• No results found

Dietary intake of brominated flame retardants by the Dutch population | RIVM

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Dietary intake of brominated flame retardants by the Dutch population | RIVM"

Copied!
25
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)

5,90UHSRUW

'LHWDU\LQWDNHRIEURPLQDWHGIODPH UHWDUGDQWVE\WKH'XWFKSRSXODWLRQ

5GH:LQWHU6RUNLQD0,%DNNHU*YDQ

'RQNHUVJRHGDQG-'YDQ.ODYHUHQ

1

Center for Substances and Integrated Risk Assessment (SIR), 1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI3XEOLF

+HDOWKDQGWKH(QYLURQPHQW 5,90 2

Institute of Food Safety (RIKILT)

5,.,/7UHSRUWQXPEHU

7KLVLQYHVWLJDWLRQKDVEHHQSHUIRUPHGE\RUGHUDQGIRUWKHDFFRXQWRI,QVSHFWRUDWHIRU +HDOWK3URWHFWLRQDQG9HWHULQDU\3XEOLF+HDOWKZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRISURMHFW 'LR[LQVLQ)RRG

(2)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

$EVWUDFW

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³PLGGOH´ VFHQDULR DVVXPLQJDYDOXHRI /2'IRUQRQGHWHFWV DQGWKH³ORZ´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

(3)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

&RQWHQWV

6DPHQYDWWLQJ 6XPPDU\  ,QWURGXFWLRQ  'DWDDQG0HWKRGV  6DPSOHV  ,QWDNHFDOFXODWLRQ  5HVXOWV  $YHUDJHLQWDNHRIEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVE\WKH'XWFKSRSXODWLRQ  &RPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUVWXGLHV  &RQFOXVLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV 5HIHUHQFHV $SSHQGL[ $SSHQGL[ $SSHQGL[ $SSHQGL[

(4)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

6DPHQYDWWLQJ

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¶V JHKDQWHHUG ELM GH LQQDPHEHUHNHQLQJHQ +HW HHUVWH VFHQDULR OHYHUW HHQ ³PLGGHOVWH´ VFKDWWLQJ YDQ GH LQQDPHGRRUYRRUGHQRQGHWHFWVHHQZDDUGHWHUJURRWWHYDQGHKHOIWYDQGHRSJHJHYHQ GHWHFWLHJUHQV DDQ WH QHPHQ %LM KHW WZHHGH ]RJHQDDPGH RQGHUJUHQVVFHQDULR ]LMQ GH QRQGHWHFWV RS QXO JHVWHOG 'H EHUHNHQGH JHPLGGHOGH LQQDPHV YROJHQV GH WZHH VFHQDULR¶V ZDDUELM GH UHVXOWDWHQ YDQ KHW RQGHUJUHQVVFHQDULR WXVVHQ KDDNMHV ZRUGHQ ZHHUJHJHYHQ]LMQ  QJNJOJGDJYRRU%'(  QJNJOJGDJYRRU %'(  QJNJOJGDJYRRU%'(  QJNJOJGDJYRRU%'(    QJNJ OJGDJ YRRU %'(     QJNJ OJGDJ YRRU %'(     QJNJ OJGDJ YRRU GH VRP YDQ 3%'(V    QJNJ OJGDJ YRRU 7%%3$HQ  QJNJOJGDJYRRU+%&'7HUYHUJHOLMNLQJ'H3%'(LQQDPHGRRU LQKDODWLH YDQ ELQQHQOXFKW LV LQ KHW 9HUHQLJG .RQLQNULMN RS RQJHYHHU  QJGDJ  QJNJ OJGDJ  JHVFKDW 'H YHUVFKLOOHQ WXVVHQ GH UHVXOWDWHQ YDQ GH WZHH LQQDPHVFHQDULR¶V ]LMQ YRRU GH PHHVWH YODPYHUWUDJHUV JURRW 2RN ]LMQ GH SURFHQWXHOH ELMGUDJHQYDQ GHYHUVFKLOOHQGH YRHGVHOJURHSHQ DDQ GHWRWDOHLQQDPH YDQ JHEURPHHUGH YODPYHUWUDJHUVYRRUGHWZHHVFHQDULR¶VYDDNVWHUNYHUVFKLOOHQG'HWRHJHNHQGHZDDUGHQ DDQGHQRQGHWHFWVKHEEHQEOLMNEDDUHHQJURWHLQYORHGRSKHWHLQGUHVXOWDDW+LHUXLWNDQ JHFRQFOXGHHUG ZRUGHQ GDW JHYRHOLJHUH DQDO\VHWHFKQLHNHQ QRGLJ ]LMQ RP HHQ QDXZNHXULJHULQQDPHEHUHNHQLQJYDQJHEURPHHUGHYODPYHUWUDJHUV YLD YRHGLQJ GRRU GH 1HGHUODQGVHEHYRONLQJWHNXQQHQXLWYRHUHQ7HYHQV]RXHHQJURWHUDDQWDOPRQVWHUVSHU YRHGVHOJURHS PRHWHQ ZRUGHQ JHDQDO\VHHUG RP GH YHUGHOLQJ ELQQHQ GH SRSXODWLH WH NXQQHQberekenen

(5)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

6XPPDU\

7KHPHDQGLHWDU\LQWDNHRIDQXPEHURIEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVE\WKH'XWFKSRSXODWLRQ LVHVWLPDWHGXVLQJPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKH1HWKHUODQGV,QVWLWXWHIRU)LVKHULHV5HVHDUFK 5,92 DQG WKH FRQVXPSWLRQ GDWD IURP WKH WKLUG 'XWFK 1DWLRQDO )RRG &RQVXPSWLRQ 6XUYH\ 7KH IROORZLQJEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGWKHSRO\EURPLQDWHGGLSKHQ\OHWKHU 3%'( FRQJHQHUV%'(WHWUDEURPRELVSKHQRO$ 7%%3$ DQGKH[DEURPRF\FORGRGHFDQH +%&'  3RO\EURPRELSKHQ\OV 3%%V  DQG 3%'( FRQJHQHUV %'(ZHUHQRWGHWHFWHGLQWKHIRRGSURGXFWVE\5,926LQFHRQO\D OLPLWHG QXPEHU RI VDPSOHV ZDV DQDO\VHG DQG IXUWKHUPRUH WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI D ODUJH SHUFHQWDJHRIWKHVDPSOHVZHUHEHORZWKHOLPLWRIGHWHFWLRQ /2' WKHSUHVHQWVWXG\RQO\ JLYHVDURXJKHVWLPDWHRIWKHGLHWDU\LQWDNHRIEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWV

7ZR VFHQDULRV ZHUH DSSOLHG IRU WKH LQWDNH HVWLPDWLRQV 7KH ILUVW VFHQDULR \LHOGV D ³PLGGOH´ HVWLPDWH E\ DVVXPLQJ WKH YDOXH RI  /2' IRU QRQGHWHFWV ,Q WKH VHFRQG VFHQDULR ³ORZ´ VFHQDULR  D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI ]HUR ZDV XVHG IRU QRQGHWHFWV 7KH FDOFXODWHGPHDQGLHWDU\LQWDNHVRIWKHVFHQDULRVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVHFRQGVFHQDULRDUH SODFHG EHWZHHQ EUDFNHWV DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\    QJNJ EZGD\ IRU %'(     QJNJ EZGD\ IRU %'(     QJNJ EZGD\ IRU %'(     QJNJ EZGD\ IRU %'(     QJNJ EZGD\ IRU %'(     QJNJ EZGD\ IRU %'(     QJNJ EZGD\ IRU WKH VXP RI 3%'(V  QJNJEZGD\IRU7%%3$DQG  QJNJEZGD\IRU+%&' ,QFRPSDULVRQLQWKH8.WKHLQWDNHRI3%'(VYLDLQKDODWLRQRILQGRRUDLULVHVWLPDWHG DWQJGD\ QJNJEZGD\ 

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

(6)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

,QWURGXFWLRQ

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¶VPLONLV VLJQLILFDQW$Q H[FHSWLRQ PD\ EH 7%%3$ IRUZKLFK QR HYLGHQFH LV SUHVHQW WR LQGLFDWH D SRWHQWLDO IRU ELRDFFXPXODWLRQ 7KH H[SRVXUH WR %)5V YLD EUHDVW PLON LV SUHVHQWHG LQ D VHSHUDWH UHSRUW 'H :LQWHU6RUNLQD HW DO   7KH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI %)5V LQ KXPDQ IRRG SURGXFWV DUH QRW ZHOO NQRZQ H[FHSW IRU WKH UHVXOWVRIDIHZVWXGLHVRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI3%'(VLQFKLFNHQVLQWKH86 +XZHHWDO   JDPH LQ 6ZHGHQ 6HOOVWU|P HW DO   DQG FRZ¶V PLON LQ *HUPDQ\ .UJHU  ,QDGGLWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRI3%'(VDQG3%%VLQILVKKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG 'H %RHUHWDO-DFREVHWDODQRYHUYLHZLQ'H:LW 7KHLQWDNHRI%)5V YLD WKH LQKDODWLRQ RI DLU LV FDXVHG E\ WKH HPLVVLRQV IURP HOHFWURQLF HTXLSPHQW OLNH FRPSXWHUVDQG79VHWVHVSHFLDOO\IURPZDUPGHYLFHVDIWHUSURORQJHGXVH:LMHVHNHUD HW DO   PHDVXUHG 3%'(V LQIRRG VDPSOHV DQGLQ LQGRRU DLU ,W ZDV UHSRUWHG WKDW GLHW DQG LQKDODWLRQ FRQWULEXWH   DQG   UHVSHFWLYHO\ WR DQ RYHUDOO PHGLDQ GDLO\ H[SRVXUHWRWKHVXPRI3%'(VRIQJGD\SHUSHUVRQ

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

(7)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

'DWDDQGPHWKRGV

6DPSOHV

7KH 5,92 GHWHUPLQHG WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI 3%'(V +%&' 3%%V DQG 7%%3$ LQ VDPSOHV /HRQDUGV HW DO  VHH $SSHQGL[   IURP WKH IRRG FDWHJRULHV GDLU\ PHDW DQLPDO IDW HJJV ILVK DQG YHJHWDEOH RLO 7DEOH   7KH VDPSOHV ZHUH REWDLQHG IURP WKH FXUUHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWR GLR[LQV DQG SRO\FKORULQDWHG ELSKHQ\OV RI WKH ,QVSHFWRUDWH IRU +HDOWK 3URWHFWLRQ .HXULQJVGLHQVW YDQ :DUHQ  UHJLRQ (DVW )RU HDFK SURGXFWSRROHGVDPSOHVZHUHPDGHE\WKH,QVSHFWRUDWH

7DEOH)RRGSURGXFWVDQDO\VHGE\5,92

&DWHJRU\ 3URGXFW 1XPEHURI

SRROHG VDPSOHV 'DLU\DQGGDLU\SURGXFWV EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH KDUGFKHHVH PLON ZKLSSLQJFUHDP FRIIHHFUHDPHU      (JJV HJJ  0HDWDQGSRXOWU\ EHHI SRUN SRXOWU\    $QLPDOIDWV IDWRIFDWWOH IDWRISLJV  )LVK SODLFH VDOPRQ PDFNHUHO KHUULQJ HHO PXVVHO VKULPS        9HJHWDEOHRLO RLO VXQIORZHUROLYHRLO  VPRNHGHHO Q  ,-VVHOPHHUHHO Q  KDWFKHGHHO Q  DQGLPSRUWHGHHO Q 

7KHVDPSOHVZHUHDQDO\VHGE\5,92IRU3%'(V3%%V7%%3$0H7%%3$DQG+%&' $SSHQGL[   3URFHVVHG VDPSOHV DUH DQDO\VHG E\ JDV FKURPDWRJUDSK\ ZLWK PDVV VSHFWURPHWU\

,QWDNHFDOFXODWLRQ

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

(8)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

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³PLGGOH´VFHQDULRIRUVDPSOHV ZLWKD%)5OHYHOORZHUWKDQWKHOLPLWRIGHWHFWLRQ /2' DYDOXHRI /2'ZDVDVVXPHG )LJXUH D  7KH 5,92 GHWHUPLQHG D /2' IRU HYHU\ DQDO\VLV VHSDUDWHO\ /HRQDUGV HW DO  :KHQDFRPSRXQGFRXOGQRWEHGHWHFWHGDWDOOLQDIRRGJURXSWKHIRRGJURXSZDV RPLWWHGIRUWKDWFRPSRXQG,QVFHQDULR ³ORZ´VFHQDULR WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIQRQGHWHFWV DUHVHWWR]HUR )LJXUHD 7KHUHDVRQWRSHUIRUPWZRFDOFXODWLRQVZDVWKDWIRUVRPHVDPSOHV 5,92UHSRUWHGYHU\KLJKGHWHFWLRQOLPLWV)RUH[DPSOHRQHSRUNVDPSOH VHH$SSHQGL[ KDVDGHWHFWLRQ OLPLWIRU%'( RIQJJZKLOHWKH PD[LPXPPHDVXUHG %'(  FRQFHQWUDWLRQ LQ SRUN HTXDOV  QJJ 7KXV LQ WKLV FDVH WKH QRQGHWHFW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GRPLQDWHVWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHLQWDNH,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHVHSDUDWHFRPSRXQGVZHDQDO\VHG WKHVXPRIWKH3%'(V7KLVVXPZDVFDOFXODWHGLQWZRPDQQHUVWUHDWLQJWKHQRQGHWHFWVLQ WZR GLIIHUHQW ZD\V )LJXUH E  ,Q VFHQDULR $ ³FRQJHQHU VFHQDULR´  WKH 3%'( FRQJHQHUV KDYLQJRQO\QRQGHWHFWVLQDIRRGJURXSZHUHDVVXPHGWRKDYHDFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI,IRQHRU PRUH VDPSOHV RI D FRQJHQHU LQ D IRRG JURXS LV SRVLWLYH IRU WKLV FRQJHQHU WKH UHVW RI WKH VDPSOHVLQWKLVJURXSJHWVDYDOXHRI /2'IRUVFHQDULRRU]HURIRUVFHQDULR )LJXUH E ,QVFHQDULR% ³IRRGJURXSVFHQDULR´ LIRQHRUPRUHRIWKH3%'(FRQJHQHUVKDVRQHRU PRUH SRVLWLYH VDPSOHV LQ D IRRG JURXS WKH YDOXH RI  /2' RU ]HUR ZDV WDNHQ IRU WKH VDPSOHV RI DOO FRQJHQHUV RI WKLV IRRG JURXS ZLWK FRQFHQWUDWLRQV  /2' HYHQ LI IRU D FRQJHQHUDOOVDPSOHVDUHEHORZWKHOLPLWRIGHWHFWLRQ VHH)LJXUH 7KHUHVXOWVRIVFHQDULR ZLOOORJLFDOO\EHKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHRIVFHQDULR&RPSDULQJWKHRXWFRPHRIVFHQDULRV$DQG %LVKRZHYHUPRUHFRPSOLFDWHG)RUVFHQDULRVLQFHLQVFHQDULR%DQXPEHURI³]HURV´RI VFHQDULR $ DUH UHSODFHG E\  /2' WKH FDOFXODWHG PHDQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ DQG LQWDNH RI VFHQDULR%ZLOOEHKLJKHUWKDQIRUVFHQDULR$ )LJXUHE ,QVFHQDULRWKHQXPEHURI³]HURV´ RIVFHQDULR%LVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIVFHQDULR$DQGWKHFDOFXODWHGPHDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQDQG LQWDNHRIVFHQDULR%ZLOOEHORZHUWKDQIRUVFHQDULR$ )LJXUHE 

(9)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI )LJXUH )ORZGLDJUDPRIWKHGLHWDU\LQWDNHHVWLPDWLRQPHWKRG )LJXUH 6FKHPHRIVFHQDULRVXVHGIRUWKHLQGLYLGXDO%)5V D DQGWKHVXPRIWKH3%'(V E 0XOWLSOLFDWLRQ 6XPRYHUIRRGFRPPRGLWLHV 'LHWDU\LQWDNH QJNJEZGD\ 'XWFK1DWLRQDO)RRG

&RQVXPSWLRQ6XUYH\GDWDEDVH 5HVLGXHPHDVXUHPHQWVLQIRRGSURGXFWV

&3$3PRGHO FRRNHU\ERRN 0HDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQSHU IRRGFRPPRGLW\ JJ &RQVXPSWLRQJGD\RILQGLYLGXDO1(92 IRRGSURGXFWVIRUSHUVRQV &RQVXPSWLRQJGD\RISULPDU\ DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWVIRUSHUVRQV ,QGLYLGXDO%)5V 6FHQDULR ³PLGGOH´VFHQDULR  VDPSOHV/2'  /2' 6FHQDULR ³ORZ´VFHQDULR  VDPSOHV/2'  6XP3%'(V $FRQJHQHUVFHQDULR %IRRGJURXSVFHQDULR 6FHQDULR/2'  /2' 6FHQDULR/2'  6FHQDULR/2'  /2' 6FHQDULR/2'  D E $!% %!$

(10)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

5HVXOWV

$YHUDJHLQWDNHRIEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVE\WKH'XWFK

SRSXODWLRQ

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¶VPLON   (HO   +HUULQJ  0DFNHUHO   3ODLFH   6DOPRQ   6KULPS   0XVVHOV   9HJHWDEOHRLODQGIDWV   1(92SURGXFWFRGHV 1(92SURGXFWFRGHV  )RUWKHVXPRI3%'(V FRQJHQHUVFHQDULR WKHPHDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQVWKHFDOFXODWHGLQWDNHV DQG WKH FRQWULEXWLRQV WR WKH WRWDO LQWDNH DFFRUGLQJ WR VFHQDULR  DQG  DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH 2QO\ WKRVH IRRG JURXSV ZKLFK FRQWULEXWH PRUH WKDQ   WR WKH WRWDO LQWDNH DUH

(11)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI LQFOXGHGLQWKHWDEOH7KHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH FRQJHQHUVFHQDULRDQGWKH IRRGJURXSVFHQDULRDUHVPDOOWKHUHIRUHRQO\WKHIRUPHUVFHQDULRLVSUHVHQWHG7KHFRPSOHWH VHWRIGDWDFDQEHIRXQGLQ$SSHQGL[)RU+%&'DVLPLODUWDEOHLVSUHVHQWHG 7DEOH :H UHSRUWWKHVXPRIWKH3%'(VKHUHVLQFHLWFDQEHFRPSDUHGZLWKRWKHUVWXGLHVZKLOH+%&' ZDVFKRVHQEHFDXVHRILWVKLJKHVWLQFLGHQFH

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≥DUHVKRZQ

&DWHJRU\ Q! /2' 0HDQ FRQFQJJ 6FHQDULR 0HDQ FRQFQJJ 6FHQDULR 0HDQ LQWDNH QJGD\ 6FHQDULR 0HDQ LQWDNH QJGD\ 6FHQDULR &RQWULE  6FHQDULR &RQWULE  6FHQDULR &KHHVH        %HHI        3RUN        3RXOWU\        +HUULQJ       6DOPRQ        1(92SURGXFWFRGHV 

7DEOH 0HDQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQV FDOFXODWHG PHDQ LQWDNHV RI +%&' DQG WKH UHODWLYH FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH WRWDO DYHUDJH LQWDNH E\ WKH 'XWFK SRSXODWLRQ SHU IRRG FDWHJRU\ DFFRUGLQJ WR VFHQDULR  /2'    /2'  DQG VFHQDULR  /2'   2QO\ FDWHJRULHVZLWKFRQWULEXWLRQV≥DUHVKRZQ &DWHJRU\ Q! /2' 0HDQFRQFQJJ 6FHQDULR 0HDQ FRQFQJJ 6FHQDULR 0HDQ LQWDNH QJGD\ 6FHQDULR 0HDQ LQWDNH QJGD\ 6FHQDULR &RQWULE  6FHQDULR &RQWULE  6FHQDULR %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RXOWU\        (JJV        &RZ¶VPLON        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        9HJRLODQGIDWV       

(12)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI $VXPPDU\RIWKHWRWDODYHUDJHLQWDNHVRIWKH%)5VLVUHSRUWHGLQ7DEOH5DQNLQJWKH %)5VDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUFDOFXODWHGLQWDNHVWKHIROORZLQJUHVXOWLVREWDLQHG +%&'!%'(!%'(!%'(≅%'(!%'(!!%'( %HDZDUHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKHXQFHUWDLQW\LQWKHFDOFXODWHGLQWDNHVLVODUJHGXHWRWKHORZ QXPEHURI SRVLWLYH VDPSOHV

7DEOH  7RWDO DYHUDJH GLHWDU\ LQWDNH RI %)5V E\ WKH 'XWFK SRSXODWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR VFHQDULR /2'  /2' DQGVFHQDULR /2'   &RPSRXQG 0HDQLQWDNHQJ NJEZGD\  VFHQDULR 0HDQLQWDNHQJ NJEZGD\  VFHQDULR %'(   %'(   %'(   %'(   %'(   %'(   6XP3%'(V  VFHQDULR$ 

 VFHQDULR%   VFHQDULR$  VFHQDULR%

7%%3$   +%&'   EZ±ERG\ZHLJKWWKHPHDQERG\ZHLJKWRI'1)&6SDUWLFLSDQWVZDVNJ VFHQDULR$FRQJHQHUVFHQDULR VFHQDULR%IRRGJURXSVFHQDULR

&RPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUVWXGLHV

7KHGLHWDU\LQWDNHRI3%'(VZDVDOVRVWXGLHGLQ&DQDGDWKH8.DQG6ZHGHQ

7KH GDLO\ GLHWDU\ H[SRVXUH RI &DQDGLDQ DGXOWV WR WKH VXP RI 3%'(V      DQG   ZDV HVWLPDWHG YLD D ³PDUNHW EDVNHW´ VWXG\ SRROHG VDPSOHV FRPSRVHGIURPGLIIHUHQWIRRGSURGXFWV DWQJGD\SHUSHUVRQ 5\DQDQG3DWU\ 7DEOH ,QWKH8.WKHGLHWDU\LQWDNHRIWKHVXPRI3%'(VZDVHVWLPDWHGXVLQJGDWD RQWKH3%'(FRQWHQWRIGXSOLFDWHGLHWVDPSOHV SRROHGVDPSOHVRIIRRGHDWHQE\D SHUVRQ GXULQJ WKH ZKROH GD\  DQG IRRG PDVV LQJHVWLRQ GDWD IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDOV FRQVXPLQJHDFKGLHWVDPSOH :LMHVHNHUDHWDO 7KHHVWLPDWHGPHGLDQYDOXHIRU WKH³ORZ´VFHQDULR LHVDPSOHV/2'DUHVHWWR]HUR ZDVQJGD\SHUSHUVRQ7KH GDWD RI :LMVHNHUD HW DO   LQGLFDWH D ZLGH UDQJH RI LQGLYLGXDO LQWDNHV IURP QJGD\ WR  QJGD\ 7DEOH   7KH 6ZHGLVK GLHWDU\ LQWDNH HVWLPDWH 'DUQHUXG HW DO ZDVPDGHRQWKHEDVLVRI3%'(OHYHOV %'(DQG LQ PDUNHW EDVNHW VDPSOHV IURP  $VVXPLQJ D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI KDOI WKH GHWHFWLRQ OLPLW IRU WKRVH VDPSOHV ZKLFK KDG FRQFHQWUDWLRQV EHORZ WKH GHWHFWLRQ OLPLW ³PLGGOH´ HVWLPDWLRQ WKHWRWDO3%'(LQWDNHLQ6ZHGHQZDVHVWLPDWHGWREHQJGD\ 7DEOH  7KH³ORZ´HVWLPDWHRIWKHPHDQLQWDNHRIWKHVXPRI3%'(VLQ7KH1HWKHUODQGVLVORZHUWKDQ WKDWLQWKH8.DQG&DQDGDEXWWKH³PLGGOH´HVWLPDWHLVKLJKHUWKDQLQ6ZHGHQ+RZHYHULW LVGLIILFXOWWRPDNHDIDLUFRPSDULVRQRIWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ZLWKWKHRQHVIURP &DQDGD 8. DQG 6ZHGHQ ,Q WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV IURP 5,92 XVHG LQ WKH FXUUHQW VWXG\ VDPSOHVRILQGLYLGXDOIRRGSURGXFWVDUHDQDO\VHG7KHRWKHUVWXGLHVXVHGVDPSOHVFRPSRVHG

(13)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

RI GLIIHUHQW IRRG SURGXFWV )LUVWO\ ZKHQ WKH DQDO\VLV PHWKRG LV QRW YHU\ VHQVLWLYH LQ FRPSRVHGVDPSOHVWKHUHVLGXHFRQFHQWUDWLRQGHWHFWHGLQDVLQJOHIRRGSURGXFWFDQEHVSUHDG RXWDQGEHFRPHDQRQGHWHFW6HFRQGO\WKH³PDUNHWEDVNHW´PHWKRGXVHG LQWKH &DQDGLDQ DQG6ZHGLVKVWXGLHVGRHVQRWLQFOXGHDOOIRRGSURGXFWV$OWKRXJKPHDVXUHPHQWVRI5,92DUH SHUIRUPHGIRUDOLPLWHGQXPEHURIIRRGSURGXFWVWKHLQWDNHHVWLPDWLRQPHWKRGXVHGLQWKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ LQFOXGHVD FRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHU RI FRPSRVLWHIRRG SURGXFWV FRQWDLQLQJWKHVH DQDO\VHGSULPDU\SURGXFWV 7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRIGLHWDU\LQWDNHVRIWKHVXPRI3%'(VIURPGLIIHUHQWVWXGLHV &RXQWU\ 0HDQGLHWDU\LQWDNH RIWKHVXPRI3%'(V QJGD\ 0HWKRG 5HIHUHQFH &DQDGD  ³PDUNHWEDVNHW´ FRPSRVHGVDPSOHV 5\DQ 8.   UDQJH

 ³GXSOLFDWHGLHW´FRPSRVHGVDPSOHVIURPLQGLYLGXDOV :LMHVHNHUD

6ZHGHQ  ³PDUNHWEDVNHW´FRPSRVHG

VDPSOHVSHUIRRGJURXS 'DUQHUXG 7KH1HWKHUODQGV   6LQJOHIRRGSURGXFWVDPSOHV 7KLVVWXG\ ³ORZ´HVWLPDWH

(14)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

&RQFOXVLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV

8VLQJWKHSUHVHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQGDWDRQO\DURXJKHVWLPDWLRQRIWKHLQWDNHRI%)5VFDQEH PDGHGXHWRWKHORZDPRXQWRIDQDO\VHGVDPSOHVDQGKLJKSHUFHQWDJHRIQRQGHWHFWVKHUHLQ 7KHFDOFXODWHGPHDQGLHWDU\LQWDNHVRIWKH³PLGGOH´VFHQDULR DVVXPLQJDYDOXHRI /2' IRU QRQGHWHFWV  DQG WKH ³ORZ´ VFHQDULR QRQGHWHFWV DUH VHW WR ]HUR WKH YDOXHV IURP WKLV VFHQDULRDUHSODFHGEHWZHHQEUDFNHWV DUH  QJNJEZGD\IRUWKHVXPRI3%'(V   QJNJEZGD\IRU7%%3$DQG  QJNJEZGD\IRU+%&'

7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHWZRLQWDNHVFHQDULRV ³PLGGOH´DQG³ORZ´ ZKHWKHU ORRNLQJDWFDOFXODWHGLQWDNHVRUDWUHODWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQVSHUIRRGFDWHJRU\WRWKHWRWDOLQWDNH LV ODUJH IRU PRVW %)5V LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH ³PLGGOH´ VFHQDULR DUH ODUJHO\ GHWHUPLQHGE\WKHOHYHOVRIWKHGHWHFWLRQOLPLWV7KHUHIRUHLWLVFRQFOXGHGWKDWPRUHVHQVLWLYH GHWHFWLRQWHFKQLTXHVDUHQHHGHGWRUHGXFHWKHXQFHUWDLQW\LQWKHFDOFXODWLRQV,QDGGLWLRQD ODUJHUQXPEHURIVDPSOHVSHUIRRGFRPPRGLW\VKRXOGEHDQDO\VHGWRUHGXFHWKHXQFHUWDLQW\ LQWKHLQWDNHHVWLPDWLRQ $OWKRXJKQRWHVWLPDWHGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKHH[SRVXUHWR%)5VYLDLQKDODWLRQRILQGRRUDLU PD\EHVLJQLILFDQW aRQHWKLUGRIWKHLQWDNHYLDIRRG DQGVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW

$FNQRZOHGJPHQW

:HZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN3/HRQDUGVDQG-GH%RHUIURPWKH5,92IRUVXSSO\LQJWKHGDWDRQ %)5FRQFHQWUDWLRQVLQIRRGVWXIIV

(15)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

5HIHUHQFHV

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± LQ'XWFK =HLVW7121XWULWLRQDQG)RRG5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH712UHSRUW 9 .UJHU&  3RO\EURPLQDWHGELSKHQ\OVDQGSRO\EURPLQDWHGGLSKHQ\OHWKHUV±GHWHFWLRQ DQGTXDQWLWDWLRQLQVHOHFWHGIRRGV3K'7KHVLV8QLYHUVLW\RI0XQVWHU*HUPDQ\ /HRQDUGV3%UDQGVPD6.UXLMW$/RKPDQ09DQ+HVVHOLQJHQ-DQG'H%RHU-  %DFNJURXQGYDOXHVRIEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVLQIRRGSURGXFWV1HWKHUODQGV ,QVWLWXWHIRU)LVKHULHV5HVHDUFK,-PXLGHQFRQFHSWUHSRUW,Q'XWFK 0F'RQDOG7  $SHUVSHFWLYHRQWKHSRWHQWLDOKHDOWKULVNVRI3%'(V&KHPRVSKHUH  1(92  1(92WDEHO1HWKHUODQGV1XWULHQWGDWDEDVH6WLFKWLQJ1(92 9RHGLQJVFHQWUXP'HQ+DDJ ,Q'XWFK 

(16)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI 5\DQ-.DQG3DWU\5  %RG\EXUGHQVDQGIRRGH[SRVXUHLQ&DQDGDIRU SRO\EURPLQDWHGGLSKHQ\OHWKHUV %'(V 2UJDQRKDORJHQ&RPSGV 6HOOVWU|P8  3RO\EURPLQDWHGGLSKHQ\OHWKHUVLQWKH6ZHGLVKHQYLURQPHQW)LO/LF 7KHVLV6WRFNKROP8QLYHUVLW\6WRFNKROP6ZHGHQ :LMHVHNHUD5+DOOLZHOO&+XQWHU6+DUUDG6  $SUHOLPLQDU\DVVHVVPHQWRI8. KXPDQH[SRVXUHWRSRO\EURPLQDWHGGLSKHQ\OHWKHUV 3%'(V 2UJDQRKDORJHQ&RPSGV 

:LQWHU6RUNLQD5GH%DNNHU0,%DXPDQQ5$+RRJHUEUXJJHR. and =HLOPDNHU0-

([SRVXUHDVVHVVPHQWRI'XWFKQXUVLQJLQIDQWVWREURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVYLDEUHDVW PLON5,90UHSRUW%LOWKRYHQ7KH1HWKHUODQGV

:LW&$GH  $QRYHUYLHZRIEURPLQDWHGIODPHUHWDUGDQWVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQW &KHPRVSKHUH

(17)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

$SSHQGL[&RQFHQWUDWLRQVRI%)5VLQIRRGVDPSOHV

&RQFHQWUDWLRQV QJJSURGXFW RIGRPLQDQW3%'(FRQJHQHUV7%%3$DQG+%&'LQ DQDO\VHGVDPSOHV /HRQDUGVHWDO  5,92 /,06QR 3URGXFW %'( %'( %'( %'( %'( %'( 7%%3$ +%&'  3RXOWU\         3RXOWU\         3RXOWU\         3RXOWU\         3RXOWU\         3RXOWU\         'UXPVWLFN          'UXPVWLFN          'UXPVWLFN          3RUN         3RUN          3RUN         3RUN          3RUN         %HHI          %HHI         %HHI         %HHI         %HHI         %HHI         %HHI          %HHIIDW          %HHIIDW          %HHIIDW          %HHIIDW         3RUNIDW          3RUNIDW          3RUNIDW          6RIWFKHHVH          6RIWFKHHVH          6RIWFKHHVH         6RIWFKHHVH         6RIWFKHHVH         6RIWFKHHVH         6RIWFKHHVH         6RIWFKHHVH         6RIWFKHHVH          6RIWFKHHVH          6RIWFKHHVH          &KHHVH )ULFR          &KHHVH 8QLHNDDV          &KRFRODWHPLON          0LON          0LON          0LON          0LON          0LON        

(18)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI  &RIIHHFUHDPHU          :KLSSHGFUHDP          :KLSSHGFUHDP          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          (JJV          2OLYHRLO         2OLYHRLO         2OLYHRLO         2OLYHRLO         2OLYHRLO         2OLYHRLO         9HJHWDEOHRLO         9HJHWDEOHRLO         6DOPRQ          3ODLFH          0DFNHUHO          0DFNHUHO          +HUULQJ         +HUULQJ         6PRNHGHHO          ,-VVHOPHHUHHO          ,-VVHOPHHUHHO          +DWFKHGHHO          +DWFKHGHHO          +DWFKHGHHO          ,PSRUWHGHHO          ,PSRUWHGHHO          0XVVHO          0XVVHO          6KULPS         EDGTXDOLW\PHDVXUHPHQW

(19)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

$SSHQGL[ %URPLQDWHG IODPH UHWDUGDQWV DQDO\VHG E\

5,92

1DPH ,83$&QU 6WUXFWXUH 3%'(                ¶WUL ¶¶WHWUD ¶WHWUD ¶¶WHWUD ¶WHWUD ¶¶WHWUD ¶¶SHQWD ¶¶SHQWD ¶¶SHQWD ¶¶SHQWD ¶¶¶KH[D ¶¶¶KH[D ¶¶¶KH[D ¶¶KHSWD ¶¶¶¶¶GHFD 3%%       ¶GL ¶¶WHWUD ¶¶WHWUD ¶¶SHQWD ¶¶¶KH[D ¶¶¶¶¶GHFD 7%%3$ WHWUDEURPRELVSKHQRO$ 0H7%%3$ PHWK\OWHWUDEURPRELVSKHQRO$ +%&' KH[DEURPRF\FORGRGHFDQH

(20)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

$SSHQGL[ 'LHWDU\LQWDNHRI%)5V

7KHDYHUDJHFRQFHQWUDWLRQV IURP5,92GDWD WKHFDOFXODWHGDYHUDJHLQWDNHVRI%)5V DQGWKHUHODWLYHFRQWULEXWLRQRIIRRGFDWHJRULHVWRWKHWRWDODYHUDJHLQWDNHE\WKH'XWFK SRSXODWLRQSHUIRRGFDWHJRU\³0LGGOH´HVWLPDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIQRQGHWHFWVDUHVHW WR /2'³/RZ´HVWLPDWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIQRQGHWHFWVDUHVHWWR]HUR &DWHJRU\ 1RRI VDPSOHV !/2' 0HDQ FRQFQJJ /2'  /2' 0HDQ FRQFQJJ /2'  0HDQ LQWDNH QJGD\ /2'  /2' 0HDQ LQWDNH QJGD\ /2'  5HODWLYH FRQWULEX WLRQ /2'  /2 ' 5HODWLYH FRQWULEX WLRQ  /2'  %'( 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (JJV        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        %'( 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (JJV        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ      0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV       

(21)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI 9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        %'( 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (JJV        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        %'( 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (J J V        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ        0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        %'( 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ        3RXOWU\        (J J V       

(22)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ        0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        %'( 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (J J V        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        6XPRI3%'(V³0LGGOH´VFHQDULR /2'  /2' 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH  0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (J J V        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        6XPRI3%'(V³/RZ´VFHQDULR /2'  6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH  0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ 0HDQ

(23)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI 6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (J J V        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        7%%3$ 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (J J V        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV        9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        +%&' 6XPRI EOXHYHLQHGFKHHVH        6XPRIFKHHVH        :KLSSHGFUHDP        %HHI        )DWRIFDWWOH        3RUN        )DWRISLJ       3RXOWU\        (JJV        &RZ¶VPLON        (HO        +HUULQJ       0DFNHUHO        3ODLFH        6DOPRQ        6KULPS        0XVVHOV       

(24)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI 9HJHWDEOH RLO DQG IDWV        1(92SURGXFWFRGHV 1(92SURGXFWFRGHV  0HDQ&RQJHQHUVZLWKQRSRVLWLYHVDPSOHVZHUHDVVXPHGWRKDYHDFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI]HUR

0HDQ ,I RQH RI WKH %'( FRQJHQHUV LV SRVLWLYH IRU WKDW VDPSOH WKH YDOXH RI  /2' ZDV WDNHQ IRU WKRVH FRQJHQHUVZLWKFRQFHQWUDWLRQV/2'

(25)

5,90UHSRUW SDJHRI

$SSHQGL[ 0DLOLQJOLVW

 3URI33HWHUV9:$  ,U+GH*RHLM9:6  'ULU*.OHWHU.Y:  'U-0GH6WRSSHODDU9*%9:6  'UV%:2RPV9:$  'ULU:GH:LW9:$  'U:)3DVVFKLHU*H]RQGKHLGVUDDG  'U-GH%RHU5,92,-PXLGHQ  'U3(*/HRQDUGV5,92,-PXLGHQ  'U&'GH*RRLMHU5,.,/7:DJHQLQJHQ  'U5)0YDQ*RUFRP5,.,/7:DJHQLQJHQ  'U.)$0+XOVKRI7129RHGLQJ  'U&$GH:LW8QLYHUVLW\RI6WRFNKROP  3URIGU-3%RRQ1,2=7H[HO  'U*(OOHQ1,=2(GH  'U32'DUQHUXG1DWLRQDO)RRG$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ6ZHGHQ  'U7$0F'RQDOG&DOLIRUQLD(3$86$  'U-.5\DQ+HDOWK&DQDGD&DQDGD  'U5:LMHVHNHUD8QLYHUVLW\RI&RORPER6UL/DQND  'U*%HFKHU1RUZHJLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI3XEOLF+HDOWK1RUZD\  'U50DOLVFK6WDWH,QVWLWXWHIRU&KHPLFDODQG9HWHULQDU\$QDO\VLVRI)RRG*HUPDQ\  'U-6/D.LQG/D.LQG$VVRFLDWHV86$  'U6+DUUDG8QLYHUVLW\RI%LUPLQJKDP8.  'U/6%LUQEDXP86(3$86$ 25-34 Werkgroep dioxinen

35 Depot Nederlandse Publikaties en Nederlandse Bibliografie 36 Directie RIVM

37 Prof. dr. ir. D. Kromhout 38 Dr. ir. M.N. Pieters 39 Dr. L.A. van Ginkel

 'U($+RJHQGRRUQ  Dr. F.X.R. van Leeuwen  Dr. A.G. Oomen

 Dr. ir. A.J.A.M. Sips  Dr. C.H.M. Versantvoort  PrRIGU-*9RV 46 ,U+-YDQGH:LHO 47-50 authors 51 SBC/afdeling Communicatie 52 Bureau Rapportenregistratie 53 Bibliotheek RIVM 54 Archief SIR 55-59 Bureau Rapportenbeheer 5HVHUYHH[HPSODUHQ

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

7KH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ HQFKRQGURPD RU RVWHRFKRQGURPD DQG ORZJUDGH..

The study recorded in this report considers the risk assessment and the temporal trends of the three predominant brominated flame retardants (BFRs): hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD),

$QRWKHU OLPLWDWLRQ RI WKH VWXG\ ZDV WKH LQVXɝFLHQW FRQVHQVXV EHWZHHQ WKH WZR UHVHDUFKHUVZLWKUHJDUGWRVFRULQJWKHGL΍HUHQWVWDQGLQJSRVWXUHVDVSURSRVHGE\

7KH ÀUVW OLQH WUHDWPHQW VWUDWHJ\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH VWDJH RI WKH WXPRU DW WLPH RI

For analysis of PBBs in biological samples from marine or freshwater environment, similar extraction and clean up techniques as for PCBs are used.. Lipids can be

EORRG SUHVVXUH DQG FUHDWLQLQH FOHDUDQFH DW WKH DJH RI  \HDUV XS WR WKH DJH RI.  \HDUV &KDSWHU IRXU GHVFULEHV WKH DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ EORRG

,W KDV EHHQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKH GLVFUHSDQF\ LQ UHFXUUHQFH ULVN EHWZHHQ WKH VH[HV FRXOG. EH H[SODLQHG E\ DQ DJH GLIIHUHQFH DW WKH WLPH RI WKH ¿UVW HYHQW

 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH SUHVHQW UHVHDUFK KDYH ERWK WKHRUHWLFDO DQG SUDFWLFDO LPSOLFDWLRQV 7KH PRGHO RI 3UDWW ZDV XHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH LQWHQWLRQV