Sinds 2009 worden meisjes van 12 jaar in het kader van het Rijksvaccinatieprogramma
gevaccineerd met een vaccin tegen humaanpapillomavirusinfecties. Dat vaccin is gericht tegen het ontstaan van cervixcarcinoom.
De verwachting is dat dit vaccinatieprogramma vanaf 2025 in Nederland het aantal nieuwe gevallen van cervixcarcinoom geleidelijk zal terugbrengen van 700 naar 300 per jaar en het aantal doden van ruim 200 naar 100. Het aantal afwijkende uitstrijkjes en premaligne laesies zal van 13.000 per jaar naar 4000 dalen (www.rivm.nl).
Tegen de types 16 en 18 die 70 % van de gevallen van cervixcarcinoom veroorzaken is een vaccin beschikbaar. Preventie vereist 3 injecties met het vaccin in 6 maanden tijd. In gerandomiseerde preventie trials is vaccinatie zeer effectief gebleken bij vrouwen die niet eerder met het virus besmet zijn geraakt (vaccinwerkzaamheid 95 tot 100%). Dat wil zeggen dat het vaccin beschermt tegen het oplopen van de types 16 en 18 en tevens tegen door die 2 virustypes veroorzaakte voorloperlaesies van cervixcarcinoom (CIN1 CIN2 en CIN3 en carcinoma in situ). 150151152153 154155156
De kans op effect van vaccinatie wordt kleiner naarmate vrouwen ouder zijn, omdat dan de kans dat zij met het virus in aanraking zijn geweest groter is. Daarom wordt gevaccineerd op een leeftijd waarop de meeste meisjes nog geen seksueel contact hebben gehad, namelijk 12 jaar. Tussen de leeftijd van 17 en 24 jaar is de kans dat een meisje nog geen infectie heeft opgelopen
groter dan 60% en is de kans dat die alsnog wordt opgelopen groot. Daarna wordt die verhouding ongunstiger. 157
Recent is gebleken dat vaccinatie ook de kans op het ontstaan van ziekte bij vrouwen die drager zijn van het virus vermindert. 158
Vaccin
Er zijn 2 verschillende vaccins op de Nederlandse markt. Een bivalent vaccin dat beschermt tegen HPV-types 16 en 18 die cervixcarcinoom veroorzaken, en een quadrivalent vaccin dat tevens beschermt tegen de typen 6 en 11 die condylomata acuminata veroorzaken. Onderzoeken met beide vaccins komen tot vergelijkbare cijfers wat betreft werkzaamheid ter preventie van type 16 en 18 gerelateerde pathologie en bijwerkingen. 151153154156 Het vaccin Gardasil beschermt behalve tegen HPV-types 16 en 18 ook tegen de HPV-types die condylomata acuminata
veroorzaken (6 en 11) (100% vaccineffectiviteit; 95%-BI 93 - 100). 151 De ziektelast door condylomata is aanzienlijk en bescherming daartegen is relevant. 159 Beide vaccins zijn veilig gebleken. 160
In een Australisch onderzoek waar vaccinatie met het quadrivalente gratis vaccin werd
aangeboden (van halverwege 2007 tot eind 2009 aan meisjes van 12 tot 18 jaar en vrouwen ≤ 26 jaar, daarna alleen aan meisjes van 12 tot 13 jaar), werd 4 jaar na start van dit
vaccinatieprogramma gezien dat wratten hierdoor bijna verdwenen bij mannen en vrouwen onder de 21 jaar. 161
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