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Chapter 3
________________________________________________________________________ 42 WBV measurements
WBV magnitude was measured under actual working conditions according to the
requirements of the international ISO standard 2631-117 and the VIBRISKS Protocol.18 WBV was measured at the driver/seat interface using a tri-axial seat accelerometer (including DIN-microdot Cable WL 0547). The recorded three-axis signals were amplified, converted to voltage and filtered with type 1700 (Br�el & Kjaer) three-channel human-vibration front end, with one channel connected to a 2260-I observer modular precision sound analyser (Br�el & Kjaer). Frequency-weighted root mean square (RMS) accelerations (ax, ayand az) were obtained from one-third octave band frequency spectra (1-80 Hz) of the signal recorded in the back-to-chest direction (x-axis), right-to-left direction (y-axis) and vertical direction (z-axis), using the ISO 2631-1 weighting factors.
At T0, the vibration measurements (n=49) were performed on a sample of lawn-mowing machines (n=9), wheeled loaders (n=8), excavators (n=7), lorries (n=6), dumpers (n=5), steamrollers (n=4), tractors (n=3), bulldozers (n=2), mobile cranes (n=2), boats (n=2) and an asphalt machine (n=1). At T1, we performed measurements using the same sample of vehicles.
The WBV measurements lasted 30 minutes for each vehicle. The first ten minutes consisted of acclimatisation to the tri-axial seat accelerometer, and the data obtained during the last 20 minutes were used to calculate WBV exposure.
The WBV measurement data were exported using Noise Explorer type 7815 version 4.7 software and stored and processed in an Excel Windows XP spreadsheet. In addition, zero values in the recorded signal were deleted and replaced by the average of the values one second before and one second after the zero value.
The criterion time, in expressing action or limit values, is almost always 8 hours as this is the most typical workday duration. The actual WBV exposure times can often be less than 8 hours. Therefore, we expressed the vibration vector sum (total value) of the frequency weighted (RMS) accelerations (aws) in m/s2 for a duration less than 8 hours as an 8-hour energy equivalent level with the formula (1):
(1)
where awx is the frequency weighted RMS for the x-axis (fore/aft direction), awyis the frequency weighted RMS for the y-axis (left/right direction) and awz is the frequency weighted RMS for the z-axis (vertical direction).
1.4awx² + 1.4awy² + awz² aws =
Chapter 3
________________________________________________________________________ 43 The vibration vector sum (total value) of the weighted root sums of quads (RMQ) accelerations (awq) in m/s4 was calculated according to Formula 2:
(2)
The aws and awq values were calculated only for drivers in the representative sample measured at the worksite. For drivers that were not measured, we calculated the WBV exposure by a specific procedure.. First, we used the direct WBV measurement data when the vehicles where of the same type. Second, when drivers were driving a comparable category of vehicle, the WBV exposure is calculated by using the mean values for the three WBV acceleration directions from the direct WBV measurement for each category of vehicles. Third, when no sufficient WBV data from the direct WBV measurement were present, data from earlier studies and data from existing WBV databases19,20 were used to calculate the WBV exposure. WBV exposure consist of a product of exposure intensity (expressed in acceleration) and exposure time. For each driver, five measures of daily WBV exposure and eight measures of cumulative WBV exposure were calculated (see Table 1). The duration of eight hours (T(8)) is expressed in seconds, with Ti representing the average daily time that the driver was exposed to WBV. For cases in which Ti was not measured, we used information from the self-administered questionnaire. The calculated cumulative exposure measures represent the lifetime exposure to WBV. The information, operated vehicle(s) and total time operating these vehicle(s), necessary to calculate this life time exposure for each driver were assessed with the self-administered questionnaire. To assess a possible exposure-response pattern for LBP outcomes in the professional drivers, measures of vibration exposure were divided into quartiles, with the lowest quartile as the reference category.
1.4awx4 + 1.4awy4 + awz4
awq =
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SFODFPGIPVSTPGFYQPTVSF Table 1: Definitions of the daily and the cumulative measures of WBV exposure
r.m.s.=root-sums-of-squares, r.m.q.=root-sums-of-quads, a= vibration intensity, ti=total hours of exposure, awsi= weighted acceleration using r.m.s measures, awqi= weighted acceleration using r.m.q measures and T(8)= reference of 8 hours of exposure
LBP outcomes
The LBP outcome measures were defined according to responses to the following items that were included in the self-administered questionnaire:
(i) LBP within the last 12 months: pain or discomfort in the low back area between the twelfth ribs and the gluteal folds (indicated in a figure), with or without radiating pain in one or both legs, lasting one day or longer in the previous twelve months.
(ii) Driving-related LBP: pain or discomfort in the low back area between the twelfth ribs and the gluteal folds (indicated in a figure), with or without radiating pain in one or both legs, during or immediately after driving a vehicle.
(iii) LBP intensity: LBP in the previous seven days associated with a pain score � 5 on a visual analogue scale (VAS) of the Von Korff pain-intensity scale was defined as LBP with a high pain intensity.12
(iv) LBP disability: LBP in the previous seven days associated with a disability score � 12 on the 24-item Roland Morris disability scale (RMDS) was defined as LBP with a high grade of disability.12
Measures of daily
WBV exposure Description Formula (Units)
Daily driving time (hours/day)
Av(8) Current r.m.s. over 8 hours (¦[awsi2ti] /T(8))1/2(ms-2 r.m.s.) Adom(8) Maximum r.m.s. over 8 hours (¦[awdom2ti] /T(8))1/2 (ms-2 r.m.s.) VDVv Current r.m.q. over 8 hours awq(ti*60*60)1/4(ms-1.75) VDVdom Maximum r.m.q.over 8 hours awdom(ti*60*60)1/4 (ms-1.75) Measures of
cumulative WBV exposure
Dose 1 Total years exposure Exposure duration (years)
Dose 2 Total hours exposure ¦[ti] (h)
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*OEJWJEVBMSJTLGBDUPSTGPSUIFPDDVSSFODFPGĝēġ FHBHF XFJHIU IFJHIU TNPLJOHBOE
ESJOLJOHIBCJUT NBSJUBMTUBUVTBOEQSFWJPVTCBDLUSBVNBXFSFBTTFTTFEVTJOHUIFTFMGBENJOJTUFSFE
1SFWJPVTCBDLUSBVNBXBTBTTFTTFEXJUIUIFTQFDJmDRVFTUJPO%JEZPV
FWFSIBWFBCBDLUSBVNBUIBUSFRVJSFEBWJTJUUPBNFEJDBMDFOUSF
8PSLSFMBUFESJTLGBDUPST
ɨFQSFWBMFODFPGXPSLSFMBUFESJTLGBDUPSTUIBUDPVMECFSFMBUFEUPUIFEFWFMPQNFOUPG
ĝēġXFSFBMTPBTTFTTFEXJUIUIFTFMGBENJOJTUFSFERVFTUJPOOBJSF"QIZTJDBMSJTLJOEFYXBTEFSJWFE
GSPNUIPTFGBDUPSTUIBUTJHOJmDBOUMZDPOUSJCVUFUPUIFPOTFUPGUIFĝēġPVUDPNFTɨFSJTLGBDUPST
XFSFBTTFTTFECZSBUJOHUIFGSFRVFODZBOEPSUIFEVSBUJPOPGFBDIQPTUVSFPOBGPVSJUFNJOEFY
TDBMF BTTJHOJOHBWBMVFGSPNUP OPUBUBMM POFIPVS IPVST IPVST"
NFBOWBMVFPGUIFQPTUVSBMJOEJDFTXBTDBMDVMBUFEGPSFBDIESJWFS
#HAPTER
"QTZDIPTPDJBMJOEFYXBTEFSJWFEGSPNOJOFGBDUPSTJOUIFTFMGBENJOJTUFSFERVFTUJPOOBJSF
DPODFSOJOHXPSLTBUJTGBDUJPOɨFTFQTZDIPTPDJBMGBDUPSTXFSFBTTFTTFECZSBUJOHFBDIGBDUPSPO
BmWFJUFNJOEFYTDBMFBTTJHOJOHBWBMVFGSPNUP WFSZEJTTBUJTmFE EJTTBUJTmFE OPU
EJTTBUJTmFEOPUTBUJTmFE TBUJTmFEBOE WFSZTBUJTmFE8FDBMDVMBUFEBNFBOWBMVFCBTFEPO
UIFTJHOJmDBOUQTZDIPTPDJBMJOEJDFTPOUIFPOTFUPGUIFĝēġPVUDPNFTGPSFBDIESJWFS#PUIOFXMZ
DPOTUSVDUFEJOEFYFTXFSFDBUFHPSJTJOHUIFBWFSBHFQPTUVSBMBOEQTZDIPTPDJBMMPBEJOUPRVBSUJMFT ɨFEBUBUIBUXFSFHBUIFSFEXJUIUIFTFMGBENJOJTUFSFERVFTUJPOOBJSFXFSFTUPSFEJOB
.JDSPTPGU"DDFTT EBUBCBTF
4UBUJTUJDBM"OBMZTJT
4UBUJTUJDBMBOBMZTJTXBTQFSGPSNFEXJUIĤġĤĤBOEĤĒĤGPS8JOEPXT$POUJOVPVT
WBSJBCMFT XFSF TVNNBSJTFE XJUI UIF NFBO BT B NFBTVSF PG DFOUSBM UFOEFODZ BOE UIF TUBOEBSE
EFWJBUJPO ĤĕBTBNFBTVSFPGEJTQFSTJPO*ODBTF POFPSNPSFJUFNTOFDFTTBSZUPDBMDVMBUFUIF
ģĞĕĤTVNTDPSF UIFQIZTJDBMSJTLPSQTZDIPTPDJBMJOEFYXBTOPUBOTXFSFE UIFTFDPVMEOPUCF
DBMDVMBUFE BOE UIFSFGPSF UIJT JOEJWJEVBM ESJWFS XBT MFGU PVU PG GVSUIFS BOBMZTJT ɨF EJĊFSFODF
CFUXFFOUXPPSNPSFUIBOUXPNFBOTXBTUFTUFEXJUIBOVOQBJSFE4UVEFOUTUUFTUPSBOBOBMZTJT
PGWBSJBODF ĒğĠħĒ SFTQFDUJWFMZɨFEJĊFSFODFJOUIFNFBOEBJMZBOEDVNVMBUJWFĨēħFYQPTVSF
NFBTVSFTBOEUIFNFBOĨēħMFWFMTBU5DPNQBSFEXJUI5XFSFUFTUFEXJUIBQBJSFE5UFTU5P
JEFOUJGZBQPTTJCMFEPTFSFTQPOTFQBUUFSO XFVTFEBQSPTQFDUJWFDPIPSUGPSNFECZUIFESJWFSTXIP
SFTQPOEFEUPCPUIRVFTUJPOOBJSFT
*OJUJBMMZ VOJWBSJBUFBTTPDJBUJPOTXFSFFYBNJOFEUPTUVEZUIFFĊFDUPGWBSJPVTQSFEJDUPST
PO UIF PDDVSSFODF PG MPX CBDL DPNQMBJOUT ɨFO NVMUJWBSJBUF MPHJTUJD SFHSFTTJPO NPEFMT XFSF
VTFEBU5 UPFYBNJOFXIJDIPGUIFJOEJWJEVBMPSXPSLSFMBUFESJTLGBDUPSTIBTUIFNPTUJOnVFODF
POUIFĝēġPVUDPNFT*ODBTFUXPWBSJBCMFTXFSFDPSSFMBUFEǚ UIFWBSJBCMFUIBUFYQMBJOFEUIF
MFBTUPGUIFWBSJBODFXBTPNJUUFEJOGVSUIFSBOBMZTJT#PUIUIFEBJMZBOEDVNVMBUJWFĨēħFYQPTVSF
NFBTVSFT JO RVBSUJMFT XJUI UIF MPXFTU RVBSUJMF BT UIF SFGFSFODF BOE UIF DPOGPVOEJOH GBDUPST
XFSFFOUFSFEJOUIFMPHJTUJDTNPEFMTBTDBUFHPSJDBMDPWBSJBUFT FYDFQUGPSBHF XIJDIXBTVTFEBTB
DPOUJOVPVTDPWBSJBUFɨFTJHOJmDBOUJOEJWJEVBMBOEXPSLSFMBUFESJTLGBDUPST Q GPVOEJO
FBDIPGUIFĝēġPVUDPNFTMPHJTUJDSFHSFTTJPOTBOBMZTJTXFSFBEKVTUFEGPSJOUIFBTTPDJBUFEPVUDPNF
ĨēħFYQPTVSFBOBMZTJT JOPSEFSUPBWPJEPWFSDPSSFDUJPO
5PBOBMZTFMPOHJUVEJOBMFĊFDUT XFVTFEBUSBOTJUJPOPSBVUPSFHSFTTJWFNPEFM*OUIJT
NPEFM UIFWBMVFPGUIFEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMF UIFĝēġNFBTVSFTBUUJNFQPJOU5BSFOPUPOMZSFMBUFE
UPUIFWBMVFPGUIFJOEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMF UIFEBJMZPSUIFDVNVMBUJWFĨēħFYQPTVSFNFBTVSFT CVUBMTPUPUIFWBMVFPGUIFEFQFOEFOUWBSJBCMFBU5"EWBOUBHFPGUIFUSBOTJUJPONPEFMJTUIBU
JUFYUSBDUTUIFMPOHJUVEJOBMQBSUPGUIFSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOUIFPVUDPNFBOEFYQPTVSFTJODFJU
BEKVTUT GPS UIF DSPTTTFDUJPOBM QBSU PG UIFSFMBUJPOTIJQ SFQSFTFOUFE CZ UIF PVUDPNF BU CBTFMJOF
5PUFTUJGUIFEPTFNFBTVSFTDPOUSJCVUFTUPUIFFYQMBJOFEWBSJBODFPGPVUDPNFXFDBMDVMBUFEUIF
#HAPTER
ɨFNFBOWBMVFTPGUIFWJCSBUJPONBHOJUVEF BXTPGFBDITQFDJmDDBUFHPSZPGWFIJDMFT
TIPXOPTJHOJmDBOUEJĊFSFODFTJOBOZPGUIFWFIJDMFHSPVQTCFUXFFO5BOE5 TFFUBCMF0OMZ
TIPXOPTJHOJmDBOUEJĊFSFODFTJOBOZPGUIFWFIJDMFHSPVQTCFUXFFO5BOE5 TFFUBCMF0OMZ