling. Extra time is calculated to learn how to use the coding program ATLAS.ti. The results, discussion and conclusion will be written in February and march. The first draft of the thesis will be handed in on the Friday of the second week in March. The activities of the last weeks will be used to make the presentation and final outline for the thesis. The last week the presentation will be presented and the final version of the thesis handed in.
The budget for this thesis includes the travel costs to and from the interviewees. Since the number of interviewees is not set it is not possible to tell what the quantity is. As a result of government-subsidized travel for students, travel expenses within the Netherlands will not be accounted for. The time invested by the examiner John Grin, and the co-assessor Marc Davidson is included in the calculations. The amount of ours from meeting once every two weeks for about an hour with John Grin and the time needed to asses my proposal and examiner by both John Grin and Marc
Davidson is included in the calculations.
Description
Quantity Costs in euro
Transport to
interviewees
?
0
Support
Examinor
48
4800
Support
Co-assesor
14
1400
total
6200
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