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Applications!of!Twitter!in!the!business,!
education,!and!health!disciplines!in!an!
interdisciplinary!perspective.!!
! !! Senior!honors!thesis! Student:!Sophie!Louise!Koopmans! Advisor:!Professor!Gerald!Kane,!Boston!College! Date:!18@12@2016! ! ! ! Interdisciplinary!research!on!the!applications!of!Twitter!is!scarce.!This!paper!aims!to!provide!a! stepping!stone!for!more!interdisciplinary!research!by!analyzing!applications!of!Twitter!within! and!between!three!main!disciplines:!Business,!Education,!and!Health.!The!included!studies! were!selected!based!on!their!number!of!citations,!novelty!and!relevance!within!the!context!on! this! paper.! For! each! discipline,! several! examples! of! Twitter! applications! were! outlined! and! overlapping!disciplines!identified.!In!business!and!health!studies,!Twitter!was!mostly!used!to! collect! data.! In! education,! Twitter! played! a! more! active! role! as! a! method! of! effective! communication.! To! improve! future! studies,! it! is! proposed! that! researchers! of! several! disciplines! work! together! in! interdisciplinary! teams! to! integrate! knowledge! to! gain! new,! relevant!insights.!!Table!of!Contents!
Introduction!...!3! Method!...!5! Background!Twitter!...!6! Applications!of!Twitter!...!7! Application!of!Twitter!in!Business!...!7! Applications!of!Twitter!in!Education!...!11! Application!of!Twitter!in!Health!...!14! Discussion!...!17! Similarities!and!differences!...!18! Limitations!...!19! Recommendations!...!20! Conclusion!...!21! Literature!...!23! Appendix!1!...!28! Short!description!and!keywords!of!cited!studies!...!28! !!
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Introduction!
The!impact!that!140!character!messages!have!had,!is!more!than!one!can!image!at!first!sight.! Twitter,!the!microblogging!platform!where!only!140!character!messages!can!be!posted!which! can!be!quickly!organized!with!certain!Twitter!metrics,!has!had!a!huge!influence!in!the!world!of! instant! news! reporting! and! research.! As! Zimmer! and! Proferes! (2014)! mention,! Twitter! has! played!a!significant!role!in!the!communication!and!coordination!of!global!political!and!social! protests.!The!bestYknown!example!is!the!2011!Arab!Spring!protests!during!three!months!the! words!“Egypt”,!“Jan25”,!“Libya”,!“Bahrain”!and!“protest”!were!the!most!popular!in!the!Arab! region!(Huang,!2011).!Furthermore,!Twitter!also!has!acted!as!a!news!outlet!during!natural! disasters!or!emergencies,!such!as!the!Japanese!earthquake!in!2011,!but!it!also!can!be!used!for! detection! of! natural! disasters! by! observing! the! tweets! posted! by! the! people! who! feel! the! earthquake!and!share!this!with!the!world!by!tweeting!(Sakaki,!Okazaki,!&!Matsuo,!2010).!!
Also,! social! media,! including! Twitter,! have! changed! the! world! of! marketing.! Social! media!marketing!had!long!been!underestimated!by!marketers,!but!has!now!taken!its!place!as! a! necessity! and! cheap! alternative! for! the! traditional! marketing! practices! (Satell,! 2015).! Consumers!express!their!feelings!and!motivations!in!realYtime,!often!of!which!a!marketer!could! benefit!if!the!data!is!properly!analyzed.!Twitter!provides!a!huge!‘free’!dataset!freely!available! on!the!worldYwide!web.!! These!examples!show!that!research!on!Twitter!can!come!from!many!disciplines,!and!Twitter! data!can!be!used!for!diverging!applications.!Several!studies!have!examined!the!literature!that! has!been!produced!over!the!last!decade!on!Twitter!(Williams,!Terras!&!Warwick,!2013;!Zimmer! &! Proferes,! 2014).! These! researchers! found! that! literature! about! Twitter! came! from! many!
different! perspectives! and! disciplines,! and! they! identified! and! classified! the! papers! into! disciplines!and!domains!(see!table!1).!!
The!subjects!vary!greatly,!but!common!grounds!can!be!found!between!the!two!lists.!In! both!studies,!business,!communication,!education,!geography,!health/medicine!are!identified! as!a!frequent!field!of!research.!!
Interdisciplinary! research! on! Twitter! or! other! social! networks! has! been! rarely! conducted! except! for! classification! studies! (Williams,! Terras! &! Warwick,! 2013;! Zimmer! &! Proferes,! 2014).! Classification! studies! mainly! focuses! on! the! methodology! of! academic! research!and!propose!common!ways!of!studying!Twitter.!They!answer!the!howYquestion,!but! poorly!address!the!whatYquestion!for!interdisciplinary!research.!!
This! paper! aims! to! provide! a! stepping! stone! for! more! interdisciplinary! research! by! analyzing! applications! of! Twitter! within! and! between! three! main! disciplines:! Business,! Education,!and!Health.!Only!three!disciplines!were!chosen!due!to!the!limited!size!of!this!study.! By!describing!examples!of!the!applications!in!the!different!disciplines!and!showing!that!these! cases! are! never! exclusively! covered! by! one! discipline,! the! relevance! and! applicability! of! interdisciplinary!research!on!Twitter!and!other!similar!cases!should!be!presented.!With!the! analyzed!data,!it!should!be!possible!to!answer!the!following!general!research!question:!How!is! Twitter!used!within!and!across!the!disciplines!of!business,!education!and!health?! First,!relevant!background!information!about!Twitter!is!offered,!so!the!readers!can!put! the!examples!in!perspective.!Then!the!three!different!disciplines!are!set!forth!by!examples,!in! combination!with!related!theories!and!literature.!After!this,!in!the!discussion!all!the!gained! insights!will!be!taken!into!account!to!form!recommendations!for!interdisciplinary!research!on! Twitter!and!other!possible!fields,!ending!with!an!answer!to!the!research!question!stated!above.!! !
Table!1.!Identified!domains!and!disciplines! Williams,!Terras,!&!Warwick,!2013! Zimmer,!&!Proferes,!2014! Domains! 1! Business! 2! Classification!studies! 3! Communication! 4! Education! 5! Emergency! 6! Geography! 7! Health! 8! Libraries! 9! Linguistics! 10! Search! 11! Security! 12! Technical! 13! Other! ! ! ! Disciplines! 1! Business!! 2! Communications!!! 3! Computer!science ! 4! Economics ! 5! Education!! 6! English ! 7! Environmental!sciences ! 8! Geographic!information!systems!! 9! Information!science!! 10! Law ! 11! Mathematics ! 12! Medicine ! 13! Physics ! 14! Political!science ! 15! Psychology ! 16! Sociology ! 17! Sport!sciences ! !
Method!
For!each!of!the!three!disciplines,!several!examples!of!Twitter!applications!are!described!to! demonstrate!the!use!of!Twitter!within!the!disciplines.!During!the!research!phase,!for!each! discipline!at!least!ten!articles!were!selected!that!were!related!to!an!application!of!Twitter!and! the!respective!discipline.!Selection!was!based!on!the!number!of!citations!in!other!academic! papers!according!to!the!database!of!Google!Scholar!and!the!relevance!assessed!by!reading!the! abstract,!introduction,!and!discussion/conclusion!of!the!papers.!Beside!this,!recent!publicized! literature!with!a!lower!number!of!citations!was!also!considered.!One!should!recognize!that! these!recently!published!papers!have!had!less!time!to!be!cited!by!other!academics.!When!the! content!seemed!relevant!and!the!paper!was!publicized!by!a!respectable!publisher,!they!were! considered.!The!third!method!to!find!relevant!papers!was!to!look!at!the!references!in!the!two! classification!papers!(Williams,!Terras!&!Warwick,!2013;!Zimmer!&!Proferes,!2014).!! ! Based!on!these!short!lists!of!selected!articles,!in!the!research!process!I!attempted!to!needed,! extra! articles! in! a! specific! subject! were! sought! to! support! or! refute! an! argument.! Appendix!1!contains!a!table!of!all!relevant!articles!cited!in!this!paper!with!keywords!and!a!short! description.!!
Background!Twitter!
Twitter!was!the!first!microYblogging!platform!on!the!internet,!founded!in!March!2006!by!Jack! Dorsey,!Evan!Williams,!Biz!Stone!and!Noah!Glass.!Before!Twitter,!the!majority!of!them!worked! on! creating! a! podcasting! platform! named! Odeo,! but! with! the! launch! of! Apple! iTunes! their! podcasting!platform!became!irrelevant!(Carlson,!2011).!They!had!to!come!up!with!a!new!idea,! and!Jack!Dorsey!came!up!with!the!idea!of!“a!service!that!uses!SMS!to!tell!small!groups!what! you!are!doing.”!(Sagolla,!2009).! Later,!they!developed!this!idea!into!a!webYbased!application!in!which!people!could!post! a!message!of!maximum!140!characters!called!‘tweets’.!The!users!can!follow!other!users,!but!it! doesn’t!require!reciprocation!like!other!social!media!platforms!as!Facebook!and!MySpace!do! (Kwak,!Lee,!Park!&!Moon,!2010).!NonYmembers!can!only!read,!not!post.! !The!platform!grew!rapidly.!In!2007,!around!5,000!tweets!were!sent!per!day,!with!that! increasing!to!300,000!messages!per!day!in!2008!(Beaumont,!2010).!In!June!2016,!Twitter!has! more! than! 131! million! monthly! active! users! and! more! than! 35! offices! worldwide! (Twitter,! 2016).!The!company!is!valued!at!10!billion!US!dollars!in!2016,!but!with!the!pinnacle!in!2013! with!a!valuation!of!40!billion!US!dollars!(Hempel,!2016b)1.!The!worth!of!Twitter!is!declining,! and!is!raising!concerns.!Growth!in!the!number!of!users!has!slowed!down.!!
Applications!of!Twitter!!
Twitter!has!many!applications!in!the!world.!Here!we!start!exploring!the!application!of!Twitter! in!the!three!selected!disciplines,!starting!with!Business,!then!Education,!and!concluding!with! Health.!!
Application!of!Twitter!in!Business!!
Twitter! occupies! different! roles! role! in! many! companies.! A! study! by! Case! and! King! (2011)! showed! that! at! that! time! 54%! of! the! Fortune! 500! firms! used! Twitter,! mostly! for!news! distribution!(85%)!and!to!a!much!lesser!extent!for!marketing/promotions,!customer!service,! and!human!resources.!This!has!changed!in!the!last!couple!of!years.!According!to!Kim!and!Kim! (2016),!the!importance!of!advertising!on!social!media,!such!as!Twitter,!has!been!growing!day! by!day!in!the!last!five!years.!Also!in!supply!chain!management,!a!field!of!business!that!has!been! relatively! slow! in! studying! useful! applications! of! social! media,! is! adopting! an! analytical! framework!in!which!tweets!about!the!performance!of!supply!chains!are!analyzed!and!used!for! improvements.! Other! applications! of! Twitter! in! supply! chain! management! are! professional! networking,! stakeholder! engagement,! demand! shaping,! new! product/service! development,! and!supply!chain!risk!management!(Chae,!2015).!
! In!this!paper,!the!discipline!of!business!encompasses!domains!covering!all!commercial! topics!(Williams,!Terras,!&!Warwick,!2013)!such!as!public!relations,!marketing,!supply!chain,! customer!relationship!management,!strategy!etc.!All!domains!are!mostly!on!companyYlevel.!!!
The!challenge!most!companies!faced!before!the!existence!of!Twitter!and!other!social! media! networks! was! the! gathering! of! relevant! data! for! analysis.! Traditional! approaches! towards! monitoring! perceptions,! such! as! surveys,! focus! groups,! and! other! information!
gathering!practices!are!time!consuming!and!costly.!There!was!also!the!problem!that!the!results! became!quickly!outdated.! The!advent!of!social!media!manifested!itself!as!an!opportunity!to!access!extensive!data! sets!and!a!fully!automated!method!for,!for!example,!inferring!brandYspecific!perceptions!by! mining!data!created!on!social!media!platforms.!Especially!Twitter,!with!its!compact!messages,! was!an!eminent!platform!for!content!analyses!(Culotta!&!Cutler,!2016).!Twitter!also!developed! and! provided! an! easy! way! for! dataYmining! and! dataYanalysis! in! Twitter:! API! (Application! Programming!Interface)!in!Gnip.!Gnip!is!Twitter’s!enterprise!API!platform,!delivering!a!wide! range!of!APIs!to!build!the!power!of!Twitter!data!into!businesses!(Enterprise!Access!to!Twitter!
Data,!2016).!Researchers!and!businesses!can!use!the!APIs!to!select!and!study!certain!tweets!
about! subjects,! report! the! engagement! (responses,! mentions,! retweets,! hearts! etc.),! and! analyze!Twitter!behaviors.!! ! For!example,!a!study!by!Jansen,!Zhang,!Sobel!and!Chowdury!(2009)!showed!that!Twitter! was!an!excellent!way!to!analyze!wordYofYmouth.!They!analyzed!150,000!microblog!postings! containing!branding!comments,!sentiments,!and!opinions.!In!19%!of!these!tweets!(microblogs)! a!brand!was!mentioned,!and!nearly!20%!contained!some!expression!of!brand!sentiments,!both! positive!and!negative.!Of!these!tweets!containing!brand!sentiments,!52!percent!was!a!positive! mention!and!in!33%!the!tweet!was!critical!about!a!company!or!product.!!
Obtaining! knowledge! about! sentiments! on! social! media! is! critical! for! companies,! because! social! media! could! pose! as! a! threat! for! a! company’s! reputation! when! customers! express!dissatisfaction.!!
! ! !
Eccless,!Newquist!and!Schatz!(2007)!identified!three!types!of!reputation!risk!factors:! 1.! ReputationYreality!gap.! Risk!is!increased!when!the!gap!between!an!organization’s!reputation!and!its!reality!widens! (Aula,!2010).!This!gap!arises!when!a!company!has!a!more!positive!reputation!than!it!is! worth!in!reality.!Eventually,!the!gap!will!be!recognized!and!revealed,!which!causes!a!decline! in!reputation!until!it!matches!reality!again.!Sometimes!a!company’s!reputation!is!more! damaged! than! it! in! reality! deserves! when! specific! groups! of! stakeholders! attack! the! company!unfairly,!and!spreads!this!to!other!stakeholders.!! 2.! Changing!beliefs!and!expectations.! Risk!is!increased!by!a!change!in!the!expectations!of!customers.!The!expectations!may!shift! away!for!the!company’s!character,!which!causes!the!reputationYreality!gap!to!widen.!When! ‘the!rules!of!the!game’!in!an!industry!change,!the!company!should!dynamically!adapt!to! manage!their!reputation!correctly.!If!they!don’t,!the!gap!widens;!risk!increases;!and!they! are!the!only!ones!to!blame!by!denying!the!validity!of!the!changing!expectations.!! 3.! Weak!internal!coordination.! Risk!is!increased!when!business!units!or!functions!can’t!keep!up!with!the!changes!made!by! other!units!or!functions!within!the!company.!These!changes!may!cause!the!expectation!of! customers! to! grow,! but! if! another! business! unit! isn’t! ready! yet,! they! fail! to! meet! expectations! set! by! the! former! group.! An! example! is! when! a! marketing! department! launches! an! advertising! campaign! before! the! productYteam! is! fully! ready! with! the! development!of!the!product!and!will!have!make!a!decision!to!start!selling!bugged!products! or!delay!the!introduction!(Eccless,!Newquist!&!Schatz,!2007).!
The!framework!in!figure!1!shows!ways!to!manage!reputations!risk;!the!creation!of!the!first!and! second! risk! can! be! prevented! by! monitoring! and! assessing! data! to! identify! changing! expectations!or!a!widening!gap!and!reacting!to!it!in!a!timely!manner!before!the!risks!increases.! Twitter! is! an! appropriate! platform! for! retrieving! data! to! monitor! and! assess! brand! expectations.!!
! Knowledge!obtained!by!analyzed!Twitter!data!for!businesses!can!be!used!by!many!sub! disciplines!within!businesses.!Collaboration!and!coordination!between!these!sub!disciplines!is! crucial! for! the! optimal! use! of! the! Twitter! data.! For! example,! it! seems! that! results! about! customer!engagement!are!most!valuable!for!a!marketing!department!of!a!company,!but!the! R&D!department!may!just!as!much!value!the!results!when!designing!a!new!product!or!the! public! relations! department! for! managing! reputation.! ! Therefore,! Twitter! can! have! various! applications!throughout!a!company,!not!limited!to!one!department!or!(sub)discipline.!
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Applications!of!Twitter!in!Education!!
Twitter!has!also!been!studied!many!times!within!our!next!discipline:!education.!Studies!tried! to! incorporate! Twitter! in! college! courses,! and! then! analyzed! if! the! student’s! results! would! improve.!Such!a!study!was!also!conducted!by!Junco,!Heiberger!and!Loken!(2011).!They!used! Twitter!for!various!academic!and!coYcurricular!discussions.!The!results!between!the!Twitter! group!and!the!control!group!showed!that!students!in!the!Twitter!group!were!significantly!more! engaged!and!acquired!a!higher!grade!point!average!than!students!in!the!control!group!who! did!not!use!Twitter.!Also!the!faculty!members!were!more!engaged!in!the!learning!process,!and! the!engagement!by!learning!with!Twitter!transcended!the!traditional!classroom!activities!for! both!students!and!faculty.!! Another!study!by!Ellison!and!Wu!(2008)!considered!the!benefits!of!the!use!of!Twitter! in!the!classroom!on!the!student’s!comprehension!of!the!class!materials.!Their!results!showed! that!students!like!the!use!of!Twitter!in!the!classroom!because!of!the!novelty!and!convenience! of! the! medium,! and! the! encouragement! of! interactivity! by! less! formal! writing.! Students! indicated! that! they! could! gain! the! most! academically! by! reading! other! student’s! tweets! opposed! to! reading! their! own! entries! or! comments! on! tweets,! as! they! were! exposed! to! different!perspectives.!Therefore,!the!study!concluded!that!creating!content!was!less!valuable! than!reading!several!tweets!of!other!students!for!the!learning!process.!! Borau,!Ullrich,!Feng!and!Shen!(2009)!studied!the!use!of!Twitter!for!language!learning.! The!main!finding!was!that!Twitter!is!suitable!to!train!communicative!and!cultural!competences! whenever!and!wherever!the!students!wanted,!without!the!need!of!faceYtoYface!interaction.!In! this!case,!Chinese!students!trying!to!learn!English!as!a!second!language!benefitted!the!most!of! Twitter!by!learning!about!other!cultures!and!communicating!with!English!natives,!but!also!by!
slang!or!formal!words.!One!student!noted!in!the!questionnaire!that!was!part!of!the!study:!“I! also! can! learn! some! characteristic! sentences! by! reading! some! native! speaker’s! messages.”! (Borau,!Ullrich,!Feng!&!Shen,!2009,!p.!82).!!Many!students!stated!in!the!questionnaire!that!they! are!“in!an!all@Chinese!environment!and!hardly!ever!communicate!in!English!in!their!daily!lives,! which!makes!training!cultural!competences!especially!difficult”!(Borau,!Ullrich,!Feng!&!Shen,! 2009,!p.!83).!It!should!be!noted!that!the!results!of!this!study!are!applicable!for!Chinese!students! learning!English,!but!that!for!other!nationalities!and!cultures!the!results!may!differ,!due!to! cultural!differences.!! These!are!some!examples!of!applications!of!Twitter!with!an!educational!purpose.!The! studies! showed! that! the! use! of! Twitter! may! increase! academic! engagement,! grades,! and! showed!that!they!learn!the!most!of!reading!other’s!tweets,!both!for!the!comprehension!of! academic!theories!and!for!learning!a!second!language.!!
The! use! of! Twitter! in! the! domain! of! Education! is! defined! by!Williams,! Terras! and! Warwick!(2013)!as!“use!in!an!educational!context!ranging!from!a!formal!university!setting!to! general!public!awareness”.!In!this!paper!we!will!mainly!focus!on!the!effects!of!Twitter!as!used! in!classrooms!of!educational!institutes!like!university,!college,!or!high!school.!! In!most!studies!about!Twitter!in!education,!Twitter!is!introduced!as!a!new!medium!to! instantly!communicate!in!an!informal!way.!The!traditional!classroom!methods!were!learning! by!listening!to!lectures,!making!notes!with!pen!and!paper,!and!only!being!interactive!in!the! classroom.!However,!students!raised!in!a!world!where!technology!is!taken!for!granted,!are! believed! to! have! developed! new! skills! and! a! different! way! of! thinking! that! requires! new! approaches! to! education! (Towner! &! Klemza,! 2016).! Current! students! –! also! referred! to! as! ‘‘digital! natives”,! ‘‘the! net! generation”,! or! ‘‘millennials”! –! have! never! experienced! a! world! without!technology!(Bourgonjon,!Valcke,!Soetaert,!&!Schellens,!2010).!They!have!grown!up!
with! social! networks,! social! media,! TV’s! and! videogames.! They! have! informally! learned! technical!skills!which!persist!in!new!ways!of!thinking,!and!the!methods!of!educations!should! be!adapted!to!this!(Oblinger!&!Oblinger,!2005).!Some!parents!see!smartphones,!laptops,!or! videogames!as!distractions!for!their!children’s!learning!process,!but!maybe!this!emphasizes! the!different!ways!of!thinking,!and!technology!should!be!leveraged!in!the!learning!process!of! the!new!generation.!! Integrating!social!media!in!education!could!positively!influence!learning!since!it’s!adaptable! to!different!learning!styles.!Town!and!Klemza!(2016)!looked!into!the!application!of!different! social!media!platforms!to!see!which!one!students!prefer!in!which!situation,!and!also!improve! their!learning.!Instructors!could!help!ensure!the!success!of!social!media!assignments!as!part!of! their!course!by!selecting!the!appropriate!platform.!They!found!that!Twitter!was!most!suitable! when!the!goal!was!to!enable!concise!and!timely!interaction!between!students!and!instructors.! This!is!similar!to!the!results!of!Borau,!Ullrich,!Feng!and!Shen!(2009)!on!their!study!of!learning! languages.!!
Twitter! is! mainly! a! way! of! communication! in! education.! For! example,! this! could! be! leveraged!by!creating!a!class!account!which!the!students!could!mention!(@..)!in!their!tweets! with! short! questions,! and! professors! could! manage! the! account! and! answer! the! questions! shortly.!All!other!students!can!read!these!answers!and!learn!from!other’s!questions!in!their! own!time!and!at!their!own!place.!In!this!way,!Twitter!stimulates!academic!interaction!outside! the!classroom.!!
Also! in! these! examples,! the! use! of! Twitter! is! not! exclusively! tied! to! the! discipline! of! education,! but! communication! sciences! play! a! big! role! too.! Therefore,! an! interdisciplinary! collaboration!of!pedagogic!scientists!and!communication!experts!would!benefit!the!quality!of!
research,!and!helps!the!role!of!Twitter!and!other!social!media!in!education!to!be!seen!from! different!perspectives.!Interdisciplinary!research!is!therefore!necessary.!!
!
Application!of!Twitter!in!Health!
The!domain!of!health!is!defined!by!Williams,!Terras!and!Warwick!(2013)!as!“all!health! and!medical!issues”.!Also!in!this!sector,!Twitter!can!be!used!in!several!ways.!For!example,! Scanfeld,!Scanfeld!and!Larson!(2010)!studied!the!content!people!tweeted!about!“antibiotic(s)”! to! determine! overarching! categories! and! to! find! evidence! of! possible! misuse! or! misunderstanding!of!the!drug.!The!results!showed!that!Twitter!was!used!for!informal!sharing! of!health!information!or!advice,!and!that!both!valid!and!invalid!information!were!shared.!The! most!‘popular’!misinformation!was!linked!to!the!keywords!“flu!+!antibiotics”!with!345!tweets! reaching!a!total!of!172,571!followers.!The!study!concluded!with!the!notion!that!it!is!becoming! more!important!for!health!care!professionals!to!be!aware!of!the!misinformation!that!is!spread! by!mediums!such!as!Twitter.!! ! Another!application!of!Twitter!in!health!care!was!studied!by!Culotta!in!2010,!where!the! possible!use!of!Twitter!as!a!predictor!of!influenza!was!researched.!The!use!of!Twitter!data! would!be!a!cheaper!alternative!for!detecting!influenza!outbreaks!than!the!existing!method!of! conducting!expensive!surveys!in!hospitals!across!the!country!by!the!Centers!for!Disease!Control! and!Prevention!(CDC).!Results!showed!that!with!this!method!of!mining!Twitter!data,!they!could! predict!influenza!outbreaks!with!a!correlation!of!.78!with!CDC!statistics.!!Improvements!for!the! model!are!proposed,!so!the!correlations!could!even!be!higher,!and!the!mining!of!Twitter!data! could!be!a!reliable!and!cheaper!method!of!influenza!detection.!! ! As!a!last!example,!Twitter!could!also!be!used!to!access!popular!opinions!on! certain!medical!topics,!like!Love,!Himelboim,!Holton!and!Stewart!(2013)!researched!opinions!
about! vaccinations.! They! conducted! a! content! analysis! on! posts! about! vaccinations,! documenting! sources,! tone,! and! medical! accuracy.! Results! showed! that! oneYthird! of! the! studied!tweets!were!supportive!of!immunization!and!promoted!validated!information.!With! the!results,!a!patient’s!knowledge!could!be!explained!and!directions!for!educational!campaigns! were!proposed.!A!similar!study!could!be!conducted!on!other!topics!or!for!other!medicine.!! All!the!examples!above!are!related!to!mining!data!TwitterYusers!create!by!tweeting! about!their!health!conditions!or!mental!status.!As!Paul!and!Dredze!(2011,!p.!265)!describe!it:! “Most!messages!contain!little!informational!value!but!the!aggregation!of!millions!of!messages! can!generate!important!knowledge.”!Thus!far,!studies!that!use!Twitter!data!for!mining!public! health!information!have!been!limited,!but!the!opportunities!are!great.!Paul!and!Dredze!(2011)! argued!that!most!researches!were!focused!on!specific!questions!with!specific!models,!like!the! influenza! study! and! the! immunization! study! above.! They! wanted! to! be! able! to! ask! open! questions! with! general! models.! Therefore,! they! have! developed! the! Ailment! Topic! Aspect! Model! (ATAM).! It! models,! by! building! on! several! topics,! how! Twitter! users! express! their! ailments!and!illnesses!in!tweets.!In!table!2,!seven!examples!of!ailments!they!found!with!the! model!are!shown.!!! Table!2:!Seven!ailments!discovered!by!ATAM.! ! ! ! !
By!evaluating!their!model,!Paul!and!Dredze!found!that!ATAM!has!appropriate!applications! for:!! !! tracking!illnesses!over!time!(syndromic!surveillance),!! !! measuring!behavioral!risk!factors,!! !! localizing!illnesses!by!geographic!region,!! !! analyzing!symptoms!and!medication!usage.! With!the!use!of!this!model,!the!health!care!industry!could!benefit!more!from!the!data!created! on! Twitter! and! other! social! media.! However,! there! are! some! limitations! involved.! The! demographics!of!Twitter!users!will!limit!research,!because!the!population!of!Twitter!users!does! not!adequately!reflect!the!whole!world!population!or!even!the!US!population.!Elderly!people! are!underrepresented!(see!table!3),!while!especially!that!age!group!may!suffer!from!the!most! illnesses!and!ailments.!! ! Table!3:!Twitter!demographics!—!23%!of!all!internet!users!/!20%!of!entire!adult!population! (Pew!Research!Center,!2015)! ! ! !
Evidently,!the!application!of!Twitter!in!the!health!domain!is!very!diverse.!People!create! useful!data!for!research!without!even!knowing!it,!just!by!tweeting.!Scientists!can!mine!this!data! to!find!medical!trends!or!popular!opinions!on!health!topics!with!the!help!of!communication! and! information! systems.! With! the! help! of! an! interdisciplinary! team! to! set! up! studies,! researchers! in! the! health! sector! can! conduct! studies! without! the! need! to! gather! data! themselves,!which!could!lower!the!cost!of!research.!This!does!not!only!apply!to!the!health! discipline,!but!to!many!disciplines.!Therefore,!also!in!the!discipline!of!health!and!medicine,! interdisciplinary! research! could! provide! an! opportunity! to! gain! new! insights! by! looking! at! healthYrelated!problems!from!various!perspectives.!!!
Discussion!
This! paper! aimed! to! shed! light! on! the! applications! of! Twitter! in! different! disciplines,! while! showing! that! those! applications! hardly! ever! conceal! exclusively! one! discipline.! Previous! research!on!Twitter!identified!that!applications!of!Twitter!cover!several!disciplines,!but!the! interdisciplinary!value!and!opportunities!were!poorly!identified!or!not!identified!at!all.!!
Many! examples! were! given.! In! the! business! landscape,! the! applications! of! Twitter! are! divergent,!but!very!valuable!and!costYeffective.!Most!of!Twitter’s!value!for!businesses!lies!in! the! possibility! to! retrieve! relevant! data! in! which! popular! sentiments! and! opinions! can! be! detected.!This!data!is!very!valuable!for!companies,!because!this!gives!the!possibility!to!improve! products,!processes!and!services!based!on!customer’s!expectations!and!sentiments.!!
In! education,! Twitter! is! used! as! a! tool! to! increase! academic! engagement! and! learning! performance!in!a!way!that!suits!the!new!generations.!Traditional!learning!techniques!are!not! effective!anymore,!because!it!is!believed!that!the!current!students!–!digital!natives!–!have!
developed!new!skills!and!a!different!way!of!thinking!that!requires!a!new!approach!to!education.! The!application!of!Twitter!is!mostly!a!new,!realYtime!communication!tool.!!
In!the!discipline!of!health,!Twitter!provides!a!way!to!gather!data!on!health!conditions!in!a! fast! and! costYeffective! way,! and! it! also! provides! means! to! make! accurate! predictions! on! influenza!outbreaks.!Researchers!developed!a!general!method!to!use!Twitter!data!for!healthY study!purposes!called!the!Ailment!Topic!Aspect!Model!(ATAM).!!
Similarities!and!differences!
Some!properties!of!Twitter!were!beneficial!for!all!three!disciplines.!Twitter!provides!realYtime! data! with! the! possibility! for! instant! responses.! In! business,! this! was! a! critical! advantage! of! Twitter!data.!How!are!people!recently!been!thinking!about!a!certain!product!or!service?!Did! the! opinions! change! between! certain! periods?! What! do! customers! value! to! most! at! this! moment?!For!all!these!questions,!recent!data!is!necessary.!In!education,!the!possibility!to!post! questions!and!get!instant!responses!was!very!beneficial!for!students.!This!supported!timely! interaction!outside!of!the!classroom!and!a!way!to!instantly!communicate.!For!health,!realYtime! data! is! necessary! to! make! predictions! about! occurrences! like! an! influenza! outbreak.! If! researchers!must!collect!large!amounts!of!data!themselves!by!traditional!methods,!at!the!end! of! the! study! the! first! collected! data! may! have! become! obsolete! already.! Therefore,! the! possibility!to!use!a!large!dataset!which!is!created!in!a!short!amount!of!time!and!can!be!analyzed! instantly!with!the!help!of!APIs!is!very!valuable.!!
Furthermore,! for! all! three! disciplines! the! cost! of! collecting! relevant! data! in! large! samples!goes!down!significantly.!Marketers!won’t!have!to!conduct!many!expensive!surveys! anymore! but! can! just! gather! data! with! Twitter’s! APIs.! The! same! applies! for! researchers! in! health;!data!is!being!gathered!for!them,!all!they!have!to!do!is!collect!it.!For!educators,!the!use! of!Twitter!is!free!and!accessible!for!everyone.!Also,!it!might!save!paid!working!hours!because!
the!messages!are!short!and!instantly!posted,!so!the!saved!time!could!be!invested!in!other! activities.!!!! Another!similarity,!yet!not!as!positive!as!the!former,!is!that!all!studies!must!rely!on!the! expertise!of!the!information!systems!experts.!This!is!also!a!limitation.!Researchers!of!other! disciplines!may!need!help!with!the!processing!of!the!data,!at!least!in!the!beginning,!and!must! invest!time!to!learn!how!to!process!Twitter!data!with!certain!methods.!!! There!are!also!differences!between!the!applications!of!Twitter.!Some!applications!make! more!active!use!of!Twitter!than!others.!This!may!be!valuable!for!certain!disciplines,!but!for! others!a!more!passive!use!of!Twitter!is!more!relevant.!For!example,!Twitter!provides!a!huge! set!of!raw!data,!ready!to!be!analyzed.!For!the!business!and!health!sectors,!this!is!very!valuable! to!monitor!e.g.!sentiments,!but!not!much!of!use!to!integrate!Twitter!in!educational!courses.!In! education,!the!prominent!role!of!Twitter!is!to!provides!a!method!of!instant!communication! outside!the!classroom!with!peers,!instructors,!or!strangers!(in!the!language!learning!example)! who!actively!create!content!relevant!at!that!moment!for!their!learning!process.!Students!ask! questions!or!respond!to!others.!Business!and!health!researchers!are!more!passive!users!of! Twitter,!they!don’t!actively!participate!themselves,!but!value!the!tweets!created!by!others.!An! active!or!passive!role!of!Twitter!is!not!mutually!exclusive!within!one!discipline.!For!example,! marketing!managers!may!analyze!data!to!get!new!insights!in!customer!sentiments!(the!passive! role),!but!then!may!use!the!new!insights!to!develop!content!(e.g.!advertisements)!and!actively! post!this!on!Twitter.!! Limitations! This!study!also!has!its!limitations.!As!argued,!Twitter!is!most!valuable!because!of!the!large! amount!of!data!it!stores,!data!voluntarily!produced!by!all!types!of!individuals!who!are!unaware!
is!therefore!questionable,!and!should!be!taken!into!consideration!when!analyzing!the!data.! Large!samples!are!therefore!necessary!to!decrease!the!influence!of!biases.!
Secondly,!Twitter!has!had!impact!on!more!disciplines!than!mentioned!in!this!paper.! Due! to! the! limited! size! of! this! paper,! only! three! were! selected.! The! choice! of! these! three! disciplines!was!not!at!random,!but!based!on!the!availablitiy!of!extensive!literature!on!these! disciplines.!Other!disciplines!deserve!as!much!attention!as!the!three!amplified!in!this!paper.! This!could!be!an!opportunity!for!future!research.!!
Recommendations!!
The! possibility! of! retrieving! and! gathering! relevant! data! in! large! quantities! seems! to! be! a! mutual!opportunity!in!all!three!disciplines.!Twitter!basically!acts!as!a!large!database!of!raw!data! on!various!topics.!Scientists!from!all!disciplines!may!be!able!to!use!this!data!in!their!own!specific! way.! It! is! the! question! if! a! general! model! could! be! developed! to! aid! researchers! from! all! disciplines!in!their!quest!to!relevant!insights,!a!model!like!Paul!and!Dredze!(2011)!developed! for! the! health! sector.! So,! as! a! recommendation! for! interdisciplinary! researchers,! future! research!may!look!at!the!possibility!of!extending!the!ATAM!model!to!other!disciplines!in!a! reliable! and! effective! way,! or! developing! a! new! general! model! to! mine! the! Twitter! data! effectively!and!reliably!for!multiple!disciplines.!Although!such!a!model!may!never!be!applicable! to!all!studies,!the!model!could!also!propose!general!guidelines!for!studying!Twitter!data.!!
In! its! turn,! Twitter! Inc.! could! also! contribute! to! more! reliable! and! better! data! for! research!purposes!by!collaborating!with!researchers!to!attune!the!GNIP!application.!Which! measurable!variables!do!researchers!miss!in!the!available!APIs,!and!could!these!be!developed?! This!may!lead!to!new!ideas!and!innovations!to!improve!and!advance!Twitter!as!a!whole.! And!Twitter!might!need!this:!the!year!2016!has!been!troubling!for!Twitter.!Within!three!months! after!coYfounder!Jack!Dorsey!was!appointed!as!the!permanent!CEO,!four!of!the!ten!senior!
managers! announced! their! departure! from! the! company! (Hempel,! 2016a).! Dorsey! has! announced!that!he!is!planning!to!make!changes!to!Twitter!in!the!hope!to!stimulate!growth.! There!was!also!a!possible!takeover!by!Salesforce,!but!the!CEO!of!Salesforce!announced!very! recently!that!they!have!declined!to!pursue!the!takeover.!“In!this!case!we’ve!walked!away.!It!
wasn’t!the!right!fit!for!us,”!according!to!Marc!Benioff!(Dillet,!2016),!the!CEO!of!Salesforce.!
Rumors! of! potential! other! bidders,! like! Google,! Disney! and! Apple,! were! already! refuted.!! Although!the!alarming!reports!around!Twitter,!it!is!still!a!huge!and!very!active!platform!and! millions!of!tweets!are!posted!daily.!!
! As!a!response!to!the!declining!growth,!Twitter!launched!two!new!features!in!November! 2016! which! make! use! of! the! technology! of! chatbots! (Twitter! has! introducted! a! chatbot! to! Direct! Messages,! 2016).! Now! ‘Welcome! Messages’! and! ‘Quick! replies’! are! available! to! businessYaccounts!for!Twitter’s!Direct!Messages’!(DM)!function.!These!features!aim!to!create! a! better! conversational! experience! for! both! businesses! and! consumers.! It! are! automated! messages!which!can!be!sent!to!Twitter!users!through!DM,!without!having!to!wait!for!individuals! to!message!the!corporate!account!first.!!
Because!of!the!last!attribute,!these!chatbots!may!also!be!interesting!for!researchers.!It! creates! the! opportunity! to! send! specific! questions! or! surveys! to! individuals! after! they! mentioned!a!certain!keyword!in!their!tweet!on!which!the!chatbot!gets!activated.!This!way,! researchers! could! ask! followYup! questions! relevant! to! their! study.! However,! it! should! be! prevented!that!people!get!these!messages!all!the!time!and!start!to!regard!it!as!spam.!!
Conclusion!!
In!this!paper,!the!application!of!Twitter!in!several!disciplines!was!studied,!with!an!emphasis!of! the!importance!of!the!interdisciplinarity!in!the!applications.!For!every!discipline!–!business,!
! The! leading! question! throughout! the! paper! was! the! following:! How! is! Twitter! used! within!and!across!the!disciplines!of!business,!education!and!health?!The!purpose!was!to!show! that!most!studies!could!not!solely!rely!on!the!methods!provided!within!their!own!discipline,! but!that!interdisciplinary!research!is!required!and!benefits!Twitter!applications.!
! The!results!indicate!that!Twitter!is!mainly!used!to!retrieve!data!for!content!studies!that! could! be! used! to! find! correlations! or! general! trends,! from! which! for! example! opinions! or! expectations!can!be!extracted.!This!is!the!most!important!application!of!Twitter!within!the! business! and! health! discipline.! In! the! discipline! of! education,! the! opportunity! that! Twitter! provides!to!communicate!with!other!students!or!with!faculty!was!very!important.!It!works!as! a!medium!to!instantly!communicate!in!an!informal!way,!and!it!proved!to!improve!the!students! results!and!engagement.!
! This!study!also!showed! that!that!perspectives!and!methods!of!other!disciplines!are! needed! to! study! Twitter.! Interdisciplinary! research! is! more! a! necessity! than! an! option.! In! particular,! the! disciplines! of! communications! and! information! systems! provide! essential! insights! and! methods! to! the! studies! used! for! the! examples! in! this! paper.! Twitter! is! a! technologyYbased! social! media! platforms,! so! information! system! scientists! can! thoroughly! understand!how!to!make!the!best!use!of!the!APIs!and!share!their!knowledge!with!researchers! from!other!disciplines.!Then,!to!make!sense!of!the!messages!people!tweet,!communication! experts!could!step!in!to!improve!the!interpretation!and!analysis!of!tweets.!Researchers!from! several! disciplines! need! to! work! together! in! interdisciplinary! teams! and! integrate! their! knowledge!to!gain!new,!relevant!insights.!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !
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Appendix(1(
Short(description(and(keywords(of(cited(studies(
In(alphabetical(order( (
(
Study( Keywords( Short(Description( Number(of(citations2( Aula,(P.((2010).(Social(media,(reputation(risk( and(ambient(publicity(management.( Strategy(&(Leadership,(38(6),(43L49.( ( Organizations,(Perception,( Corporate(communications( strategy,(Risk(management,( Strategic(management( ( Social(media(can(create(a(competitive(advantage,(but(also(pose(a( risk.(This(article(states(different(types(of(risks(on(nine(ways(to(cope( with(them.( 265( Borau,(K.,(Ullrich,(C.,(Feng,(J.,(&(Shen,(R.( (2009,(August).(Microblogging(for(language( learning:(Using(twitter(to(train( communicative(and(cultural(competence.(In( International(Conference(on(WebLbased( Learning((pp.(78L87).(Springer(Berlin( Heidelberg.( ( ESL,(microblogging,( communication,(education,( second(language( ( This(paper(analyzes(the(usefulness(of(microblogging(in(second( language(learning(using(the(example(of(the(social(network(Twitter.( Most(effective(ways(of(language(learning(are(identified(and(some( changes(in(the(traditional(way(of(teaching(languages(are( proposed.(The(study(proposes(a(potential(role(for(Twitter(in(this( process.(( ( 240( Bourgonjon,(J.,(Valcke,(M.,(Soetaert,(R.,(&( Schellens,(T.((2010).(Students’(perceptions( about(the(use(of(video(games(in(the( classroom.(Computers(&(Education,(54(4),( 1145L1156.( Multimedia/hypermedia( systems,(Interactive(learning( environments,(Media(in( education,( Pedagogical(issues,( Secondary(education(( ( In(this(study,(a(path(model(to(examine(and(predict(student( acceptance(of(video(games(is(proposed,(and(empirically(tested(by( involving(858(secondary(school(students.(The(results(show(that( students’(preference(for(using(video(games(in(the(classroom(is( affected(directly(by(a(number(of(factors:(the(perceptions(of( students(regarding(the(usefulness,(ease(of(use,(learning( opportunities,(and(personal(experience(with(video(games(in( general.(( ( 245( 2(On(December(17th(2016(
Chae,(B.(K.((2015).(Insights(from(hashtag#( supplychain(and(Twitter(analytics:( Considering(Twitter(and(Twitter(data(for( supply(chain(practice(and(research.( International(Journal(of(Production( Economics,(165,(247L259.( ( Supply(chain(management;( Twitter;(Data(analytics;( Network(analytics;(Content( analytics;(Big(data;(Social( media(analytics;(Application( Programming(Interface((API)( ( This(paper(recognizes(that(supply(chain(management(is(slow(in( studying(social(media(and(big(data(for(research(and(practice,(and( proposes(an(analytical(framework((Twitter(Analytics)(for(analyzing( supply(chain(tweets,(highlighting(the(current(use(of(Twitter(in( supply(chain(contexts,(and(further(developing(insights(into(the( potential(role(of(Twitter(for(supply(chain(practice(and(research.(( ( ( 31( Culotta,(A.((2010).(Towards(detecting( influenza(epidemics(by(analyzing(Twitter( messages.(In(Proceedings(of(the(first( workshop(on(social(media(analytics((pp.(115L 122).(ACM.( ( ( ( Data(mining,(regression,( classification,(social(media(( ( In(this(paper,(the(researchers(analyze(messages(posted(on(the( microLblogging(site(Twitter.com(to(determine(if(Twitter(could(help( predicting(and(detecting(influenza(epidemics.(They(propose( several(methods(to(identify(influenzaLrelated(messages(and( compare(a(number(of(regression(models(to(correlate(these( messages(with(CDC(statistics.(( ( 344( Culotta,(A.,(&(Cutler,(J.((2016).(Mining(brand( perceptions(from(Twitter(social(networks.( Marketing(Science,(35(3),(343L362.( ( Social(media;(brand(image;( market(structure;(Twitter;( attribute(ratings;(perceptual( maps;(big(data;(data(mining;( social(networks(( ( Researchers(investigate(a(novel,(general,(and(fully(automated( method(for(inferring(attributeLspecific(brand(perception(ratings(by( mining(the(brand’s(social(connections(on(Twitter.(( ( 4((recently(published)( ( Eccless,(R.G.,(Newquist,(S.C.,(&(Schatz,(R.( (2007).(‘Reputation(and(its(risks.(Harvard( Business(Review,(Vol.(85,(No.(2,(pp.(104L114.( Reputational(risks,( framework,(crisis( management,(reputationL reality(gap( This(article(provides(a(framework(for(proactively(managing( reputational(risks.(It(explains(the(factors(that(affect(the(level(of( such(risks(and(then(explores(how(a(company(can(sufficiently( quantify(and(control(them.(Such(a(process(will(help(managers(do(a( better(job(of(assessing(existing(and(potential(threats(to(their( companies’(reputations(and(deciding(whether(to(accept(a(given( risk(or(to(take(actions(to(avoid(or(mitigate(it.(( ( ( 219( Ellison,(N.(B.,(&(Wu,(Y.((2008).(Blogging(in( the(classroom:(A(preliminary(exploration(of( student(attitudes(and(impact(on( comprehension.(Journal(of(Educational( Student(engagement,( educational(blogging,( classroom(interactivity(( ( Researchers(study(the(potential(role(of(blogging(with(an( educational(purpose(and(its(influence(on(the(engagement(and( performance(on(students.(They(propose(ways(to(integrate( blogging(in(courses.(( 302(
Jansen,(B.(J.,(Zhang,(M.,(Sobel,(K.,(&( Chowdury,(A.((2009).(Twitter(power:(Tweets( as(electronic(word(of(mouth.(Journal(of(the( American(society(for(information(science( and(technology,(60(11),(2169L2188.( ( WordLofLmouth,(consumer( opinion,(Twitter,(content( analysis,(branding,( marketing(strategy( ( In(this(paper,(research(results(investigating(microblogging(as(a( form(of(electronic(wordLofLmouth(for(sharing(consumer(opinions( concerning(brands(are(reported.(( and(discuss(the(implications(for(corporations(using(microblogging( as(part(of(their(overall(marketing(strategy.(( ( 1674( Junco,(R.,(Heiberger,(G.,(&(Loken,(E.((2011).( The(effect(of(Twitter(on(college(student( engagement(and(grades.(Journal(of( computer(assisted(learning,(27(2),(119L132.( Cooperative/collaborative( learning,(learning( communities,(media(in( education,(postLsecondary( education,(social(media,( teaching/learning(strategies.(( ( This(paper(describes(our(semesterLlong(experimental(study(to( determine(if(using(Twitter(–(the(microblogging(and(social( networking(platform(most(amenable(to(ongoing,(public(dialogue(–( for(educationally(relevant(purposes(can(impact(college(student( engagement(and(grades.(( ( 869( Kim,(H.(J.,(&(Kim,(Y.(H.((2016).(Recent( Researches(on(Application(and(Influence(of( Twitter.(International(Journal(of(Applied( Engineering(Research,(11(11),(7501L7504.( ( Twitter,(Twitter(application,( Twitter(influence,( information(diffusion(( ( Classification(study(of(conducted(studies(on(Twitter(of(the(past( five(years.( None((recently( published)( Kwak,(H.,(Lee,(C.,(Park,(H.,(&(Moon,(S.((2010,( April).(What(is(Twitter,(a(social(network(or(a( news(media?.(In(Proceedings(of(the(19th( international(conference(on(World(wide(web( (pp.(591L600).(ACM.( ( Twitter,(Online(social( network,(Reciprocity,( Homophily,(Degree(of( separation,(Retweet,( Information(diffusion,( Influential,(PageRank(( ( The(goal(of(the(paper(is(to(study(the(topological(characteristics(of( Twitter(and(its(power(as(a(new(medium(of(information(sharing.( This(is(the(first(quantitative(study(on(the(entire(Twittersphere(and( information(diffusion(on(it.(( ( ( 4591( Love,(B.,(Himelboim,(I.,(Holton,(A.,(&( Stewart,(K.((2013).(Twitter(as(a(source(of( vaccination(information:(content(drivers(and( what(they(are(saying.(American(journal(of( infection(control,(41(6),(568L570.( ( Social(media,(Vaccine,( Medical(information,(Tweet,( Internet(InformationLseeking(( ( The(study(reports(a(content(analysis(of(posts(about(vaccinations,( documenting(sources,(tone,(and(medical(accuracy.(Results(can( help(explain(patient(knowledge(and(directions(for(educational( campaigns.(( ( 36( Oblinger,(D.,(&(Oblinger,(J.((2005).(Is(it(age( or(IT:(First(steps(toward(understanding(the( net(generation.(Educating(the(net( generation,(2(1L2),(20.( ( Net(generation,(education,( technology,(social(media,( classroom(interaction,( engagement.( New(generations(need(a(new(method(of(teaching,(because(of(the( change(digital(landscape(with(all(its(possibilities(and(its(influence( on(the(upbringing(to(the(new(students.(They(have(informally( learned(technical(skills(which(persist(in(new(ways(of(thinking,(and( the(methods(of(educations(should(be(adapted(to(this.( 877(
Paul,(M.(J.,(&(Dredze,(M.((2011).(You(are( what(you(Tweet:(Analyzing(Twitter(for(public( health.(ICWSM,(20,(265L272.( ( Public(health(applications,(( Twitter,(influenza,(( ( Analyzing(user(messages(in(social(media(can(measure(different( population(characteristics,(including(public(health(measures.(The( researchers(consider(a(broader(range(of(public(health(applications( for(Twitter.(They(apply(the(Ailment(Topic(Aspect(Model((ATAM)(on( several(illnesses,(with(positive(results.( ( 496( Sakaki,(T.,(Okazaki,(M.,(&(Matsuo,(Y.((2010,( April).(Earthquake(shakes(Twitter(users:(realL time(event(detection(by(social(sensors.(In( Proceedings(of(the(19th(international( conference(on(World(wide(web((pp.(851L 860).(ACM.( ( Twitter,(event(detection,( social(sensor,(location( estimation,(earthquake(( ( The(researchers(investigate(the(realLtime(interaction(of(events( such(as(earthquakes(in(Twitter(and(propose(an(algorithm(to( monitor(tweets(and(to(detect(a(target(event.(( ( 2548( Towner,(E.B.,(&(Klemz,(B.R.((2016).(Social( Media(in(Business(and(Professional( Communication(Courses:(A(Survey(of( student(Preferences.(Business(and( Professional(Communication(Quarterly,(79,( 331L347.( ( Social(media,(business,( communication,(pedagogy,( new(media(( ( The(researchers(argue(that(students(raised(with(pervasive( technology(are(believed(to(have(developed(skills(and(ways(of( thinking(that(require(new(approaches(to(education.(They(discuss( three(lessons(that(can(be(applied(immediately(and(suggestions(for( future(research.(( ( None((recently( published)( Williams,(S.(A.,(Terras,(M.(M.,(&(Warwick,(C.( (2013).(What(do(people(study(when(they( study(Twitter?(Classifying(Twitter(related( academic(papers.(Journal(of(Documentation,( 69(3),(384L410.( Twitter,(Microblogging,( Abstracts,(Papers,( Classification,(Social( Network(Systems(( ( Since(its(introduction(in(2006,(messages(posted(to(the( microblogging(system(Twitter(have(provided(a(rich(dataset(for( researchers,(leading(to(the(publication(of(over(a(thousand( academic(papers.(This(paper(aims(to(identify(this(published(work( and(to(classify(it(in(order(to(understand(Twitter(based(research.(( ( 86( Zimmer,(M.,(&(Proferes,(N.(J.((2014).(A( topology(of(Twitter(research:(Disciplines,( methods,(and(ethics.(Aslib(Journal(of( Information(Management,(66(3),(250L261.( ( Social(media,(Privacy,( Twitter,(Research(ethics,( Internet(research(ethics,( Twitter(analytics( ( The(purpose(of(this(paper(is(to(engage(in(a(systematic(analysis(of( academic(research(that(relies(on(the(collection(and(use(of(Twitter( data,(creating(topology(of(Twitter(research(that(details(the( disciplines(and(methods(of(analysis,(amount(of(tweets(and(users( under(analysis,(the(methods(used(to(collect(Twitter(data,(and( accounts(of(ethical(considerations(related(to(these(projects.( ( 43( (
