University of Groningen
Detailed stellar populations of dwarf elliptical galaxies Sen, Seyda
DOI:
10.33612/diss.118163076
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Publication date: 2020
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Sen, S. (2020). Detailed stellar populations of dwarf elliptical galaxies. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.118163076
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Detailed Stellar Populations of
Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
op gezag van de
rector magnificus prof. dr. C. Wijmenga
en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties.
De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op
maandag 24 februari 2020 om 9.00 uur
door
Şeyda Şen
geboren op 30 september 1987
te Izmir, Turkey
Promotores
Prof. dr. R. F. Peletier
Prof. dr. S. C. Trager
Beoordelingscommissie
Prof. dr. E. A. Valentijn
Prof. dr. A. Aragón-Salamanca
Prof. dr. R. Riffel
iii
To my lovely family... Sevgili aileme...
iv
Cover: Design made by İlker Aydemir Printed by: Gildeprint-The Netherlands ISBN: 978-94-034-2510-8 (printed version) ISBN: 978-94-034-2509-2 (electronic version)
CONTENTS v
Contents
Table of Contents v
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Galaxies: a Brief Introduction . . . 2
1.2 Dwarf Galaxy Morphologies . . . 5
1.3 Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies (dEs) . . . 6
1.3.1 Photometry . . . 8
1.3.2 Spectroscopic Analysis . . . 8
1.4 Dwarf Galaxies in the Cosmological Context . . . 9
1.5 Elemental Abundances . . . 10
1.5.1 The formation of the elements . . . 10
1.5.2 Abundance Ratios . . . 13
1.6 Stellar Populations . . . 15
1.6.1 Resolved Stellar Population . . . 15
1.6.2 Unresolved Stellar Population . . . 17
1.7 This Thesis . . . 19
2 Abundance ratios in dwarf elliptical galaxies 21 2.1 Introduction . . . 23
2.1.1 Outline . . . 28
2.2 Observations and Data Reduction . . . 28
2.2.1 Line-strength measurements . . . 30
2.3 Results . . . 31
2.3.1 Derived ages and metallicities . . . 31
2.3.2 Elemental abundance ratios . . . 32
2.4 Discussion . . . 37
2.4.1 Na abundances . . . 43
2.4.2 Abundance ratios and the formation of dEs . . . 45
2.5 Conclusions . . . 47
vi CONTENTS
3 A new set of high-resolution spectral indices for stellar
population analysis of small/medium size stellar systems 53
3.1 Introduction . . . 55
3.1.1 Outline . . . 58
3.2 Spectra . . . 59
3.3 Defining indices . . . 59
3.4 Defining the age and metallicity indicators . . . 61
3.5 Dependence on [α/Fe] . . . 62
3.6 Discussion . . . 69
3.6.1 α-elements : Ca, Na, Mg and Ti . . . 71
3.6.2 Fe-peak elements: Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Sc, V and Fe 72 3.6.3 Neutron capture elements: Ba, Y, Nd . . . 73
3.7 Conclusions . . . 74
Appendix 3.A All Tables . . . 75
Appendix 3.B All Figures for the behaviour of the indices as a function of metallicity, age and spectral resolution . . . 75
Appendix 3.C 3d-diagrams . . . 75
4 Abundance ratios of dEs in the Fornax Cluster using a system of newly defined indices 107 4.1 Introduction . . . 109
4.1.1 Outline . . . 111
4.2 Observations . . . 111
4.3 Data Reduction . . . 114
4.4 Determination Age and Metallicity . . . 115
4.5 High-resolution line strength measurements . . . 116
4.6 Comparison of data with models . . . 120
4.7 Discussion . . . 120
4.7.1 α-elements: Ca, Na, Mg and Ti . . . 125
4.7.2 Fe-peak elements: Cr, Mn, Ni, Sc, V and Fe . . . 126
4.7.3 Neutron capture elements: Ba, Y, Nd . . . 127
4.7.4 Abundance Ratios of dEs . . . 128
4.8 Conclusions . . . 131
Appendix 4.A Some extra material . . . 133
5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 151 5.1 Conclusions . . . 152
CONTENTS vii
Bibliography 157
Nederlandse Samenvatting 163
Özet 173
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