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A SKILLS TRAINING FRAMEWORK FOR STAFF OF

NONPROFIT ORGANISATIONS: AN ADULT LEARNING

PERSPECTIVE.

By

TALENT MUZAMBI

(Dip Bank., BSc Econ., MSc Strat Mgnt.)

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

Philosophiae Doctor in Education

(PhD Education)

in the

School of Higher Education Studies

Faculty of Education

at the

University of the Free State

Bloemfontein

June 2019

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ii

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the study submitted for the Philosophiae Doctor degree, in the field of Higher Education Studies in the Faculty of Education titled ‘A Skills Training Framework for

Staff of Nonprofit Organisations: An Adult Learning Perspective’, is my own work. I have

not previously submitted the study at any other university, and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.

... ...

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iii ABSTRACT T h e s t u d y f o c u s e s o n s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f N o n p r o f i t O r g a n i s a t i o n s ( N P O s ) s t a f f i n t h e N o r t h W e s t P r o v i n c e . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r e d w a s u s e d t o f o r m u l a t e a s k i l l s t r a i n i n g f r a m e w o r k t o a d d r e s s t h e i d e n t i f i e d g a p s w i t h i n t h e i d e n t i f i e d a r e a . H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n I n s t i t u t i o n s ( H E I s ) p l a y a c r u c i a l r o l e i n t h e t r a i n i n g a n d s k i l l s d e v e l o p m e n t a r e n a . I t w a s f r o m t h i s b a c k g r o u n d t h a t i n p u t w a s s o u g h t f r o m t h e H E I s . T h e H E I s e x p r e s s e d k e e n i n t e r e s t t o c o l l a b o r a t e w i t h N P O s i n t h e s k i l l s d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t r a i n i n g a r e n a . T h e t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k u s e d w a s c o n s t r u c t i v i s m . T h e s t u d y u s e d t h e p r e m i s e t h a t t h e N P O s t a f f s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o k n o w l e d g e o n h o w b e s t t h e y c a n b e a s s i s t e d i n a c q u i r i n g s k i l l s t o p e r f o r m t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s a n d d u t i e s e f f e c t i v e l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y . A m i x e d m e t h o d s m e t h o d o l o g y w a s a p p l i e d i n t h e s t u d y . T h i s m e t h o d w a s c h o s e n b e c a u s e i t b r i n g s b e n e f i t s o f b o t h q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e a p p r o a c h e s b y p r o v i d i n g a c o m p l e t e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m t h a n e i t h e r a p p r o a c h a l o n e . T h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v i e w h i g h l i g h t s t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l , A f r i c a n a n d S o u t h A f r i c a n p e r s p e c t i v e s r e g a r d i n g t h e o r i g i n s , f o r m a t i o n a n d c u r r e n t s t a t u s o f N P O s . T h i s w a s l i n k e d w i t h t h e N P O s t a f f a s a d u l t l e a r n e r s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e i r l e a r n i n g o n t h e j o b . N P O s t a f f m e m b e r s w e r e e n g a g e d t h r o u g h q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a n d i n t e r v i e w s t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e i r s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s . H E I s w e r e a l s o e n g a g e d t h r o u g h q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a n d i n t e r v i e w s t o f i n d o u t w h e r e t h e y c a n a s s i s t i n a d d r e s s i n g t h e i d e n t i f i e d s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s a n d g a p s . H a v i n g g a t h e r e d i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e k e y r o l e p l a y e r s i n t h e s t u d y : H E I s a n d N P O s , t h e s t u d y p r o p o s e s a s k i l l s t r a i n i n g f r a m e w o r k . T h i s f r a m e w o r k c a n b e u s e d t o a d d r e s s t h e i d e n t i f i e d N P O s t a f f s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s .

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iv DEDICATION I d e d i c a t e t h i s t h e s i s t o k e y p e o p l e w h o m a d e t h i s j o u r n e y m e a n i n g f u l a n d w o r t h w h i l e . T o m y b e a u t i f u l a n d c a r i n g w i f e N a n c y C h i p o M u z a m b i t h a n k y o u f o r t h e s u p p o r t a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t t h r o u g h s o m e d i f f i c u l t t i m e s o v e r t h e y e a r s . A n d t o o u r 3 b o y s t h a t t h e L o r d b l e s s e d u s w i t h T i n o t e n d a A s h e r , E u g e n e K u d z a i s h e a n d D a v i d P a n a s h e M u z a m b i t h i s i s f o r y o u a s y o u i n s p i r e m e t o d r i v e f o r m o r e . T o m y l a t e m o m E u g e n i a a n d l a t e d a d M a r t i n M u z a m b i , y o u r a i s e d m e u p t o b e a h a r d w o r k i n g p e r s o n a n d t a u g h t m e v a l u e s o f l i f e . I w o u l d n o t b e e n w h e r e I a m n o w h a d i t n o t b e e n f o r t h e l e s s o n s y o u t a u g h t u s a s a f a m i l y . T o m y p r o m o t e r s P r o f M a b e l E r a s m u s , D r R i k a v a n S c h o o r , f o r t h e i r g u i d a n c e a n d i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s o f t h i s s t u d y , a n d D r J o n a s K a b i , f o r h i s a s s i s t a n c e , m e n t o r i n g a n d g u i d i n g m e t o p r o d u c e t h e f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t . T o t h e A l m i g h t y G o d a b o v e a l l e l s e I t h a n k y o u f o r g i v i n g m e t h e s t r e n g t h a n d w i s d o m t o p u s h t h r o u g h a l l t h e s e y e a r s . T h a n k y o u , N d i n o t e n d a .

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v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

A C F I D A u s t r a l i a n C o u n c i l f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t B R I C S B r i t a i n , R u s s i a , I n d i a , C h i n a a n d S o u t h A f r i c a C A R E C a t h o l i c R e l i e f S e r v i c e s a n d C o o p e r a t i v e f o r R e l i e f E v e r y w h e r e C B O C o m m u n i t y B a s e d O r g a n i s a t i o n C E C o m m u n i t y E n g a g e m e n t C W S A C h i l d W e l f a r e S o u t h A f r i c a D H E T D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n a n d T r a i n i n g D o L D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o u r D o S D D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c i a l D e v e l o p m e n t E E E q u a l E d u c a t i o n E U E u r o p e a n U n i o n F E T F u r t h e r E d u c a t i o n a n d T r a i n i n g H E I H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n I n s t i t u t i o n H S D S H e a l t h a n d S o c i a l D e v e l o p m e n t S e r v i c e s M B A M a s t e r o f B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n M S M e l l m f o l k e l i g h t S a m v i r k e N D A N a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y N G B s N a t i o n a l G o v e r n i n g B o d y o f S p o r t s N P O N o n p r o f i t O r g a n i s a t i o n

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vi N W P N o r t h W e s t P r o v i n c e N W U N o r t h W e s t U n i v e r s i t y O E C D O r g a n i s a t i o n f o r E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t R S A R e p u b l i c o f S o u t h A f r i c a S E T A S e c t o r E d u c a t i o n a n d T r a i n i n g A u t h o r i t y U C E U n i v e r s i t y - C o m m u n i t y E n g a g e m e n t U F S U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e F r e e S t a t e U K U n i t e d K i n g d o m U S A U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a U W C U n i v e r s i t y o f W e s t e r n C a p e

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vii LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 A constructivist classification (derived from Ernest, 1994) ……….29

Table 2.2: Orientations of adult learning ………..40

Table 3.1 NPO Classification ……….64

Table 3.2 Social Origins Theory – regimes ………..71

Table 3.3 Differences between purely philanthropic, hybrid and purely commercial NPO………. ..73

Table 3.4 Problems NPOs rated as most serious be percentage of all NPOs Surveyed ………...79

Table 3.5 Registered NPOs per sector ……….92

Table 3.6 Factors that capture public, third and private sector differences ……… .99

Table 4.1 Population by NPO category……… 124

Table 4.2 Number of registered NPOs per region ……….127

Table 5.1 Biographical Details of the respondents ……….. .160

Table 5.2 Title of NPO Participants……… ……... 164

Table 5.3 Registered NPOs per sector 2016 ……… .168

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viii LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.2.1: Skills training for NPO Staff……… 7

Figure 3.1: The structure of a non-profit organisation Board ……….76

Figure 3.2: The context within which NPOs function ……….107

Figure 3.3: An instructional system for NPO staff training ………114

Figure 5.1 Pictorial representation of Explanatory Sequential Design ………...155

Figure 5.2 Number of years in operation ……… 167

Figure 5.3 NPO Core activities ………..169

Figure 5.4 NPO’s skills needs ………...172

Figure 5.5 Desire for collaboration with universities ………...181

Figure 5.6 NPOs needs from Universities ………182

Figure 5.7 NPO’s Mission………185

Figure 5.8 Training courses being introduced ……….198

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Contents

A SKILLS TRAINING FRAMEWORK FOR STAFF OF NONPROFIT ORGANISATIONS: AN

ADULT LEARNING PERSPECTIVE. ... i

DECLARATION ... ii

DEDICATION ... iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF FIGURES ... viii

CHAPTER 1 ... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ... 2

Figure 1.1: Skills training for NPO staff ... 7

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ...12

1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...13

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ...14

1.6 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES ...15

1.7 DEMARCATION OF THE STUDY ...15

1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ...16

1.9 DATA COLLECTION ...17

1.10 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING ...18

1.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ...18

1.12 VALUE OF STUDY ...19

1.13 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ...19

1.14 LAYOUT OF STUDY ...20

1.15 CONCLUSION ...20

CHAPTER 2 ...22

REVIEWING LITERATURE IN RESPECT OF THE CHOSEN THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...22

2.1 INTRODUCTION ...22

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...23

2.2.1 Constructivism as a theoretical framework ...24

2.2.2 The evolution of constructivism ...26

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2.2.3 How Constructivism fits into the study ...31

2.3 CONSTRUCTIVISM AND THE ADULT LEARNER ...33

2.4 WHO IS AN ADULT LEARNER? ...36

2.4.1 Characteristics of an adult learner ...38

Table 2.2: Orientations of adult learning ...40

2.5 ONTOLOGY, EPISTEMOLOGY AND THE STUDY/ FRAMEWORK ...42

2.6 ROLE OF RESEARCHER AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH PARTICIPANTS ...44

2.7 DEFINITIONS AND DISCUSSIONS OF OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS...46

2.7.1 Skills Training ...46

2.7.2 Nonprofit Organisation (NPO) ...47

2.7.3 Framework ...47 2.7.4 Staff ...49 2.7.5 Adult Learning ...49 2.7.6 Perspective ...51 2.8 CONCLUSION...52 CHAPTER 3 ...53

LITERATURE REVIEW ON NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS AND SKILLS TRAINING FOR THEIR STAFF ...53

3.1 INTRODUCTION ...53

3.2 INTERNATIONAL, AFRICAN AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON NPOs ...54

3.2.1 International Non-profit Organisations ...55

3.2.2 Nonprofit Organisations in Africa ...60

3.2.3 Nonprofit Organisations in South Africa ...61

Table 3.1 NPOs Classification ...64

Table 3.2 Social Origins Theory – regimes ...71

Table 3.3: Differences between Purely philanthropic, Hybrid and Purely commercial NPOs 73 3.3 CATEGORIES OF THE NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS ...74

Figure 3.1: The structure of a non-profit organisation Board (RSA DOD 2013:8) ...76

Table 3.4 Problems NPOs rated as most serious by percentage of all NPOs surveyed. ....79

3.4 GOALS OF NONPROFIT ORGANISATIONS ...89

Table 3.5: Registered NPOs per sector ...92

3.5 FUNCTIONS OF NONPROFIT ORGANISATIONS (NPOS) ...93

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3.5.2 Drop-in NPO centres ...95

3.5.3 Child Welfare NPOs ...96

3.5.4 Equal Education ...96

3.6 NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS VERSUS OTHER ORGANISATIONS ...97

3.6.1 Non-profit Organisations as part of the third sector ...97

Table 3.6: Factors that capture public, third and private sector differences ...99

3.6.2 NPO Mandates ... 104

3.6.3 NPOs versus Public Organisations ... 105

3.6.4 Context within which NPOs operate ... 106

Figure 3.2: The context within which NPOs function ... 107

3.6.5 Challenges faced by NPOs ... 109

3.7 SKILLS TRAINING FOR THE STAFF OF NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS ... 109

Figure 3.3: An instructional system for NPO staff training ... 114

3.8 CONCLUSION... 115

CHAPTER 4 ... 118

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ... 118

4.1 INTRODUCTION ... 118

4.2 RESEARCH PARADIGM ... 119

4.3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY ... 120

4.3.1 Research Design ... 120

4.3.2 Research Methodology ... 123

Table 4.1: Population NPOs by category ... 124

4.4 DATA COLLECTION ... 127

4.4.1 Sequential data collection ... 129

4.4.2 Questionnaires ... 130

4.4.3 Interviews ... 146

4.4.4 Ethical considerations ... 148

4.4 DATA ANALYSIS, INTEPRETATION AND REPORTING ... 151

4.5 DEMARCATION OF THE STUDY ... 151

4 . 6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ... 152

4.7 CONCLUSION... 153

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ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA, PRESENTATION, DISCUSSION OF

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS ... 154

5.1 INTRODUCTION ... 154

5.2 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ... 155

Figure 5.1: Pictorial representation of Explanatory Sequential Design ... 156

5.2.1 Biographical Details of Respondents ... 160

Table 5.1: Biographical Details of the respondents ... 161

5.2.2 Title of Participants ... 164

Table 5.2: Title of NPO Participants ... 165

5.2.3 Field of Study of the NPOs staff ... 166

5.2.4 NPO number of years in operation ... 167

Figure 5.2: NPO number of years in operation ... 168

5.2.5 Non Profit Organisations’ Core Activities ... 168

Table 5.3 Registered NPOs 2016 ... 169

Figure 5.3 : NPO Core Activities ... 170

5.2.6 Skills Needs ... 172

Figure 5.4 : NPO’s skills needs ... 173

5.2.7 Availability of NPO specific Training ... 176

5.2.8 Availability of NPO specific Training outside the Province or country ... 178

5.2.9 Availability of Existing collaboration with Universities ... 179

5.2.10 Desire to have existing collaboration with Universities... 181

Figure 5.5 : Desire for collaboration with universities ... 182

5.2.11 What NPOs desire Universities to assist with ... 182

Figure 5.6 : NPOs needs from Universities ... 183

5.2.12 NPOs Mission ... 185

Figure 5.7 : NPO’s Mission ... 186

5.3 UNIVERSITIES PERSPECTIVE ... 188

5.3.1 Background ... 189

Table 5.4 Profile of HEIs respondents ... 190

5.3.2 Universities Perspectives on NPOs ... 191

5.3.3 Future plans ... 198

Figure 5.8 : Training courses being introduced ... 199

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5.4.1 Demographics and NPOs Background ... 200

5.4.2 Availability of Skills Training Programs... 203

5.4.3 Why Skills Development is Important ... 204

5.4.4 Collaboration between NPOs and Universities ... 205

5.5 CONCLUSION ... 205

CHAPTER 6 ... 207

PRESENTATION OF THE FRAMEWORK ... 207

6.1 INTRODUCTION ... 207

6.2 THE SCOPE AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE FRAMEWORK ... 207

6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM ... 208

6.4 PREPARATION ... 209

6.4.1 The conceptual phase ... 209

6.4.2 Identification of stakeholders by the researcher ... 210

6.4.3 Conducting interviews with NPOs and representatives from universities ... 210

6.5 PRAXIS ... 211

6.5.1 Feasibility study by aspirant NPOs ... 211

6.5.2 Compliance with registration requirements ... 212

6.5.3 Taking initiative to organise training ... 213

6.5.4 Swot analysis culminating in the operational plan ... 214

6.5.5 Review of the recruitment process and skills profile of employees ... 214

6.5.6 Context specific data base of training sectors and supporting structures ... 215

6.6 PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A MULTIPRONGED SKILLS TRAINING ... 217

FRAMEWORK ... 217

Figure 6.1 A skills training framework for the staff of NPOs in NWP ... 218

6.7 CONCLUSION ... 219

APPENDIX 1: NPO QUESTIONNAIRE ... 240

APPENDIX 2: HEI QUESTIONNAIRE ... 245

APPENDIX 3 – INFORMED LETTER OF CONSENT NPOS ... 249

APPENDIX 4 – INFORMED LETTER OF CONSENT: UNIVERSITIES ... 251

APPENDIX 5: SAMPLES NPOS ... 253

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1

CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION T h i s s t u d y f o c u s e d o n t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f t h e N o n p r o f i t O r g a n i s a t i o n s ( N P O s ) s t a f f i n t h e N o r t h W e s t P r o v i n c e ( N W P ) . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e a s s e s s m e n t w a s i n s t r u m e n t a l i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f r a m e w o r k t o a d d r e s s t h e t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f N P O s i n t h e d e m a r c a t e d a r e a . T h i s c h a p t e r i n t r o d u c e s t h e s t u d y b y f o c u s i n g o n p e r t i n e n t i s s u e s t h a t h a v e a b e a r i n g o n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f N P O s . T h e s e a r e d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t i o n s 1 . 2 – 1 . 1 4 . T h e b a c k g r o u n d s e c t i o n s e t s t h e t o n e f o r t h e s t u d y w i t h d e t a i l s o f N P O c h a l l e n g e s a n d t h e r e a s o n s f o r e m b a r k i n g o n t h e r e s e a r c h . T h e i d e n t i f i e d r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m i s o u t l i n e d , t a k i n g c o g n i z a n c e o f t h e a i m a n d o b j e c t i v e s t h a t s e e k t o r e s p o n d t o i t . T h e t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k , t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e s t u d y i s c o u c h e d , k n o w n a s c o n s t r u c t i v i s m , i s d i s c u s s e d . T h e r e s e a r c h d e s i g n a n d m e t h o d o l o g y a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d , r e l a t i n g t h e m t o t h e t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k . O t h e r h e a d i n g s t h a t f o r m e d p a r t o f t h e t i t l e r e g i s t r a t i o n , a s p e r t h e f o r m a t o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y , a r e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s t u d y t o g i v e a h o l i s t i c v i e w o f w h a t t h e s t u d y i s a l l a b o u t . A b r i e f l a y o u t o f t h e c h a p t e r s i s g i v e n i n s e c t i o n 1 . 1 4 , f o l l o w e d b y a s u m m a r y o f t h e f i r s t c h a p t e r o f t h e s t u d y .

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2 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

T h e r e a r e m a n y N P O s o p e r a t i n g i n S o u t h A f r i c a . T h e m a i n t h r u s t o f t h e s e N P O s i s t o p r o v i d e v o l u n t e e r s e r v i c e s t o t h e s o c i e t i e s . N P O s i n t h e R u s t e n b u r g a r e a o f t h e N W P , c a n a l s o b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t e r m s o f t h e p r e c e d i n g d e p i c t i o n . T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S o c i a l D e v e l o p m e n t ( D o S D ) , ( 2 0 1 1 : 8 ) i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d b y N P O s a r e v e r y d i v e r s e i n n a t u r e a n d t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e u n d e r p i n n e d b y v a l u e s e n s h r i n e d i n t h e c o u n t r y ’ s C o n s t i t u t i o n . C o n s i d e r i n g a m y r i a d o f v a l u e s i n t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e c h a l l e n g e o f N P O s t o h a v e a s k i l l e d w o r k f o r c e a b l e t o d e l i v e r o n t h e s e m a n d a t e s w i l l a l w a y s g r o w . A c c o r d i n g D e B e e r ( 2 0 0 2 : 1 1 8 ) N P O s t e n d t o o p e r a t e b e l o w t h e i r m a x i m u m c a p a c i t y d u e t o , a m o n g o t h e r f a c t o r s , l a c k o f a p p r o p r i a t e s k i l l s i n t h e a r e a s o f p l a n n i n g , o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t . T h i s a s s e r t i o n i s a l s o s u p p o r t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y ( N D A ) ( 2 0 1 6 : 1 1 ) . T h e r e a r e m a n y f a c t o r s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o w a r d s t h i s l a c k o f s k i l l s i n N P O s e m p l o y e e s . T h e s e f a c t o r s r a n g e f r o m a l a c k o f s u f f i c i e n t f u n d i n g f r o m b u s i n e s s , f u n d i n g a g e n c i e s a n d / o r t h e g o v e r n m e n t , t o c o n d i t i o n s c r e a t e d b y c o n c e s s i o n s m a d e b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t t h r o u g h A c t s , p o l i c i e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s . T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o u r ( D O L ) ( 2 0 1 8 : 1 9 ) s t i p u l a t e s t h a t u n d e r t h e M i n i m u m W a g e R e g u l a t i o n s , a n N P O c a n b e e x e m p t e d f r o m p a y i n g i t s e m p l o y e e s t h e m i n i m u m w a g e s a l a r y , i f i t c a n b e p r o v e n t h a t t h e N P O c a n n o t a f f o r d i t b a s e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s :

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3 • A d e f ic it f ro m in co m e ve rsu s e xp e n d itu re a n a l ysi s;

• In su f f ic ie n t su rp lu s f ro m i n co m e ve r su s e xp e n d i tu re a n a l y s i s ; • If th e su rp lu s a n d li q u id it y- b a se d c a l cu la t io n s in d i ca te t h a t t h e a p p l i c a n t c a n n o t a f f o r d s a l a r y p a y m e n t s . T h e a b o v e i s s u e s h a v e s e r i o u s i m p l i c a t i o n s o n t h e s k i l l s t h a t t h e N P O s c a n a t t r a c t a n d r e t a i n a s m e n t i o n e d i n D e B e e r ( 2 0 0 2 : 1 1 8 ) . S k i l l e d p e r s o n n e l t h e r e f o r e , t e n d t o m i g r a t e t o w h e r e t h e y c a n g e t b e t t e r r e m u n e r a t i o n , l e a v i n g t h e N P O s w i t h l e s s s k i l l e d p e r s o n n e l , t h e r e b y h a v i n g a n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d e f f i c i e n c y l e v e l s . A n o t h e r A c t w h i c h i m p a c t s o n t h e s a l a r i e s t h a t m a y b e p a i d t o e m p l o y e e s i s t h e N o n p r o f i t O r g a n i s a t i o n s A c t o f 1 9 9 7 . ( R S A , 1 9 9 7 ) R S A ( 1 9 9 7 : 3 ) “ d e f i n e s a n N P O a s a t r u s t , c o m p a n y o r o t h e r a s s o c i a t i o n o f p e r s o n s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r a p u b l i c p u r p o s e a n d t h e i n c o m e a n d p r o p e r t y o f w h i c h a r e n o t d i s t r i b u t a b l e t o i t s m e m b e r s o r o f f i c e b e a r e r s , e x c e p t a s r e a s o n a b l e c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d ” . “ R e a s o n a b l e c o m p e n s a t i o n ” , i n t h i s c a s e i s u n d e r s t o o d t o m e a n t h a t e m p l o y e e s c a n n o t n e g o t i a t e f o r c o m p e t i t i v e s a l a r i e s l i k e i n t h e c o r p o r a t e b u s i n e s s w o r l d . T h i s p r e s u p p o s e s t h a t p a y i n g a f i x e d s a l a r y m i g h t b e a c h a l l e n g e f r o m t i m e t o t i m e , a n d t h a t e m p l o y e e s h a v e t o b e c o n t e n t w i t h t h e m i n i m u m w a g e s t h a t t h e N P O m i g h t a f f o r d , b a s e d o n p r e v a i l i n g i n f l a t i o n d i c t a t e s ( R a o 2 0 1 5 : 6 6 ) .

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4 “ N o n p r o f i t O r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e c o n s t a n t l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e i r a b i l i t y t o c o n t i n u e i m p l e m e n t i n g t h e i r p r o g r a m m e s i n a s u s t a i n a b l e m a n n e r ” ( M a b o y a , 2 0 1 6 : i ) . T h i s c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e i r d e p e n d e n c e o n d o n o r f u n d i n g w h i c h t h e y c a n n o t c o n t r o l . S o m e t i m e s t h e c o n d i t i o n s a t t a c h e d t o c o n t i n u e d f u n d i n g a r e s u c h t h a t N P O s c a n n o t c o p e w i t h t h e m . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , t h e s a l a r i e s o f e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e i r c o n t i n u e d e m p l o y m e n t c a n n o t b e g u a r a n t e e d . “ P a y i n g g o o d w a g e s c a n g e n e r a t e a l o w t u r n o v e r o f s t a f f , w h i c h i s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t r e s o u r c e , p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n l o n g t e r m s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i s a n i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r f o r s u c c e s s ” ( T h e m u d o , 2 0 0 0 : 1 4 ) . T h i s i m p a c t s t h e r e t e n t i o n o f s k i l l e d p e r s o n n e l i n a n e g a t i v e w a y . S u s t a i n i n g s k i l l s i n t h e l o n g t e r m , i s o n e o f t h e a s p i r a t i o n s o f N P O s . T h i s s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d a g a i n s t t h e b a c k g r o u n d t h a t t h e s k i l l s w h i c h a n N P O o f f e r s d e f i n e s i t a n d d e t e r m i n e s i t s c l i e n t e l e ( M a c h a v a , 2 0 1 5 : 8 0 ) . T h e n o t i o n o f c l i e n t e l e i s f u r t h e r s u p p o r t e d b y E r a s m u s ( 1 9 9 1 : 1 3 ) , w h o d e f i n e s N P O s a s t h o s e o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t s e e k t o “ a m a s s f i n a n c i a l a n d / o r t e c h n i c a l / s c i e n t i f i c r e s o u r c e s t o m e e t s o c i a l l y i d e n t i f i e d n e e d s ” . T h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s o c i e t a l n e e d s i s u n d e r t a k e n b y N P O s i n v a r i o u s w a y s . N o r m a l l y N P O s w i l l e n g a g e t h o s e n e e d s t h a t a r e p a r t o f t h e i r m i s s i o n a n d e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d i n t h e i r p o l i c y . L a c k o f a p p r o p r i a t e s k i l l s t h e r e f o r e , m a y s t a n d i n t h e w a y o f s e r v i c e d e l i v e r y a n d c o u n t e r a c t t h e a c c r e d i t a t i o n o f a n N P O b y c o m m u n i t y m e m b e r s . S o m e c o m m u n i t y m e m b e r s a r e a w a r e o f s o m e o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s / c r i t e r i a t h a t N P O s n e e d t o c o m p l y w i t h a n d w i l l u s e t h e s e t o c r e d i t o r d i s c r e d i t a n N P O . S w i l l i n g a n d R u s s e l l ( 2 0 0 2 : 9 ) u s e f i v e c r i t e r i a i n d e f i n i n g N P O s , n a m e l y t h a t t h e y a r e “ o r g a n i s e d , p r i v a t e , s e l f g o v e r n i n g , n o n

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-5 p r o f i t d i s t r i b u t i n g a n d v o l u n t a r y ” . T h e t e r m ‘ o r g a n i s e d ’ , m a y b e u n d e r s t o o d t o r e l a t e t o a r e a s o f p l a n n i n g , o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d m a n a g e m e n t . I t w a s i n d i c a t e d b y D e B e e r ( 2 0 0 2 : 1 1 8 ) t h a t N P O s f a c e a s e r i o u s c h a l l e n g e o f l a c k o f s k i l l s i n t h e s e a r e a s . T h e ‘ v o l u n t a r y ’ c r i t e r i a w i l l a l w a y s h a v e a n i m p a c t o n t h e r e t e n t i o n o f s k i l l s s i n c e i t m a y b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h f u n d i n g ( M a b o y a 2 0 1 6 : i ; T h e m u d o , 2 0 0 0 : 1 4 ; R a o 2 0 1 5 : 6 6 ) . I n e s s e n c e , “ N P O s c a n t h u s b e d e f i n e d a s a u t o n o m o u s , p r i v a t e l y s e t u p n o n - p r o f i t m a k i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t s u p p o r t , m a n a g e o r f a c i l i t a t e d e v e l o p m e n t a c t i o n ” ( D e B e e r 2 0 0 2 : 1 0 9 ) . D e v e l o p m e n t a c t i o n s i n c l u d e a l l t h e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t h a v e b e n e f i t e d t h e c o m m u n i t i e s s u c h a s h e a l t h i m p r o v e m e n t , b e t t e r e d u c a t i o n , a n d c r i m e p r e v e n t i o n a m o n g o t h e r s . T h e n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i v i t y t y p i c a l l y d e p e n d s o n t h e N P O ’ s f o c u s a r e a . B a s e d o n t h e a b o v e d e f i n i t i o n s N P O s t h e r e f o r e h a v e t o b e i n n o v a t i v e i n o r d e r t o s u r v i v e a s w e l l a s c a r r y o u t t h e i r v a r i o u s m a n d a t e s . T h e N P O s ’ r o l e s b r o a d l y i n c l u d e i d e n t i f y i n g a n d p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n a r e a s n e g l e c t e d b y g o v e r n m e n t o r o t h e r p r o f i t m a k i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d f u r t h e r i m p r o v i n g s o c i e t y i n a w i d e v a r i e t y o f w a y s . N P O s a c h i e v e t h i s t h r o u g h i n t e r v e n t i o n s o f a d d r e s s i n g s o c i a l n e e d s l i k e p r o v i d i n g l e a d e r s h i p , t a k i n g c a r e o f a b a n d o n e d c h i l d r e n , d e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h s p o r t s , s o u p k i t c h e n s a n d p r o v i d i n g m e a l s t o t h e u n d e r p r i v i l e g e d , a m o n g o t h e r m a n d a t e s ( R o s e n t h a l 2 0 1 2 : 3 ) . F o r N P O s t a f f m e m b e r s t o a d d r e s s t h e i s s u e s a b o v e , t h e y n e e d t o h a v e a r e p e r t o i r e o f s k i l l s .

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6 S k i l l s a r e a c r i t i c a l p a r t o f a n y o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t i n a n y n a t i o n a n d t h e e n t i r e w o r l d . I n 2 0 0 8 , t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o u r ( D O L ) ( 2 0 0 8 : 1 ) i n p u b l i s h i n g t h e t h i r d N a t i o n a l M a s t e r S c a r c e S k i l l s L i s t f o r S o u t h A f r i c a , p r o v i d e d a d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t o f t h e s k i l l s t h a t l i e a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e “ b i n d i n g c o n s t r a i n t ” o n e c o n o m i c g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t . I n t h i s c o n t e x t t h e “ b i n d i n g c o n s t r a i n t ” i m p l i e s t h a t s k i l l s s h o r t a g e i s a h i n d r a n c e t o t h e g r o w t h a n d u p l i f t m e n t o f t h e e c o n o m y . A s s t a t e d b e f o r e , M e r r i n g t o n , ( q u o t e d i n D e B e e r 2 0 0 2 : 1 1 8 ) i d e n t i f i e s “ i n a d e q u a t e s t a f f t r a i n i n g ” a s o n e o f t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f N P O s . “ T o o l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h e l e a d e r s h i p a n d m a n a g e m e n t t r a i n i n g o f N P O s ” ( C l a r k e 1 9 9 0 : 5 7 ) . T h i s c a n c a u s e a n e g a t i v e i m p a c t o n t h e c a p a c i t y a n d e f f i c i e n c y o f N P O s t o d e l i v e r t h e i r m a n d a t e , i n c l u d i n g f u n d r a i s i n g a n d f u n d d e v e l o p m e n t . S u c h t a s k s c o u l d b e t h e k e y t o t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e N P O s . A s l a t e r e l a b o r a t e d i n C h a p t e r 3 , u n d e r s e c t i o n 3 . 2 , a d e f i c i e n c y o f k n o w - h o w i n f u n d r a i s i n g a n d a d e f i c i e n c y o f s t a f f t r a i n i n g i n p a r t i c u l a r , a r e s o m e o f t h e i s s u e s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e s t u d y o n N P O s a s b e i n g p r o b l e m a t i c ( S w i l l i n g a n d R u s s e l 2 0 0 2 : 8 7 ) . T h e a b s e n c e o f i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h p r o s p e c t i v e f i n a n c e s o u r c e s w a s a l s o h i g h l i g h t e d a s a k e y c o n c e r n . I t i s t h e r e f o r e i m p e r a t i v e t o p a y a t t e n t i o n t o t h e t r a i n i n g o f N P O s t a f f , s o a s t o e n s u r e c o n t i n u e d e x i s t e n c e a n d e f f i c i e n c y i n t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s . F i g u r e 1 . 2 . 1 s h o w s t h e N P O t r a i n i n g f r a m e w o r k , i n d i c a t i n g a d u l t s t a f f t r a i n i n g n e e d s a s w e l l a s t h e a v a i l a b l e t r a i n i n g i n t h e p o s t s c h o o l i n s t i t u t i o n s.

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7 Staff Needs

Project Management Strategic Management Financial management

Human resources management

Figure 1.1: Skills training for NPO staff

T h e l e f t h a n d b l o c k i n F i g u r e 1 . 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e p r o p o s e d t r a i n i n g f r a m e w o r k f o r N P O s ’ t r a i n i n g n e e d s r e l a t i v e t o t h e p a r t t h e y p l a y a n d t h e f u n c t i o n s t h e y f u l f i l i n t h e c o m m u n i t y . T h e r i g h t h a n d

Available Training /Courses

Advance Project Management certificate- University of the Free State (2019:online)

Degree in Strategic Management – University of Johannesburg

(2019:online)

Financial Management short course – Wits University 2019:online)

Human Resources management – Wits University (2019:online)

NPO STAFF TRAINING

TRAINING FRAMEWORK

Adult staff training needs as dictated by the roles and

functions of NPOs

Training of NPO staff available at post-school

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8 b l o c k i n d i c a t e s t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e t o a d d r e s s t h e s e n e e d s a s o f f e r e d b y s o m e o f t h e H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n I n s t i t u t i o n s ( H E I s ) . T h e a p p e n d i x 6 s h o w s a m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e l i s t o f m o r e c o u r s e s a v a i l a b l e i n H E I s . T h e G r e e n P a p e r o n p o s t - s c h o o l e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g , ( R S A D H E T 2 0 1 2 : 1 2 ) , a l l u d e s t o t h e f a c t t h a t s k i l l s t r a i n i n g s h o u l d b e a c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t b y N P O s , H E I s , F u r t h e r E d u c a t i o n a n d T r a i n i n g ( F E T ) a n d p r i v a t e c o l l e g e s a n d o t h e r t r a i n i n g p r o v i d e r s . T h e r e i s s t i l l h o w e v e r s o m e w o r k t o b e d o n e a s a c k n o w l e d g e d b y R S A D H E T G r e e n P a p e r ( 2 0 1 2 : 6 2 ) o n t h e “ n e e d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s i z e a n d s h a p e o f t h e p r i v a t e h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m s ” . T h e p a p e r f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i e s t h a t t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e a h u g e N o n p r o f i t g r o u p i n t h e p r i v a t e h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n a r e n a . A s a r e s u l t , t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f p a r t n e r s h i p s a m o n g p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e o r g a n i s a t i o n s c o u l d b e i n v e s t i g a t e d e v e n f u r t h e r w i t h i n a c l e a r l y s p e c i f i e d r e g u l a t o r y f r a m e w o r k t h a t o u t l i n e s t h e l i m i t s f o r o p e r a t i o n . T h i s s t u d y w i l l t h e r e f o r e e x p l o r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f s u c h c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d p a r t n e r s h i p s a s t h e s e h a v e b e e n c i t e d a s b e i n g s u c c e s s f a c t o r s f o r N P O s ( R i d i n g t o n 2 0 1 0 : 1 5 2 ) . C o l l a b o r a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e c o m m u n i t i e s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g s u c h a s u n i v e r s i t i e s i s m a d e p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h C o m m u n i t y E n g a g e m e n t ( C E ) i n i t i a t i v e s .

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9 1 . 2 . 1 C o m m u n i t y E n g a g e m e n t b y S o u t h A f r i c a n H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n I n s t i t u t i o n s N k o a n a a n d D i c h a b a ( 2 0 1 7 : 1 7 7 ) a s s e r t t h a t “ U n i v e r s i t y -C o m m u n i t y E n g a g e m e n t ( U -C E ) , h a s i n c r e a s i n g l y b e c o m e a c o r e b u s i n e s s f o r S o u t h A f r i c a n u n i v e r s i t i e s o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e s . U C E i s n e e d e d t o c o n t r i b u t e s o l u t i o n s t o d o m e s t i c t r i p l e c h a l l e n g e s o f i n e q u a l i t y , p o v e r t y , a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t ” . W i t h r e f e r e n c e t o ‘ t r i p l e d o m e s t i c c h a l l e n g e s ’ , t h i s m a y b e i n t e r p r e t e d t o m e a n t h a t t h e r e a r e q u i t e a n u m b e r o f s o c i e t a l n e e d s t o b e a d d r e s s e d . T h i s s e e m s t o b e i n l i n e w i t h t h e a r g u m e n t i n t h i s s t u d y , a b o u t a n a r r a y o f s k i l l s n e e d e d t o a d d r e s s m u l t i p l e c h a l l e n g e s . N P O s a r e p a r t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y , h e n c e , t h e i r c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h u n i v e r s i t i e s t o a d d r e s s s o m e o f t h e n e e d s b e c o m e s c r i t i c a l . T h e e n s u i n g d i s c u s s i o n h i g h l i g h t s o p t i o n s f o r c o m m u n i t y / u n i v e r s i t y c o l l a b o r a t i o n . U n i v e r s i t i e s g e n e r a t e p o w e r f u l k n o w l e d g e t h a t c a n i n f l u e n c e a n d c h a n g e c o m m u n i t i e s ( S n y m a n 2 0 1 4 : 2 5 ) . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f J o h a n n e s b u r g u n d e r s t a n d s C E t o b e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t i n v o l v e p a r t n e r s h i p i n i t i a t i v e s w i t h c o m m u n i t i e s t h a t u t i l i s e t h e k n o w l e d g e c a p i t a l a n d m e a n s o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y t o m e e t t h e c o m m u n i t i e s ’ d e v e l o p m e n t n e e d s a t n o c o s t ( S n y m a n , 2 0 1 4 : 2 5 ) . C E u s u a l l y t a k e s t h e f o r m o f s e r v i c e l e a r n i n g , o r g a n i z e d o u t r e a c h a n d r e s e a r c h w h i c h i s c o m m u n i t y b a s e d . I n a c o l l o q u i u m h e l d i n 2 0 1 7 , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W e s t e r n C a p e ( U W C ) , i d e n t i f i e d w h a t t h e y t e r m e d , F i v e R s o f C o m m u n i t i e s

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10 E n g a g e m e n t a s b e i n g R e c o g n i s i n g , R e s p e c t i n g , R e l e v a n c e , R e s p o n s i v e n e s s a n d R e c i p r o c i t y ( D a n i e l s 2 0 1 8 : 2 5 ) . T h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f C E i n t o t h e c u r r i c u l a a t U W C r e f l e c t s a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l c u l t u r e t h a t h a s c o n t r i b u t e d t o a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n b y e n g a g i n g c r i t i c a l l y w i t h c o m m u n i t i e s . P r e e c e ( 2 0 1 6 : o n l i n e ) c o n n o t e s t h a t b o t h a c t i o n r e s e a r c h c y c l e s d r e w o n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f K w a Z u l u N a t a l ’ s ( U K Z N ) C E / S e r v i c e L e a r n i n g “ s t r a t e g y t o s u p p o r t t h e n o t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b l e C E ” . H e n c e , t h e U K Z N c a m e u p w i t h i n n o v a t i v e a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l r e a l i t i e s o f u n i v e r s i t y C E w h i c h u t i l i s e s s e r v i c e l e a r n i n g l e a r n e r s t o p r o v i d e a n s w e r s t h e n e e d s o f t h e c o m m u n i t i e s . F r o m a c o l l o q u i u m h e l d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S t e l l e n b o s c h , M a c n a b ( 2 0 1 3 : 3 ) m a d e a c o n c l u s i o n b a s e d o n c u r r e n t e v i d e n c e a n d e x p e r i e n c e a c r o s s s c h o o l s p r o m o t i n g h e a l t h c a r e i n s o m e o f t h e n a t i o n s a n d c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h i s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t g i v e n s o m e m e a n i n g f u l e n g a g e m e n t w i t h r e l e v a n t w i l l i n g p a r t n e r s a l i n k c a n b e e s t a b l i s h e d b e t w e e n t h e ‘ t o p - d o w n ’ i n f l u e n c e o f p u b l i c p o l i c y a n d t h e ‘ g r a s s r o o t s ’ o f C E . M c M i l l a n ( 2 0 1 4 : 6 5 ) a r t i c u l a t e s t h a t t h e C a p e T o w n p r o g r a m m e i s b a s e d c l o s e t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a p e T o w n ’ s ( U C T ) p r o p e r t y . T h e U C T p r o f e s s i o n a l s t o g e t h e r w i t h a v i s i t i n g S t a n f o r d f a c u l t y m e m b e r p r e s e n t s o m e c o n v e n t i o n a l l y i m p a r t e d c o u r s e s i n e a c h q u a r t e r . T h e p r o g r a m m e p l a c e s e m p h a s i s o n s t r u c t u r e d a c a d e m i c a l l y b a s e d C E t h r o u g h s e r v i c e l e a r n i n g a n d c o m m u n i t y -b a s e d r e s e a r c h . C E i s a l s o t a c k l e d t h r o u g h s t r a t e g i c

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11 p a r t n e r s h i p s w i t h k e y N P O s a n d c i v i c o r g a n i s a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s . T h i s i s d o n e w i t h a k e y f o c u s o n s u s t a i n a b i l i t y s o a s t o f i n d s u i t a b l e s e r v i c e - l e a r n i n g a n d r e s e a r c h p l a c e s f o r l e a r n e r s . T h i s w i l l e n c o u r a g e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a c o m m u n i t y a t t e n t i v e t o k n o w l e d g e a c q u i s i t i o n o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e . I t a l s o e n c o u r a g e s a c u l t u r e o f w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r e f f e c t i v e l y w i t h s h o r t -t e r m , p a r -t - -t i m e l e a r n e r v o l u n -t e e r s , w h i c h i n -t u r n e n s u r e s -t h a -t -t h e S t a n f o r d C a p e T o w n p r o g r a m m e i s p o w e r f u l l y a l l i e d t o t h e l o c a l p u b l i c . A n e x a m p l e o f a c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h a H E I , i s t h e p a r t n e r s h i p a n d p r o j e c t t h a t w a s i m p l e m e n t e d w i t h i n t h e C E D i r e c t o r a t e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e F r e e S t a t e ( U F S ) i n 2 0 1 4 . T h e U n i v e r s i t y p a r t n e r e d w i t h s e v e r a l N P O s t o a d d r e s s t h e k n o w l e d g e g a p s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e m a t t e r s o f f i n a n c i a l m a n a g e m e n t , s u s t a i n a b i l i t y , g o v e r n a n c e , m o n i t o r i n g a n d e v a l u a t i o n a s w e l l a s f u n d r a i s i n g w i t h i n t h e s e N P O s . V a n R o o y e n a n d E l l i s ( 2 0 1 4 : 1 8 7 ) h i g h l i g h t t h e f a c t t h a t N P O s ’ m a n a g e m e n t s y s t e m l a c k s t h e n e c e s s a r y s k i l l s , t h e r e b y m a k i n g t h e i r r e p o r t i n g p r o c e s s i n c o n s i s t e n t . P a r t o f t h e r e s e a r c h d o n e w a s a i m e d a t a d d r e s s i n g s u c h c a p a c i t y g a p s . N z i m a k w e , i n V a n R o o y e n a n d E l l i s ( 2 0 1 4 : 1 8 6 ) h i g h l i g h t s t h e e f f e c t o f g l o b a l i z a t i o n o n t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f g o v e r n m e n t s w i t h N P O s w h i c h a r e n o w p r o v i d i n g m a n y o f t h e s e r v i c e s t h a t g o v e r n m e n t s a r e s o m e t i m e s u n a b l e t o f u l f i l . T h i s h a s r e s u l t e d i n p a r t n e r s h i p s b e t w e e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e s e N P O s w h e r e t h e D o S D f u n d s N P O s s o t h e l a t t e r c a n p r o v i d e v a r i o u s s e r v i c e s t o

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12

t h e c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e N P O s a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o r e m a i n ‘ i n d i s p e n s a b l e p a r t n e r s t o g o v e r n m e n t ’ i n p u r s u a n c e o f t h e ‘ d e v e l o p m e n t a g e n d a ’ ( K h u m a l o i n V a n R o o y e n a n d E l l i s 2 0 1 2 : 1 8 6 ) .

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

I t i s m y c o n t e n t i o n t h a t N P O s i n t h e N W P , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n s o c i a l a n d / o r c o m m u n i t y r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s , t e n d t o f a c e c h a l l e n g e s i n a c q u i r i n g s u i t a b l y s k i l l e d p e r s o n n e l f o r t h e e f f e c t i v e r u n n i n g o f t h e i r i n s t i t u t i o n s . I n t h e i r s t u d y , S w i l l i n g a n d R u s s e l l ( 2 0 0 2 : 8 9 ) f o u n d o u t t h a t t r a i n i n g o n h o w t o r a i s e f u n d s w a s r a t e d a s a k e y p r o b l e m f o r m o s t o f t h e N P O s . A n o t h e r c r u c i a l c h a l l e n g e i s t h e l a c k o f s t a f f t r a i n i n g i n v a r i o u s f i e l d s o f e x p e r t i s e ( H e l l m u t h 2 0 1 4 : 1 5 9 ; N h l a p o 2 0 1 2 : 1 5 2 ) . T h e s e t w o m a i n c h a l l e n g e s r e s u l t i n m a n y N P O s o p e r a t i n g b e l o w c a p a c i t y t h e r e b y n o t m e e t i n g t h e i r s e t m a n d a t e s . W h e n t h e N P O s d o n o t e x e c u t e t h e i r m a n d a t e s t h i s h a s a n i m p a c t ( M u s p r a t t - W i l l i a m s 2 0 0 9 : 3 5 , 3 9 , 4 1 ) o n t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n i t s e l f , i t s c l i e n t e l e a n d t h e f u n d e r s , w h i c h i n s o m e c a s e s i n c l u d e s o m e o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e c l i e n t s a r e n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t e d b y a l a c k o f s e r v i c e d e l i v e r y , w h i l s t t h e f u n d e r s w i l l n o t g e t v a l u e f o r t h e f u n d s a l l o c a t e d t o t h e N P O s . B e c a u s e o f t h i s p e r c e i v e d p r o b l e m , t h e r e i s g r e a t v a l u e i n e x p l o r i n g t h e p r e c i s e d e t a i l s o f t h e s k i l l s d e f i c i t w i t h i n N P O s a n d h o w t h e g a p s c a n b e a d d r e s s e d .

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13 1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK T h i s r e s e a r c h u t i l i s e d C o n s t r u c t i v i s m a s a t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k . A c c o r d i n g t o W e s s e l s ( 2 0 1 7 : 1 ) i n d i v i d u a l s a c t i v e l y b u i l d k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l s . T h i s s t u d y u s e s t h e p r e m i s e t h a t t h e N P O s t a f f s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o k n o w l e d g e o n h o w b e s t t h e y c a n b e a s s i s t e d i n a c q u i r i n g s k i l l s t o p e r f o r m t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s a n d d u t i e s e f f e c t i v e l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y . C r e s w e l l ( 2 0 1 4 : 3 7 ) a s s e r t s t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h o u l d b e “ t o r e l y a s m u c h a s p o s s i b l e o n t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s ’ v i e w s o n t h e s i t u a t i o n b e i n g s t u d i e d ” . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t c o n s t r u c t i v i s t a p p r o a c h e s a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n e x p l o r i n g t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f v a r i o u s c i r c u m s t a n c e s ( N i e u w e n h u i s 2 0 1 2 : 5 1 ) w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n t o t h e p r o b l e m w i l l c o m e f r o m t h o s e a f f e c t e d a n d i n v o l v e d . T h e s t u d y w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d d e s c r i b i n g t h e c h a l l e n g e s s u r r o u n d i n g s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f N P O s t a f f s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t h e N W P . I t w a s e n v i s a g e d t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h e r a n d p a r t i c i p a n t s w o u l d b e i n a p o s i t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t f i r s t - h a n d f a c t s b a s e d o n t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e r e s e a r c h ( C r e s s w e l l 2 0 1 4 : 3 7 ) . S u b s e q u e n t l y t h e n e w k n o w l e d g e w o u l d b e u s e d t o a d v a n c e a s u i t a b l e a p p r o a c h t o a d d r e s s t h e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s f o r t h e c o n c e r n e d p r o v i n c e t h r o u g h a j o i n t e f f o r t . A j o i n t e f f o r t b e t w e e n p a r t i c i p a t i n g s t a k e h o l d e r s b e c o m e s i m p e r a t i v e s i n c e r e a l i t y i s s o c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d . C o l l a b o r a t i o n s s h o u l d e m b r a c e t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n a d u l t l e a r n e r s , i n s t r u c t o r s a n d t r a i n i n g t a s k s . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e a d u l t s t u d e n t s s h o u l d b e a b l e t o c r e a t e t h e i r o w n a w a r e n e s s , ( s o c i a l l y a n d

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14 c u l t u r a l l y ) d u r i n g t h e i r i n t e r f a c e w i t h t h e o t h e r p a r t i c i p a n t s a n d w i t h i n t h e e n v i r o n s t h a t t h e y l i v e i n ( C o o p e r , B a s s o n a n d S c h a a p , 2 0 0 6 : 4 7 0 ) . N P O s t a f f m e m b e r s t h e r e f o r e h a v e t h e i r r e a l i t y w h i c h t h e r e s e a r c h e r t r i e d t o u n c o v e r s o t h a t , j o i n t l y w i t h t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e s t u d y , t h e y c o u l d c o n s t r u c t a n e w r e a l i t y g r o u n d e d o n t h e d i s c o v e r i e s . T h e s t u d y w a s m i n d f u l o f t h e d i f f e r e n t v e r s i o n s o f c o n s t r u c t i v i s m a s p r o p o u n d e d b y P i a g e t , V y g o t s k y a n d m a n y r e c e n t s c h o l a r s i n t h i s f i e l d . I t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o b e a w a r e o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a n d t h e e n t r y p o i n t o r f o c a l p o i n t o f e a c h ( H u g o , 2 0 1 6 : 1 5 ) . 1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS I n o r d e r t o a d d r e s s t h e p r o b l e m s s t a t e d i n s e c t i o n 1 . 2 t h e o v e r a r c h i n g r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n i s p o s e d : W h i c h e l e m e n t s a r e e s s e n t i a l i n d e v e l o p i n g a f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f t h e s t a f f o f N P O s i n t h e N W P ? T h e f o l l o w i n g s u b s i d i a r y q u e s t i o n s a r e p o s e d i n o r d e r t o r e s p o n d t o t h e m a i n r e s e a r c h i n q u i r y : 1 . W h y i s s k i l l s t r a i n i n g o f N P O s t a f f i m p o r t a n t ? 2 . H o w c a n a v a i l a b l e a d u l t e d u c a t i o n a n d t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s b e u s e d t o a d d r e s s t h e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s o f N P O s t a f f ? 3 . H o w c a n H E I s c o n t r i b u t e t o r e l e v a n t a d u l t s k i l l s t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e s f o r N P O s ?

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15 1.6 RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

T h e a i m o f t h e r e s e a r c h i s t o d e t e r m i n e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f s t a f f i n t h e N P O s e c t o r i n t h e R u s t e n b u r g r e g i o n o f t h e N W P , w i t h t h e i n t e n t i o n o f c r e a t i n g a f r a m e w o r k f o r s k i l l s d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e N P O s e c t o r . T h e a b o v e a i m w i l l b e r e a l i s e d b y p u r s u i n g t h e e n s u i n g o b j e c t i v e s : • T o id e n t if y th e im p o rta n ce o f sk i ll s t ra in in g o f NP O sta ff m e m b e r s i n t h e R u s t e n b u r g r e g i o n ; • T o e s ta b li sh h o w a d u lt tr a in in g p ro g ra m m e s th a t a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e c a n b e u s e d t o a d d r e s s t h e s k i l l s n e e d s o f N P O s t a f f i n t h e R u s t e n b u r g r e g i o n w i t h i n t h e N W P ; • T o d e t e rm in e h o w H E I s a n d m o re sp e cif i ca ll y, th e CE d i v i s i o n s , c a n b e e f f e c t i v e l y u t i l i s e d t o e n h a n c e s k i l l s t r a i n i n g n e e d s i n t h e N P O s e c t o r .

1.7 DEMARCATION OF THE STUDY

T h i s r e s e a r c h i s c e n t r e d o n t h e a r e a o f s k i l l s t r a i n i n g a n d C E i n H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n S t u d i e s . T h e f o c u s w a s o n a d u l t e d u c a t i o n a n d N P O s i n N W P a n d m o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e R u s t e n b u r g M u n i c i p a l i t y . T h e r e g i o n i s h o m e t o t h e l a r g e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f N P O s i n t h e N W P .

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16 1.8 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

T h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e s e a r c h l a r g e l y i n v o l v e d r o l e - p l a y e r s i n t h e N P O s e c t o r . T h e k e y r o l e p l a y e r s a r e t h e s t a f f o f N P O s b e c a u s e w i t h o u t t h e m t h e N P O s w o u l d n o t f u n c t i o n . T h e r e s e a r c h t h e r e f o r e p r i m a r i l y f o c u s e d o n t h e N P O s t a f f a n d a l s o d w e l l s o n t h e c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h H E I s . A m i x e d m e t h o d s r e s e a r c h m e t h o d o l o g y a n d d e s i g n w a s a p p l i e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e k e y s u p p o s i t i o n o f t h i s m e t h o d o f i n q u i r y i s t h a t t h e a m a l g a m a t i o n o f b o t h q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t h o d s p r o v i d e a c o m p r e h e n s i v e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f a r e s e a r c h p r o b l e m c o m p a r e d t o a s i n g l e a p p r o a c h o n i t s o w n ( C r e s w e l l : 2 0 1 4 : 3 2 ; C o h e n , M a n i o n a n d M o r r i s o n 2 0 1 1 : 2 2 ; A n t w i a n d K a s i m 2 0 1 5 : 2 2 3 ) . M e r t e n s ( 2 0 1 2 : 9 ) ; M e r t e n s ( 2 0 0 7 : 2 1 2 ) a n d C r e s w e l l ( 2 0 1 4 : 3 2 ) a s s e r t t h a t m i x e d m e t h o d s c a n b e u t i l i s e d t o d e l i v e r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e p i c t i o n o f t h e p h e n o m e n o n u n d e r s t u d y c o m p a r e d t o u t i l i s i n g a s i n g l e t e c h n i q u e . Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d t o N P O s t a f f i n o r d e r t o a s c e r t a i n t h e i r s k i l l s a n d t r a i n i n g n e e d s a s w e l l a s v i e w s o n a v a i l a b l e c o u r s e s a n d t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s . Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e s t a f f f r o m t h e H E I s i n o r d e r t o g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e N P O r e l a t e d s k i l l s t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s a v a i l a b l e . T h e t a r g e t p a r t i c i p a n t s w e r e a s e l e c t e d n u m b e r o f N P O s t a f f i n t h e N W P . T h e r e s e a r c h e r u t i l i s e d a p u r p o s i v e s a m p l i n g m e t h o d

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17 t o c h o o s e a r e l e v a n t s a m p l e t h a t r e p r e s e n t e d a n d h a v e a n i n t e r e s t i n e d u c a t i o n , s k i l l s d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c a p a c i t y b u i l d i n g o f t h e N P O s . W i t h p u r p o s i v e s a m p l i n g r e s e a r c h e r s s e l e c t t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s o n t h e b a s e o f t h e i r f i n d i n g o f t h e i r t y p i c a l i t y o r p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e p r e c i s e p h y s i o g n o m i e s r e q u i r e d ( C o h e n e t a l . 2 0 1 1 : 1 5 6 ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o C o h e n e t a l . ( 2 0 1 1 : 1 5 6 ) C r e s w e l l a n d P l a n o i n P a l i n k a s , H o r w i t z , G r e e n , W i s d o m , D u a n a n d H o a g w o o d ( 2 0 1 5 : 5 3 4 ) a d d a n i m p o r t a n t e l e m e n t t o p u r p o s i v e s a m p l i n g b y r e c o g n i s i n g a n d c h o o s i n g p e o p l e o r c l u s t e r s o f p e o p l e t h a t a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n v e r s a n t a r o u n d o r k n o w l e d g e a b l e w i t h t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f c o n c e r n . A l o n g s i d e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , i n t e r v i e w s w e r e c o n d u c t e d w i t h s o m e o f t h e p e o p l e w h o p a r t o o k i n t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s . 1.9 DATA COLLECTION C o l l e c t i o n o f d a t a w a s d o n e t h r o u g h q u e s t i o n n a i r e s d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e N P O s t a f f . I n a d d i t i o n t o q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , i n t e r v i e w s w e r e h e l d w i t h s o m e o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s ’ c h o s e n b a s e d o n a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d p r e p a r e d n e s s t o t a k e p a r t i n t h e i n t e r v i e w s . Q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w e r e a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d t o m e m b e r s o f H E I s f o r a n i n - d e p t h u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o t h e i r i n v o l v e m e n t i n d e v e l o p i n g a n d t e a c h i n g o f N P O s t a f f a s w e l l a s w h a t t y p e o f t r a i n i n g c o u r s e s a r e a v a i l a b l e o r c u r r e n t l y b e i n g d e v e l o p e d , s p e c i f i c a l l y t a r g e t e d a t s t a f f i n t h e N P O s e c t o r . T h e i n v o l v e m e n t o f H E I s w i t h N P O s f o r m s p a r t o f t h e C E t h r u s t a n d k n o w l e d g e e n a b l e m e n t ( A l b e r t y n & E r a s m u s 2 0 1 4 : 2 3 ) .

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18 1.10 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND REPORTING

D a t a c o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a n d i n d i v i d u a l i n t e r v i e w s w e r e a n a l y s e d t h r o u g h c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s . T h i s i s a m e t h o d i c a l w a y t h a t r e c o g n i s e s a n d c o n d e n s e s m e s s a g e c o n t e n t ( N i e u w e n h u i s 2 0 1 2 : 1 0 1 ; B r e n n e r i n C o h e n e t a l 2 0 1 1 : 4 2 8 ; 5 5 5 ) . T h e d e s i g n u s e d i n t h i s r e g a r d w a s E x p l a n a t o r y S e q u e n t i a l D e s i g n w h i c h i s a l i g n e d t o m i x e d m e t h o d s o f c o n d u c t i n g r e s e a r c h . I t m a k e s p r o v i s i o n f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a t o b e c o l l e c t e d a n d a n a l y s e d f i r s t , f o l l o w e d b y c o l l e c t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s o f q u a l i t a t i v e d a t a t o c l a r i f y t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a . S u b s e q u e n t t o t h e t w o p r o c e s s e s , d a t a w e r e p r e s e n t e d a n d w h e r e d e e m e d n e c e s s a r y , e x p l a n a t i o n s w e r e c l a r i f i e d / s u p p o r t e d m a k i n g u s e v a r i o u s t o o l s s u c h a s t a b l e s a n d o t h e r s .

1.11 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

E a c h N P O i s u n i q u e a n d h a s i t s o w n t a r g e t c l i e n t e l e . E a c h N P O t h e r e f o r e o p e r a t e s i n a p a r t i c u l a r w a y a n d h a s i t s o w n v i s i o n a n d m i s s i o n , t h u s t h e f o c u s w i l l n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e t h e s a m e . F a c t o r s s u c h a s t h e a b i l i t y t o a c c e s s f u n d s a l s o i m p a c t s t h e s c o p e o f o p e r a t i o n o f N P O s . T h e c o m m o n a l i t i e s t h a t m i g h t e x i s t w i l l p r o b a b l y b e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o s t i p u l a t i o n s o f A c t s , p o l i c i e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s p r e s c r i b e d i n t e r m s o f t h e l a w . T h i s p o s e s c h a l l e n g e s w i t h p u r p o s i v e s a m p l i n g t o s o m e e x t e n t . T h e s a m p l e d N P O s c a n n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e f u l l y h o m o g e n e o u s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h i s a s p e c t c a n b e r e g a r d e d t o c o n t r i b u t e k n o w l e d g e f r o m a d i v e r s e b a c k g r o u n d . W h i l e t h e

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19 s t u d y w a s q u a l i t a t i v e b y n a t u r e a n d t h e c o n c l u s i o n s c a n n o t b e g e n e r a l i z e d , t h e e v i d e n c e g a t h e r e d f r o m t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g N P O s g a v e a n i d e a o f t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e f u n c t i o n s o f t h e N P O s o p e r a t i n g i n t h e t a r g e t a r e a o f t h e s t u d y . T h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n i n t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s c a n n o t b e c o m p l e t e l y f r e e o f b i a s , d e s p i t e m e a s u r e s p u t i n p l a c e t o e n s u r e v a l i d i t y a n d r e l i a b i l i t y . T h e h u m a n e l e m e n t p r e s e n t i n a n y t y p e o f r e s e a r c h w i l l a l w a y s i m p a c t o n t h e r e s e a r c h p r o c e s s . 1.12 VALUE OF STUDY T h e s t u d y c o u l d b e v a l u a b l e t o t h e N P O s i n t h e t a r g e t a r e a o f t h e s t u d y i n t h a t t h e y c o u l d b e n e f i t t h r o u g h r e l e v a n t t r a i n i n g c u s t o m i s e d f o r t h e i r n e e d s . I t i s e n v i s a g e d t h a t i f p a r t n e r s h i p s w e r e t o b e i n i t i a t e d b e t w e e n N P O s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s o f h i g h e r l e a r n i n g , t h e s t u d y w o u l d n o t o n l y c o n t r i b u t e b y b r i n g i n g n e w k n o w l e d g e , b u t a l s o m a k e t h e H E I s m o r e r e c e p t i v e t o t h e n e e d s o f e x t e r n a l c o n s t i t u e n c i e s a n d t h e N P O s e c t o r i n p a r t i c u l a r . M o r e a v e n u e s c o u l d b e c r e a t e d f o r t h e v o i c e s o f t h e N P O s e g m e n t t o b e h e a r d t h r o u g h t h e o u t c o m e s o f t h e r e s e a r c h . R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f a r e a s f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y c o u l d h e l p b r i n g t h e p l i g h t o f N P O s t o o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t c o u l d h e l p i m p r o v e t h e i r e f f i c a c y . 1.13 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS T h e r e s e a r c h i n v o l v e d m e m b e r s o f N P O s a n d H E I s , t h e r e f o r e c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y ( R i d i n g t o n 2 0 1 0 : 3 6 ; N h l a p o 2 0 1 2 : 6 9 ) w a s m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h o u t . A l l p a r t i c i p a n t s i n v o l v e d i n c o m p l e t i n g

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20 t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a n d i n i n t e r v i e w s w e r e f u l l y a d v i s e d o f t h e n a t u r e a n d t h e e n v i s a g e d v a l u e o f t h e r e s e a r c h . P a r t i c i p a t i o n w a s e n t i r e l y v o l u n t a r y a n d t h i s w a s e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d b e f o r e t h e d a t a c o l l e c t i o n p r o c e s s c o m m e n c e d . T h e p a r t i c i p a n t s s i g n e d a n “ i n f o r m e d l e t t e r o f c o n s e n t ” ( R i d i n g t o n 2 0 1 0 : 3 6 ; N h l a p o 2 0 1 2 : 6 9 ) b e f o r e p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e s t u d y a n d a n o n y m i t y w a s e n s u r e d . T h e r e s e a r c h e r i n f o r m e d t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s o f t h e i r r i g h t t o w i t h d r a w f r o m t h e r e s e a r c h i f t h e y f e l t t h a t t h e r e w e r e c h a n g e s i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y c i r c u m s t a n c e s f o r p a r t i c i p a t i n g . D a t a w a s s t o r e d s a f e l y a n d p s e u d o n a m e s w e r e a s s i g n e d t o e n s u r e a n o n y m i t y o f p a r t i c i p a n t s . 1.14 LAYOUT OF STUDY T h e l a y o u t o f t h e c h a p t e r s i n t h i s s t u d y i s a s f o l l o w s : C h a p t e r 1 - I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d B a c k g r o u n d . C h a p t e r 2 – T h e o r e t i c a l F r a m e w o r k C h a p t e r 3 – L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w C h a p t e r 4 – R e s e a r c h D e s i g n a n d M e t h o d o l o g y C h a p t e r 5 – A n a l y s i s a n d I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d a t a , P r e s e n t a t i o n a n d D i s c u s s i o n o f F i n d i n g s a n d C o n c l u s i o n s C h a p t e r 6 – P r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e F r a m e w o r k 1.15 CONCLUSION C h a p t e r 1 i n t r o d u c e d t h e a i m o f t h e s t u d y , w h i c h w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e t r a i n i n g n e e d s o f t h e N P O s i n t h e N W P , i n o r d e r

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21 t o d e v e l o p a s k i l l s t r a i n i n g f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e s t a f f o f t h e N P O s . A b a c k g r o u n d o f t h e s t u d y w a s o u t l i n e d a c c e n t u a t i n g t h e c r i t i c a l n a t u r e o f s k i l l s a n d t r a i n i n g i n o r g a n i s a t i o n s . T h e t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e w o r k d i s c u s s e d t h e p a r a d i g m i n w h i c h t h e r e s e a r c h l i e s , f o l l o w e d b y a n o u t l i n e o f t h e r e s e a r c h q u e s t i o n s a n d h o w t h e y w e r e t o b e a d d r e s s e d i n t h e m e t h o d o l o g y . F u r t h e r m o r e , a m i x e d m e t h o d r e s e a r c h m e t h o d o l o g y w a s b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d a n d a s t r a t i f i e d p u r p o s i v e s a m p l i n g a p p l i e d t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e N P O s i n t h e N W P . R e f e r e n c e w a s a l s o m a d e t o t h e p r o p o s e d v a l u e o f t h e s t u d y f o r t h e s t a k e h o l d e r s i n v o l v e d i n t h i s e n d e a v o u r .

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