Apprenticeship as a remedy for youth unemployement

Apprenticeship as a

remedy for youth

unemployement

Overview

• _{Markets for intermediate skills}

• _{Some comparative figures}

• _{German apprenticeship}

• _{Apprenticeship in the U.S.}

• _{Work-based vocational education and training in the Netherlands}

• _{Apprenticeship governance & policy learning}

Markets for intermediate skills

• _{van Lieshout (2008). Different Hands. Markets for Intermediate}

Skills in Germany, the U.S. and the Netherlands; Groningen: Hanze UAS

https://www.hanze.nl/NL/Onderzoek/kennisportal/kenniscentra/kenn iscentrum-arbeid/kennisbank/publicaties/Documents/hamvanlieshout differenthands.pdf

• _{High vs. low skill equilibria}

• _{Industrial relations, labour markets & education}

• _{Crouch, Finegold & Sako (1999): while skill acquisition is a major}

public need, skill provision increasingly depends upon individual firms, with government policy restricted to residual care for unemployed rather than cutting edge advanced skills

Some comparative data

G SW NL US 2012 (change from 2000) %25-64<USE 14 (-4) 12 (-10) 27 (-7) 11 (-2) %25-64>=USE58 (0) 52 (+5) 40 (-2) 46 (-5) E%Y=USEL 95 (+3) 77 (+2) 94 (NA) 79 (+7) 2012 (change from 2008) %U25-64<USE 13 (-4) 12 (+5) 7 (+4) 14 (+4) %U25-64=USE 5 (-2) 6 (+2) 5 (+3) 9 (+4) %U25-64=TE 2 (-1) 4 (+1) 3 (+1) 5 (+3) AEP25-64=TE 174 128 156 174 AEP25-64<USE 84 82 83 63 %LL25-64 53 66 64 59

German Apprenticeship

Apprenticeship in the U.S.

• _{America is known for its ‘missing middle’ on the labour market;}

• _{Early nineties: school-to-work policies emerging;}

• _{Focus on Wisconsin:}

– _{Tried to copy German apprenticeship in early 20}th _century

– _{Tried to build a new youth apprenticeship system as part of school-to-work;}

• _{Paradox of the first attempt: same firms that championed the}

creation of apprenticeship ended up eroded its basis by Taylorizing their work organization (Parker, 1994);

• _{Wisconsin system did survive, but is very small, limited to a few}

sectors, and fulfilled a much different role on internal labour metalworking markets than in Germany: elite worker training

• _{Youth apprenticeship probably strengthened VET but was more}

Work-based VET in NL

Sweden: SIEPS report notes

SIEPS: apprenticeship elsewhere successful as school-to-work transition SIEPS: may be ‘transitional’ success

- succes has been pretty stable in G and NL SIEPS: reasons for caution

1) school-based VET attractive to youth

- G has profited from abence of full school-based VET - succes has been pretty stable in G and NL

2) firms opt out or have to be subsidized

- if large scale would ruin any HSE/apprenticeship system

- but has always happened in recessions: we may see dependency

Sweden: SIEPS report notes

SIEPS: SW apprenticehip “completion phase post transition to working life”?

SIEPS: SW lacks institutional preconditions, i.e.coherent control systems and support structure (no developed occupations,

occupational certification, weak skill standards boards, no quality assurance system for work-based training)

– _{Dutch apprenticeship once was outside education system too, has} successfully been integrated as BBL:

– _{Dutch apprenticeship already was substantial established system in these} sectors;

– _{Dutch Internship as work-based alternative (BOL)}