• No results found

Soft-lithographic patterning of functional oxide and composite materials

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Soft-lithographic patterning of functional oxide and composite materials"

Copied!
154
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)







6RIWOLWKRJUDSKLF3DWWHUQLQJRI)XQFWLRQDO

2[LGHDQG&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDOV



  E\





6DMLG8OODK.KDQ













































(2)

&RPPLWWHHPHPEHUV &KDLUPDQ 3URIGU*YDQGHU6WHHQKRYHQ 8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH  3URPRWRU 3URI'+$%ODQN  8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH  $VVLVWDQW3URPRWRU 'U-(WHQ(OVKRI  8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH  0HPEHUV 3URI5/DPPHUWLQN  8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH  3URI+*DUGHQLHUV  8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH  'U+7-0+LQW]HQ  7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\(LQGKRYHQ  3URI%-.RRL   8QLYHUVLW\RI*URQLQJHQ        

7KH UHVHDUFK ZRUN SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV WKHVLV ZDV FDUULHG RXW DW WKH ,QRUJDQLF

0DWHULDOV 6FLHQFH JURXS 0(6$



 ,QVWLWXWH RI 1DQRWHFKQRORJ\ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI

7ZHQWH 7KH 1HWKHUODQGV DQG ZDV ILQDQFLDOO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 1HWKHUODQGV

2UJDQL]DWLRQ IRU 6FLHQWLILF 5HVHDUFK 1:2  LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RI WKH

,QQRYDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK,QFHQWLYHV 9,',6FKHPH 

     ,6%1 3ULQWHGE\,SVNDPS'UXNNHUV%9(QVFKHGH7KH1HWKHUODQGV &RS\ULJKW‹6DMLG8.KDQ

(3)





62)7/,7+2*5$3+,&3$77(51,1*2))81&7,21$/

2;,'($1'&20326,7(0$7(5,$/6

 

',66(57$7,21

 





WRREWDLQ

WKHGHJUHHRIGRFWRUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7ZHQWH

RQWKHDXWKRULW\RIWKHUHFWRUPDJQLILFXV

3URIGU+%ULQNVPD

RQWKHDFFRXQWRIWKHGHFLVLRQRIWKHJUDGXDWLRQFRPPLWWHH

WREHSXEOLFO\GHIHQGHG

RQ:HGQHVGD\-XQH

WK

DWKUV



 

E\









6DMLG8OODK.KDQ

%RUQRQ

WK

RI$XJXVW

LQ7KDQD3DNLVWDQ





(4)

7KLVGLVVHUWDWLRQLVDSSURYHGE\WKHSURPRWRU3URIGULQJ'+$%ODQN DQGWKHDVVLVWDQWSURPRWRU'ULU-(WHQ(OVKRI                              

(5)

     WRP\3DUHQWV                                     

(6)
(7)







6XPPDU\

















[L

6DPHQYDWWLQJ 













[LY



 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

















 6RIWOLWKRJUDSK\         6FRSH          

 /LWHUDWXUH6XUYH\ 















 3ULQFLSOHVRI6RIWOLWKRJUDSKLF3DWWHUQLQJ       6RIWOLWKRJUDSKLFDQGOLWKRJUDSKLFWHFKQLTXHV     3URSHUWLHVRIHODVWRPHUPDWHULDOV      3UHFXUVRUIRUPXODWLRQV        :HWWLQJGHPROGLQJDQGWKHUPDODIWHUWUHDWPHQW     0ROGLQJEDVHG3DWWHUQLQJWHFKQLTXHV       0LFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ        0LFURPROGLQJ (PERVVLQJ        0LFURPROGLQJLQFDSLOODULHV       &RQFOXVLRQV         

 )DEULFDWLRQDQG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHV









 ,QWURGXFWLRQ          0DWHULDOV          3UHSDUDWLRQRI0DVWHU        6XEVWUDWH0DWHULDOV        0ROG0DWHULDOV         3DWWHUQLQJDQGGHSRVLWLRQWHFKQLTXHV       0LFURPROGLQJLQFDSLOODULHV       0LFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ        ,PSULQWOLWKRJUDSK\DQGQDQRWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ     6SLQFRDWLQJ         3XOVHGODVHUGHSRVLWLRQ        &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHV        6WUXFWXUDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ       6XUIDFHDQGPRUSKRORJ\      

(8)

YLLL  &RPSRVLWLRQDODQDO\VLV        (OHFWULFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ      

 'DQG'SDUDOOHOSDWWHUQLQJRI7LWDQLDZLWKPLFURPROGLQJLQ

FDSLOODULHV 

















 ,QWURGXFWLRQ          ([SHULPHQWDO          0DWHULDOV         6ROJHOSUHSDUDWLRQ        'LVSHUVLRQSUHSDUDWLRQ        0RGLILFDWLRQRI3'06PROG       6XEVWUDWHDQGPROGSUHSDUDWLRQ       $QDO\VLV         3DWWHUQLQJRI7L2ZLWKPLFURPROGLQJLQFDSLOODULHV     3DWWHUQLQJVROJHOGHULYHG7L2       7RSRJUDSKLFVWXG\RIWKHSDWWHUQV6KULQNDJHDQGFUDFNLQJ    'LVSHUVLRQGHULYHG7L2SDWWHUQV       'LVSHUVLRQGHULYHG7L2'SDWWHUQV      5HVLGXHOD\HUIRUPDWLRQDQGKRZWRSUHYHQWLWE\VWDEOH PRGLILFDWLRQRI3'06PROG       &RQFOXVLRQV         

 3DWWHUQLQJOXPLQHVFHQWQDQRFU\VWDOOLQH/D32



(XDQG&H32



7E

SDUWLFOHVHPEHGGHGLQK\EULGRUJDQRVLOLFD









 ,QWURGXFWLRQ          ([SHULPHQWDO          0DWHULDOV         6\QWKHVLVRIOXPLQHVFHQWODQWKDQLGHSKRVSKDWHQDQRSDUWLFOHV   5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ         3DWWHUQLQJRI/D32(XE\PLFURPROGLQJLQFDSLOODULHV    3DWWHUQLQJRI/D32(XE\PLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ     3DWWHUQLQJRI&H327E13V       ,PSRUWDQWDVSHFWVRIPLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ     'W\SHSDWWHUQLQJ        3KRWROXPLQHVFHQFHPLFURVFRS\       /RZHQHUJ\LRQVFDWWHULQJDQDO\VLV      6HFRQGDU\LRQPDVVVSHFWURVFRS\DQDO\VLV     &RQFOXVLRQV        

(9)

L[  ,QWURGXFWLRQ          ([SHULPHQWDO          0DWHULDOV         6XEVWUDWHDQGPROGPDWHULDOV       6ROXWLRQ6\QWKHVLV        5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ         3=7WKLQILOPVDQGSDWWHUQV       'RXEOHSHDNWRSRJUDSKLFVWXG\       (OHFWULFDOSURSHUWLHV        &RQFOXVLRQV         

 ,QVLWXVPDOODQJOH[UD\VFDWWHULQJVWXG\RIWKHVWUXFWXUDOHYROXWLRQ

RIVROJHOGHULYHGOHDG]LUFRQDWHWLWDQDWHWKLQILOPVIURPOLTXLG

SKDVHVROVWRWKHUPDOO\DQQHDOHGFRQGHQVHGSKDVHV





 ,QWURGXFWLRQ         ([SHULPHQWDOVHFWLRQ        6\QWKHVLVRI3=7VROV       6$;6H[SHULPHQWV       7(0DQG;5'DQDO\VLV       5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV       5HDFWLRQRI3=7VWRFNVROXWLRQVZLWKZDWHU    'U\LQJRI3=7WKLQILOPV      7KHUPDODQQHDOLQJRI3=7WKLQILOPV     &RQFOXVLRQV        

 3DWWHUQLQJOHDG]LUFRQDWHWLWDQDWHQDQRVWUXFWXUHVDWVXEQP

UHVROXWLRQE\VRIWFRQIRFDOLPSULQWOLWKRJUDSK\DQGQDQRWUDQVIHU

PROGLQJ 















 ,QWURGXFWLRQ         ([SHULPHQWDOVHFWLRQ        3=76\QWKHVLV        1DQRSDWWHUQLQJH[SHULPHQWV      6PDOODQJOH[UD\VFDWWHULQJDQDO\VLV     ;5'DQG$)0DQDO\VLV      5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQV       6$;6DQDO\VLV      

(10)

[  3DWWHUQLQJH[SHULPHQW       3=7QDQRSDWWHUQV       3KDVHDQDO\VLVDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUH     &RQFOXVLRQV        

 &RQFOXVLRQVDQGRXWORRN 

































































(11)

[L



 7KH UHVHDUFK ZRUN ZDV PDLQO\ IRFXVHG RQ WKH PROGLQJ EDVHG SDWWHUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV ,W GHVFULEHV WKH SDWWHUQLQJ RI 7L2 3E =U7L 2 DQG /D32(X DQG

&H327E QDQRSDUWLFOHV HPEHGGHG LQ K\EULG RUJDQRVLOLFD 7KHVH PDWHULDOV ZHUH

GHULYHG IURP WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH VROJHOV DQGRU GLVSHUVLRQ VROXWLRQV 7KHVH ZHUH VXFFHVVIXOO\SDWWHUQHGZLWKDUHVROXWLRQIURPWHQVRIPLFURPHWHUVGRZQWRQP7KH YDULRXVVKDSHVREWDLQHGZHUHOLQHVSLOODUVDQGSLWSDWWHUQHGILOPV

 

 7LWDQLD GHULYHG IURP ERWK VROJHO DQG GLVSHUVLRQ VROXWLRQ ZDV SDWWHUQHG E\ WKH PLFURPROGLQJ LQ FDSLOODULHV 0,0,&  WHFKQLTXH 7KH VROJHO EDVHG SDWWHUQV VKRZHG JRRG DGKHVLRQ WR WKH VXEVWUDWHV KRZHYHU VXIIHUHG IURP D KLJK GHJUHH RI YROXPHWULF VKULQNDJH7KHILQDOSDWWHUQHGIHDWXUHVDIWHUDQQHDOLQJDWR&KDGRQO\RIWKH

YROXPH RI WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ FDYLWLHV LQ WKH PROG 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH GLVSHUVLRQ EDVHGSDWWHUQVVKRZHGORZHUVKULQNDJHKRZHYHU WKH\ ZHUHPRUHSRURXVDQGQHHGHG KLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVIRUGHQVLILFDWLRQ7KHVROJHOGHULYHGSDWWHUQVZHUHPRUHUHJXODULQ VKDSHV DQG KDYH VPRRWK VXUIDFHV DQG HGJHV %RWK SUHFXUVRU W\SHV ZHUH DOVR XVHG WR SURGXFH OD\HUE\OD\HU W\SH ' SDWWHUQV 7KLV ZDV DFFRPSOLVKHG E\ LQWURGXFLQJ DQ H[WUD VWHS DQG PDWHULDO WR WKH SURFHVV 7KH IRUPDWLRQ RI DQ XQGHVLUDEOH WKLQ ILOP LQ EHWZHHQSDWWHUQHGIHDWXUHVWKHVRFDOOHG´UHVLGXHOD\HUµZDVDOVRLQYHVWLJDWHG,QRUGHU WR SUHYHQW LWV RFFXUUHQFH WKH VXUIDFH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH PROG ZHUH DOWHUHG 7KDW ZDV DFKLHYHGE\WDLORULQJWKHVXUIDFHHQHUJ\RIWKHSURWUXGLQJSDUWVRIWKHPROGV7KHUHVXOWV LQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHUHVLGXHOD\HUIRUPDWLRQFDQEHWRWDOO\DYRLGHG



 7ZR W\SHV RI SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH QDQRSDUWLFOHV 13V  LH /D32(X DQG

&H327E HPEHGGHG LQ K\EULG RUJDQRVLOLFD ZHUH SDWWHUQHG %HVLGHV 0,0,& D QHZ

WHFKQLTXHNQRZQDVPLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ —70 ZDVDOVRDSSOLHGIRUWKHSDWWHUQLQJ 7KH WZR WHFKQLTXHV DQG WKHLU DGYDQWDJHV ZHUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK HDFK RWKHU LQ WHUPV RI SDWWHUQ VKDSH IRUPDWLRQ WKHLU DGKHVLRQ WR WKH VXEVWUDWH DQG UHVLGXH OD\HU IRUPDWLRQ %RWKWHFKQLTXHVZHUHDSSOLHGDVZHOOIRU'SDWWHUQLQJLQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVXVHGIRU PDNLQJ7L2SDWWHUQV,QWHUHVWLQJO\LWZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHVKDSHVRIWKHIHDWXUHVGHULYHG

E\WKHWZRWHFKQLTXHVZHUHGLIIHUHQWZKLOHXVLQJWKHVDPHPDWHULDO7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDW ERWKWKHILOOLQJDQGGU\LQJEHKDYLRUKDYHSURIRXQGHIIHFWVRQWKHVKDSHIRUPDWLRQ  7KH FRPSRVLWLRQDO DQDO\VHV RI WKH VXUIDFH UHJLRQ RI WKH SDWWHUQHG IHDWXUHV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG ZLWK



ORZ HQHUJ\ LRQ VFDWWHULQJ /(,6  VHFRQGDU\ LRQ PDVV VSHFWURVFRS\ 6,06  DQG [UD\ SKRWRHOHFWURQ VSHFWURVFRS\ ;36  ZKLFK UHYHDOHG WKH DEVHQFH RI QDQRSDUWLFOHV 7KLV ZDV IXUWKHU DVVLVWHG E\ WKH SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH PLFURVFRS\ ZKLFK VKRZHGUHGXFHGLQWHQVLWLHVRIWKHSDWWHUQHGILOPV7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWHLWKHUWKH13VDUH

(12)

[LL EXULHGXQGHUWKHVXUIDFHRUVRPHTXHQFKLQJHIIHFWVPLJKWKDYHUHGXFHGWKHWRWDO\LHOGV 1HYHUWKHOHVV LW ZDV VKRZQ WKDW ERWK WHFKQLTXHV KDYH WKHLU RZQ DGYDQWDJHV DQG OLPLWDWLRQVDQGFDQEHDGRSWHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHSDWWHUQHGIHDWXUHV 

 ,DSSOLHGVRIWOLWKRJUDSKLFWHFKQLTXHVWRSDWWHUQ3=7DWYDULRXVOHQJWKVVFDOHVDQG ZLWK YDULRXV JHRPHWULHV &UDFNLQJ ZDV WRWDOO\ DYRLGHG E\ SDWWHUQLQJ LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWKSURSHUWKHUPDOSURFHVVLQJSURWRFROV8QOLNHWKHR[LGHPDWHULDOVPHQWLRQHGDERYH WKH VKDSH IRUPDWLRQ RI WKH 3=7 OLQH SDWWHUQV ZDV IRXQG XQXVXDO 7KH SDWWHUQHG OLQHV VKRZHG WKH VRFDOOHG ´GRXEOH SHDN SURILOHµ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

RQWKHSDWWHUQIRUPDWLRQDQGVKULQNDJHZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGDVZHOO7KHUROHRIKHDWLQJ UDWHVGXULQJDQQHDOLQJZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGE\DSSO\LQJWKHYHU\UDSLGWKHUPDODQQHDOLQJLQ D PLFURZDYH IXUQDFH DQG LQ D FRQYHQWLRQDO IXUQDFH 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZHG RQO\ D GLIIHUHQFH LQ GHJUHH RI WKH WRWDO YROXPHWULF VKULQNDJH RI WKH SDWWHUQHG OLQHV EXW QR VLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHGRXEOHSHDNSURILOHIRUPDWLRQ



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



 7ZR RWKHU VRIWOLWKRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXHV QDPHO\ VRIW FRQIRFDO LPSULQW OLWKRJUDSK\ 6&,/ DQGQDQRWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ 170 ZHUHDSSOLHGWRSURGXFH3=7QDQRSDWWHUQV ZLWK  QP UHVROXWLRQ XVLQJ WKH VDPH IOH[LEOH 3'06 PROGV 7KH SDWWHUQV REWDLQHG ZLWK6&,/WHFKQLTXHKDYHDFRPSDUDWLYHO\WKLFNHUUHVLGXHOD\HUWKDQWKRVHGHULYHGZLWK 170 1RQHWKHOHVV WKH WKLFN UHVLGXH OD\HU KDV WKH DGYDQWDJH WKDW LW LPSURYHV WKH

(13)

[LLL





















































(14)

[LY

6DPHQYDWWLQJ

+HW PHUHQGHHO YDQ KHW RQGHU]RHN LV JHEDVHHUG RS SDWURQHHUWHFKQLHNHQ +HW EHVFKULMIW KHW SDWURQHUHQ YDQ 7L2 3E =U7L 2 /D32(X HQ &H327E QDQRGHHOWMHV RPULQJG

GRRUK\EULGHRUJDQRVLOLFD·V'H]HPDWHULDOHQ]LMQYHUNUHJHQXLWGHUHVSHFWLHYHOLMNHVRO JHOV HQRI GLVSHUVLHV HQ ]LMQ VXFFHVYRO JHSDWURQHHUG PHW HHQ UHVROXWLH YDQ WLHQWDOOHQ PLFURPHWHUVWRWQDQRPHWHU'HJHPDDNWHVWUXFWXUHQ]LMQOLMQHQSLODUHQHQSXWMHVLQ HHQGLFKWHODDJ



7LWDQLXPR[LGHYHUNUHJHQXLWHHQVROJHOHQHHQGLVSHUVLHZHUGJHSDWURQHHUGPHWGH ¶PLFURPROGLQJ LQ FDSLOODULHV 0,0,& · WHFKQLHN 'H SDWURQHQ JHEDVHHUG RS VROJHO EOHNHQHHQJRHGHKHFKWLQJPHWKHWVXEVWUDDWWHKHEEHQKRHZHOGHSDWURQHQOHGHQRQGHU HHQ KRJH PDWH YDQ YROXPHYHUOLHV 1D DQQHDOHQ RS  ƒ& KDGGHQ GH XLWHLQGHOLMNH SDWURQHQ VOHFKWV  YDQ KHW YROXPH YDQ GH PDO 'H SDWURQHQ YHUNUHJHQ XLW HHQ GLVSHUVLH EOHNHQ PLQGHU YROXPHYHUOLHV WH KHEEHQ (FKWHU GH]H YHUWRRQGHQ PHHU SRURVLWHLWHQKDGGHQHHQKRJHUHWHPSHUDWXXUQRGLJRPGHGLFKWKHLGWHYHUKRJHQ'H VROJHO JHEDVHHUGH SDWURQHQ ZDUHQ UHJHOPDWLJHU LQ YRUP PHW JODGGH RSSHUYODNNHQ HQ HHQGXLGLJHKRHNHQ



%HLGH W\SHV SUHFXUVRU ZHUGHQ RRN JHEUXLNW RP GULHGLPHQVLRQDOH ODDJRSODDJ SDWURQHQ WH SURGXFHUHQ 'LW ZHUG PRJHOLMN JHPDDNW GRRU HHQ H[WUD VWDS HQ HHQ H[WUD PDWHULDDODDQKHWSURFHVWRHWHYRHJHQ



'HYRUPLQJYDQHHQQLHWJHZLOGHGXQQHILOPWXVVHQGHSDWURQHQGH]RJHQDDPGH ¶UHVLGXH OD\HU· LV RRN RQGHU]RFKW 2P GLW WHJHQ WH JDDQ ]LMQ GH RSSHUYODNWH HLJHQVFKDSSHQ YDQ GH PDO DDQJHSDVW GRRU GH RSSHUYODNWHHQHUJLH YDQ GH XLWVWHNHQGH GHOHQ YDQ GH PDO DDQ WH SDVVHQ 8LW GH UHVXOWDWHQ EOHHN GDW GH ¶UHVLGXH OD\HU· LQ ]LMQ JHKHHONDQZRUGHQYRRUNRPHQ



7ZHH W\SHV IOXRUHVFHUHQGH QDQRGHHOWMHV /D32(X HQ &H327E RPULQJG GRRU

K\EULGHRUJDQRVLOLFD]LMQJHSDWURQHHUG1DDVW0,0,&LVHHQQLHXZHWHFKQLHNJHQDDPG ¶PLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ —70 ·WRHJHSDVW'HWZHHWHFKQLHNHQHQGHYRRUGHOHQGDDUYDQ ZHUGHQYHUJHOHNHQRSEDVLVYDQGHXLWHLQGHOLMNHYRUPYDQGHSDWURQHQGHKHFKWLQJDDQ KHWVXEVWUDDWHQGHYRUPLQJYDQGH¶UHVLGXHOD\HU·%HLGHWHFKQLHNHQ]LMQRRNJHEUXLNW YRRU KHW PDNHQ YDQ GULHGLPHQVLRQDOH SDWURQHQ ]RDOV JHQRHPG ELM WLWDQLXP R[LGH %HODQJZHNNHQGLVGDWGHYHUNUHJHQYRUPHQYHUNUHJHQPHWEHLGHWHFKQLHNHQYHUVFKLOOHQ KRHZHOKHW]HOIGHPDWHULDDOLVJHEUXLNW'LWVXJJHUHHUWGDWKHWYXOJHGUDJYDQGHPDOHQ KHW GURRJJHGUDJ HHQ JURWH LQYORHG KHEEHQ RS GH WRWVWDQGNRPLQJ YDQ GH XLWHLQGHOLMNH YRUPYDQKHWSDWURRQ

(15)

[Y VSHFWURVFRS\ 6,06 · HQ ¶;UD\ SKRWRHOHFWURQ VSHFWURVFRS\ ;36 · 'H]H WHFKQLHNHQ WRRQGHQ GH DIZH]LJKHLG YDQ GH QDQRGHHOWMHV DDQ 'LW ZHUG RQGHUVWHXQG GRRU ¶SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH PLFURVFRS\· GRRUGDW HHQ ODJHUH LQWHQVLWHLW YDQ GH SDWURQHQ ZHUG DDQJHWRRQG 'H UHVXOWDWHQ VXJJHUHUHQ GDW GH QDQRGHHOWMHV ]LFK RQGHU KHW RSSHUYODN EHYLQGHQRIHHQ¶TXHQFKHIIHFW·GHWRWDOHKRHYHHOKHLGKHHIWYHUPLQGHUG+RHGDQRRN HU LV DDQJHWRRQG GDW EHLGH WHFKQLHNHQ YRRUGHOHQ HQ EHSHUNLQJHQ KHEEHQ HQ GDW ]H NXQQHQZRUGHQJHEUXLNWQDDUJHODQJGHDSSOLFDWLHYDQGHSDWURQHQ



,N KHE ¶VRIWOLWKRJUDSK\· WHFKQLHNHQ WRHJHSDVW RP 3=7 RS YHUVFKLOOHQGH OHQJWHVFKDOHQ HQ PHW YHUVFKLOOHQGH JHRPHWULHsQ WH SDWURQHUHQ +HW EDUVWHQ YDQ GH SDWURQHQ LV YRRUNRPHQ GRRU KHW SDWURQHHUSURFHV WH FRPELQHUHQ PHW JHVFKLNWH WKHUPLVFKH EHKDQGHOLQJVSURWRFROOHQ ,Q WHJHQVWHOOLQJ WRW ERYHQ JHQRHPGH R[LGH PDWHULDOHQ LV GH YRUP YDQ GH 3=7 SDWURQHQ RQJHEUXLNHOLMN 'H SDWURQHQ YHUWRRQGHQ HHQ¶GXEEHOHSLHNSURILHO·GLHGHWRHSDVVLQJHQYDQKHWPDWHULDDONXQQHQOLPLWHUHQ+HW LVDOWLMGJHZHQVWRPGHH[DFWHYRUPYDQGHPDOWHUHSURGXFHUHQ'LWDVSHFWPHWDQGHUH ZRRUGHQ GH YRUPHYROXWLH LV LQ JURRW GHWDLO RQGHU]RFKW RP HHQ JRHGH FRQWUROH RYHU GH UHSURGXFHHUEDDUKHLG YDQ GH YRUP WH NULMJHQ 'LW ZHUG EHUHLNW GRRU GH PDO PHW HHQ JHSDVW RSORVPLGGHO FT RSORVPLGGHOHQ WH YHU]DGLJHQ YDQ GH SUHFXUVRU WHQ HLQGH GH SUHIHUHQWLsOH GURJLQJ LQ GH KRHNHQ YDQ GH FDSLOODLUHQ WH YRRUNRPHQ (FKWHU KHW ¶GXEEHOHSLHNSURILHO· NRQ QLHW ZRUGHQ YRRUNRPHQ ,Q SODDWV GDDUYDQ ZDUHQ GH JHSUDWRQHHUGHOLMQHQSRUHX]HUDOVJHYROJYDQHHQYHUPLQGHUGHYHUGDPSLQJVVQHOKHLGYDQ GHRSORVPLGGHOHQ$QGHUHIDFWRUHQ]RDOVKHWGURJHQYDQGHSDWURQHQELMYHUVFKLOOHQGH WHPSHUDWXUHQ YDQ GH YHUZDUPSODDW ƒ&  HQ KHW HIIHFW GDDUYDQ RS KHW YROXPHYHUOLHV]LMQRRNRQGHU]RFKW'HUROGLHGHYHUZDUPLQJVVQHOKHGHQVSHOHQWLMGHQV DQQHDOHQLVRQGHU]RFKWGRRUKHWWRHSDVVHQYDQHHQ]HHUVQHOOHWKHUPLVFKHDQQHDOLQJLQ HHQPDJQHWURQRYHQHQHHQFRQYHQWLRQHOHRYHQ'HUHVXOWDWHQOLHWHQDOOHHQHHQYHUVFKLO LQ YROXPHYHUOLHV YDQ GH JHSDWURQHHUGH OLMQHQ ]LHQ PDDU JHHQ QRHPHQVZDDUGLJ HIIHFW RSKHW¶GXEEHOHSLHNSURILHO·



$OVSDWURQHQRQGHUKHWQDQRPHWHUUHJLPHHHQGRHO]LMQZRUGWGHJURRWWHYDQ GH GHHOWMHV EHODQJULMN 0HW DQGHUH ZRRUGHQ GH GHHOWMHVJURRWWH LQ GH RSORVVLQJ PRHW NOHLQHU ]LMQ GDQ GH RSHQLQJ YDQ GH PDO ZDDUGRRU HHQ JRHGH UHSURGXFHHUEDDUKHLG PRJHOLMNLV'DDUYRRULVHHQ¶VPDOODQJOH;UD\VFDWWHULQJ 6$;6 ·DQDO\VHYDQGH3=7 VROJHOXLWJHYRHUGRPGHJURRWWHHQYRUPYDQGHDDQZH]LJHVWUXFWXUHQWHRQGHU]RHNHQ ,QVLWXHQH[VLWXJURHLELMNDPHUWHPSHUDWXXUHQKRJHUHWHPSHUDWXUHQDOVIXQFWLHYDQWLMG ZHUGHQRQGHU]RFKW'HYHUVFKLOOHQGHVWDGLDWXVVHQGHYORHLEDUHIDVHYDQGHVROHQJH DQQHDOGHGXQQHILOPV ZHUGHQRSGH]HPDQLHURQGHU]RFKW 'H6$;6DQDO\VHOLHW]LHQ

(16)

[YL GDW HU ]LFK VWUXFWXUHQ LQ GH RSORVVLQJ EHJDYHQ PHW HHQ HIIHFWLHYH GHHOWMHVJURRWH YDQ FLUFDppQQDQRPHWHU'LWLVNOHLQJHQRHJYRRUSDWURQHUHQRSNOHLQHVFKDDO



7ZHH DQGHUH ¶VRIWOLWKRJUDSK\· WHFKQLHNHQ QDPHOLMN ¶VRIW FRQIRFDO LPSULQW OLWKRJUDSK\ 6&,/ · HQ ¶QDQRWUDQVIHU PROGLQJ 170 · ]LMQ WRHJHSDVW RP 3=7 QDQRSDWURQHQWHSURGXFHUHQPHWHHQQDQRPHWHUUHVROXWLHPHWEHKXOSYDQGH]HOIGH IOH[LEHOHSRO\GLPHWK\OVLOR[DDQ 3'06 PDO'HSDWURQHQJHPDDNWPHW6&,/KHEEHQ HHQ GLNNHUH ¶UHVLGXH OD\HU· GDQ GLH JHPDDNW PHW 170 1LHWWHPLQ GH GLNNH ¶UHVLGXH OD\HU·YHUEHWHUWGHKHFKWLQJWXVVHQSDWURRQHQVXEVWUDDW'DDUELMLV6&,/UHODWLHIVLPSHO PHWEHWUHNNLQJWRWKHWDDQSDVVHQYDQGHRSSHUYODNWHHQHUJLHsQYDQGHPDO

(17)





,QWURGXFWLRQ





6RIWOLWKRJUDSK\

7KH PLQLDWXUL]DWLRQ RI REMHFWV DQG GHYLFH FRPSRQHQWV GRZQ WR WKH PLFURQ DQG QDQRPHWHU VFDOH DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI PHWKRGV WR IDEULFDWH DQG UHJLVWHU WKHVH SUHVHQWVRQHRIWKHPDLQWHFKQRORJLFDOWUHQGVRIWKHODVWGHFDGHDQGKDVEHHQUHSRUWHG LQDODUJHQXPEHURIUHYLHZVHJUHIV>@

$PRQJ WKHVH PHWKRGV D QXPEHU RI DOWHUQDWLYH WHFKQLTXHV WR WUDGLWLRQDO SKRWROLWKRJUDSK\ IRU SDWWHUQLQJ D YDULHW\ RI PDWHULDOV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG 3KRWROLWKRJUDSK\ LV FRPPRQO\ XVHG LQ WKH HOHFWURQLFV LQGXVWU\ DQG KDV EHHQ XQGHU GHYHORSPHQWIRUPDQ\GHFDGHV$WSUHVHQWIHDWXUHVL]HVQPFDQEHSDWWHUQHGLQ VLOLFRQ RQ ODUJH VFDOH +RZHYHU WKH GUDZEDFNV RI WKH WHFKQLTXHV DUH WKDW KLJKHQG HTXLSPHQWDQGFOHDQURRPFRQGLWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHGDQGWKHPHWKRGRORJ\LVDSSOLFDEOH RQO\WRDQDUURZVHWRIPDWHULDOV

,Q DQ DWWHPSW WR RYHUFRPH WKHVH UHVWULFWLRQV D IDPLO\ RI UHODWHG SDWWHUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV ZDV GHYHORSHG E\ WKH :KLWHVLGHV JURXS DW +DUYDUG 8QLYHUVLW\ LQ WKH V>@ 7KHVH VRFDOOHG VRIWOLWKRJUDSK\ WHFKQLTXHV DUH PDLQO\ SDUDOOHO SDWWHUQLQJ

PHWKRGVVRODUJHDUHDVFDQEHSDWWHUQHGLQDUHODWLYHO\VKRUWSHULRGRIWLPH7KH\PD\ SURYLGH FKHDS DOWHUQDWLYHV IRU WKH PXFK PRUH FRVWO\ SKRWROLWKRJUDSKLF SURFHVVHV DQG DUH DEOH WR SURFHVV D ZLGHU UDQJH RI PDWHULDOV LQFOXGLQJ SRO\PHUV ELRPDWHULDOV FHUDPLFV K\EULGV DQG FRPSRVLWHV $W OHDVW ZLWK VRPH RI WKHVH WHFKQLTXHV SDUDOOHO SDWWHUQLQJ RQ VXE QP VFDOH LV SRVVLEOH 6LQFH WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW VRIWOLWKRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXHV KDYH DFKLHYHG ZLGHVSUHDG XVH LQ DFDGHPLF DQG LQGXVWULDO ODERUDWRULHV IRU DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ GLYHUVH ILHOGV HJ SKRWRQLFV ELRWHFKQRORJ\ PLFURIOXLGLFV DQG HOHFWURQLFV :KLOH PRVW RI WKHVH UHVHDUFK HIIRUWV ZHUH IRFXVHG RQ WKH SDWWHUQLQJ RI SRO\PHUVELRPDWHULDOVDQGVHOIDVVHPEOHGPRQROD\HUVLWKDVDOVRIRXQGDSSOLFDWLRQLQ WKH PLFURPHWHU DQG VXEPLFURPHWHU SDWWHUQLQJ RI FHUDPLFV DQG RUJDQLFLQRUJDQLF K\EULGPDWHULDOV>@DQGWKDWLVWKHPDLQWRSLFRIWKHSUHVHQWZRUN

$OO VRIWOLWKRJUDSKLF WHFKQLTXHV UHTXLUH DQ HODVWRPHULF PROG RU VWDPS WKDW LV SDWWHUQHGZLWKDUHOLHIVWUXFWXUHRQLWVVXUIDFH2QHRIWKHVWHSVLQWKHSDWWHUQLQJSURFHVV LQYROYHVEULQJLQJWKHHODVWRPHULQWRFRQIRUPDOFRQWDFWZLWKDVXEVWUDWHDQGEHXVHGDV VWDPSRUPROG>@7KHSDWWHUQHGHODVWRPHULVPDGHE\FDVWLQJDOLTXLGSUHSRO\PHURQWR

D'SDWWHUQHGPDVWHUVWUXFWXUH>@IROORZHGE\SRO\PHUL]DWLRQRIWKHSUHSRO\PHU,Q

(18)

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

$JHQHUDOUHYLHZRQVXEPLFURPHWHUVFDOHSDUDOOHOSDWWHUQLQJRIFHUDPLFPDWHULDOV ZDV SXEOLVKHG LQ  E\ WKH $NVD\ JURXS DW 3ULQFHWRQ>@ 0RUH IRFXVHG UHYLHZV RQ

VLWHVHOHFWLYHOLTXLGSKDVHGHSRVLWLRQRIFHUDPLFVYLDSKRWROLWKRJUDSK\DLGHGSDWWHUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHVZHUHSXEOLVKHGE\0DVXGD.RXPRWRDQGFRZRUNHUV>@





6FRSH

7KH WKHVLV ZRUN DGGUHVVHV ORZFRVW PLFURQ DQG VXEPLFURQVFDOH SDUDOOHO SDWWHUQLQJ PHWKRGV ZLWK HPSKDVLV RQ WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI SDWWHUQHG WKLQ ILOPV RI VROLG VWDWH PDWHULDOV PRUH VSHFLILFDOO\ PHWDO R[LGHV DQG RUJDQLFLQRUJDQLF K\EULG PDWHULDOV ,W LV PRWLYDWHGE\WKHRQJRLQJDFWLYLW\RQWKHVXEMHFWRYHUWKHODVW\HDUV7KHPDLQIRFXVRI WKHFXUUHQWUHVHDUFKZLOOEHRQPDWHULDOVWKDWFDQEHGHSRVLWHGDQGSDWWHUQHGIURPOLTXLG SUHFXUVRUVVXFKDVVROJHOVROXWLRQVDQGFROORLGDOVXVSHQVLRQV

&KDSWHU  LV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SULQFLSOHV RI WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG SDUDOOHO SDWWHUQLQJ PHWKRGV DQG DGGUHVVHV WKH FRQIOLFWLQJ SURSHUWLHV UHTXLUHG IRU VRIW OLWKRJUDSKLF VWDPSV DQG PROGV 7KH LQNV PROHFXODU SUHFXUVRU VROXWLRQV DQG SDUWLFOH VXVSHQVLRQVXVHGLQSDWWHUQLQJDQGWKHLUXQGHUO\LQJFKHPLVWULHVDUHGHVFULEHGLQWHUPV RI YLVFRVLW\ VXUIDFH WHQVLRQ VROLGV FRQWHQW DQG W\SH RI VROYHQWV ,W DOVR JLYHV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH SURJUHVV PDGH LQ UHFHQW \HDUV RQ VXEPLFURPHWHUVFDOH SDWWHUQLQJ RI IXQFWLRQDOFHUDPLFVDQGK\EULGPDWHULDOVE\PROGLQJEDVHGDSSURDFKHV

&KDSWHU  GHVFULEHV WKH PDMRU PDWHULDOV XVHG LQ WKLV ZRUN DQG WKH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHVDSSOLHGWRVWXG\WKHGHULYHGILOPVDQGSDWWHUQV$EULHILQWURGXFWLRQWRVPDOO DQJOH [UD\ VFDWWHULQJ WHFKQLTXH LV JLYHQ ZKLFK LVDQ LPSRUWDQW WHFKQLTXH LQ VWXG\LQJ WKHVWUXFWXUHDQGVL]HRIVROXWLRQV

&KDSWHUVWRDUHDERXWWKHV\QWKHVHVDQGSDWWHUQLQJRIWKHYDULRXVIXQFWLRQDOR[LGHV DQG PXOWLFRPSRQHQW K\EULG PDWHULDOV &KDSWHU  DGGUHVVHV WKH SDWWHUQLQJ RI VROJHO

(19)

3 DQG GLVSHUVLRQ EDVHG 7L2 E\ PLFURPROGLQJ LQ FDSLOODULHV 0,0,&  WHFKQLTXH 7KH

YDULRXVDVSHFWVVXFKDVVKDSHIRUPDWLRQVKULQNDJHDGKHVLRQRIWKHSDWWHUQHGPDWHULDOV DUHGLVFXVVHG7KHUHVLGXHOD\HUIRUPDWLRQDQGVWDEOHPRGLILFDWLRQRIWKHPROGDQGWKH ' W\SH SDWWHUQLQJ DUH SUHVHQWHG DV ZHOO 7KH SDWWHUQLQJ RI WZR W\SHV RI SKRWROXPLQHVFHQFH QDQRSDUWLFOHV 13V  HPEHGGHG LQ K\EULG RUJDQRVLOLFD LV SUHVHQWHG LQ FKDSWHU  +HUH DQ DOWHUQDWLYH PROGLQJ WHFKQLTXH FDOOHG PLFURWUDQVIHU PROGLQJ —70 LVDSSOLHGDQGWKHVKDSHIRUPDWLRQLVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHGHULYHGZLWK0,0,& 7KH YDULRXV DVSHFWV DQG DGYDQWDJHV RI WKH WZR WHFKQLTXHV DUH FRPSDUHG 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI QDQRSDUWLFOHV LV VWXGLHG E\ FRPSRVLWLRQDO DQDO\VHV ZLWK VRPH VSHFWURVFRSLF WHFKQLTXHV6LPLODUO\ FKDSWHULVDERXWWKHV\QWKHVLVDQG SDWWHUQLQJ RI RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQDO R[LGH PDWHULDOV FDOOHG OHDG ]LUFRQDWH WLWDQDWH 3=7 7KHVKDSHHYROXWLRQRIWKHGHULYHGOLQHVSDWWHUQVDQGWKHHOHFWULFDOSURSHUWLHVDUH VWXGLHG

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

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ ;LD<15RJHUV-$3DXO.( :KLWHVLGHV*0&KHP5HY  >@ *HLVVOHU0 ;LD<1$GY0DWHU >@ *DWHV%';X4%6WHZDUW05\DQ':LOOVRQ&* :KLWHVLGHV*0 &KHP5HY >@ +HQ]LH-%DUWRQ-(6WHQGHU&/ 2GRP7:$FFRXQWV&KHP5HV  >@ GHO&DPSR$ $U]W(&KHP5HY >@ +HXOH09XLOOHPLQ6 *DXFNOHU/-$GY0DWHU >@ .XPDU$ :KLWHVLGHV*0$SSO3K\V/HWW >@ =KDR;0;LD<1 :KLWHVLGHV*0$GY0DWHU >@ ;LD<1 :KLWHVLGHV*0$QQX5HY0DWHU6FL >@ 0DUWLQ&5 $NVD\,$-(OHFWURFHUDP >@ 5RJHUV-$ 1X]]R5*0DWHULDOV7RGD\ >@ 0DVXGD<-&HUDP6RF-SQ >@ .RXPRWR.6DLWR1*DR<)0DVXGD< =KX3;%XOO&KHP6RF-SQ 

(20)
(21)







/LWHUDWXH6XUYH\

0LFURPHWHUDQG1DQRPHWHUVFDOH3DUDOOHO

3DWWHUQLQJRI&HUDPLFDQG2UJDQLFLQRUJDQLF

+\EULG0DWHULDOV

‚



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





3ULQFLSOHVRIVRIWOLWKRJUDSKLFSDWWHUQLQJ

6RIWOLWKRJUDSKLFDQGOLWKRJUDSKLFWHFKQLTXHV

7KH DELOLW\ WR JHQHUDWH DQG LQWHJUDWH VPDOO REMHFWV DQG GHYLFH FRPSRQHQWV DQG WR GHYHORSH QRYHO PHWKRGV LV RQH RI WKH PDLQ WHFKQRORJLFDO WUHQGV>@ 0RVW RI WKH

SDWWHUQLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WKDW ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG KHUH EHORQJV WR WKH IDPLO\ RI VRIW OLWKRJUDSKLF SURFHVVHV>@ 7KH PDLQ IRFXV ZLOO EH RQ PDWHULDOV WKDW FDQ EH GHSRVLWHG

DQG SDWWHUQHG IURP OLTXLG SUHFXUVRUV VXFK DV VROJHO VROXWLRQV DQG FROORLGDO VXVSHQVLRQV3RO\PHUVPHWDOV>@DQGFROORLGDODVVHPEOLHV>@DUHRXWVLGHWKHVFRSHRI

WKLVVXUYH\1HLWKHUGRHVLWDGGUHVVVHULDOSDWWHUQLQJPHWKRGVVXFKDVLQNMHWSULQWLQJ>@

GLSSHQ QDQROLWKRJUDSK\>@ GLUHFW LQN ZULWLQJ>@ QRU LRQEHDP DQG HEHDP

PHWKRGV>@

6RIWOLWKRJUDSKLF PHWKRGV FDQ EH GLYLGHG LQWR WZR PDLQ FDWHJRULHV QDPHO\ PROGLQJEDVHG DSSURDFKHV DQG VXUIDFH PRGLILFDWLRQEDVHG DSSURDFKHV>@ 0ROGLQJ

EDVHG SDWWHUQLQJ DSSURDFKHV DQG WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ WR IRUPLQJ FHUDPLF DQG K\EULG PLFUR DQG QDQRSDWWHUQV DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ VHFWLRQ  7KH\ LQFOXGH FRQYHQWLRQDO PLFURPROGLQJ PLFURWUDQVIHU PROGLQJ DQG PLFURPROGLQJ LQ FDSLOODULHV 7KH\ DOO

(22)

 HPSOR\SK\VLFDOFRQILQHPHQWRIDOLTXLGSUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQRUVXVSHQVLRQWRGHILQHWKH VKDSHRIWKHILQDOSDWWHUQ7KH\SURGXFHDQHJDWLYHUHSOLFDRIWKHSDWWHUQLQWKHPROG DQG D SRVLWLYH UHSOLFD RI WKH RULJLQDO OLWKRJUDSKLF PDVWHU $W OHDVW LQ SULQFLSOH KLJK DVSHFWUDWLRVWUXFWXUHVFDQEHPDGHE\WKHVHDSSURDFKHV

3'06 LV SHUPHDEOH WR PDQ\ VROYHQWV EXW QRW WR SRO\PHUV RU QDQRSDUWLFOHV VR SK\VLFDO GU\LQJ RI D PROGHG VROXWLRQ RU VXVSHQVLRQ LV SRVVLEOH E\ GLIIXVLRQ RI WKH VROYHQWLQWRWKH3'06PROG7KHSUHFXUVRUGULHVVORZO\DQGVROLGLILHVZKLOHLWLVVWLOO FRQILQHGE\WKHPROG>@7KHUHVROXWLRQRIWKHSDWWHUQHGPDWHULDOLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKH

VXUIDFH HQHUJLHV RI WKH FRPSRQHQWV DQG WKH DELOLW\ RI WKH PROG WR GHWDFK IURP WKH SDWWHUQHG PDWHULDO DIWHU GU\LQJ +LJK UHVROXWLRQ UHTXLUHV WKH VHOHFWLRQ RI D PROG PDWHULDOWKDWKDVVLJQLILFDQWO\ORZHUDGKHVLRQHQHUJ\ZLWKWKHSDWWHUQPDWHULDOWKDQWKH VXEVWUDWHKDVZLWKWKHPDWHULDO$IWHUUHPRYDORIWKHPROGWKHSDWWHUQHGPDWHULDOFDQ EHKHDWWUHDWHGHJS\UROL]HGLQRUGHUWRREWDLQWKHILQDOSKDVH ,QPLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ ȝ70 >@VKRZQLQ)LJXUHDWKHSUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQLV GHSRVLWHGLQWKHUHFHVVHGUHJLRQVRIDSDWWHUQHGPROG([FHVVPDWHULDORQWKHSURWUXGLQJ SDUWVLVUHPRYHGDQGWKHPROGLVEURXJKWLQWRFRQIRUPDOFRQWDFWZLWKDVXEVWUDWH$IWHU DFHUWDLQSHULRGRIWLPHGXULQJZKLFKWKHSUHFXUVRUGULHVE\VROYHQWUHPRYDO SK\VLFDO GU\LQJ  DQGRU FRQGHQVDWLRQ RI SUHFXUVRUV LQWR ²LQRUJDQLF² SRO\PHULF QHWZRUNV FKHPLFDOGU\LQJ WKHPROGLVUHPRYHG,IWKHDGKHVLRQWRWKH 3'06 PROGLVVPDOOHU WKDQWKDWWRWKHVXEVWUDWHWKHSDWWHUQHGPDWHULDOUHPDLQVDWWDFKHGWRWKHVXEVWUDWHDQG FDQEHJLYHQDILQDOKHDWWUHDWPHQW

7KHPLFURPROGLQJ HPERVVLQJ SURFHVVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHELQYROYHVLPSULQWLQJD SDWWHUQHGPROG LQWRD FRQWLQXRXVZHWILOP E\DSSOLFDWLRQRIVRPHSUHVVXUH%RWKVRIW 3'06 DQGULJLG JODVVSRO\ PHWK\OPHWKDFU\ODWH PDWHULDOVKDYHEHHQHPSOR\HGIRU WKHPROGV7KHWHFKQLTXHFDQSDWWHUQZHOOLQWKHVXEQPVFDOH>@DUHVROXWLRQWKDW

KDV QRW EHHQ PHW E\ DQ\ RI WKH RWKHU WHFKQLTXHV GLVFXVVHG LQ WKLV FKDSWHU 7KH IRUPDWLRQRIDUHVLGXDOOD\HUEHWZHHQWKHGHVLUHGIHDWXUHVRIWKHSDWWHUQVLVLQKHUHQWWR WKH WHFKQLTXH 7KLV LV ZK\ LW LV HVSHFLDOO\ LQWHUHVWLQJ IRU DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK WKH SUHVHQFHRIUHVLGXDOOD\HUVSUHVHQWVQRSUREOHP,QRWKHUFDVHVDSRVWHWFKLQJVWHSDIWHU SDWWHUQIRUPDWLRQLVUHTXLUHG

$Q RIWHQ XVHG DOWHUQDWLYH WHUP IRU PLFURPROGLQJ LV QDQRLPSULQW OLWKRJUDSK\ 1,/ >@ $OWKRXJK 1,/ WUDGLWLRQDOO\ IRFXVHV RQ QDQRSDWWHUQLQJ RI SRO\PHUV DQG LV

RIWHQGRQHDWHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHVWRUHGXFHYLVFRVLW\DQGRSWLRQDOO\LQYROYHVDILQDO 89FXULQJVWHSWKHSURFHVVLVHVVHQWLDOO\VLPLODUWRPLFURPROGLQJ0LFURPROGLQJDQG PLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJDUHERWKIDVWSDUDOOHOSDWWHUQLQJSURFHVVHVZLWKZKLFKODUJHDUHDV FDQEHSDWWHUQHG 7KHLGHDEHKLQGPLFURPROGLQJLQFDSLOODULHV 0,0,& >@LVWKDWWKHIRUPDWLRQRI UHVLGXHOD\HUVLVDYRLGHG7KHSURFHVVLVVFKHPDWLFDOO\VKRZQLQ)LJXUHF$FOHDQ SDWWHUQHG PROG LV EURXJKW LQWR FRQIRUPDO FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH VXEVWUDWH EHIRUH WKH OLTXLG

(23)

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—PGLDPHWHUFKDQQHODW.LVVXFKWKDWLWVSHQHWUDWLRQOHQJWKLVPPDIWHUV EXWRQO\PPDIWHUV,QQDUURZHUFKDQQHOVWKHSHQHWUDWLRQUDWHLVHYHQORZHUDQG EHFRPHVLPSUDFWLFDOIRUPRVWSXUSRVHV,WLVFOHDUWKDWVXFKNLQHWLFIDFWRUVZLOOSOD\D UROHLQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHILQDOSDWWHUQ

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—&3 >@ VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH G ZLWK ZKLFK WKH FKHPLVWU\ RI D VXUIDFH FDQ EH ORFDOO\

PRGLILHG &KHPLFDOO\ FRQWUDVWHG VXEVWUDWHV DUH PDGH E\ SULQWLQJ VHOIDVVHPEOHG PRQROD\HUV RUYHU\WKLQPXOWLOD\HUVRIDQLQNWKDWZDV FDUULHGWR WKHVXEVWUDWH E\WKH VWDPS DQG LV WUDQVIHUUHG E\ FRQIRUPDO FRQWDFW :HOONQRZQ H[DPSOHV DUH RFWDGHF\O WULFKORURVLODQH 276&O6L&+ RQVLOLFRQR[LGHDQGRFWDGHFDQHWKLRO &+6+ RQ

JROG 7KH\ \LHOG D WKLQ PXOWLOD\HU DQG VHOIDVVHPEOHG PRQROD\HU DIWHU GU\LQJ UHVSHFWLYHO\ DQG ERWK DUH YHU\ K\GURSKRELF>@ :KHQ WKH VXEVWUDWH LV H[SRVHG WR D

SDUWLFOHVXVSHQVLRQRUFKHPLFDOVROXWLRQKHWHURJHQHRXVQXFOHDWLRQDQGJURZWKRIR[LGH SUHFXUVRUVRFFXUVPRUHUHDGLO\RQSRODU K\GURSKLOLF VXUIDFHSDWFKHV7KHDGKHVLRQRI R[LGHQDQRSDUWLFOHVRULQRUJDQLFSRO\PHUVWRDVXUIDFHLVDOVRIDYRXUHGE\WKHSUHVHQFH RI SRODU JURXSV DW WKH VXUIDFH +HQFH K\GURSKRELF SDWFKHV RQ D VXEVWUDWH LQKLELW WKH ORFDOIRUPDWLRQRIDFHUDPLFSKDVHZKLFKFDQEHH[SORLWHGWRJHQHUDWHORFDOSDWWHUQVRI FHUDPLFVRQWKHRWKHULHWKHPRUHK\GURSKLOLFSDWFKHV

7KH FRQIRFDO FRQWDFW SULQWLQJ PHWKRG LQ )LJXUH H LV WHFKQLFDOO\ VLPSOH 7KH SUHFXUVRU LVGLUHFWO\SULQWHG RQWRDVXEVWUDWH LQDVLQJOHSDWWHUQLQJVWHS+RZHYHUWKH GLVDGYDQWDJH LV WKDW WKH UHVROXWLRQ DQG TXDOLW\ RI UHSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH SDWWHUQ DUH FRQWUROOHGHQWLUHO\E\WKHUKHRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHSUHFXUVRULQNDQGWKHGU\LQJUDWH

(24)

 ZKLFKUHTXLUHVFDUHIXOHQJLQHHULQJRIWKHSUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQ,QPLFURFRQWDFWSULQWLQJ EDVHGDSSURDFKHVWKHIXQFWLRQVRISDWWHUQGHILQLWLRQDQGILOPIRUPDWLRQDUHFDUULHGRXW E\ GLIIHUHQW FRPSRQHQWV 7KLV PDNHV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH SDWWHUQLQJ SURFHVV HDVLHU VLQFHWKH\LQYROYHWZRLQGHSHQGHQWVWHSV,QSUDFWLFHWKHUHVROXWLRQRIFRQIRFDOSULQWLQJ LV PXFK KLJKHU WKDQ  —P>@ +RZHYHU PXFK VPDOOHU SDWWHUQ IHDWXUHV FRXOG EH

SRVVLEOH RQFH D EHWWHU FRQWURO RI WKH VROXWLRQ FKHPLVWU\ DQG WKH SULQWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV LV HVWDEOLVKHG



 

)LJXUH  6RIWOLWKRJUDSKLF DH  DQG KDUGOLWKRJUDSKLF I  SDWWHUQLQJ SURFHVVHV D  0LFURWUDQVIHU PROGLQJ E  0LFURPROGLQJQDQR LPSULQW OLWKRJUDSK\ F  0LFURPROGLQJ LQ FDSLOODULHV G  0LFURFRQWDFW SULQWLQJ RI VHOIDVVHPEOHG PRQROD\HU RU PXOWLSOH OD\HU 6$0  H  &RQIRFDOSDWWHUQLQJ I /LWKRJUDSKLFSDWWHUQLQJRI6$0

(25)

 2QHRIWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIVRIWOLWKRJUDSKLFSDWWHUQLQJWHFKQLTXHVLQJHQHUDOFRQFHUQV WKH UHJLVWU\ RI WKH IRUPHG SDWWHUQV>@ 7KHUHIRUH LW UHPDLQV SUREOHPDWLF WR IDEULFDWH

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



3URSHUWLHVRIHODVWRPHUPDWHULDOV

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

:KHQXVHGIRUFRQIRFDOSDWWHUQLQJLQWLPDWHFRQWDFWZLWKWKHVXEVWUDWHLVDFKLHYHG ORFDOO\ DW WKH SURWUXGLQJ DUHDV ZKLOH D JDS UHPDLQV EHWZHHQ WKH VXEVWUDWH DQG WKH UHFHVVHG DUHDV (VVHQWLDOO\ WKLV UHTXLUHV WKH VWDPS RU PROG  WR KDYH WZR FRQIOLFWLQJ SURSHUWLHVZLWKUHVSHFWWRLWV<RXQJ·VPRGXOXV2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHVWDPSVKRXOGEH VRIW HQRXJK WR HQDEOH JRRG FRQIRUPDO FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH VXEVWUDWH ,W VKRXOG DGDSW HODVWLFDOO\ WR VPDOO VXEVWUDWH VXUIDFH YDULDWLRQV URXJKQHVV  DQG QRW OHDYH DQ\ YRLGV EHWZHHQVWDPSDQGVXEVWUDWH7KLVUHTXLUHVDORZ<RXQJ·VPRGXOXVDQGKLJKZRUNRI DGKHVLRQ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG D SUHFLVH GHILQLWLRQ RI PLFURSDWWHUQV UHTXLUHV D ULJLG PDWHULDO 7KLV LPSOLHV D KLJK <RXQJ·V PRGXOXV>@ 7KH FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR

SURSHUWLHV VHWV D OLPLW RQ WKH UHVROXWLRQ WKDW FDQ EH DFKLHYHG ZLWK VRIW HODVWRPHULF VWDPSVZLWKJRRGFRQIRUPDOFRQWDFW

9DULRXV DXWKRUV KDYH SRLQWHG RXW WKDW GHIRUPDWLRQ RI VRIW VWDPSV PD\ OHDG WR YDULRXVNLQGVRIFROODSVHRIWKHSDWWHUQHJUHI>@)RUH[DPSOHLQUXEEHUVWDPSVZLWK

(26)

 ORZ DVSHFW UDWLR SDWWHUQV ZKHUH WKH SURWUXGLQJ IHDWXUHV DUH ZLGHO\ LQWHUVSDFHG VR FDOOHG URRI FROODSVH PD\ RFFXU LQ ZKLFK WKH UHFHVVHG DUHDV GHIRUP WR VXFK DQ H[WHQW WKDW WKH\ WRXFK WKH VXEVWUDWH 4XDQWLWDWLYH FULWHULD DJDLQVW URRI FROODSVH KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG>@ 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG VRIW VWDPSV ZLWK KLJKDVSHFW UDWLR VWUXFWXUHV VXIIHU

IURPEXFNOLQJSDLULQJDQGFROODSVHWRWKHJURXQG,WKDVEHHQSURSRVHGWKDWGHFUHDVLQJ WKHZRUNRIDGKHVLRQEHWZHHQVWDPSDQGVXEVWUDWHKHOSVWRSUHYHQWJURXQGFROODSVH>@

DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH SDWWHUQ GHQVLW\ ZDV IRXQG WR EH EHQHILFLDO IRU SDWWHUQ WUDQVIHU ILGHOLW\>@

7KHXVHRIFRPSRVLWHVWDPSVZLWKDVWLIIEDFNERQHDQGDVRIWSDWWHUQHGOD\HUPD\ LPSURYHSDWWHUQTXDOLW\>@EXWLQFUHDVLQJWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHVWDPSZLOOUHPDLQFUXFLDO

IRUWKHGHILQLWLRQDQG VWDELOLW\RISDWWHUQVDWXOWLPDWH UHVROXWLRQLQPDQ\SURFHVVHV>@

$OVR ZKHQ SUHFHUDPLF VXVSHQVLRQV DUH XVHG KDUGHU PDVNV WKDW DUH OHVV SURQH WR GHIRUPDWLRQ DUH SUHIHUUHG DV WKH\ ZLOO ZLWKVWDQG LQFUHDVHG SUHVVXUHV ZLWK OHVV GHIRUPDWLRQ

$QRWKHUSUREOHPZLWK3'06LVLWVLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKFHUWDLQRUJDQLFVROYHQWV/HH 3DUN DQG :KLWHVLGHV LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH FRPSDWLELOLW\ RI 3'06 ZLWK D ZLGH UDQJH RI VROYHQWV DQG FRQVLGHUHG WKUHH DVSHFWV RI FRPSDWLELOLW\ QDPHO\ L  WKH VZHOOLQJ RI 3'06LQDVROYHQW LL WKHSDUWLWLRQLQJRIVROYHQWEHWZHHQ3'06DQGVROYHQWSKDVH DQG LLL  WKH GLVVROXWLRQ RI VPDOO ROLJRPHULF IUDJPHQWV RI 3'06 LQ WKH VROYHQW>@ 2I

WKHVHWKUHHVZHOOLQJZDVIRXQGWRH[HUWWKHODUJHVWLQIOXHQFH$PRQJWKHVROYHQWVWKDW VZHOOHG 3'06 WKH OHDVW ZHUH ZDWHU JO\FHURO DQG HWK\OHQH JO\FRO +LJKO\ VZHOOLQJ VROYHQWVZHUHYHU\SRODUVROYHQWVVXFKDVSHQWDQHDQG[\OHQH

7KHUHVROXWLRQDFKLHYDEOHZLWKVWDQGDUG3'06PDGHIURP6\OJDUGKDVRIWHQ EHHQOLPLWHGWR!QPEHFDXVHRIWKHORZFRPSUHVVLRQPRGXOXVRI03D>@7KHXVH

RI D KDUGHU YHUVLRQ RI 3'06 FDOOHG KDUG3'06 RU K3'06 ZLWK D FRPSUHVVLRQ PRGXOXV RI  03D KDV LQFUHDVHG WKH UHVROXWLRQ WR  QP EXW QRW IRU GHQVHO\ VSDFHG IHDWXUHVRUKLJKDVSHFWUDWLRSDWWHUQV

+3'06 LV SUHSDUHG IURP WULPHWK\OVLOR[\WHUPLQDWHG YLQ\OPHWK\OVLOR[DQH GLPHWK\OVLOR[DQH 9'7 *HOHVW  DQG PHWK\OK\GURVLOR[DQHGLPHWK\OVLOR[DQH +06 *HOHVW  FRSRO\PHUV 7KH K3'06 V\VWHP KDV FURVVOLQNHUV WKDW KDYH UHODWLYHO\VKRUWOHQJWKVDVFRPSDUHGWRWKRVHLQ6\OJDUG3'06&RPSRVLWHELOD\HU SDWWHUQLQJHOHPHQWVWKDWXVHDWKLQSDWWHUQHGOD\HURIK3'06ZLWKDWKLFNEDFNOD\HU RI6\OJDUG3'06HIIHFWLYHO\FRPELQHVRPHRIWKHDWWUDFWLYHIHDWXUHVRIWKHVHWZR PDWHULDOVIRUFHUWDLQDSSOLFDWLRQV>@

5LJLGPROGVPDGHRITXDUW]PD\VWLFNWRWKHLPSULQWHGPDWHULDOVXQOHVVWKH\KDYH EHHQ WUHDWHG ZLWK DQ DQWLVWLFNLQJ UHOHDVH OD\HU 3RO\PHUV VXFK DV SRO\ PHWK\O PHWKDFU\ODWH  300$ FDQDOVREHXVHGDVDPROGPDWHULDOKRZHYHUDQDQWLVWLFNLQJ WUHDWPHQW XVLQJ ORZVXUIDFHHQHUJ\ PDWHULDOV VXFK DV IOXRURVLODQH VHOIDVVHPEOHG PRQROD\HULVVWLOOQHHGHGIRUHDV\UHOHDVH6HYHUDODOWHUQDWLYHSRO\PHULFPDWHULDOVKDYH

(27)

 EHHQSURSRVHGIRUXVHLQVWDPSVHJUHIV>@6RPHH[DPSOHVDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH,Q

UHFHQW \HDUV D QXPEHU RI IOXRULQDWHG SRO\PHUV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG IRU XVH LQ VWDPSV>@ 7KH\ H[KLELW JRRG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV ZKLOH KDYLQJ D ORZHU VXUIDFH

HQHUJ\ ȖP-P WKDQ3'06 Ȗ P-P DQGEHLQJOHVVSURQHWRVZHOOLQJE\

VROYHQWV2WKHUHVVHQWLDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWDPSRUPROGDUHLWVVXUIDFHHQHUJ\DQGWKH QDWXUH RI DQ\ SUHVHQW VXUIDFH IXQFWLRQDO JURXSV EHFDXVH WKHVH GHWHUPLQH WKH ZHWWLQJ DQG GHZHWWLQJ EHKDYLRXU RI SUHFXUVRU VROXWLRQV LQ WKH PROG DV ZLOO EH HODERUDWHG LQ PRUHGHWDLOEHORZIRUWKHUHVSHFWLYHWHFKQLTXHV  7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRI<RXQJ·VPRGXOXVHORQJDWLRQDWEUHDNWRXJKQHVVDQGVKULQNDQJHXSRQ SRO\PHUL]DWLRQLQDQDQRLPSULQWOLWKRJUDSK\PROG 'DWDWDNHQIURPUHIV>@DQG>@  0ROGPDWHULDO 7HQVLOH PRGXOXV 03D  (ORQJDWLRQ DWEUHDN   7RXJKQHVV 03D  6KULQNDJH   3'06 6\OJDUG      +DUG3'06     6RIW3'06     KY3'06>@     )OXRULQDWHGK\EULPHU>@ ²   ² )OH[LEOHIOXRULQDWHGK\EULPHU >@    ²  6\OJDUG3'06LVK\GURSKRELFLHZDWHUKDVDFRQWDFWDQJOH!ƒDQGGRHV QRWVSUHDGRQWKHVXUIDFHRI3'06:KLOHWKLVPD\EHDGYDQWDJHRXVIRUWKHGHERQGLQJ VWHSLQPLFURPROGLQJDQGPLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJDVZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQVHFWLRQLW LVGLVDGYDQWDJHRXVZKHQD 0,0,&SURFHVVIRUDTXHRXVVROXWLRQV LV WDUJHWHG EHFDXVH ZDWHU ZLOO SUREDEO\ QRW OLNH WR HQWHU D SUHGRPLQDQWO\ K\GURSKRELF PLFURQVL]HG FDSLOODU\$YDULHW\RIPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGWRDOWHUWKHFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI 3'067KHVLPSOHVWDQGPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGPHWKRGWRPDNHWKHVXUIDFHRI3'06 K\GURSKLOLF LV E\DQ R[\JHQSODVPDWUHDWPHQWIRUSHULRGVRIDIHZWHQV RIVHFRQGV>@

7KH UHVXOWLQJ VXUIDFH PRGLILFDWLRQ LV FRQVLVWHQW DQG UHSURGXFLEOH \LHOGLQJ FRQWDFW DQJOHVƒDQGUHTXLUHVQRVSHFLDOFKHPLFDOV7KHR[\JHQSODVPDR[LGL]HVWKHVXUIDFH RI3'06VRWKDWDWKLQK\GURSKLOLF6L2[OD\HUZLWKVXUIDFHVLODQROJURXSV6L2+IRUP

8QIRUWXQDWHO\LWLVZHOONQRZQWKDWWKHK\GURSKLOLFPRGLILFDWLRQLVQRWSHUPDQHQW,Q WKHFRXUVHRIWLPHW\SLFDOO\KRXUVORZPROHFXODUZHLJKWVLOR[DQHUHVLGXDOVPLJUDWHWR WKHVXUIDFHDQGFRYHUWKH6L2[OD\HUZLWKDORZVXUIDFHHQHUJ\ILOPVRWKDWWKHVXUIDFH

(28)

 FRQWDPLQDWLRQ RI VXEVWUDWH VXUIDFHV GXULQJ FRQIRUPDO FRQWDFW 'HWDLOHG VWXGLHV KDYH VKRZQ WKDW VLOLFRQHUHODWHG PDWHULDO LV WUDQVIHUUHG IURP IODW VWDPSV DQG HYHQ PRUH PDWHULDOLVWUDQVIHUUHGIURPSDWWHUQHGVWDPSV>@6LOLFRQHWUDQVIHUFDQEHPLQLPL]HGE\

FXULQJ WKH 3'06 VWDPSV DW HOHYDWHG WHPSHUDWXUHV EXW DOVR GHSHQGV RQ WKH SUHWUHDWPHQW RI WKH VWDPS DQG WKH W\SH RI LQN XVHG> @ )XUWKHUPRUH LW KDV EHHQ

VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH WUDQVIHUUHG PDWHULDO DOVR FRQWDLQV WUDFHV RI SODWLQXP ZKLFK DUH SUHVHQW LQ6\OJDUG DVFURVVOLQNLQJ FDWDO\VW>@ 1RIDVWDQGHDV\PHWKRG LVNQRZQ

WKDW FDQ FRPSOHWHO\ DQG SHUPDQHQWO\ UHPRYH WKHVH UHVLGXDOV IURP WKH VWDPS $Q H[KDXVWLYHZHHNORQJFOHDQLQJSURFHGXUHKDVEHHQSURSRVHGWKDW\LHOGV3'06VWDPSV FRQWDLQLQJ QR RU YHU\ OLWWOH ROLJRPHU PDWHULDO>@ +RZHYHU WKH K\GURSKRELF UHFRYHU\

DIWHUR[\JHQSODVPDWUHDWPHQWRIFOHDQHG3'06VWDPSVLVRQO\VOLJKWO\DIIHFWHGZKHQ VWRUHGLQDLU7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHVWDPSVSUREDEO\UHJDLQWKHLUDELOLW\WRFRQWDPLQDWH DQGWUDQVIHU3'06UHVLGXHV>@

$OWHUQDWLYH ZD\V WR PRGLI\ WKH VWDPS·V VXUIDFH HQHUJ\ PRUH SHUPDQHQWO\ DUH WKURXJKFKHPLFDOPRGLILFDWLRQVIRUZKLFKVHYHUDOURXWHVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHG6ROJHO FRDWLQJVEDVHGRQWLWDQLXPDONR[LGH]LUFRQLXPDONR[LGHDQGYDQDGLXPDONR[LGHKDYH EHHQ UHSRUWHG>@ $OVR WKLRO DPLQH VXOIRQLFDFLG DQG F\DQRIXQFWLRQDO FRDWLQJV KDYH

EHHQDSSOLHGRQ3'06>@,QWKHVHFDVHVWKH3'06VXUIDFHZDVILUVWSODVPDWUHDWHG WRIRUPVLODQROJURXSVWRZKLFKWKHVROJHOSUHFXUVRUVFRXOGDWWDFK0RGLILFDWLRQZLWK SODVPDSRO\PHUL]HGDFU\OLFDFLG\LHOGHGK\GURSKLOLF3'06VXUIDFHVIRUVHYHUDOGD\V>@ DQGDSRO\ XUHWKDQHDFU\ODWH FRDWLQJZDVVKRZQWROHDGWRDVLJQLILFDQWO\UHGXFHGUDWH RIVZHOOLQJE\VROYHQWDEVRUSWLRQ>@  3UHFXUVRUIRUPXODWLRQV

$Q\ SK\VLFDOO\ GU\LQJ VROJHO V\VWHP GLVSHUVLRQ SRO\PHULF FROORLGDO RU LRQLF VROXWLRQ FDQ LQ SULQFLSOH EH XVHG DV D SUHFXUVRU IRU SDWWHUQLQJ (VVHQWLDOO\ KRPRJHQHRXVVROXWLRQVDQGSDUWLFOHVXVSHQVLRQVFDQEHGLVWLQJXLVKHG7KHFRPSRQHQWV LQWKHSUHFXUVRU´LQNµVKRXOGEHDWOHDVWDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHVPDOOHU WKDQWKHIHDWXUHVL]HVRIWKHSDWWHUQ2WKHUUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHSUHFXUVRUGHSHQGRQWKH DFWXDOSDWWHUQLQJSURFHVV

'LIIHUHQWFKHPLVWULHVKDYHEHHQXWLOL]HGWRPDNHSUHFXUVRUIRUPXODWLRQVIRUSDWWHULQJ 7KH\ DUH HVVHQWLDOO\ VLPLODU WR WKH FKHPLVWULHV WKDW DUH HPSOR\HG IRU ZHWFKHPLFDO SURFHVVLQJ RI FHUDPLF WKLQ ILOPV>@ (VSHFLDOO\ VROJHO FKHPLVWU\ PHWDORUJDQLF

GHFRPSRVLWLRQ 02'  DQG FKHPLFDO EDWK GHFRPSRVLWLRQ &%'  DUH SRSXODU $SDUW IURPDFKLHYLQJDKLJKVROLGVFRQWHQWLQVROXWLRQZKLFKLVQRWSRVVLEOHLQFRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK ORZ YLVFRVLW\ WKHVH FKHPLVWULHV FDQ HDVLO\ PHHW PRVW RI WKH RWKHU UHTXLUHPHQWV PHQWLRQHGDERYH2QO\LQFDVHVZKHUHSDWWHUQVZLWKDKLJKDVSHFWUDWLRDUHUHTXLUHGRU

(29)

 WKH FKHPLFDO WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ IURP OLTXLG SUHFXUVRU WR ILQDO FHUDPLF SKDVH KDV WR EH DYRLGHGVXVSHQVLRQEDVHGSUHFXUVRUVDUHSUHIHUHQWLDOO\XWLOL]HG



6ROJHO SURFHVVLQJ 7KLV LV WKH PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG FKHPLVWU\ IRU SUHFXUVRU VROXWLRQV

6ROJHODONR[LGHFKHPLVWULHVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRFODVVHVGHSHQGLQJRQZKHWKHURU QRW WKH HOHPHQW VLOLFRQ LV LQYROYHG>@ ,Q VLOLFRQ DONR[LGH FKHPLVWU\ K\GURO\VLV DQG

FRQGHQVDWLRQ RI PROHFXODU SUHFXUVRUV 6L 25  RU 5·6L 25  LQWR FRQGHQVHG SUH

SRO\PHUVSURFHHGVYLDWKHIROORZLQJWZRIXQGDPHQWDOUHDFWLRQV 

+\GURO\VLV 6L²25+2ĺ 6L²2+52+

&RQGHQVDWLRQ 6L²2++2²6L ĺ 6L²2²6L +2



+HUH 5 UHSUHVHQWV DQ DON\O JURXS DQG 5· DQ DUELWUDU\ VLGH JURXS WKDW FDQ FDUU\ YLUWXDOO\DQ\IXQFWLRQDOLW\7KHUHDFWLRQVDUHFDWDO\]HGE\SURWRQVDQGK\GUR[\OJURXSV 7KLVFKHPLVWU\KDVEHHQHPSOR\HGIRUPDNLQJORZNGLHOHFWULFVVXFKDVSRURXVVLOLFDV DQGRUJDQRVLOLFDV7KHUHDFWLRQVDUHXVXDOO\FDUULHGRXWLQDOFRKROLFVROXWLRQZLWKVRPH ZDWHU DGGHG VHH HJ UHIV>@ )XUWKHUPRUH ORZHU DOFRKROV DUH FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK

3'06>@%\FRQWUROOLQJWKHUHIOX[FDWDO\VLVDQGK\GURO\VLVFRQGLWLRQVWKHQDWXUHRI

WKH UHVXOWLQJ VROXWLRQ SUHFXUVRUV DQG JHOV FDQ EH FRQWUROOHG $Q DGYDQWDJH RI 6L 25 

DQGVLOVHVTXLR[DQH5·6L 25 EDVHGVROVLVWKDWWKH\FDQEHPDGHLQDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOH

IRUPHYHQDWKLJKVROLGVFRQFHQWUDWLRQV7KLVPLQLPL]HVVKULQNDJHXSRQJHODWLRQ$QG VLQFH QR FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ RU SUHFLSLWDWLRQ RFFXUV WKH UHSOLFDWHG SDWWHUQ VKDSHV FDQ EH UHWDLQHGPRUHHDVLO\

6LPLODU IRUPXODWLRQV FDQ DOVR EH PDGH XVLQJ QRQVLOLFRQ DONR[LGHV HJ 7D 2&+ >@ 6Q&O>@ DQG 7L 2&+ >@ LQ HWKDQRO RU SURSDQRO +RZHYHU WKH

GHWDLOVRIWKHFKHPLVWU\RIK\GURO\VLVDQGFRQGHQVDWLRQDUHGLIIHUHQWVLQFHWKHUHDFWLRQV DUH WKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\ UDWKHU WKDQ NLQHWLFDOO\ FRQWUROOHG>@ DQG SUHFLSLWDWLRQ ZLOO

HYHQWXDOO\RFFXUXSRQGU\LQJ

0DQ\V\QWKHWLFDSSURDFKHVVWDUWIURPVKRUWFKDLQFDUER[\ODWHSUHFXUVRUVGLVVROYHG LQ FDUER[\OLF DFLG HJ 0 &+&22 Q LQ DFHWLF DFLG DQG PHWDO DONR[LGHV>@ 7KH

FDUER[\OLF DFLG VHUYHV ERWK DV VROYHQW DQG DV FKHODWLQJ VWDELOL]HU IRU WKH YHU\ UHDFWLYH PHWDO DONR[LGHV DQG VRPH H[FKDQJH RI OLJDQGV WDNHV SODFH DIWHU PL[LQJ ,Q WKLV ZD\ SUHFXUVRU IRUPXODWLRQV IRU 3E =U7L 2 3=7 >@ DQG %D7L2 %72 >@ KDYH EHHQ

SUHSDUHG'XULQJGU\LQJWKH\UHDFWZLWKZDWHUWRIRUPFRQGHQVHGVWUXFWXUHV$OVRWKH IRUPDWLRQRI=Q2IURP=Q &+&22 DQGZDWHULVDQH[DPSOHRIVXFKDSURFHVV>@



0HWDORUJDQLF GHFRPSRVLWLRQ 02'  ,Q WKLV DSSURDFK PHWDO FDUER[\ODWHV DQG DFHWDWHV

ZLWK ORQJFKDLQ OLJDQGV DUH GLVVROYHG LQ D FRPPRQ XQUHDFWLYH VROYHQW XVXDOO\ H+

(30)

 [\OHQH>@ 6LQFH WKH VWDUWLQJ FRPSRXQGV DUH LQVHQVLWLYH WR ZDWHU WKH PHWDO RUJDQLF

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

VROXWLRQ E\ VLQJOH RU UHSHDWHG LPPHUVLRQV RI D VXEVWUDWH LQ D EDWK 8VXDOO\ S+ WHPSHUDWXUH DQGRU FRPSRVLWLRQ RI WKH VRXUFH VROXWLRQ DUH DGMXVWHG>@ :KHQ SUH

SDWWHUQHGVXEVWUDWHVDUHHPSOR\HGVLWHVHOHFWLYHQXFOHDWLRQDQGJURZWKPD\RFFXU7KLV DSSURDFK KDV EHHQ H[SORUHG LQ SDUWLFXODU E\ WKH JURXS RI .RXPRWR DW 1DJR\D 8QLYHUVLW\>@ $ W\SLFDO H[DPSOH LV WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI WLWDQLD  IURP 1+

 7L) DQG +%2>@  7L)+2Æ7L2+) %2)+Æ%)+2  7KHVHFRQGUHDFWLRQVFDYHQJHVWKHSURGXFHGIOXRULGHDQGLVXVHGWRFRQWUROWKHUDWHRI WLWDQLD IRUPDWLRQ>@ 7KH EDWK VROXWLRQV DUH XVXDOO\ YHU\ GLOXWH VR WKH\ DUH QRW

FRPPRQO\XVHGLQPROGLQJEDVHGSURFHVVHV 

1LWUDWH URXWH 7KLV URXWH KDV EHHQ XVHG LQ VRIWOLWKRJUDSK\ E\ IHZ UHVHDUFKHUV> @

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—P DUH EHVW PDGH IURPVXVSHQVLRQEDVHGSUHFXUVRUV7KHVXFFHVVIXOXVHRIVXVSHQVLRQVZLWKVROLGVYROXPH FRQFHQWUDWLRQVXSWRYRODQGUHDVRQDEOHYLVFRVLWLHVKDVEHHQUHSRUWHG>@

(31)

 7KHIRXUNH\SK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRISUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQVDQGVXVSHQVLRQVDUH



 6ROLGVFRQWHQW RUHTXLYDOHQW +LJKVROLGVFRQWHQWVDUHIDYRXUDEOHVLQFHWKHPHWDO FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LV UHODWHG WR WKH VROLGV YROXPH LQ WKH ILQDO R[LGH 6KULQNDJH XSRQ GU\LQJ DQG WKHUPDO DIWHUWUHDWPHQW LV VXSSUHVVHG ZKHQ WKH VROLGV FRQWHQW LV LQFUHDVHG)RULQVWDQFHWKHTXDOLW\RIVKDSHUHSOLFDWLRQLQPROGLQJEDVHGSURFHVVHV LVLPSURYHGZKHQWKHPHWDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHSUHFXUVRULVLQFUHDVHG>@

 9LVFRVLW\DQGUKHRORJ\,Q0,0,&ORZYLVFRVLWLHVDUHQHHGHGLQRUGHUWRHQDEOH IDVWSHQHWUDWLRQRIWKHSUHFXUVRULQWRWKHPLFURSDWWHUQHGFKDQQHOV>@7KLVLPSOLHVD

KLJK VROYHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG ORZ VROLGV FRQWHQW ,I QHFHVVDU\ UDLVLQJ WKH WHPSHUDWXUHGXULQJSDWWHUQLQJPD\KHOSWRGHFUHDVHWKHYLVFRVLW\RIWKHSUHFXUVRU IXUWKHU>@ 7KH VKHDU UDWH GHSHQGHQFH RI YLVFRVLW\ LV SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQW ZKHQ

QRQ1HZWRQLDQ IOXLGV DUH DSSOLHG LQ 0,0,& VLQFH WKH UDWH RI SHQHWUDWLRQ LV QRW FRQVWDQWGXULQJWKHSDWWHUQLQJSURFHVV>@

 6XUIDFHHQHUJ\7KHVXUIDFHWHQVLRQRISUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQVGHWHUPLQHVWKHZHWWLQJ LQWHUDFWLRQ RI WKH LQN LQ WKH PROG DV ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG LQ PRUH GHWDLO LQ VHFWLRQV DQG/RZVXUIDFHWHQVLRQSURPRWHVZHWWLQJRIDUHOLHISDWWHUQHGVWDPSDQG LV UHTXLUHG ZKHQ ZDWHUEDVHG VROXWLRQV DUH HPSOR\HG EXW JRRG ZHWWLQJ PD\ KDPSHUWKHGHERQGLQJVWHSLQZKLFKVWDPSDQGLQNDUHVHSDUDWHG>@

 7\SHV RI VROYHQWV 7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG YRODWLOLW\ RI VROYHQWV GHWHUPLQHV WKH GU\LQJUDWHDQGGU\LQJWLPH)DVWHUHYDSRUDWLRQZLOOOHDGWRIDVWHUVROLGLILFDWLRQRID SUHFXUVRU DQG LQFUHDVH WKH WKURXJKSXW WKDW FDQ EH DFFRPSOLVKHG LQ LQGXVWULDO SURFHVVHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWKDVDOVREHHQVKRZQWKDWWKHSDFNLQJHIILFLHQF\RI SDUWLFOHEDVHGVXVSHQVLRQVLVLPSURYHGZKHQWKHGU\LQJSURFHVVLQVLGHWKHFKDQQHOV SURFHHGV VORZHU>@ $OWHUQDWLYH ZD\V WR VORZ GRZQ WKH GU\LQJ UDWH DUHVRDNLQJ RI

WKHPROGLQWKHVROYHQWSULRUWRXVHDQGRUGU\LQJLQDWPRVSKHUHVLQZKLFKVROYHQW YDSRXULVDOUHDG\SUHVHQW6ROYHQWW\SHVDOVRGHWHUPLQHWKHGHJUHHRIVZHOOLQJRIWKH HODVWRPHULFPROG>@



:HWWLQJGHPROGLQJDQGWKHUPDODIWHUWUHDWPHQW

2SWLPDO ZHWWLQJ RI PLFURFKDQQHOV E\ IOXLGV LV DQ LPSRUWDQW IDFWRU LQ PROGLQJEDVHG DSSURDFKHV $ ULFK YDULHW\ RI PHFKDQLFDOO\ VWDEOH PHWDVWDEOH DQG XQVWDEOH OLTXLG PRUSKRORJLHVFDQEHIRXQG>@GHSHQGLQJRQ L WKHFRQWDFWDQJOHEHWZHHQIOXLGDQG

VXUIDFHDQG LL WKHJHRPHWULFGHWDLOV DVSHFWUDWLR RIWKHJURRYHV

2EYLRXVO\ D YHU\ ODUJH FRQWDFW DQJOH !ƒ  LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH LQWHUIDFLDO HQHUJ\ EHWZHHQLQNDQGPROGLVUDWKHUXQIDYRXUDEOH7KLVSURPRWHVWKHGHZHWWLQJ GHERQGLQJ  RI WKH JURRYHV RI D PROG LQ SDUWLFXODU ZKHQ WKH KHLJKWWRZLGWK DVSHFW UDWLR RI WKH VWUXFWXUH LV VPDOOHU WKDQ  :KHQ WKH DVSHFW UDWLR LV KLJKHU HYHQ IOXLGV ZLWK D YHU\

(32)

 ODUJH FRQWDFW DQJOH FDQ ILOO PLFURFKDQQHOV LQ D WKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\ VWDEOH ZD\ 6PDOO FRQWDFWDQJOHIOXLGVILOOWKHFKDQQHOVVSRQWDQHRXVO\>@EXWUHOHDVHIURPWKHPROGDIWHU

SDWWHUQLQJPD\ EH SUREOHPDWLF>@ :KHQWKHFRQWDFWDQJOHLVVPDOOHUWKDQ ƒZHGJH

ZHWWLQJPD\RFFXUDWKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\VWDEOHPRGHRIILOOLQJLQZKLFKRQO\WKHFRUQHU HGJHVRIDFKDQQHODUHILOOHGZLWKIOXLG>@7KHVSHFLDOIHDWXUHRIZHGJHZHWWLQJLVWKDW

IHDWXUHVL]HVFDQEHSULQWHGWKDWDUHPXFKVPDOOHUWKDQWKHUHVROXWLRQRIWKHPROG ,Q RUGHU WR SULQW SRO\PHULF  SDWWHUQV WKDW UHVHPEOH WKH VKDSH RI WKH VWDPS RQH VKRXOG ZRUN LQ D ZHWWLQJ UHJLPH ZKHUH WKH OLTXLG IRUPV HORQJDWHG FKDQQHOV ZLWK QHJOLJLEOH /DSODFHSUHVVXUH>@

,W KDV EHHQ VKRZQ WKHRUHWLFDOO\ WKDW UHODWLYHO\ ODUJH FRQWDFW DQJOHV EHWZHHQ PROG DQG SUHFXUVRU VROXWLRQ DUH UHTXLUHG WR IDFLOLWDWH GHERQGLQJ DIWHU PROGLQJEDVHG SDWWHUQLQJLGHDOO\!ƒ>@VHH)LJXUH8QGHUVXFKFRQGLWLRQVWKHHQHUJ\UHOHDVHG

SHU XQLW DUHD RI FUDFN GHERQGLQJ  H[WHQVLRQ LV YHU\ ODUJH IRU VPDOO FUDFNV 7KLV SURPRWHVWKHUHOHDVHRIGULHGSUHFXUVRUIURPWKHPROG)RUFRQWDFWDQJOHVVPDOOHUWKDQ ƒ WKH GULYLQJ HQHUJ\ IRU FUDFN SURSDJDWLRQ LV UDWKHU VPDOO DQG FRQFDYH VXUIDFHV HIIHFWLYHO\LQKLELWGHERQGLQJ





)LJXUH  (TXLOLEULXP FRQILJXUDWLRQV RI D OLTXLG RQ D FKDQQHOOHG VWDPS 7KH UDWLR RI OLTXLG YROXPH RYHU FKDQQHO YROXPH LV SORWWHG YHUVXV FRQWDFW DQJOH RI WKH OLTXLG 7KH JUH\ DUHD UHSUHVHQWVWKHFRQGLWLRQVLQZKLFKFKDQQHOILOOLQJLVVWDEOH5HSULQWHGZLWKSHUPLVVLRQIURPUHI>@

&RS\ULJKW$PHULFDQ,QVWLWXWHRI3K\VLFV  

0RVWRIWKHIRUPHGSDWWHUQVUHTXLUHDSRVWSDWWHUQLQJKHDWWUHDWPHQWVWHSWRFRQYHUW WKH GULHG SUHFXUVRU LQWR WKH GHVLUHG FU\VWDOOLQH SKDVH UHPRYH UHVLGXDO RUJDQLFV DQG GHQVLI\WKHWKLQILOP'XHWRWKHVPDOOVL]HVRIWKHIHDWXUHVWREHVLQWHUHGUHODWLYHO\ORZ VLQWHULQJ WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG VKRUW VLQWHULQJ WLPHV DUH VXIILFLHQW 6KULQNDJH SUHVHQWV D VHULRXV WHFKQLFDO SUREOHP LQ FHUDPLFV SURFHVVLQJ LQ JHQHUDO DQG LQ WKH PLFUR DQG QDQRSDWWHUQLQJ RI FHUDPLFV LQ SDUWLFXODU VLQFH LW OLPLWV WKH TXDOLW\ RI SDWWHUQ

(33)

 UHSOLFDWLRQ $Q RYHUDOO VKULQNDJH RI  LV FRPPRQ IRU PDQ\ RI WKH UHSRUWHG FKHPLVWULHV> @ )RU PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV WKLV PD\ QRW SUHVHQW D SUREOHP +RZHYHU

ZKHQ PRUH FRPSOH[ KLHUDUFKLFDO SDWWHUQV DUH WR EH UHDOL]HG IDFWRUV OLNH ' WRSRJUDSK\ VKDSH UHSOLFDWLRQ ILGHOLW\ DQG HGJH VKDUSQHVV EHFRPH FUXFLDO IDFWRUV WR FRQVLGHU>@

&UDFNLQJ PD\ SUHVHQW D SUREOHP EXW PLFURSDWWHUQHG FHUDPLFV DUH DEOH WR UHOHDVH PHFKDQLFDOVWUHVVHVLQERWKWKHYHUWLFDOGLUHFWLRQDQGODWHUDOGLUHFWLRQDQGWKLVKHOSVWR IRUP KLJKHU VWUXFWXUHV WKDQ ZRXOG EH SRVVLEOH LQ WKH FDVH RI FRQWLQXRXV WKLQ ILOPV ,W KDV EHHQ VKRZQ WKDW WKHUH DUH OLPLWV WR VXEPLFURPHWHU UHVROXWLRQ SDWWHUQLQJ RI PDFURPROHFXODU IOXLGV DQG ORZ PROHFXODU ZHLJKW SRO\PHU EHFDXVH RI WKH 5D\OHLJK LQVWDELOLW\>@ 7KH 5D\OHLJK LQVWDELOLW\ LV SULPDULO\ D JHRPHWULFDO HIIHFW DQG EHFRPHV

UHOHYDQWIRUSDWWHUQWUDQVIHULQWKHQPUDQJH:KHUHSUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQVDQG VXVSHQVLRQVDUH FRQFHUQHG WKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKWKLVHIIHFWFDQSOD\D UROHGHSHQGV RQ WKH UDWH DW ZKLFK WKH SUHFXUVRU VROXWLRQ GULHV SK\VLFDOO\ YLD HYDSRUDWLRQ RI VROYHQWV DQGRUFRQGHQVHVFKHPLFDOO\LQWRDKLJKHUPROHFXODUZHLJKWQHWZRUN 

0ROGLQJEDVHGSDWWHUQLQJWHFKQLTXHV

0LFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ —70  0LFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJKDVQRWEHHQH[SORUHGZLGHO\IRUWKHIRUPDWLRQRIPHWDOR[LGH SDWWHUQVZKLFKLVVRPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJFRQVLGHULQJLWVVSHHGHDVHRISDWWHUQLQJLVRODWHG IHDWXUHVDQGDELOLW\WRSDWWHUQRQQRQSODQDUVXEVWUDWHV7KHFRQFHSWRIPLFURWUDQVIHU PROGLQJZDV LQWURGXFHGE\ =KDR ;LDDQG :KLWHVLGHV LQDQG GHPRQVWUDWHGIRU VHYHUDOSRO\PHUVDQGVSLQRQJODVVHV>@)URPDVLPSOHPRGHOLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDW

WKHIROORZLQJJHQHUDOFRQGLWLRQVKRXOGEHIXOILOOHGLQRUGHUWRERWKSDWWHUQDQGGHPROG OLQHIHDWXUHV>@



ȖVROȖPROG D ȖVXEVWUDWH     



:KHUH ´Dµ LV WKH DVSHFW UDWLR RI WKH OLQH VWUXFWXUH DQG ȖVRO ȖPROG DQG ȖVXEVWUDWH DUH WKH

VXUIDFHHQHUJLHVRIOLTXLGSUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQPROGDQGVXEVWUDWHRQZKLFKWKHSDWWHUQ LVIRUPHGUHVSHFWLYHO\

/DQJH DQG FRZRUNHUV GHVFULEHG WKH HSLWD[LDO SDWWHUQLQJ RI  QP ZLGH OLQHV RI =U2RQVLQJOHFU\VWDOFXELF]LUFRQLDDQGWKHHSLWD[LDOSDWWHUQLQJRI—PZLGHOLQHVRI

6U%L7D2 6%7 > @ 0HWDORUJDQLF GHFRPSRVLWLRQ 02'  VROXWLRQV RI PHWDO

6U%L=U  HWK\OKH[DQRDWHV DQG WDQWDOXP HWKR[LGH LQ [\OHQH ZHUH VSLQFDVW RQWR D SDWWHUQHG 3'06 PROG DQG WUDQVIHUUHG WR WKH VXEVWUDWH ,Q WKH FDVH RI 6%7 LW ZDV VKRZQWKDWWKHR[LGHKDGD O RXWRISODQHRULHQWDWLRQDIWHUWKHUPDOSURFHVVLQJDQGD VLQJOH LQSODQH RULHQWDWLRQ RQ   6U7L2 0LFURWUDQVIHU PROGHG SDWWHUQV KDYH DOVR

(34)

 EHHQ UHSRUWHG LQ D IHZ RWKHU FDVHVLH PHVRVWUXFWXUHG PHVRSRURXV VLOLFD OLQHV RI  —PZLGWKDQG—PKHLJKWZLWKDORZUHIUDFWLYHLQGH[  IRUZDYHJXLGHDUUD\V>@

1DQRWUDQVIHUPROGLQJZLWKHODVWRPHULF3'06PROGVKDVEHHQGHPRQVWUDWHGIRU3=7 OLQHDQGSLWSDWWHUQVZLWKODWHUDOUHVROXWLRQVGRZQWR QPDQGDIHDWXUHKHLJKW RI aQPDIWHUWKHUPDOWUHDWPHQW>@

3DWWHUQV ZLWK PXFK KLJKHU DVSHFW UDWLRV FDQ DOVR EH PDGH E\ PLFURWUDQVIHU PROGLQJ LH IRU WKH IDEULFDWLRQ RI FHUDPLF PLFURFRPSRQHQWV IRU PLFURHOHFWUR PHFKDQLFDO V\VWHPV 0(06 > @ 6XFK FRPSRQHQWV DUH W\SLFDOO\ LQ WKH PLOOLPHWUH

VL]HUDQJHWKH\FRQWDLQIHDWXUHVRI—PDQGKDYHKLJKDVSHFWUDWLRVRIXSWR %HFDXVHRIWKHLUODUJHVL]HVLWLVRIWKHXWPRVWLPSRUWDQFHWRPLQLPL]HVKULQNDJHXSRQ GU\LQJ DQG WKHUPDO SRVWWUHDWPHQW &RQFHQWUDWHG FHUDPLF VXVSHQVLRQV RI ĮDOXPLQD ZLWK XS WR  ZW VROLGV ZHUH WKHUHIRUH XVHG ZLWK DGGHG GLVSHUVDQWV 6PDOOHU IHDWXUHVLQWKHPLFURQUDQJHZRXOGEHSRVVLEOHLIILQHUSDUWLFOHVZLWK—PZRXOG EHXVHGEXWWKHVHDOVRVXIIHUPRUHIURPVKULQNDJH>@,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRIRUPWKHIHDWXUH

GLUHFWO\ LQ LWV ILQDO IRUP VLQFH SRVWSURFHVVLQJ VXFK DV JULQGLQJ DQG SROLVKLQJ DUH GLIILFXOWHVSHFLDOO\RQWKHVFDOHRIWKHIHDWXUHVL]HV'XHWRWKHKLJKYLVFRVLW\RIWKHXVHG VXVSHQVLRQVFHQWULIXJDOFDVWLQJKDVEHHQLQWURGXFHGWRLPSURYHWKHILOOLQJRIWKH3'06 PROGDQGWKHUHE\WKHGHQVLILFDWLRQRIWKHJUHHQERGLHVZLWKLQWKHPROGV7KLVSURFHVV KDVEHHQWHUPHGFHQWULIXJDOO\DLGHGVRIWPROGLQJ &$60 >@  0LFURPROGLQJ (PERVVLQJ 

0LFURPROGLQJ LV PXFK PRUH FRPPRQO\ XVHG IRU SDWWHUQLQJ R[LGHV WKDQ WUDQVIHU PROGLQJ $OOSULQWHG DOOLQRUJDQLF WUDQVLVWRUV SKRWRGHWHFWRUV UHVLVWRUV DQG PXOWLOD\HU VWUXFWXUHV ZLWK VDFULILFLDO OD\HUV DQG YLDV KDYH EHHQ PDGH>@ $Q DGYDQWDJH RI

PLFURPROGLQJ LV WKDW OHVV VWULQJHQW FRQGLWLRQV DSSO\ WR WKH ZHWWLQJ SURSHUWLHV RI WKH SUHFXUVRUVROXWLRQRUGLVSHUVLRQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHPROGWKDQLQPLFURWUDQVIHUPROGLQJ 1RQHWKHOHVV0DU]ROLQHWDOSRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKHOLTXLGVKRXOGVSRQWDQHRXVO\GHZHWWKH HODVWRPHUVXUIDFHVRWKDWWKHSURWUXGLQJSDUWVRIWKHPROGPDNHFRQIRUPDOFRQWDFWZLWK WKHVXEVWUDWHDQGWKXVDYRLGDUHVLGXDOOD\HU>@7KHGHZHWWLQJSURFHVVLVGULYHQE\ERWK

WKH DSSOLHG SUHVVXUH DQG WKH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ LQWHUIDFLDO WHQVLRQV LH VXEVWUDWHHODVWRPHU

Ȗ6(VXEVWUDWHOLTXLGȖ6/DQGOLTXLGHODVWRPHUȖ/(7KHGHZHWWLQJVSHHGLVSURSRUWLRQDOWR 6ZKHUH



6 Ȗ6/Ȗ/(²Ȗ6(     



6LQFHȖ/( LVPRUH RUOHVV IL[HGWKH VROXWLRQ FDQEH RSWLPL]HG E\DGGLQJORZYLVFRVLW\

VROYHQWVZLWKDKLJKVXUIDFHWHQVLRQZKLFKGRQRWVZHOOWKHPROG>@5HVLGXDOOD\HUVDUH

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

7KHVWXGLHVGHVFULEHGLQ&amp;KDSWHUV 7DEOH XVHGGL൵HUHQWPHWKRGVRIGDWDFROOHFWLRQ

7KH DLP RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WR HQKDQFH LQVLJKW LQWR WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV XQGHUO\LQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG PDLQWHQDQFH RI RYHUZHLJKW DQG REHVLW\ ,W ZDV IRXQG

7KH DLP RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WR HQKDQFH LQVLJKW LQWR WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV XQGHUO\LQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG PDLQWHQDQFH RI RYHUZHLJKW DQG REHVLW\ ,W ZDV IRXQG

On the basis of C-SMB, we propose that (a) the neural activity observed when unfamiliar sequences are executed reveals the neural substrate of reacting to key-specific stimuli as

The complex scal- ing of the length of BSS waves with their flow depth, the segregation rate and other flow pa- rameters, forced us to use a large particle-size ratio and a shallow

0HWKRGV DQG WRROV RI WKH 'LJLWDO )DFWRU\ LQ WKH DXWRPRWLYH LQGXVWU\ DUH DQ LPSRUWDQW SDUW RI WKH SODQQLQJ DQG FRQWURO SKDVH RI SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHPV

For example, the two circuits in the figure below share four terminals, but it is not possible to speak of the energy that flows from circuit 1 to circuit 2, unless the