Abu Bakr ibn 'Ammar, His Life and Poetry.

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(1)i m. ABU BAKR IBN ' AMMAR, HI 3 «j. L IFE. AND. POETRY.. g y. t° l 0 S t / \. f ~a. A ^. ^ ^. ^. ^ ^ ^. ^. THK3IS SUBMITTED EXTERNALLY TO THE UNIVERSITY 0 ? LONDON FOR THE PH* D. DEGREE. IN. ARABIC*. AUGUST.. 1958.. i i.

(2) ProQuest N um ber: 11015946. All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.. uest ProQuest 11015946 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C opyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346.

(3) BAKR IB H. ABTT. 1 AMMAR. H IS L IF E AND POETRY. AH ABSTRACT Abu B a k r I b n ’ Ammar ( U 2 2 / 1 0 3 1 -U 7 7 /1 0 8 U ) was one o f th e m oBt p r o m in e n t p o e ts and s ta te s m e n o f M u s lim S p a in d u r in g th e age o f t h e M u lu k a l- T a w s if # He was b o r n i n. th e same y e a r t h a t w itn e s s e d. th e d o w n f a ll. o f th e Ummayyad d y n a s ty and d ie d o n ly a fe w y e a r s b e f o r e th e s t a r t o f th e A lm o r e v id re g im e i n. U 8U /1091*. T h is t h e s is w h ic h d e a ls w i t h. h is. life. end p o e t r y. c o n s is t s o f an i n t r o d u c t i o n and 15 c h a p te rs # d e e ls m a in ly w i t h. th e d i f f i c u l t i e s. ta k e A n d a lu s ia n s t u d ie s , and c o n t r a d ic t io n #. th e. n a m e ly th e s c a r c i t y o f in f o r m a t i o n. th e I n t r o d u c t io n s. s o u rc e s o f in f o r m a t io n i s. th e s is i s. w h ic h fa c e th o s e who u n d e r. The m o s t im p o r t a n t s o u rc e s o f t h i s. a r e a ls o d is c u s s e d i n r e lis b le. The i n t r o d u c t i o n. T h e ir v a lu e. c o n s id e re d #. t h e s is. as. A p la n. fo r. a ls o d ra w n here#. C h a p te r one i s. a b r i e f s u r v e y o f th e h i s t o r y o f th e. p e r io d #. C h a p te r two i s. r e v iv a l,. its. a m ore d e t a i l e d. d iffe r e n t phases,. s tu d y o f th e p o e t i c. th e c a u s e s t h a t le d. to. it,. and. th e p a r t w h ic h th e M u lu k a l- T a w a if had p la y e d # The b io g r a p h y o f Ib n 'A ra m a r engages th e n e x t 8 c h a p te rs # As t h e r e ha s b e e n no r e l i s b l e n e c e s s a ry i n. b io g r a p h y f o r t h e p o e t , i t was. o r d e r to c l e a r th e o b s u r i t y w h ic h had w ra pp ed h i s. name and c o r r e c t. th e e rro n e o u s c o n c e p tio n s a b o u t h im ,. t h i s b io g r a p h y fro m. th e o r i g i n a l. h i s own p o e t r y and t h a t o f h i s. s o u r c e s , m e tin g f u l l. c o m p a t r io t s , t h e. to make use o f. t h i n g w h ic h was. n o t g iv e n a n y r e a l w e ig h t b e fo r e # The l a s t 5 c h a p te r s d e a l w i t h h i s p o e try # o p in io n o f th e A n d a lu s ia n c r i t i c s c le a r ,. th e n t h e i r c r i t e r i a. At fir s t. th e. a b o u t th e p o e t was mode. was d is c u s s e d. so t h a t t h e i r ju d g e m e n t.

(4) rp m ig h t he c l e a r l y. a p p r e c ia te d. o t h e r A ra h p o e ts h e show n. has h e e n f o llo w e d. in. h is. p o e try ,. In. c o m p o s itio n w e re made c l e a r .. w ith. snd th e v a lu e o f. t h e l a s t c h a p t e r th e d i f f e r e n t c o l l e c t i o n s. w h ic h ha ve u n f o r t u n a t e l y h e e n l o s t ,. e x t a n t p o e t r y , c o m p ile d. t h e s is. is. o f h is. a r e c o n s id e r e d .. a c o lle c t io n o f h is. fro m o r i g i n a l s o u rc e s .. a c c o r d in g to th e. The. th e s t u d y o f t h e age engage a lo n g. The A r a b ic p a r t o f t h i s a rra n g e d. w h ic h t h e d i f f e r e n t. h i s im a g e ry and d i c t i o n. h i s p o e t r y as a s o u rc e f o r c h a p te r.. The p o e t i c a l c a r e e r o f th e p o e t. a s p e c ia l c h a p t e r i n. f a c t o r s w h ic h d ir e c t e d the m es o f t h e p o e t ,. and t h e p o e t 's p la c e among th e. T h e y a re. a l p h a b e t ic a l o r d e r o f t h e i r rhym es. a fe w e x p la n a t o r y f o o t n o t e s ..

(5) I n tr o d u c tio n CHAPTER. I. H i s t o r i c a l B a c k g ro u n d CHAPTER P o e t r y d u r in g. II. t h e M u lu k a l- T e w e ’ i f p e r io d . CHAPTER IT T. O r ig in. and E a r ly L i f e . CHAPTER. T b n r Am m Ir Coes i n t o. IV. A c t io n .. CHAPTER. Y. IbnViram ar i n M u r c ia . CHAPTER. VI. t h i t h e r I b n t Ammar? CHAPTER V I I I b n €Am m ir I n. Z a ra g o z a CHAPTER V I I I. In. •. -. th e Hands o f a l- M u cta m ld . CHAPTER. IX. The C h a r a c te r o f I b n cAmmar. CHAPTER. X. I b n t Ammar as a S ta te s m a n . CHAPTER. XI. The O p in io n o f th e A n c ie n t C r i t i c s a b o u t Ib n ^ A m m ir as a P o e t . CHAPTER X I I The R u d im e n ts o f A n c ie n t C r i t i c i s m CHAPTER X I I I The P o e t ic C a re e r o f I b n cAmmitr..

(6) CHAPTER. XIV. The Themes o f IhnÂm roer* CHAPTER The ^ iw e n o f TbiÂm m Sr*. XV. L i s t o f Exsrooeen R e fe re n c e s *.

(7) I. NT R O D U C T I O N. The age o f th e p e t t y k in g s ( 5 t h / l 1 t h g o ld e n age f o r A r a b ic l i t e r a t u r e. in. a l- A n d s lu s .. in d e e d , one o f th e b r i g h t e s t p e r io d s lite r a t u r e. e s p e c ia lly p o e t r y . ( l ). p o e ts f l o u r i s h e d. in. It o f a ll. in. It. w a s,. th e h i s t o r y o f A r a b ic. N e v e r had so many p r o m in e n t. one A ra b c o u n try #. t h e i r od e s was n o t s im p ly r e s t r i c t e d b u t was e x te n d e d t o. c e n t u r y ) was th e. The p o p u l a r i t y o f to. t h e i r own c o u n t r y. a l l A ra b c o u n t r ie s *. w i l l b e u n n e c e s s a ry e l a b e r a t i o n th e p r o m in e n t p o e t s .. p o e t r y w i l l b e th e m a t e r i a l f o r t h i s t h is. c o n s t e ll a t io n #. won th e. a d m ir a t io n o f h i s. e m im e ra te th e names. The names o f m any o f them w i l l. be r e p e a t e d ly m e n tio n e d h e r e a f t e r # s ta r in. to. Ib n. f Ammar, whose l i f e. and. t h e s is was th e b r i g h t e s t. As a p o e t and as a s ta te s m a n he. c o m p a tr io ts #. u n d e s e r v e d ly n e g le c t e d , p a r t l y b e c a u s e -. U n f o r t u n a t e ly he was as I b n Bssssaa s a id -. h i s bad d e e d s e c lip s e d h i s good w o r d s , ( 2 )a n d p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f th e l o s s o f a la r g e p o r t i o n o f h i s p o e tr y # T h is t h e s is i s w h ic h i s. a llo tte d. composed o f t h r e e p a r t s ,. th e f i r s t o f. f o r th e s t u d y o f th e h i s t o r y. and th e l i t e r a r y. h i s t o r y o f th e age o f I b n ’ Ammar# T h is e v e n ts i n. is. th e p o e t’ s l i f e. may b e t r u e h is. n e c e s s a ry f o r th e u n d e r s t a n d in g o f many o f th e. g e n iu s. as w e l l as h is p o e tr y #. t h a t no g r e a t p o e t e v e r owed a n y g r e a t p a r t o f to h is. a g e , y e t a m an’ s m in d as r e g a r d s I t s. p e r s o n a l c o x ^ titu e n ts m u st n e e d s b e m o u ld e d b y h i s The seco nd p a r t i s. a llo tt e d. and c h a r a c t e r o f th e p o e t , p o e tr y s. h is. th e v a r io u s. T hough i t. t im e .. t o t h e s t u d y o f th e l i f e. th e t h i r d. p a r t to. th e m e s , h i s m e t r e s , h is d i c t i o n , c o lle c tio n s. le s s. th e s tu d y o f h i s h is. im a g e ry and. o f h is p o e try *. (1 ). a l~ 3 h s q u n d i, i n h i s fam ous c r i t i c a l e p i s t l e (haffc. a l - ? i b V o l . I I p . / 3 & ) c o n s id e r s t h i s age as e ve n b r i g h t e r , as f a r as l i t e r a t u r e (A d a b ) i s c o n c e rn e d y th a n th e age o f th e B and Hamden i n A le p p o ( U t h / l O t h ). (2 ). a l- D h a k h ir a. II. f.. 12U.. i.

(8) - 2 A t th e end o f th e t h e s is IbnÂ m m ar w h ic h I. a re. have c o lle c te d. appended a l l lis te d. t h e ooems o f. a c c o r d in g to. th e. a lp h a b e t ic a l o r d e r o f t h e i r rh y m e s . V e r y fe w d e t a i l s. a re know n a b o u t Ib n Â m m a r’ s l i f e. , and. m o st o f th e s e ha ve t o be i n f e r r e d. fro m o b s c u r e re m a rk s. h im s e lf in. o f t e n m e n tio n e d b y. h is own p o e t r y .. A n d a lu s ia n W r i t e r s n o t to. w r ite. : b u t t h e i r c o n c e rn i s. h i s b io g r a p h y .. c e r t a i n poems a re t o l d v a r ia t io n s . c o rru p te d .. He i s. and r e t o l d. i n many b o o k s w i t h. The same poem i s. D a te s a re s e ld o m g iv e n c o r r e c t l y. An e v e n t i s. b y a n o th e r a u th o r.. supposed t o. m ig h t o c c u r i n. ha ve happ en ed a t. a u th o r s and a t a n o th e r p la c e. O fte n no p la c e a t a l l i s. t h e a t r e o f one o f th e im p o r t a n t e v e n t s .. th e. e re a t. so m e tim e s a t t r i b u t e d b y d i f f e r e n t. a c e r t a i n p la c e b y one o f t h e. in. and. Som etim es t h e names o f p e r s o n s and p la c e s a re. g iv e n a t a l l .. T h is i s. p r a is e h i s p o e t r y ,. C e r t a in e v e n ts o f h i s l i f e. a u th o r s t o d i f f e r e n t p o e t s . if. to. about. th e same b o o k .. g iv e n as th e. T h is s o r t o f t h in g. N a fh a l - T f b. is. a good e x a m p le .. m a in ly due t o th e m ethod w h ic h a l- M a q q a r i had f o llo w e d c o m p ila t io n o f h i s. and e x t e n s iv e ly f r o m to. r e c o n c i le. h is. is. n o t aware o f s u c h. e a r l i e r a u th o rs . c o n f lic t b u t. c o m p a t r io t s ,. fro m w o rk s now l o s t , e n liv e n e d. He d o e s n o t a tte m p t. when he i s. th e t r u t h . M. a f t e r r h e to r ic a l. o f many o f h i s. He has q u o te d f r e e l y. a u t h o r i t i e s when th e y c o n f l i c t .. M3od o n ly knows w h ic h i s s tr a in in g. e n c y c lo p e d ia .. H is. s ty le. O fte n he. he s a y s s im p ly is. e ffe c t th a t d is fig u r e s and i n. a d d itio n. fre e. fro m th e. th e w o rk s. to many e x t r a c t s. th e a n e c d o te s w i t h w h ic h h i s b o o k i s. and th e m is c e lla n e o u s i n f o r m a t i o n i n c i d e n t a l l y. c o n v e y e d , make i t a ls o on e o f. n o t o n ly m o s t i n t e r t a i n i n g. th e m o s t v a lu a b le. A n d a lu s ia n l i f e. to. ref?d, b u t. s o u rc e s f o r o u r k n o w le d g e o f. and l i t e r a t u r e .. Now t h a t I. ha ve m e n tio n e d N a fh a l - T t b . i t i s r e le v a n t ' T " to m e n tio n s o m e th in g a b o u t a fe w o f my im p o r t a n t s o u r c e s . K it a b ^ I- D h a k h l r a f i M a h a s in A h l a l - J a z i r a , ( 1 ) o f I b n Bessam 7— r-------------------------------------? -------------------( 1 ) O n ly f a r t s I i , I i i & I V i h a v e b e e n p o in t e d . P a r t I I w h ic h c o n t a in s th e b io g r a p h y o f Ib n Â m m a r i s i n m a n u s c r ip t fo rm i n D s r a l- K u t u b a l- M a s r iy a ..

(9) - 3 is. b y f a r th e m o st im p o r t a n t b o o k t h a t d e a l t w i t h th e. s u b je c t o f A n d a lu s ia n p o e t r y . th e e x is t in g boo ks on t h is w id e f i e l d. It. one o f th e o l d e s t o f. s u b je c tC 1 ) and i t. o f k n o w le d g e snd i s. on th e m odel o f K it a b. is. w r itte n. c o v e rs a v e r y. in p la in u n a ffe c te d. a l Y a tlm a o f a l T h a f a l i b i .. I b n B a s s lra , who was n o t much o f a h i s t o r i a n , s e l f c o n f e s s e s ( 2 ) 9 a c k n o w le d g e s h i s r e lia b le K lt S b. h is t o r ia n Ib n H ayyan,. When he f a i l e d. to f i n d. as he h im . in d e b te d n e s s t o. a u t h o r o f K it a b. th e g r e a t. a l~ - u q ta b a s and. a l M a t in . fro m whose b o o k s he q u o te s f r e e l y. v e ly .. s ty le. ^nd e x t e n s i. w h a t he w a n te d i n I b n H ayyanb b o o k s. he d e pe nd ed o n h i s own m e m o ry .( 3 ) U n f o r t u n a t e ly t h e p e r io d i n w h ic h IbnÂ m m S r had f l o u r i s h e d , H a y ya n ,. had n o t been c o v e re d b y I b n. and I b n B a s s fm ’ s k n o w le d g e had f a i l e d. one in s t a n c e. and was c o r r e c t e d b y th e. had re a d h i s b o o k i^ ) N e v e r t h e le s s , t h a t I b n Basssm w r o te h i s th e e v e n ts o f th e l i f e. it. him i n m ore th a n. s u b s e q u e n t a u th o r s who s h o u ld n o t b e f o r g o t t e n. fam ous a n t h o lo g y i n. o f Tbn*Ammar w e re. s till. S e v ille , fre s h in. w h e re th e. m in d s o f th o s e who had w itn e s s e d th e m . A n o th e r im p o r t a n t b o o k , h e re i s. Q a la y id. t o w h ic h m e n tio n s h o u ld b e g iv e n. a l r Iq y a n ( 5 ) o f a l- K a th b . ^ T b a y d -\ l l r h. known as I b n K h a q a n , w h ic h was w r i t t e n K it a b. e l CaysT. t w e n ty y e a r s a f t e r. a l-J D b a k h T ra » A l- F a t h ,. as th e h o ld e r o f th e. title. o f ’w a z T r ’ and as a. fam ous p o e t and a g r e a t w r i t e r o f p r o s e , had c o n t a c t s w i t h many g r e a t men o f h i s fig u r e s. age,. some o f whom w h e re o u t s t a n d in g. a t th e tim e o f I b n i Ammar. ’. (1 ). It. was w r i t t e n. i n 1502/1109*. ( 2 ) A l-D h a k h T rs I i ps 2k. ( 3 ) I b i d p .2 i+ . (U ) See th e c r i t i c i s m o f I b n a l-A b b a rv a l - H u l l a f : 9 9 ) to Ib n B sssam ’ s f a u l t y i n f o r m a t i o n , w h ic h he d e s c r ib e s as u u i l « J ; i . e . s e r io u s b lu n d e r . (5 ). T h is b o o k has s e v e r a l e d i t i o n s .. <.

(10) Thus h i s k n o w le d g e o f th e g e n e r a t io n w h ic h p re c e d e d h is own. d ra w n fro m a u t h e n t ic s o u r c e s .. was. e x r o le , T a h ir ,. th a t in. He t e l l s. fo r. 503 A .H . , he m e t *Abu cAbd a l-R a hm an p .. t h e L o rd o f M u r c ia who had b e e n d e p o se d b y I b n. cAmmer i n Be a ls o. U 7 1 /1 0 7 & ,. te lls. and had lo n g c o n v e r s a t io n s w i t h h im .. ’. us t h a t he had m et I b n a l- L a b b a n a , one o f. th e c o u r t - p o e t s o f 8l- M u * t a m id end e h i s t o r i a n m e r it,. us,. and o b ta in e d. some in f o r m a t io n. o f some. fro m h im c o n c e r n in g. h i s p a t r o n . ( 2 ) He s a y s t h a t he was p r e s e n t when I b n cAmmar, s b o n e s w h e re dug o u t fro m b u r ie d. when he was k i l l e d .. w e re s t i l l. t w is t e d. N e v e r t h e le s s ,. th is. It. in. is. th e d itc h. w r itte n. se n se i s. He re m a rk s t h a t h i s. v a lu a b le b o o k s u f f e r s f o r th e. e x a m p le ,. p ro v e d h i s. It. is. C3) s e rp e n t s . v ~ '. tw o s e r io u s d e f e c t s . in. w h ic h th e. a ls o. a llu s io n s. composed o f. w h ic h show. n o t f o r u n in fo r m e d b u t f o r. re a d e rs i n t e r e s t e d. he was o b s c u r e , endowed w i t h. sound,. f e tc h e d. t h a t t h e a u t h o r was w r i t i n g fo r. fe tte rs. ro u n d h i s d r y s h in - b o n e s l i k e. a m b ig u o u s p h ra s e s end f a r. He s a y s ,. w h ic h t h e y had b e e n. & h i g h l y o rn a m e n te d s t y l e. s a c r ific e d. w e ll- i n f o r m e d. in. o n ly i n. th e e le g a n t s t y l e .. a b o u t I b n TA m m ar,,f F o r a lo n g p e r io d. th e n he was. a c le a r v is io n .. e le v a te d. t o th e s u m m it;. he was. L u c k fa v o u r e d h im and im . l o t and b r o u g h t th e I m p o s s ib le w i t h i n h i s. re a c h *. s l - F a t h was a c o n te m p o ra ry o f I b n Bass'am b u t he was n o t on f r i e n d l y. te rm s w i t h h im .. p a s s a g e s fito m a l-D j^ a K M £ a i n. h i s b o o k w i t h o u t b o t h e r in g. a c k n o w le d g e h i s in d e b te d n e s s to a c c o r d in g t o ¥ I freb. He in c o r p o r a t e d lo n g it s. a u th o r.. I b n B sssam ,. I b n S a id ,s u e d h im f o r t h i s a c t o f p la g ia r is r n . - p u c j 1b o f Ab da l - Wafti d a l -M a r r aku shT. c o n t a in s a le n g t h y and d e t a i l e d b io g r a p h y o f I b n ( 1J (2 ) (3 ) U ) (5 ). to. (5 ) 1Ammar. . a l’a y id p .£ ? * Ib id p . 6 I b i d p . 86. I b id p. He was b o r n i n M e ro c c o i n 5 3 1 /1 1 8 5 * S om otim e l a t ^ h e w e n t t o a l- A n d a lu s i n p u r s u i t o f k n o w le d g e . I n S e v i l l e , w h e re he s p e n t m o s t o f h i s tim e he fo u n d h i m s e l f i n t e r e s te d i n th e s tu d y o f th e l i f e and p o e t r y o f Ib n *A ra m a r. I e w r o te K it a b a l- M u c .1ib i n 6 2 0 /1 2 2 U ..

(11) -5 in. -. w h ic h he ha d b r o u g h t o u t many i n t e r e s t i n g. p o e t w h ic h had e sca p e d p r e v io u s m e r its o f t h is book i s In. a p o lo g e t ic. he s t a r t e d. th e p l a i n. te rm s th e. to w r it e. a u th o r s * s ty le. a u th o r t e l l s. in. fa c ts. a b o u t th e. One o f th e g r e a t w h ic h i t. is. us t h a t a t th e. w r itte n .. tim e when. th e b io g r a p h y o f I b n ’ Amm^r many o f th e. t h in g s he u se d to kno w a b o u t t h e p o e t had e s c a p e d h i s m em ory, and i n. th e end he a g a in a p o lo g iz e s f o r h i s. n o t ic a b le. th a tA b d. d o e s he i s. e x u b e ra n c e . > I t i s. a l-W a h id a v o id s g i v i n g d a te s b u t . when he. n o t a lw a ys. t h a t he was w r i t i n g. c o rre c t.. T h is m ig h t b e due t o t h e f a c t. h i s b o bk fro m m em ory and he had no r e l i a b l e. s o u rc e s .. ,:-v •. A t la s t,. A l- H u lla. a l - S i y e r a ( 1) o f Abu A b d A ll a h b .. a l-. *. A b b a r ( 5 9 4 /1 1 9 8 t h is book is. 6 3 5 /1 2 3 3 ). s h o u ld b e m e n tio n e d .. o f a c o m p a r a t iv e ly l a t e r d a te. A lth o u g h. and a lth o u g h i t s. a u t h o r q u o te s fro m I b n Bassaro and I b n ^ h s q a n , y e t we f i n d in i t. t h in g s w h ic h we do n o t f i n d. im p o r t a n t b o o k s w r i t t e n. e ls e w h e re .. Some o f th e. a b o u t Ib n *A m m a r fro m w h ic h I b n a l -. A b b a r q u o te s o r to w h ic h h e r e f e r s. a re l o s t .. O f th e s e a re th e D iw a n o f I b n 1Ammar c o m p ile d b y A bu’ l - T a h i r Muhsmmad b . Y u s u f a l-T a m lm Y a l - S a r a q u s t l ; and a l - T 8 r i k h. al-M a.jm u f i. A k h b a r a l- M u ^ a m id. Abff B a k r Muhammad b . Y u s u f b . t Ammar( 4 ) b y I b n Bassam , In he i s. th e. th a n I b n B a s s a m (3 )and A k h b a r a u t h o r o f a l- D h a k h ir a .. th e end o f th e b io g r a p h y o f th e p o e t he t e l l s. aw are o f th e d i f f i c u l t i e s an. us t h a t. w h ic h fa c e th o s e i n t e r e s t e d i n. Ib n * Ammar, so he w as c a r e f u l t o make t h in g s w r itin g. b . A b b ad b y. Q esim ( ib n Q a s i m ) a l - 3 h i l b i whom. I b n a l- A b b a r f i n d s m ore r e l i a b l e Ib n. (2 ). e a s y f o r them b y. a d e q u a te b io g r a p h y as no o t h e r m an,. as f a r as he. ( 1 ) T h is b o o k i s s t i l l i n m a n u s c r ip t fo rm a lt h o u g h p a r t s o f i t had b e e n e d it e d b y D o z y & M u l l e r . ( 2 ) A l- H u lla f s 9 4 ,9 5 ,9 6 ,9 7 ,9 9 ,1 0 4 . (3 ) Ib id (4 ) Ib id. fs 9 5 ,9 6 ,9 7 ,9 8 ,9 9 ,1 0 3 . f 98..

(12) k n e w /h a d done b e f o r e ; t h a t th e. h is. a p o lo g y f o r. t h is. e la b o r a tio n. e x c e lle n c e o f w h a t h e was q u o t in g i s. ju s tific a tio n *. s u f fic ie n t. (O. O th e r b o o k s and m a n u s c r ip ts a r e m e n tio n e d i n a p p r o p r ia t e p la c e s , re fe re n c e s .. ( 1) I M d. f:. 103. in. th e f o o t n o t e s. and i n. is. th e ir. th e l i s t. of.

(13) PART ONE '. B a c k g ro u n d ..

(14) CHAPTER HI 3TUBX.CAL. I hAOKORCTOD. The y e a r U 22/1031 © a rk s th e f i n a l d o w n fa ll o ^mayyad C a l i p h a t e * 1 ) l n a e rie ©. of. th a t y e a r,. th e Cordovans U r e d o f a. r e v o lu t io n s and c o u n t e r - r e v o lu t io n s w h i - i hMi -. d e v a s ta te d Cordov© and i t s fo rc e d H ig h fe I I I e le c te d. th e. r o y a l su b erb s o f la h r a. ( a l- H u 't s d ). to a b d ic a te i n. nd E a h t r a ,. fa v o u r o f an. c o u n c il o f e ld e r s p re s id e d o v e r by Abuf l. “*esm b*. Jshw ar (U 2 2 /1 0 3 1 - U 3 5 /1 0 U 3 )* Thu© C ordova e n te re d upon e new e r e o f t r a n q u i l l i t y end p ro g re s s ; b u t th e domain© o f A b u *l Hezm d id n o t e x te n d beyond th e o u t s k i r t s o f Cordova i t s e l f *. Long b e f o r e t h a t. d a t e , m m y In d e p e n d e n t p e t t y kingdom s were © st& b llfch ed i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f what used to b e th e Wrmayyed E p i r e , b y S la v e rArnirfi g e n e r a ls ( S a Q a lib s ) *. B e rb e r f a c t i o n s nnd men. o f n a t i v e b re e d ( f t?sba A n d a lu s ia ) who c la im e d to bo Arabs* They threw o f f a l l a ll e g i a n c e Ab\if l. to Cordova*. Hazm who was a man o f much wisdom and e o u rtg ® ,. t r i e d to r e u n it e th e c o u n tr y , b u t i n th e fee © o f th e g r e a t o p p o s itio n o f f e r e d by t h e p e t t y k in g s C ^ u lu k a l T* e ^ J i i f as th e y came to be known i n h i s t o r y , o r Reyes de f e d. a as t h e. B ap n ish c h r o n ic le r s w ould c a l l them ) he was f o r c e. to g iv e. up th e ide© , and he was s a t i s f i e d w it h th e em pty i. le o f. Bhaykh a l- J a m a cah end a c te d as an a r b i t r a t o r b e tr u c a th e d i f f e r e n t f a c t io n s *. and for two stronger. C ordova I t s e l f was to o weak to s ta n d a lo n e ; a w h ile i t. was th e bone C o n t e n t io n b etw een i t s. n e ig h b o u rs th e Banu D h u 'l Nun o f T o le d o and th e Be u <A bbid o f S e v ille *. F in a lly i t. re ig n o f a l-H tfts ta id *. was annexed b y S e v i l l e d u r in. th e. _____. ( 1 ) The pow er o f th e C a lip h a t e had been o n ly n om in al s in c e t h e r i s e o f a l - ^ a n s u r and h ie tw o son© a l- M U z e f f a r and s l - K s s i r who assumed t h e t i t l e o f H a j i b ( f M M H t i i i i v t C T ) and wer e v i r t u a l l y th e suprem e p o w e r i n th e e t & t e * The ttmmeyyadC q iip h a te was t e m o o r a r i ly I n t e r r u p t s by th e rac u a it e C O lip h a cA l i A h is son ©1 C Ssim *( U 07/1 •'?* 6~h1 U /1 0 2 3 ).

(15) By f a r th e l a r g e s t ,. t h e s t r o n g e s t and th e r i c h e s t o f. a l l t h e p e t t y kin g d o m s was t h a t o f^ B a n u Ahhad i n w h ic h was e s t a b lis h e d i n. U1U/1 0 2 3 a t th e. o f th e H am m udite C a lip h a l-Q a s im b .. S e v ille. end o f th e r e ig n. Hammud. A c o u n c il o f. e ld e r s was e le c t e d w i t h I b n s l- H a w z a n i, I b n H a j j a j ,. ^Bn. Y a rim and Abu B a k r a l- Z u b a y d i as members and ©1- ^ a d i b . Abbad as i t s a b ility. p r e s id e n t .. and s a g a c it y t o. I b n Abbad a c te d w i t h s p a re h i s. g re a t. to w n a s i m i l a r d e s t in y. to t h a t o f C ordova* He p re te n d e d t h a t he had fo u n d th e Umayyad C a lip h H i sham I I , who had d is a p p e a re d fro m C o rd o v a d u r in g c i v i l w a r t h a t b r o u g h t a l- M a h d i to. t h e th r o n e .. c la im e d him C a lip h and assumed f w m. th e t i t l e. He i n v i t e d. th e d i f f e r e n t p e t t y k in g s. o r send d e p u t a t io n s to p a y homage to. th e. fir s t. He p r o o f ha j i b .. to come to. S e v ille ,. t h e ir lo r d .. B u t he. fo u n d no re s p o n s e . A f t e r h i s d e a th i n. U 33/10U 2 h i s. son Abbad to o k h i s. u la c e as t h e p r e s id e n t o f th e c o u n c i l . young, man e le m in a te d a l l. The a m b itio n s. t h e o t h e r members and g o v e rn e d. th e to w n as am a b s o lu te k i n g a s s u m in g th e a l - ! u 1 ta d i d. and a ls o k e p t th e t i t l e. c a r r y in g o u t h is. f a t h e r ’ s p r e te n c e. o f h is. ro y a l t i t l e. of. f a th e r - H s jib. a b o u t th e c a l i p h. H i sham I I . He renewed t h e i n v i t a t i o n th e. to. p a y him a lle g ia n c e. no s u c c e s s . th e. to. th e p e t t y k in g s a s k in g. as th e h a j i b. 3o he th re w away h i s. d e a th o f H isham and r e s o r t e d. s ilk. o f Hisham b u t w i t h g lo v e ,. announced. t o m ore e f f e c t i v e m eans.. By a num ber o f q u ic k and r u t h l e s s moves w h ic h e a rn e d f o r hirn t h e t i t l e. o f th e m o st b l o o d - t h i r s t y man i n. th e h i s t o r y. o f M u s lim S p a in , he e n la r g e d h i s k in g d o m a t th e e x p e n s e o f h i s weak B e rb e r n e ig h b o u r s . A le a g u e was fo rm e d t o o p p o se h i s p la n s b y th e kingdoms: o f B a d a jo s and G ran ad a and he e n c o u n te re d. s tu b b o r n r e s is ta n c e. b u t a t th e i n t e r c e s s i o n o f A b u ’ l. W a lid b .. J a h w o r o f C o rd o v a ,. an a r m i s t i c e was a g re e d u p on i n. U 3 3 /1 0 5 1 .. H is. son. ©1- u ’ ta m id b y c o m b in in g d ip lo m a c y and s t r e n g t h e n la r g e d h i s.

(16) 9 k i n Mom b y a d d in g to. it. C o rdo va and M u r c ia and nefehgy. o t h e r m in o r to w n s* The E a s te r n c o a s t w it h th e. Ami r i d. Abu’ l. it s. h in te r la n d. was s h a re d b y. S la v g e n e r a ls and th e d e e c e n d e n ts o f a l-M a n s $ r*. J a y s h M u ja h id a l - A m i r i o c c u p ie d D e n i a and th e. B a le a r ie is la n d s :. I b i z a , M a jo rc a and M in o r c a * K h s y ra n and. h i s b r o t h e r Z u h a y r a v a ile d w e re f o r c e d la te r. to y i e l d. th e m s e lv e s o f A lm e r ia w h ic h th e y. to Banu SuraS&ih*and M u r c ia w h ic h was. ta k e n b y th e Banu T a h ir *. cAbd a l-~ A z iz ,. a g ra n d s o n o f. a l- M a n s u r o c c u p ie d V a le n c ia * In. th e N o r th and N o r th - w e s t t h r e e. w e re e s t a b lis h e d : Nun i n. T o le d o. th e Banu Kud i n. and t h e B a n u ’ l. fa ir ly. Z a ra g o z a ,. A fta s i n. la r g e k in g d o m s. th e B a ritf D h u 'l. B a d a jo s *. k in g d o m s b e in g th e n e ig h b o u rs o f th e C h r i s t i a n. r h e s e th r e e s ta te s. s u f f e r e d m ore th a n t h e o t h e r M u s lim kin g d o m s fro m common enemy* w e re c a l le d. For th is. re a s o n t h e i r c a p i t a l s ,. th e u p p e r f r o n t ,. th e. c o n s e c u t iv e ly ,. th e m id d le f r o n t and th e. lo w e r f r o n t * In. th e s o u th , s o u th - w e s t and i n. th e w e s t t h e r e w e re. many B e r b e r k in g d o m s o f w h ic h th e m o st im p o r t a n t was t h a t o f th e Banu Z a y r i i n G ra n d sd a w h ic h a lo n e s u r v iv e d th e ‘A b b a d id w a r o f A n n e x a tio n * B e s id e th e s e ,. t h e r e w e re many m in o r k in g d o m s *. them p r e s e r v e d t h e i r in d e p e n d e n c e to s u r v iv e d ones; fo rts ,. f o r b r i e f p e r io d s. Some o f. th e v e r y e n d , o t h e r s. and w e re annexed b y t h e s t r o n g e r. some o f them w e re v e r y s m a ll n o t m ore th a n m o u n ta in o t h e r ’ s w ere f a i r l y. la r g e *. T o e n u m e ra te them w i l l. It. enough to m e n tio n two. be u n n e c e s s a ry e le b o r a t io n * o f th e m , b e c a u s e th e y come i n The kin g d o m o f Banu" RazTn i n. is. th e b io g r a p h y o f I b n. ’ Ammar*. a l- S a h la know n as S h a n ta M a r ta. a l - ih a rq and A l b s r r a c i n was fa m o u s f o r th e h e r o ic p a r t i t p la y e d b*. in. th e w a r a g a in s t th e C h r is t ia n s *. RazTn d i s t i n g u i s h e d. Abd a l - M a l i k. h i m s e l f as th e p a t r o n o f /M u s ic ia n s. and was p ro u d o f h i s f r ie n d s h ip w i t h ^h n ’ Ammari'O The Banu H ) I b n ’ Ammar’ s poem No*6 8 i s a r e p l y t o a n o th e r poem w h ic h he had re c e iv e d fro m I b n RazTn*. I.

(17) -. 10. LabbTin o f L o r c a and M a r b i t i l f w ere a ls o on good te rm s w i t h Ib n. #Ammer, when e v e ry b o d y e ls e. a g a in s t him *. seemed t o be w o rk in g. Then I b n a l- Y a s c i n h e r i t e d. s u rre n d e re d i t. to. t h e i r th r o n e he. a l- M u 't & m id .. These s h o r t - s i g h t e d in d iv id u a l th ro n e s ,. t j " a n t s , c a r i n g o n ly f o r t h e i r. th re w th e m s e lv e s a t th e. common enem y, th e k in g o f C a s fc ilfc , t o. fe e t o f t h e ir. s u p p ly them w i t h. m e rc e n a rie s w h e n e v e r th e y w ere n o t s t r o n g en ou gh to on a lo n e t h e i r o f f e n s iv e o r d e f e n s iv e P a r tly f o r t h is. re a s o n and p a r t l y. th e enemy made i n became t r i b u t a r i e s. a l l d ir e c tio n s , to. to. c a rry. r e s p o n s ib ilitie s . scape th e r a i d s w h ic h. a lm o s t a l l. khe p e t t y k i n. s. th e k i n g o f A s t u r ia s L e o n and C a s t i l e. A lfo n s o V I . T h is b r a v e and shrew d k i n g , p r e p a r in g f o r th e f i n a l b lo w , o l f l e n t enough to w a tc h h i s o t h e r , w h ile. e n e m ie s d e s t r o y one an. he was s t r e n g t h e n in g h i s. arm y w i t h. c o n t r i b u t i o n s he was e x a c t in g o u t o f them a l l. in. th e immense a n tic i. p a t io n o f th e f i n a l m oment. M e a n w h ile , a young f a n a t i c a l p o w e r had em erged fro m th e c h a o t ic. c ir c u m s ta n c e s i n. ( a l - I A i r a b i tu n ) ^ ^ u n i f i e d in s p ir in g M o ro cco i n. n o rth A f r ic a .. b y r e lig io u s. The A lm o r a v id s. r i g o u r and th e. le a d e r s h ip o f Y* u s u f b . T a s h - lfin s u b ju g a te d a s h o r t p e r io d. and was re a d y i n. tim e. to. a ll. ssve. a l - ’z d a lu s . When A lfo n s o V I . moved t o fo u n d h i m s e l f fa c e a c c o m p lis h e d th e f i r s t. s tr ik e. to fa c e w i t h Y u s u f b . /. th e r b i r a c ie o f u n i t i n g. and o n ly tim e i n. in. fo r. A b lo o d y b a t t l e ,. on t h e b a n k s o f G u a d ie n a ,. b e tw e e n B a d & jo s and M e r id a , on F r id a y r e s u lt e d. T a s h f in who. th e p e t t y k in g s. t h e ir h is to r y .. f o u g h t a t 8l - Z a l l a q s ( S a c r a l i s s ) 1086. h i s f i n a l b lo w , he. 12t h R a js b U 7 9 / O c t. 2 j /. th e v i c t o r y o f th e M u s lim s .. ( 1 ) They w e re a ls o known ss a l- M u la t h th a m u fi, b e c a u s e th e y w e re a l l v e i le d ( fr o m i*j = v e i l ) , and th e L s m tu n iy u n b e c a u s e th e m a j o r i t y o f ’ them came fro m th e B e r b e r t r i b e L a m tu n e , a b ra n c h o f t h e S a n h a j# t r ib e .. i.

(18) Y M ^ f, b e in g c e r t a i n t h a t th e p e t t y k in g s re m a in u n i t e d , o r a b le to d e fe n d r a i d s o f th e C s s t i l i a n c. c o u ld n o t. th e m s e lv e s a g a in s t th e. who w e re soon on t h e i r f e e t a g a in. gave o r d e r s t o h i s g e n e r a ls to w ip e o u t th e s e k in g s . cne e t h i s was ac h ie ve d i n s ta rte d. in. a l- A n d a lu s .. U8U/1Q 91* s new e ra.

(19) • 15 CHAPTER. II.. POETRY PURINO THE |gTTT.TJK AL^TAWAIF PERIOD *. A lth o u g h a l- A n d a lu s d u r in g. th e M u lu k a l- T a w a lf p e r io d. showed c l e a r s ig n s o f m i l i t a r y d e g e n e r a t io n , s ta b ility it. e n te re d. and s o c i a l d e s i n t i g r a t i o n ,. eco n o m ic i n . y e t as re g a rd s p o e t r y ,. upon th e m o st b r i l l i a n t p e r io d. in. its. to. t h e n a rro w. The p o e t s , who had h i t h e r t o. been c o n f in e d. c o u rt c ir c le ,. t h e i r p r o d u c t io n s t o. w h ic h l i m i t e d. and f e l i c i s t a t i o n s. to. th e C a lip h fo u n d. h is to r y * e u lo g ie s. & new scope f o r. t h e ir ta le n ts * The g r e a t fre e d o m o f b e h a v io u r s e t a s id e many r e lig io u s. r e s tr ic t io n s *. g a rd e d as a s in *. W in e - d r in k in g was no lo n g e r re . D r in k in g - le v ie s. w e re h e ld i n. th e g a rd e n s and on r i v e r - b a n k s * ( 1 ). p u b lic. in. T h e re , p o e ts g a th e r e d ,. im p r o v is a t io n s w e re made, and c r i t i c a l. re m a rk s w e re passec •. L o v e -m a k in g b e tw e e n th e two s e x e s was f a c i l i t a t e d th e unham pered c o n t a c t o f men and women, a b o lit io n. o f th e v e i l. th a n k s to. and t h e hsrem i n s t i t u t i o n s *. n o e t r v was w id e ly d i f f u s e d. in. th is. ’ h e a lt h y *. c u p - b e a r e r s in s p i r e d many p o e ts w i t h. p o s itio n s * to. th e Love-. a tm o s p h e re *. M e a n w h ile , p e r v e r t e d - lo v e was n o t uncommon. lo o k in g. by. Good. t h e i r com. These y o u t h f u l s la v e s w e re c a r e f u l l y. t r a in e d. s e rv e t h e i r m a s te rs and t h e i r b o on c o m p a n io n s and. c o n t r ib u t e much to t h e i r s h a re o f p le a s u r e * w e re. d v e n a good e d u c a tio n i n p o e t r y. Some o f them. and l i t e r a t u r e ;. many o f them c o u ld s in g and p la y on d i f f e r e n t m u s c ia l in s tr u m e n ts * w ere. Ib n. ’ Ammar and h i s bosom f r i e n d. amed f o r t h e i r p r e v e r t e d lo v e. I b n Wahbun. and th e poems in s p i r e d. b y i t * __________________________ ________________________________ __ ( l ) a i- S h a q u n d l'd e s c r ib e s th e b e a u t i f u l b a n k s o f th e G u a d a lq u iv ir and s a y s t h s t th e y w e re fam ous as th e rend§So>0 c#3 o f s in g e r s and w in e - d r in k e r s * Such c a r e f r e e g a t h e r in g s w e re n o t d is a p p ro v e d o f u n le s s th e y le d to p e r t u r b a t io n s and q u a r r e ls ( N a fh* I I p* 1 h 3 )*.

(20) m m 1Q* *—. M o re o v e r, i n been s e r v ile. to. th is. age, t h e A n d a lu s ia n p o e t , who had. th e o f t e n u n j u s t i f i e d. c o n c e p tio n o f th e. s u p re m a cy o f th e Ma s h r ic o v e r t h e M a g h rib began to f e e l h i s own i n d i v i d u a l i t y * th e. O w ing t o. th e d e c lin e o f B a g h d a d ,. r e p u t a t io n o f t h e E a s te rn s c h o la r end p o e t W88 no. Io n e r in. a b s o lu te a s c e n d a n c y ,. th e C o rd o v a n C a lip h a t e *. as i t. O r ig in a lit y. used to be d u r in g and n o t s u c c e s s f u l. i m i t a t i o n became th e m o tto o f th e da y*. The p o e ts s t a r t e d. to dra w t h e i r i n s p i r a t i o n fro m w h a t th e y saw and f e l t r a t h e r th a n fro m w h a t th e y re a d o r h e a rd * The b e g in n in g o f t h i s. p e r io d had w itn e s s e d. c h a lle n g e o f. th e w e s te r n s c h o la r. v a lu e s *. Ib n. Hazm, S a y s ,'* L e t us a v o id. t a l e s o f th e. b e d o u in s and th e a n c ie n t s .. T h e ir p a th. d iffe r s. o u rs *. to. fro m. It. and p o e t to. th e. ( in. i s n o t my p o l i c y. c la s s ic a l. t h is r id e. book). the. th e cam e l. w h ic h was r id d e n b y a n o th e r man > n o r a d o rn m y s e lf w i t h b o rro w e d j e w e l s . * ( 1 ) I b n Wahbun, on h e a r in g a l- M u f ta m id a d m ir in g th e v e rs e s o f a l- M u f ta n a b b i r e t o r t e d. t h a t th e b e a u ty o f th e. v e r s e s o f t h i s M a sh riq . p o e t was d£C£L to he used to. advancem ent o f p o e try *. a v e r y im p o r t a n t r o l e i n. B e s id e s h a r in g w i t h. th e n a t io n a l z e a l f o r v e r s i f y i n g , w i t h one a n o th e r i n. and, i n. th e. t h e i r s u b je c ts. t h e p e t t y k in g s v ie d. p a tr o n iz in g p o e ts .. r a u n i f i c i e n t b o u n t ie s ,. T he y o f f e r e d. many c a s e s , l i v i n g. them. q u a rte rs. t h e i r r o y a l p a l sees* e l- M u 1t a d id. r e in s t it u te d. w h ic h we® o r i g i n a l l y in. r ic h p r iz e s. r e c e iv e fro m h i s b e n e f a c t o r s * ^. The p e t t y k in g s p la y e d. in. th e. w ere r e g is t e r e d. am ount. in. c r e a te d i n. S e v ille. C o rd o va b y a l-M a n s u r*. th e names o f a l l. t h e ir g r a t u it ie s *. p r e s e n t th e m s e lv e s b e f o r e him t o. in. th e o r d e r o f t h e i r m e r it w h ic h Tawq al-Harnarna. (a). fit-. Muttib. p-. p.. 3*. T h e re. th e c o u r t p o e ts and th e. Once a week th e y w e re a llo w e d. to. (1 ). th e D iw a n a l - d h u ’ ra. r e c ite. t h e i r e u lo g ie s. d e c id e d b y th e k in g.

(21) h im s e lf#. A c e r t a in p o e t. t e l l s us t h a t he used to. fo u t h i n th e l i s t b u t he was prom oted. he th e. to th e second ran*#. el-M uPtadid a p p o in te d Ib n Jakh e l-S a b b a g h as th e head th e. >iwan s l- d h u ’ ra w ith. f i r s t p o e t to r e c i t e ,. of. th e p r i v i l e g e o f b e in g th e. when he l i s t e n e d. to one o f hi©. e x c e l le n t odes* T h is k in g s e n t f o r p o e ts a l l o v e r th e c o u n try i n v i tin g. them to h is c o u r t and s e n t them p re s e n ts end prom ised. them r o te #. When he le a r n e d t h a t Ib n S h a r a f th e famous. < ayraw an p o e t l e f t h is home and s e t t l e d. i n T o le d o , he s e n t. him a message I n v i t i n g. The p o e t who was. him to S e v ille #. n o t unaware o f th e bad r e p u t a t io n o f th e c r u e l k in g de c lin e d. th e i n v i t a t i o n. and s e n t him a poem e x p re s s in g h is. apni/ohension o f m e e tin g w it h th e f e t e o f many o f th e v ic t im ©. o f th e k in g o f S e v i l l e .. 1 -1 'u 1 t a l i d. (O. a ls o s e v e r e ly p u n ish ed a S e v i l i a n. who c o n fes se d to him t h a t he re fu s e d p o e t o f Csyrawsn to j o i n le ft. is. tra d e r. to h e lp Ib n H esh iq th e. a l - M u * t a d i d l 2 ) j p n R a sh iq who had. n a t iv e tow n, as d id Ib n S h a r a f, went to S ic ily #. On h e a rin g o f th e g e n e r o s ity o f th e k in g o f S e v i l l e h is l i b e r a l i t y. and. to p o e ts , he was keen to go to h im ,b u t h is. h e a r t ’ s d e s ir e was n o t r e a l i s e d. u n t i l he d ie d .^ 3 ). a l - l ’u * t a d i d ,. c r u e l as he used to be was l e n i e n t w ith oh f'h€•/ f th e p o e ts and to le r a n t^ a r r o g a n c e . Once he asked I d r i s o# al-Y am en to p r a is e him*. The proud p o e t a n s w e re r t h a t he. would n o t do so u n le s s he r e c e iv e d h is rew arded o f a hundred d in a r s i n. advance.. a l- H u * t a d id. s m ilin g advanced. th e re w ard , ( 4 ) ( 1 ) B ^ a k h lra I V , p# 1U2. ( 2) V s a il Ik al-Absar f 32. ( 3 ) Ib n ReshTq (A u th o r o f a l-H m d a ) l e f t Qayrewan to S i c i l y i n U5S and s e t t l e d i n fcazar where he d ie d i n U 56/106U o r h63/10 70 # (H ) nfh a l - T f b IT p . 1U0 and a ls o re p e a te d I n p# 3b2#.

(22) -. 1 J f-. H is son s l-W u ta m id i n h e r i t e d fa th e r * .. th e. A b b a s id , i n. h is. in te llig e n c e. H a ru n a l- W a t h ig ^ i l l a h ,. and l i t e r a r y. v e r s e s , ’’ s a y s Abd a l-W a h» id " u n f o l d h a n g in g s ,. k n o w le d g e .. th e m s e lv e s l i k e. and th e p o e ts and t h e men o f l e t t e r s. c u ltiv a te d. O f th e v a r io u s. lite r a tu r e. and th e. fin e. a rts. and o t h e r s i m i l a r v i r t u e s ;. a p r a is e - w o r t h y human t r a i t endowed h im .. O f a ll. h e r c o n q u e s t down to. crow ded ro u n d. th e b e n i f i t s th is. any. a lo n e .. in. In. he. a d d itio n. lib e r a lity , m o d e s t y. s h o rt I. do n o t know. w i t h w h ic h Ood had n o t l i b e r a l l y w h ic h S p a in r e c e iv e d fro m. day M u’ ta m id i s. c e r t a i n l y one o f ,. n o t th e g r e a t e s t . * ( 1 ) The p o e ts who w e re a llo w e d. to p r e s e n t fc h e m -s e l^ S b e fo re. h i s f a t h e r once a w e e k ,( 2 ) w e re r a is e d co m p a n io n s and w e re a llo w e d. to. to. th e l e v e l o f b o o n -. see him as o f t e n. Many o f them w ere c o u n te d among h i s th e. r ic h. fo rm s o f humsn k n o w le d g e. he com bined a l l k in d s o f p e r s o n a l v i r t u e s : in te g r ity. th e. w H is. num bers g r e a t e r th a n had e v e r b e f o r e b e e n seen i n. c o u r t o f S p a in .. if. ta s te o f h is. He was a d i s t i n g u i s h e d p o e t and a l o v e r o f p o e t r y .. Abd a l-W a h id l i k e n s him t o. h im i n. r e f in e d. f r ie n d s. t h r o n e . ( 3 ) He fa v o u re d th e m , p r o t e c t e d. s c h e m in g o f t h e i r. as th e y p le a s e d .. even b e f o r e he s a t on them a g a in s t th e. je a lo u s e n e m ie s , and p a rd o n e d t h e i r m is c o n d u c t.. He even ch o se h i s p r im e - m in i3 t e r s Z a y d u n , and I b n 1Ammar;. fro m. among t h e m * f i r s t I b n. th e le a d in g f i g u r e s. amon? t h e p o e ts o f. th e p e r io d . S e v ille. d u r in g h i s. c o u r t became th e th e d i r e c t i o n. r e i g n became th e Caaba o f p o e ts .. r e s o r t o f th e le a r n e d ,. H is. th e re n d e z v o u s o f p o e t s ,. to w a rd s w h ic h a l l hopes w e re tu r n e d and th e h a u n t. o f men o f e x c e lle n c e :. so much so t h a t t h e r e. n e v e r was a k in g. at. whose c o u r t a g r e a t e r num ber o f e m in e n t men w e re a s s e m b le d . They f lo c k e d. to i t. fro m. a l l p a r t ^ o f th e c o u n t r y as w e ll as. fro m N o r th A ff/c a and S i c i l y . ( k ) L ik e 1 ) a l - M u j i b p . 101. 2) On M o n d a y s ,a c c o rd in g to. i. 3) k) Abu’ l A b u 'l p o e ts. h is. f a t h e r , he s e n t. a l- M a q q a r i N a fh I I. p . I4.6 8 .. Ib n *A m m a r and I b n Z ayd un . H asan a l - H u s r i , th e b l i n d p o e t fro m 4 ayyaw an, A ra b and I b n Harodis o f S i c i l y w e re th e m o st fam ous who s e t t l e d i n S e v i l l e d u r in g th e r e ig n o f a l M u ^ te m id ;.

(23) - 16 in v ita tio n s. to t h e p o e ts o f N o r th A f r i c a. K h a liik a n t e l l s ~Arab o f S i c i l y. Ib n. u s ' O t h a t he s e n t f iv e - h u n d r e d d in a r s and an e q u a l sum to. p r e p a r e th e m s e lv e s f o r The t a l e s. and S i c i l y *. o f h is. to. f b u 1!. a l - H u s r i o f la y r a w a n to. th e J o u rn e y t o. S e v ille .. g e n e r o s it y to p o e ts w e re le y e n d r y .. On. h e a r in g t h a t h i s c o u r t - p o e t I b n WahbUn s a id :O b s e rv a n c e o f p ro m is e s has v a n is h e d * P e o p le no lo n g e r is. p r a c tic e i t. o r e ve n. as f a b u lo u s as th e le g e n d r y g ry p h o n o f. p o e t o n c e was g iv e n a be. It. th e. a. t a le th a t. th o u s a n d d u c a ts , " he o r d e r e d th e p o e t. g iv e n two th o u s a n d d u c a t s . ( 2 ) On a n o th e r o c c a s io n A b u ’ l. 8 l- M u c ta rn id and was g iv e n N o t s a tis fie d. w ith. th a t,. *A ra b a l - 3 i q i l l y. a r ic h p r iz e. was a d o rn e d w i t h. J e w e ls ,. ca n n o t be c a r r ie d w ill. p r a is e d. o f n e w ly m in te d. th e p o e t p o in t e d. to. g la s s s t a t u e t t e o f a cam el w i t h tw o p e a r l s. it. th in k o f i t .. a b e a u tifu l. f o r eye s and w h ic h. and s a id , " M y L o r d , ^Jour r i c h. e x c e p t b y a c a m e l.". c a r r y a l l y o u r lo a d s . ". s s id. c o in s .. "Y ou may ta k e. re w a rd. th e c a m e l,. © l’ M u’ ta m id . ( 3 ). W hat has b e e n s a id a b o u t th e k in g s o f S e v i l l e may b e s a id w i t h. some r e s e r v a t io n. ©1 M u ta w a k k il o f B a d p jo s ,. about a ll. th e p e t t y k in ^ s e s p e c i a l l y. a l M uf ta s im o f A lm e r ia ,. I b n R e s in. o f a l - 3 e h la ,w Abu. *Abd a l-R a*h m a n b .» T a h ir o f M u r c ia and I b n V a le n c ia . The f i r s t t h r e e w e re p o e ts o f some. rA b d a lfe z fz o f m e r it. and th e f i v e o f them w e re a l l o t t e d. d ic tio n a r ie s. o f l i t e r a r y men.. ( 1 ) W a f a y it I I (2 ). p la c e s i n b i o g r a p h ic a l. © 1 -M u Jib P .. ( 3 ) N a fh s l - T f b *. P . 1*32. 102. II. p . J+23 and re p e a te d. on p . *473.. i.

(24) -. 17 -. A lm o s t e v e r y c o u r t had i t s w e re c o n n e c te d w i t h i t , ( l ) b u t th e p e r io d. own c o u r t - o o e t s whose names. th e m a j o r i t y o f t h e o o e t s o f. w e n t fro m one c o u r t to. t a b le s. and s e l l i n g. g o s s ip. fro m. a n o th e r e a t in g on a l l. t h e i r odes t o a n y b * iy e r ,. c o u r t to. and r e fu s e d. to m e d d le w i t h. th e i n v i t a t i o n o f th e th e l i f e. was I b n K h a f a ; ja . ( 3 ) L a t e r o n , h o w e v e r, he l e f t tow n i n. in h is. th e i s l a n d o f S h u q r ( J a c s r ) b e tw e e n J s t i v a. and w e n t t o. th e. them. c o u r t. ( 2). The o n ly g r e a t p o e t who d e c lin e d p e t t y k in g s. c a r r y in g w ith. c o u r t s o f th e A lm o r a v id p r i n c e s ,. th e c o u r t s n s t iv e and V a le n c ia ,. and a d d re s s e d. num erous p a n e g y r ic s t o Abu I s h a q , I b r a h im b . Y u s u f b. T a s h i f i n .. As e r e s u l t o f t h i s c o m b in a tio n o f f a v o u r a b le cric^vn s ta n c e s . A n d a lu s ia n p o e t r y e n te re d u p on a new e ra m arke d by o r i g i n a l i t y , r e a lis m and i n d i v i d u a l i s m . The p r o d u c t io n o f p o e t r y had in c r e a s e d im m e n s e ly . on a n a t io n a l. The a r t o f im p r o v is a t io n was c u l t i v a t e d. s c a le ( ^ ) T o. answ er in. m o s t a p p r e c ia te d o f i n t e l l e c t u a l. an im p r o v iz e d v e r s e was th e. a c c o m p lis h m e n ts .. N a tu r a lly. much cheap s t u f f was p ro d u c e d b u t th e p re d o m in a n t p o e t i c a l p r o d u c t io n s o f t h i s p e r io d. com pare f a v o u r a b ly w i t h. th a t o f. th e o t h e r A n d a lu s ia n p e r io d s and t h a t o f a l- M a s h r iq . ( 1 ) Ib n Â b d 'u n and B a n u a l Q u b tu rn u i n B a d * jo s , I b n a l-H a d d a d e n d cUbada i n A lm e r ia , Ib n Wahbun i n i e v i l l e , I b n H a sda i/ i n Z a ra g o z a . ( 2 ) Such p o e ts in c lu d e d Ib n ’ Ammar, I b n a l- L a b b a n a , © 1 - N ih l i, a l- H u a r i and I b n J a k h a l-B a b b a g h . ( 3 ) a l-h h © k h ir 8 I I I p . 173* ’ (U ) Y a g ftt (1 1 7 9 -1 2 2 9 ) i n Mujara a l-B u ld a r? , a r t i c l e 3HILB says a b o u t t h e n a t iv e to w n o f I b n ’ Ansnar. " I have h e a rd in n u m e ra b le p e r s o n s , say t h a t i t s p e o p le , w i t h b u t fe w e x c e p t io n s , a r e m a xe rs o f v e r s e and d e v o te d to b e lle s - le t t r e s (a d a b ). I f yo u p a s s e d b y a f a r m e r s ta n d in g by h i s fa rm ( fe d d a n ) a n d a ske d h im a b o u t p o e t r y , he w o u ld a t on ce im p r o v is e on a n y s u b je c t t h a t you m ig h t dem and The same t h in g had been s a id , e a r l i e r , b y a l - l ’ i r f s f (+ 1 1 5 7 ) i n h i s b o o k D e s c r ip t io n de l a A f r iq u e e fr.d e X espagpe p . 18 0: and l a t e r b y a l- O s z w In i ( 1 2 0 3 -1 2 & 3 ) i n h i s b o o k A th a 'r a l - B i l a d p . 365*.

(25) PART H rirint i. . TOO 1 'Tr . . . B io g r a p h y .. .. >14 r - 2 H:r«. (T ) f. 'fy ib tfee :. ■ r « f his? tn t c t •ho went to Ob ■;; ; ^: .■r..

(26) 18 CHAP TEH. ORIGIN. AND. III EARLY. L IF E. A b u 'B a k r Muhammad b * r Ammer b *. a l-H u s a y n b * Arrsnar a l- M a h r l. was b o r n a t S hanflabus (E s to m b a r) n e a r 3 h i l b. ( S ilv e s ) ^ '. ' in. th e y e a r U 22/1031 • ^ 3 ) " H is a n c e s t o r s " s a y s Abd a l- V e h id , ^ 0 * had no s h a re o f famS fcfiolden o r m od ern tim e s * No one o f them had b e e n m e n tio n e d ( b y th e h i s t o r i a n s ). as h a v in g a n y th in g to. do w i t h g t C r y * ". Shams ( o r Shum ayaa)* ( 5 ). H is m o th e r was c a lle d. B e fo r e he w as n in e , he was s e n t t o r e c e iv e h is p r im a r y e d u c a t io n a t th e hands o f a l- A ^ la m a l- S h a n t a m a r r i( 6 ) i n S ilv e s * Then he w e n t to C o rd o va f o r f u r t h e r e d u c a t io n * ( 7 ) F o r an un s p e c if ie d s ta rte d to. re a s o n , he l e f t C o rd o v a and w e n t b a ck to e a rn h is l i v i n g. a d o n k e y and w ent fro m on e p la c e t o He h im s e lf t e l l s. m a k in g a l i v i n g fe w l i n e s. us o f on e o f h i s. b y t h i s m eans*.. e a r ly. he k e p t th e em pty s a c k t i l l. it s. it. been f i l l e d. a tte m p ts o f. He s a y s t h a t he composed a. and s e n t them to one o f th e r i c h. to. and ro d e on. a n o th e r i n p u r s u i t o f. He was re w a rd e d b y a s a c k f u l o f b a r e ly * in s u lt,. and. b y co m p o s in g p a n e g y r ic s f o r money*. He w o re a h ig h cap and a g a rm e n t o f g o s t s k in (r8 ) money*. S il v e s. tra d e s m e n i n. F a r fro m f e e l i n g. he was a b le. o w n e r f u l l o f s i l v e r c o in s , w i t h. S ilv e s *. th e. to. re tu rn. comment t h a t ,. w i t h c o r n he w o u ld h a ve r e t u r n e d i t. th e it had. fu ll o f. g o ld c o in s * * 9 ) ( 1 ) From th e Yemarrtte t r i b e o f M a h ra b * H aydan. ( 2 ) I n P o r t u g a l* ( 3 ) T h is y e a r had a ls o w itn e s s e d t h e f a l l o f t h e Umayyad d y n a s ty (S u p ra P* 7 ; (U ) a l- M u ’ j i b p . 111*. 10 2 * fam ous g ra m m a ria n was t i . p. soo _ r 0 /1 0 1 9 -2 0 * See B ro c k e lm a n n . ( 7 ) P o s s ib l y i n th e company o f h i s t u t o r who w e n t to C o rd o va i n 3 3 /1 0 U 1 -U 2 * ( 8 ) T h is a m u sin g d r e s s o f I b n ’ Ammar was d e s c r ib e d b y I b n T a h ir , th e deposed g o v e r n o r o f M u r c ia who had b e e n I b n ’ Arnmar i n th e d a y s o f need* ( a l - H u l l a f : 9 0 ; a l- H h a k h f r a I I I p * 8 ) * ( 9 ) a l- Q h a k h ir a I I f . 1 2 2 ; a l - M u ji b p . 1 1 4 . See I n f r a p ..

(27) A l- M u * t a d id ’ s v i c t o r y o v e r th e B e r b e r k in g s ( a b o u t k k h / 1 0 5 2 ) and h i s. renow n f o r h i s e n c o u ra g e m e n t o f p o e ts. a ttr a c te d Ib n. *Ammar to S e v i l l e w i t h th e p u rp o s e o f f e l i c i t a t i n g. th e k in g. w i t h o n e o f h i s p a n e g y r ic s . ( 1 )T h e k in g was so d e lig h te d t h a t h e a p p o in te d him as m i n i s t e r g is te r e d in In. S e v i l l e , ( 3 ) at. b . r A b b a d ,(5 ). th is. o c c a s io n a n d n o t i n. *. th e h e ir - a p p a r e n t .. VThen a l- M u * t a d id. T h is. a c q u a in ta n c e was tu r n e d. w h ic h la s t e d. a p p o in te d h i s. f o r tw e n ty - fiv e y e a rs .. son a l-S fx i9 t ^ n l d. G o v e rn o r o f th e n e w ly -c o n q u e re d t e r r i t o r i e s to w n o f S i l v e s ,. In. who had k in d r e d. h is. w h ic h in c lu d e d th e. he s e n t I b n ’ Ammar w i t h him i n. a t th e p a la c e o f S h a r a j ib , ta s te s. e n jo y e d. f r ie n d. as th e. th e c a p a c it y o f. th e g r e a t s a t i s f a c t i o n o f b o t h y o u n g men.. S il v e s ,. p le a s u r e ,. S ilv e s as. s a y s ( U ) Ib n * /m m s r made a c q u a in ta n c e w i t h Muhammad. a p r o fo u n d f r i e n d - s h i p. m i n i s t e r to. name t o b e r e . th e ^ D iw a n s l- S h u * a r e . ( 2). I b n a l- A b b a r. in to. and o r d e r e d h i s. th e. two y o u n g men. f o r p o e t r y and a common lo v e. © c a r e fr e e - life. (6 ). fo r. a l- M u ’ ta m id d e c re e d t h a t. s h o u ld b e th e f i r s t p e rs o n t o e n t e r h i 3 room i n. th e m o rn in g and th e l a s t p e rs o n t o b i d tim e s he w o u ld i n s i s t on h i s. him g o o d - n ig h t .. At. s p e n d in g th e n i g h t w it h him and. s h a re w i t h him th e same p i l l o w . Hum ours o f a s h a m e fu l r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e two young men, came t o. th e e a r s o f a l- M u * t a d id , who i n. name o f h i s tw o men. s e p a r a te d .. he s e n t t o 1) 2) 3) U) 5). so n b a n is h e d I b n ’ Ammar.. o r d e r to p r o t e c t th e. W ith b ro k e n h e a r t s th e. I b n ’ Ammar w e n t t o Z a r a g o z a .( T ). From t h e r e. a l- M u ’ t a d id one o f h i s b e a u t i f u l p a n e g y r ic s (. and. Poem No. 33* a l - I O is r l d s f : 12 3 a l- M u ’ j i b p . 117. a l- H u lla f : 9k. Muhammad, a f t e r f a l l i n g i n l o v e . w i t h h i s f u t u r e w i f e I ’ tim S d a d o p te d th e t i t l e o f M u 'ta m id b y w h ic h he came t o b e know n. H is o t h e r t i t l e s w ere e l-M u a yya d and s l - Z a f i r . a l- M u ’ ta m id was b o m i n U 3 2 /lO h O . ( 6 ) T h is l i f e was w e ll d e s c r ib e d b y a l-M u ta m id i n poem a d d re s s e d t o I b n Amrnar - see D iw a n a l- M u t a m d p . 11. ( 7 ) a l- M u ’ j i b p . 111. ( 8 ) Poem No. 5 8 . a l- M u ’ j i b p . 11 1. a l - H u l l a f t 9 8 . %?aejFAd-*w.

(28) — 20 — begged him to f o r g i v e him *. He a ls o. s e n t a poem to Ibn'Zaydun^^. th e P r im e - M in i s t e r o f a l - M u 't a d i d , p r a i s i n g hlrn an?. a s k in g h im. to in t e r c e d e f o r him w i t h a l- M u * t a ^ id . C 2) N o th in g co u ld in d u c e e l-M u * t a d id t o. fo r g iv e. him. and a llo w. him t o. go h a c k t o S e v i l l e *. W ith a l- M u 't a d id * s d e a th i n U6 1 /1 0 6 9 ended th e b a n is h m e n t o f Tbn'Ananar* From t h i s. He h u r r ie d b a c k to. owed h i a l i f e. in. J o in h i s. f r ie n d *. w i t h t h a t o f th e. and th u s ended th e a m b ig u it y w h ic h had t a shad many b y -g o n e d a y s *. th e b e g in n in g ,. a l-M u * ta m id who ra n t h e s t a t e w it h o u t. c h a n g in g th e p e r s o n n e l o f h i s w ith. to. tim e h i s s t o r y was c l o s e l y li n k e d. k in g o f S e v i l l e. In. S e v ille. any p a r t i c u l a r p o ^ t*. f a t h e r d id. n o t e n t r u s t Ib n 'A m m a r. Y e t Ib n 'A m m e ^ s p la c e i n. th e c o u r t. was f a r above t h a t o f th e P r im e - M in is t e r ( $ ) o r any o t h e r p e r s o n a lit y. in. th e. c o u rt*. He was seco nd o n ly t o. He s p e n t lo n g h o u rs w i t h s l- M u * t a n id k in g was r u n n in g th e a f f a i r s. o f th e. in. th e. a l- M u 't a m id .. c o u r t w h ile. s ta te ôr in p r iv a te. th e J o u s ts. when t h e y w e re e n jo y in g th e m s e lv e s i n. th e comp any o f b e a u t i f u l. m a id s s in g in g. th e cu p s w i t h w in e ^ o r. and d a n c in g and f i l l i n g. s t r o l l i n g l e i s u r e l y at the banks o f th e r i v e r and t h e meadow ) or in th e company o f o t h e r p o e t s o f s i l v e r (4------ ~j*J! lik e. I b n Wahbun and I b n. a l-L a b b a n a *. ( 1 ) I b n Z eydun was b o r n i n C o rd o va i n 3 9 U /1 0 0 3 and a f t e r an e v e n t f u l l i f e he J o in e d a l - M u 't a $ i d i n S e v i l l e i n M *1/10U 9 and c o n tin u e d to b e th e p r im e - m in i s t e r o f h i s s o n a l-K u* ta r r iil u n t i l he d ie d i n S e v i l l e o n 1 5 t h R a jo b U 6 3 / l7 t h * A p r i l 1071# ( 2) Poem No. ( 3 ) The P r im e - M in is t e r o r D h u 'l W iz a r e ta y n was th e m o s t s e n io r o f f i c i a l i n th e s t a t e a f t e r th e k in g and th e ha J i b . The h a J ib who d e p u tis e d f o r th e k in g was u s u a l l y t h e h e i r a p p a r e n t h o w e v e r yo u n g he m ig h t be* ( a l - M u 't a d id was th e h S J lb o f th e Q adi o f S e v i l l e , a l- M u * ta m id w as’ th e h a j i b o f a l- M u 't a d id ^ a n d a l - F a t h was th e h a j i b o f a l- M u ’ t a m id . ) The D h u 'l V iz a r a t y n d r th e h o ld e r o f th e tw o m i n i s t r f r i e s : th a t" ~ o f th e sw ord and t h a t o f th e p e n was r e s p o n s ib le t o th e k in g , i n h i s absence t o h i s f t a j l b . H is s e n io r o f f i c i a l s o r heads o f d e p a rtm e n ts w e re c a l le d r a in is t e r s ( « | . ) a l l th e o t h e r s w e re c a l le d c le r k s ; t ^ p lu r a l o f ^ ) (S e e M ugaddim a p* 2 3 5 )*.

(29) 21 T h is. r e la tio n s h ip. a ro u s e d. th e je a lo u s y. t h e m o s t I m p o r t a n t o f whom was th e p r e t t y fe lt. queen 1 etim a d who. t h a t Ibn *A m m ar was k e e p in g away h e r hu sb a n d fro m h e r*. d n d J b n Zaydun( 1) who s t a r t e d. to. a u t h o r i t y was c h a lle n g e d b y t h i s a l-M u * ta m id fo r. o f many p e o p le. a w h ile. tr a v e lle d. th o u g h t i t. fe e l b it t e r ly in t r u d e r *. w is e to. send h im away fro m S e v i l l e. and a p p o in te d him G o v e rn o r o f S i l v e s . ( 2 ) i b n t Ammar. in. g r e a t pomp*. a l- M u * ta m id h i m s e l f came to. o f f and a d d re s s e d him w i t h g iv e h i s b e s t w is h e s t o. S h a r a jib p a la c e. and th o s e p la c e s w h ic h. f o r b o t h o f them i n. th e. (k) ¥hen he a r r i v e d. in. S ilv e s. who had g iv e n h im th e b a r le y I b n Basssm. , h o w e v e r, i n. he asked a b o u t th e tra d e s m a n. to. re w a rd h im f o r h i s b e n e v o le n c. h i s u s u s l m an ne r o f d i s c r e d i t i n g. d e ed s o f Tbn*Am m ar, s a id t h a t. th e p o e t who had been a l l. tim e ^chew ing th e i n s u l t was w a i t i n g tra d e s m a n *. ta k e. f o r th e o p p o r t u n i t y. r e c e iv e d. fro m h im b e f o r e and i n. s i l v e r c o in s and s a id. to. a d d i t i o n ga ve h im a s a c k f u l o f. to h i m , wHad i t. sa ck w i t h b a r l e y ,. th e. t h a t w h ic h he had. n o t been f o r c e r ta in. c o n s id e r a t io n s I w o u ld have p u n is h e d you s e v e r e ly ; th e. th e. He sa y s t h a t Ibn*Am m Sr. gave him b e c k an e q u a l am ount o f b a r le y t o. f ille d. see him. a po «n ( 3) i n w h ic h he asked h im to. had b e e n th e s ta g e o f a ha pp y l i f e p a s t*. t h a t h is. if. y o u had. y o u w o u ld ha ve r e c e iv e d i t. back. _______ f u l l o f g o ld d in a r s * ( 6) ( 1 ) A t f i r s t th e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n th e two men was qood. I b n Z a f i r t e l l s i n B g d a i a l - B ad a ih ( p . / p p and q u o te d b y a l- M a q q a r i Na f h I I p * / W ) o f a p le a s a n t d a y s p e n t b y th e two men and I b n K h a ld u n , w h ic h had been s p o i l t f o r them b y an u n f o r t u n a t e a c c id e n t w h ic h b e f e l l t h e i r c u p b e a r e r. ( 2) e l - M u ji b p . I f # ; ( 3) S u p ra p* _ (U ) 8 l - ? 8 t h ( Q a la y id p . 32) s a y s t h a t Ib n \mmar was s e n t to S il v e s i n t h e c a p a c it y o f M i n i s t e r t o th e new G o v e rn o r e l - ^ a d f , son o f a l-M u * t a m id , w h ile on p a ge 5_he says t h a t he o n ly w e n t on a t o u r o f in s p e c t io n w i t h Abu B a k r b * a l f t a s f r a , when s l-M u * ta m id a d d re s s e d t h a t poem t o him * I b n a l- A b b a r ( H u l l s f 9 k ) sa y s t h # t he w e n t to S ilv e s on a t o u r o f in s p e c t io n . i^JLe) ta&iu ( 5 ) S u p ra p* i f ( 6 ) a l-g h a k h T r a I I f : 122..

(30) Ho one e x p la in s w hy he d i d cane e a r l i e r to. n o t re p a y h i s. d e b t when he. th e terwn as th e m i n i s t e r o f a l-M u * ta m id when. th e l a t t e r was a p p o in te d as th e g o v e r n o r o f th e t o w n . O / The w h o le s t o r y ,. h o w e v e r, i s d is m is s e d b y Nyfcl w it h o u t. any a rg u m e n t as p u re f a n t a s y ( 2 ) .. (1 ). S u p ra p* i q. ( 2 ) H .A .P . p*. 15U..

(31) 23 CHAPTER. IV. IB K * AMMAR GOES INTO ACTIOH Soon enough th e o c c a s io n f o r I b n ’ Ammar to d i s p l a y h i s a b ility le d. p r e s e n te d i t s e l f *. a s tro n g. weak t o s e n t h is. g iv e. al-M am un o f T o le d o ( ' ^ 3 7 / ^ 7 ^. axmy and b e s ie g e d C o rd o va * any e f f e c t i v e. son Abd a l - M s l i k. a g a in s t th e in v a d e r s *. was to o. r e s is t a n c e A t £ u * l W a lld b * d a h v /a r to. a l Mu* ta m id a s k in g h ia h e lp. a l- M u * ta m id. a t o n ce s e n t a e m a il f o r c e. o f t h r e e h u n d re d men and c o u p le d i t th o u s a n d men le d b y h i s. As th e c i t y. ). w ith. an arm y o f one. a b le g e n e r a ls K h a la f b* N a ja b and. Muhammad b . M a r t f n . O ) %. A lth o u g h t h e r e i s as to. no d e f i n i t e. h in t in. th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f I b n ’ Ammar i n. in c lin e d. a n c ie n t a u th o r s. t h is. m ove, we a re. t o b e l i e v e t h a t he a cco m p a n ie d a l- M u * ta m id s army*. T h e re was a s e c r e t p la n t o b e c a r r i e d o u t* t r u s t no one e x c e p t I b n ’ Ammar* im m e d ia te ly a f t e r i t s. We a ls o. fin d. a l-M u * ta m id h im i n. c o u ld. C o rdo va. c o n q u e s t c o n s p ir in g w i t h I b n M a r t in. a g a in s t I b n Z a y d u n * (3 ). ( 1 ) a l Bey an a l- M u g h r ib I I I p* 2 6 0 ; £ in a l p* 150 ( 2 ) A sch b e e h ( p * 5 i ) says t h a t th e a m y was l e d by a l- M u * ta m id * s son - Muhammad ( a l-M u * ta m id had no son b y t h a t name b e in g h i m s e l f c a l l e d Muhammad) and I b n ’ Ammar* N y k l (H *A *P * p* 158) s a y s t h a t a l-M u * ta m id a p p o in te d I b n t u k s s h 8 as th e comm and a r o f th e arm y w h ic h he d e s p a tc h e d t o C o rd o v a * T h is i s a m is ta k e as a l l th e a n c ie n t a u t h o r i t i e s had a g re e d t h t I b n cU kasha had b e e n i n th e s e r v ic e o f a l- M in u n a g a in s t a l-M u * ta m id and i t was he who k i l l e d P r in c e A b b a d , son o f a l-M u * ta m id and G o v e rn o r o f C orclova* (3 ). a l- a ta k B fr a I i. p.. 355*.

(32) 2k. -. -. d e f e a t e d th e T o le d a n s a t th e g a te s o f C o rd o v a . N ot s a t is f ie d w ith t h is , th e C o rd o v a n arm y f o llo w e d th e ££ £m y b e yo n d th e w a l l s o f t h e c i t y le a v i n g th e a l l i e s b e h in d . I b n * Ammar who had be£n The a l l i e d. a rm ie s o f C o rdo va and S e v i l l e. s e c r e t l y c o n t a c t in g. th e p ro m in e n t men o f C o rd o v a , o c c u p ie d. th e g a r r is o n s o f th e c i t y ,. a r r e s t e d I b n J a h w a r and th e. members o f h i s f a m i l y and d e c la r e d t h e s o v e r ie g n t y o f a l Mu* ta m id o v e r th e c i t y . ( l ) a l- M u * ta m id was e x te m e ly p le a s e ^ w i t h t h e s u c c e s s o f h i s p la n and a p p o in te d h i s Ib n Zaydun,. son~Abb8d( 2 ) G o v e rn o r o f th e c i t y .. th e P rim e M i n i s t e r and t h e n a t iv e. h a p p y f o r th e. tu rn o f e v e n ts .. f o r th e r e s t o f h is d a y s .. o f C o rd o v a was. He c o u ld now s e t t l e. in. C o rd o v a. He was h a ile d b y h i s p e o p le .. a ro u s e d th e je a lo u s y o f I b n ’ Ammar and h i s I b n M e r t f h who a d v is e d a l-M u * ta m id t o to S e v i l l e .. The o ld man, who wss i n. d is a p p o in t e d. and d ie d. f r ie n d. send I b n ill- h e a lth. a few m o n th s l a t e r .. T h is. th e g e n e ra l. Zsy&uh b a c k was g r e a t l y. T h is f i l l e d. h is. son Abti B s k r , who l a t e r becam e th e P r im e M i n i s t e r o f a l Mu* ta m id w i t h b i t t e r n e s s. a g a in s t Ib n * A m m a r.( 3 ). ( 1 ) The d a te g iv e n b y A s c h b s c h ( p . 52 ) f o r t h i s e v e n t i . e . h 5 2 / l0 6 0 m akes i t te n y e a r s b e f o r e t h e r e ig n o f a l-M u * ta m id , ( 2 ) Abu Amr S i r a j a l-H a w la was th e e l d e s t son o f a l- M u * ta m id * As a l M u *t8 ra id had m a r r ie d h i s m o th e r a l-R u m a y k iy a a b o u t U 5 1 /1 0 5 9 h e c o u ld n o t h a ve been m ore th a n tw e lv e y e a r s th e n . ( 3 ) a l- B h e k h ir a I i p . p . 3 5 U -5 5 ..

(33) C.. . V I. VT. TBN 1 AMMAR AND ALFONSO A t th e d e a th o f I b n Z a yd u n , I b n ’ Amrriar nae a p p o in te d P r im e M in is te r .. He was soon fa c e d b y a s e r io u s t e s t *. who had g iv e n a l Mainun s u p p o r t i n t h a t s i-M u * t a m id s 1. tr ib u t e. h i s C o rd o v a c a m p a ig n , s e e in g. had n o t b e e n s e n t i n. p e rs o n t o. to. c h e c k th e advance o f a l M u *ta m id on t h e t e r r i t o r y and p a r t l y. due fro m. to. P a r t ly f o r t h is. t i m e , came. in. a lly. c o lle c t i t .. A lfo n s o V I ,. in c r e a s e. to w n and f o r a moment i t. c o u ld s to p A lf o n s o VT fro m. e n t e r in g. th e. th e c i t y . a c t io n .. and e x p e n s iv e s e t o f ch e s s. The p ie c e s w e re c a rv e d. a p p ro a ch e d. seemed as th o u g h n o t h in g. * Ammar w e n t im m e d ia t e ly i n t o. v e ry b e a u t if u l. o f h is. th e am ount o f th e y e a r l y t r i b u t e. a l- M u * ta m id , t h e k in g o f C a s t i l ^ c. d e fe n s e le s s. Ib n. re a s o n and p e r t l y. He o r d e r e d &. to be made f o r him *. fro m e b o n y a iv jfe a n d s lw o o d , e n c r u s te d w it h. i n t o a game o f che ss o n th e c o n d i t i o n t h a t i f A lfo n s o l o s t , he would g r a n t g o ld .. He e m p lo ye d a l l h i s w i t s. w h a te v e r Ib n *A m m a r m ig h t dem and.. to in d u c e A lf o n s o. On th e o t h e r hand i f. he w o u ld g e t th e u n iq u e s e t o f c h e s s .. A f t e r some r e lu c t a n c e ,. w h ic h was o v e r-c o m e b y th e a d v ie e o f h i s. c o u n s e l l o r s ^ ' A lfo n s o. I b n Ammar won, and demanded th e. a c c e p te d I b n ’ Ammar* s te rm s .. im m e d ia te w it h d r a w a l o f A lf o n s o te r r ito r y .. he won. and h i s. arm y fro m S e v i l i a n. A lf o n s o , g r e a t l y i n d i g n a n t , b u t u n a b le t o b r e a k. h i s w ord c o m p lie d w it h. th e. te rm s o f th e game.. The t r i b u t e. fo r. t h a t y e a r was p a id d o u b l e . ^ ) ( 1 ) The sfcb ry sa y s t h a t I b n ’ Ammar p a id him c a r r y o u t h i s p la n . ( 2 ) a l- M u ’ j i b p . p . 119 - /2 1 *. them g e n e r o u s l y to. h e lp. Commenting on t h i s i n c i d e n t which had b e e n u n a c c e p ta b le to many s u b seq u en t h i s t o r i a n s 6 -le rk e (T h e J i d p . 1 ^ 7 ) sa y s w i s e l y , H^he s t o r y thougji s t r a n g e a c c o r d i n g to m odern and w e s te r n id e a s , i s n o t so im p r o b a b le as to w a r r a n t th e r e j e t i o n o f th e te s t im o n y o f th e A r a b ic h i s t o r i a n b y whom i t is t o ld . ”.

(34) 26 THE GRANADA EXPEDITION. The am ^ it /ou ^ k in g o f S e v i l l e , found i n h i s new F riraeM i n i s t e r anaunbi t io t t s and c a p a b le man. A f t e r t h e c a p t u r e o f C o rd o va he s e t h i s h e a r t on th e a n n e x a t io n o f G ranada, t h e c a p i t a l of*Banu ZayrT. With th e d e a t h o f B ad is b« Habbush ^ )» and t h e k i n g s h i p o f h i s underaged g ra n d so n "Abdulla : i , t h e hopes o f al-Mu* tamid were r e v i v e d . Alfonso s e n t t o rA b d u llah l a s k i n g him to pay tw enty th o u san d d i n a r s which he hod imposed on him as a y e a r l y t r i b u t e . The i n e x p e r i e n c e d young k ing r e f u s e d to pay the money. He t h o u g h t t h a t t h e r e was no d a n g e r from Alfonso as lo n g as I b n Bhu’ l Nun s to o d b etw e en him and Grenada. He did n o t e x p e c t t h a t th e C h r i s t i a n k in g would be sided by any Muslim a g a i n s t h i s Muslim b r o t h e r s . ( 2 ) r e s u l t , on. I b n ’ Ammar, who was c a r e f u l l y w a tc h in g th e. k n o w in g k in g rA b d u lla h * s an sw e r to A lf o n s o h a s te n e d t o m e e t th e l a t t e r d in a r s i f b u ilt. a t B a g h a , and p ro m is e d t o he w o u ld h e lp h im to. a t B a llilu s h. g iv e h im f i f t y. c o n q u e r G ra n a d a .. n e a r G ranada and th e c i t y. f o r a lo n g w h ile u n t i l cA b d u lla h was f o r c e d t o to A lfo n s o th ir ty. t o n e g o t ia t e p e a c e .. th o u sa n d d in a r s. an a n n u a ll t r i b u t e . th e t h r e e. c a s t le s o f A s t a l l r ,. was n o t ha pp y w i t h. A f o r t was. was b e s ie g e d go i n. p e rs o n. He a g re e d to p a y o n t h e s p o t ,. to A lf o n s o. He a ls o. th o u s a n d. and t e n th o u s a n d d in a r s. a g re e d t o y i e l d Q a s h tro. as. to I b n f Ammar. and M a rtu s h .. I b n ’ /m m ar. th e t u r n o f e v e n ts b u t c o u ld n o t a rg u e. w i t h A lf o n s o . ( 3 ). (1 ). A ra b h i s t o r i a n s g iv e tw o a l t e r n a t i v e s t h e d e a th o f B a d is : Ub5 and U69,?fc ( 2 ) T ib y a h p . 69. (3). Ib id. p.. 73.. f o r th e d a te o f (s e e T ib y a n. v.

(35) 27 THE TTTDMIR CAMPAIGN A f t e r th e f a i l u r e a l- M u ’ ta m id ,. o f h is p la n s "by th e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f. al-M am un r e t r e a t e d. a n o th e r a tte m p t#. He l e d. Abd a l - A z i z o f V a le n c ia ,. t o T o le d o to p r e p a r e f o r. a s tro n g. arm y a g a in s t th e Banu. th e a l l i e s ,. o f a l- M u ’ tamid# At th e th e sm a ll re a d y. o r d e r o f a l -M u ’ ta m id , I b n ’ Arrmar h u r r i e d w i t h fo rc e. to. com bat a l-M a m u n ,. to. t o p r e p a r e a s t r o n g a rm y.. e n a b le a l- M u * ta m id m e a n w h ile. Ib n * Arrana r ’ s p la n was to o r g a n is e. t h e r e s is t a n c e b y f o r m in g an a n n y fro m V a le n c ia and M u r c ia w h ic h was a ls o TTnsble to M u r c ia. th r e a t e n e d b y al-M am un# r a is e. and a f r a i d. n o t re a c h him i n h u r r ie d. f o r c e fro m V a le n c ia and. l e s t th e p ro m is e d arm y fro m S e v i l l e. s h o u ld. t im e , I b n ’ Ammar o f h i s own i n t i a t i v e. t o B a rc e lo n a and asked f o r m i l i t a r y. Ramon B e re u g u e r I I He l e f t. any e f f e c t i v e. in. a l- R a s h id ( 1 ) ,. h e lp from c o u n t. r e t u r n f o r te n th o u s a n d g o ld d in a r s # son o f a l- M u ’ ta m id w i t h. th e c o u n t and. to o k w i t h him th e nephew o f th e c o u n t as a h o s ta g e t o. e n s u re. th e f u l f i l m e n t o f th e t r e a t y # al-M am un to o k th e a l l i e d e a sy v ic t o r y #. I n s p it e. f o r c e b y s u r p r is e. o f th e d e f e a t ,. and won an. th e c o u n t o f B a r c e lo n a. asked I b n ’ Ammar to p a y th e m oney w h ic h was p ro m is e d t o h im and on s e e in g I b n ’ Amrnar’ D r e lu c t a n c e s e i2 © ^ Him and p u t h im end a l- R e s h id. in. fe tte rs .. a l- M u * ta m id , who had h i t h e r t o , b e e n u n a w a re o f th e t u r n o f e v e n ts headed to w a rd J a e n w i t h. a s tro n g. le a r n i n g w h a t had ha pp en ed , he was f u r io u s # Ibn*A rnm 8r was r e le a s e d to th e c o u n t ’ s money# f o r a w h ile. go to. c o n te m p la te d f l i g h t .. a sked Ibn *A irg na r t o (1 ) Abu’ l. M e a n w h ile ,. o f th e ve xe d k in g. th e k i n g ’ s w ra th #. 3*. He. a d v is e him o n th e w h o le p ro b le m #. H u s a y n , U b a y d illa h so n o f a 1 -R u m sykiya h #. ( 2 ) Poem Ho.. and. Then he s e n t h im ^ a p o lo g e tic. d is p e llin g. . jo in him t o. On. a l- M u ’ ta m id and s e c u re th e. He was t e r r i f i e d. poem ( 2 ), w h ic h succe ed ed i n. army#.

(36) The l a t t e r c o m p lie d , th o u g h m o s t o f i t. and th e m oney was s e n t t o. was i n. debased c o in s #. th e c o u n t ,.

(37) 29 CHAPTER. V. IBM*AMMAR IN MURCIA A p p a r e n t ly I b n ’ Ammar c o n v in c e d a l- M u ’ ta m id o f t h e d i s l o y a l t y o f I b n T a h i r ( l ) a n d h e ld him r e s p o n s ib le f o r t h e d e f e a t o f th e a l l i e s b e f o r e to. th e T o le d a n a m y and aske d h i s p e r m i s s i o n. c o n q u e r M u r c ia and p u n is h him# Ib n 'A m m a r s e c u re d th e c o - o p e r a t io n o f I b n R ashlq th e. r o u t e fro m S e v i l l e t o M u r c ia , and b o u g h t th e l o y a l t y o f th e n o b i l i t y o f. L o r d o f th e c a s t le o f B a l j ( V e le z R u b io ) on th e M u r c ia who a c te d. as a f i f t h. co lu m n a g a in s t I b n. T a h ir .(. 2 ) The. p la n w o rk e d s u c c e s s f u ll y and th e to w n s u r r e n d e r e d to I b n R a s h lq who le d. I b n ’ Ammar’ s a rm y .. I b n R a s h lq * s l e t t e r w h ic h c a r r i e d. th e p le a s a n t news he p r e p a r e d. th e o c c a s io n o n which he s p e n t. a m a g n i f i c ie n t p r o c e s s io n f o r a la r g e sum o f money fro m. When I b n ’ Ammar r e c e i v e d. th e p u b l i c !. tre a s u ry #. w a tc h e d him c l o s e l y and when h e came to b i d. A l- M u ’ ta m id. h im f a r e w e l l ,. s a id to M m , "Y o u may. le a v e , 0 I b n ’ Ammar, p r o t e c t e d w i t h. p ru d e n c e o f C o d ,. do n o t t h i n k I. s c h e m e s .". and. I b n ’ AmmSr r e t o r t e d. b u t y o u e re n o t i n ap o s i t i o n. "I. day#. th e. have b e e n b l i n d to y o u r. know t h a t y o u a r e n ot b l i n d ,. th e g a te s. o f M u r c ia and le d. r o y a l p a la c e w h e re he s p e n t th e r e s t o f th e. The n e x t d a y I b n ’ Ammar s a t on th e th r o n e. th e n o b i l i t y du ce d to. to. r e c ite. th e. to o b je c t# " ( 3 ). I b n R a s h lq m e t h im o u t s id e t h e way to. he. and a llo w e d. c o n g r a t u la t e h im and th e p o e ts were i n t r o h is p r a i s e . ( U ). ( 1 ) I b n f^ a h ir was a f r i e n d o f al-M & nhn# a l - F a t h ( Q a l l y i d p # 6 0 ) re p ro d u c e s a l e t t e r w r i t t e n fro m h im t o th e l a t t e r # I b n a l - A b b a r ( a l - H u l l a f # 9 l ) h o w e v e r,s a y s t h a t I b n ’ Ammar on s e e in g th e w eakness o f I b n y s h i r when he went to h i s c o u r t f e l t t h a t he was an e a sy p r e y end w o rke d to rem ove him and ta k e h is p la c e # ( 2 ) C o n tr a r y t o a l l A ra b h is t o r ia n s , D * £ > z y ( S # I . p . V7 9 )s a y s t h a t Ibn *A m m ar s o u g h t th e h e lp o f th e c o u n t o f B a rc e lo n a i n h i s w a r a g a in s t M u rc ia # ( 3) H u l l s f . 9 7 . U ) IM S f . 97..

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