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(1)Tilburg University. Psychiatry and Religion Verhagen, Peter J.. Publication date: 2019 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal. Citation for published version (APA): Verhagen, P. J. (2019). Psychiatry and Religion: Controversies and Consensus: A Matter of Attitude. Shaker Verlag.. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Download date: 14. okt. 2021.

(2) The fourth volume in the series �its in perfectly with this aim. The author’s major concern is the attitude of mental health professionals, in particular psychiatrists to religion. Would it be possible to reach for consensus beyond old fashioned boundaries? Although not in an easy way it turned out to be possible to answer the question af�irmative. How this was accomplished and how the author re�lects on the route traveled is explained in a compilation of previously published articles, preceded by a General Introduction and concluded with a General Discussion.. Peter J. Verhagen. Peter J. Verhagen is a psychiatrist, group psychotherapist and theologian. He works at GGz Centraal Mental Health Institution, Harderwijk, the Netherlands. The topic of this book refers to his work on religion and psychiatry at home and abroad. He was the founding secretary and later chair of the World Psychiatric Association Section on Religion, Spirituality and Psychiatry. Nowadays he is honorary member of the Section.. Psychiatry and Religion. This series presents multidisciplinary approaches to the scienti�ic study of mental health and religion, moving from psychology of religion, clinical psychology and psychiatry to mental health, from empirical research in the broadest sense and the development of methodologies to philosophical re�lection on the interface of religion and mental health. This complexity is approached by the author in a multilevel model of sciences with its inter-level dynamics. It starts with common, daily experience and it ends up with meta-theoretical re�lection, including all there is in between.. Psychiatry and Religion Controversies and Consensus: A Matter of Attitude. Peter J. Verhagen. INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN MENTAL HEALTH AND RELIGION 6550_Umschlag_mKlappen_2.indd 1. 28.03.2019 14:02:33.

(3)    . Psychiatry and Religion Controversies and Consensus: A Matter of Attitude   ”‘‡ˆ• Š”‹ˆ––‡”˜‡””‹Œ‰‹‰˜ƒ†‡‰”ƒƒ†˜ƒ†‘ –‘” ƒƒ‹Ž„—”‰‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘’‰‡œƒ‰˜ƒ†‡”‡ –‘”ƒ‰‹ˆ‹ —•ǡ’”‘ˆǤ†”ǤǤ ǤǤƒ”–•ǡ ‹Š‡–‘’‡„ƒƒ”–‡˜‡”†‡†‹‰‡–‡‘˜‡”•–ƒƒ˜ƒ‡‡ †‘‘”Š‡– ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡˜‘‘”’”‘‘–‹‡•ƒƒ‰‡™‡œ‡ ‘‹••‹‡‹ †‡ƒ—Žƒ˜ƒ†‡—‹˜‡”•‹–‡‹–‘’™‘‡•†ƒ‰ͳ͹ƒ’”‹ŽʹͲͳͻ‘ͳ͵Ǥ͵Ͳ——” †‘‘” . ‡–”—• ‘Šƒ‡•‡”Šƒ‰‡  ‰‡„‘”‡–‡ ‘—†ƒ. .

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(7)   ”‘‘–‘”‡•ǣ ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ†‡      ”‘ˆǤ”Ǥ Ǥ Žƒ•  ˜‡”‹‰‡Ž‡†‡ǣ ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤǤ”ƒƒ      ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ‡‹      ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤ

(8) Ǥ‡‹      ”‘ˆǤ”Ǥ ǤǤǤ‹‡’‡”      ”‘ˆǤ”ǤǤƒ”‘–. .

(9)      Psychiatry and Religion Controversies and Consensus: A Matter of Attitude  So liegt es tief begründet, daß der Arzt seinen Beruf nicht nur als Forscher oder Wissenschaftler versteht, aber auch nicht als ein bloßer Techniker, der die Wissenschaft und ihre Erkenntnisse für das “Gesundmachen” zur Anwendung bringt. Es ist ein Moment der Nähe zur Kunst darin, das nicht zu dem gehört, was man durch theoretische Belehrung vermitteln kann und das dem Namen Heilkunst entspricht. Hans-Georg Gadamer (1993, p. 201).

(10) . International Series in Mental Health and Religion. 4 †‹–‡†„›  ”‘ˆ”ƒ”‹—• Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ†‡.     . Consulting Editors  ”‘ˆ””Œƒ”ƒƒǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ —ƒ‹•–‹ –—†‹‡•ǡ–”‡ Š– ”‘ˆ” ‘œ‡ˆ‘”˜‡Ž‡›ǡƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‡—˜‡ ”‘ˆ” ‡””‹– Žƒ•ǡ ”‡‡‹˜‡”•‹–›•–‡”†ƒ ”‘ˆ” ƒ‡•Ǥ ‘‡•ǡ—–‰‡”•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‡™”—•™‹ ǡ  ”‘ˆ”‡„ƒ•–‹ƒ—”‡ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ”„—”‰ ”‘ˆ” ‡––›‘ ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ”‘‹‰‡. .

(11)    . Psychiatry and Religion Controversies and Consensus: A Matter of Attitude. ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡                  ò”‡Ȃ ‡”ƒ›ǡʹͲͳͻ. .

(12) ‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡‡—–• Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǦ„‹„Ž‹‘–Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡—–• Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‹„Ž‹‘–Š‡ Ž‹•–• –Š‹• ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‡—–• Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒˆ‹‡Ǣ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ †ƒ–ƒƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ ‡–ƒ–ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ†„Ǥ†Ǧ„Ǥ†‡     

(13)    ”•ǤǤŠǤ ‡‰‰‡” ”•ǤǤ Ǥ Ǥ–‡••‡Ž       ̹Šƒ‡”‡”Žƒ‰ʹͲͳͻ  ‘˜‡”‹ƒ‰‡ǣDz˜‡ƒ”‹ƒdzȋʹͲͳͷȌǡ‰‘—ƒ Š‡„›

(14) ‡‡‡”Šƒ‰‡ǦŽ„‡”–‹Œ ‘˜‡”†‡•‹‰ǣƒ”‡”Šƒ‰‡ ‘‘†‡•‹‰ǣŽƒˆ˜ƒ‡Ž•˜‘‘”–ǡ ‘‹”Ž‡  ŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥ‘’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡”‡’”‘†— ‡†ǡ•–‘”‡† ‹ƒ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ•›•–‡ǡ‘”–”ƒ•‹––‡†ǡ‹ƒ›ˆ‘”‘”„›ƒ›‡ƒ•ǡ‡Ž‡ Ǧ –”‘‹ ǡ ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽǡ ’Š‘–‘ ‘’›‹‰ǡ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ ‘” ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ’”‹‘”’‡”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ  ”‹–‡†‹ ‡”ƒ› 

(15) ͻ͹ͺǦ͵ǦͺͶͶͲǦ͸ͷͷͲǦ͵  Šƒ‡”‡”Žƒ‰ „  ƒ‰‡ ”ƒ„‡ͳͷƒ ͷʹ͵ͷ͵ò”‡Ȃ ‡”ƒ›  ‡ŽǤǣͲͲͶͻʹͶʹͳȀͻͻͲͳͳͲ ƒšǣͲͲͶͻʹͶʹͳȀͻͻͲͳͳͻ ‹ˆ‘̷•Šƒ‡”Ǥ†‡ȁ™™™Ǥ•Šƒ‡”Ǥ†‡ .

(16)    . International Series in Mental Health and Religion ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š. KSGV            ‹•ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–—– Šƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡”‡ŽƒǦ –‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡ˆƒ‹–ŠȀ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ  ‘–Š‹•‡†ǡ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”•–‘‹•’‹”‡ƒ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†”‡Ǧ ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘ —””‡–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹••—‡•‹‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ƒ†‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

(17) – ’—”•—‡•ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‡”‡–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ›Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ƒ‹‰Ǥ   ‹••—‡•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘••‹ ‡ͳͻͷʹǤ  ™™™Ǥ•‰˜ǤŽ .

(18) .

(19) Contents ‘–‡–•ˆ—”–Š‡”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† ‘–‡–•ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”•Š‹’ˆ—”–Š‡”•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† Chapter 1. ‡‡”ƒŽ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ . ƒ”–

(20) Ǥ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•. š‹ š‹‹‹  ͳ ʹͳ. Chapter 2 ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ˆ‹‡Ž†™‹†‡‘’‡ˆ‘”†‹• —••‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” Š.  ʹ͵. Chapter 3 Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›.  Ͷ͹. Chapter 4 •› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǣƒŽ—‡•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š†ƒ–ƒƒ†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•.  ͸͵. Chapter 5 ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‡–ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š  ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‹ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‘—””‡˜‹‡™•ȋͳͻ͸ͻǦʹͲͳ͵Ȍ.  ͻͷ. . ƒ”–

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(22) Ǥ ‘•‡•—•. Chapter 6 ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘•–ƒ–‡‡–. ͳͳͻ  ͳʹͳ. ͸Ǥͳ•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǣ‘”Ž†•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡›‘†„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•. ͳʹͳ. ͸Ǥʹ‘–”‘˜‡”•›‘” ‘•‡•—•ǫ‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘” ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•‘’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›. ͳ͵͹. ͸Ǥ͵Dz ‘’Ž‡šdz•—„Œ‡ –ƒ––‡”ƒ••ˆ‘”ƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ž‡ƒ†Ǩ. ͳͶͷ.

(23) x. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. ͸ǤͶ‘•‹–‹‘–ƒ–‡‡–‘’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹ •› Š‹ƒ–”›. ͳͶͻ. Chapter 7 •› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǣ‘•‡•—•”‡ƒ Š‡†Ǩ.  ͳͷͷ. Chapter 8 ’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘†‡Žƒ†ƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡.  ͳ͹ͳ. . ͳͻ͹. ƒ”–

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(26) Ǥ‘ Ž—•‹‘. Chapter 9. ‡‡”ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘.  ͳͻͻ. ††‡†—. ʹʹ͵. . —ƒ”›. ʹʹͷ. . ƒ‡˜ƒ––‹‰ȋ•—ƒ”›‹—– ŠȌ. ʹ͵ͳ.  . ‡”–ƒŽ‹‰˜ƒŠ‡–‘•‹–‹‘–ƒ–‡‡– ȋ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‹–‹‘–ƒ–‡‡–‹—– ŠȌ. ʹ͵͹. .  ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•. ʹͶͳ. . ƒ™‘‘”†ȋƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•‹—– ŠȌ. ʹͶ͵. . „‘—––Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”. ʹͶͻ. . ‹•–‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•. ʹͷ͵. .

(27) Contents further specified ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–•ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ’–‡”ͳƒ†Šƒ’–‡”ͻǡŠƒ˜‡ „‡‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ  Chapter 1. General introduction ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  Chapter 2. Religion, spirituality and psychiatry. A field wide open for discussion and research ƒ•‡†‘–Š”‡‡’”‡˜‹‘—•’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ƒȌ ‡”ƒǤ˜ƒ”ƒƒ‰Ƭ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ† ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǣ  ˆ‹‡Ž† ™‹†‡‘’‡ ˆ‘” †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ†”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

(28)  ǤǤ Š”‹•–‘†‘—Ž‘— ȋ†ǤȌǡ Advances in Psychiatry: Second volume ȋ’’Ǥ ʹͷͳǦʹͷͺȌǤ–Š‡•ǣ‘”Ž†•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲͲͷǤ „Ȍ ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡Ƭ ‡”ƒǤ˜ƒ”ƒƒ‰ǡ‡Ž‹‰‹‡ǡ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–‡‹–‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹‡ǣ ‡ „”‡‡† –‡””‡‹ ˜‘‘” †‹• —••‹‡ ‡ ‘†‡”œ‘‡ ȏ‡Ž‹Ǧ ‰‹‘ǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǣ ‹‡Ž†‹†‡’‡ˆ‘”‹• —••‹‘ ƒ†‡•‡ƒ” ŠȐǤ

(29) Ǥ

(30) Ǥ‡‹ƬǤǤ ”‘‡Š—‹Œ•‡ȋ†•ǤȌǡCapita selecta van de forensische psychiatrie anno 2006ȏƒ’‹–ƒ•‡Ž‡ –ƒ‘ˆˆ‘”‡•‹  ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ‘ʹͲͲ͸Ȑȋ’’Ǥͷ͹Ǧ͹͸ȌǤ‡˜‡–‡”ǣŽ—™‡”ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǥ Ȍ ‘Š Ǥ ‘š Ƭ ‡–‡” Ǥ ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡ ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ† ’•› Š‘Ǧ ’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹˜‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ȏ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡ȐǤInternational Journal of Person Centered MedicineǡʹͲͳͳǡͳȋͳȌǡͳͶ͸ǦͳͶͺǤ  Chapter 3. The case for more effective relationships between psychiatry, religion and spirituality ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡCurrent Opinion in PsychiatryǡʹͲͳͲǡʹ͵ȋ͸ȌǡͷͷͲǦͷͷͷǤ  Chapter 4. Psychiatry and religion: Values, research data and professionalism ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡMinerva PsichiatricaǡʹͲͳ͵ǡͷͶȋʹȌǡͳͶͻǦͳ͸ͶǤ .

(31) xii. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. Chapter 5. Religion and mental health. A critical reflection in consequence of four reviews (1969-2013) ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡInternational Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and ResearchǡʹͲͳ͹ǡͳȋʹȌǡͳͳǦʹ͵ǡ‘’‡ƒ ‡••Ǥ  Chapter 6. Towards a position statement Section 6.1. Psychiatry and religion: World Psychiatric Association beyond boundaries ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡActas Españolas De PsiquiatríaǡʹͲͳʹǡͶͲȏ—’’ŽǤʹȐ ȏ’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡Ȑǡ͸ͲǦ͸ͷǤ  Section 6.2. Controversy or consensus? Recommendations for psychiatrists on psychiatry, religion and spirituality ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡAsian Journal of PsychiatryǡʹͲͳʹǡͷȋͶȌǡ͵ͷͷǦ͵ͷ͹Ǥ  Section 6.3. A “complex” subject matter asks for a clear lead! ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡWorld PsychiatryǡʹͲͳ͵ǡͳʹȋͳȌǡͶ͵Ǥ  Section 6.4. WPA Position Statement on Spirituality and Religion in Psychiatry Ž‡šƒ†‡”‘”‡‹”ƒǦŽ‡‹†ƒǡ˜†‡•ŠŠƒ”ƒǡ‡”ƒ”† ƒ•‡˜ƒ‡•Ǧ „—”‰ǡ ‡–‡” Ǥ ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡ Ƭ Š”‹•–‘’Š‡” Ǥ Ǥ ‘‘ǡ World Psychiatryǡ ʹͲͳ͸ǡͳͷȋͳȌǡͺ͹ǦͺͺǤ  Chapter 7. Psychiatry and religion: Consensus reached! ‡–‡” Ǥ ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡ Mental Health, Religion and Cultureǡ ʹͲͳ͹ǡ ʹͲȋ͸Ȍǡ ͷͳ͸Ǧͷʹ͹Ǥ  Chapter 8. Spiritual life and relational functioning. A model and a dialogue ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡Ƭ‰‡–ƒ Š”‡—”•ǡArchive for the Psychology of ReligionǡʹͲͳͺǡͶͲȋʹǦ͵Ȍǡ͵ʹ͸Ǧ͵Ͷ͸Ǥ  Chapter 9. General discussion ‡–‡” Ǥ‡”Šƒ‰‡Ǥ.

(32) Contents and authorship further specified

(33)  ™‘—Ž† Ž‹‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• › ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘Ǧƒ—–Š‘”• ™‹–Š ™Š‘

(34)  Šƒ˜‡™‘”‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ. Chapter 2

(35) –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”

(36) —•‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ƒ”ƒƒ‰ǡ‘šƒ†›•‡Žˆ‹‘”†‡”–‘”ƒ‹•‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‡ –‹‘‘‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”•”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡™”‹–‹‰’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‹• ‡ƒ•–Šƒ–

(37) ™”‘–‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ȋ„Ȍȋƒ”ƒƒ‰ ‘‡–‡†‘ ƒ† ‘””‡ –‡†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•†”ƒˆ–•Ȍǡƒ†–Šƒ–

(38)  ‘‡–‡†‘ǡ ‘’Ž‡–‡† ƒ†”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡††”ƒˆ–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ȋƒȌǤ‘š‹˜‹–‡†‡–‘ ‘Ǧ –”‹„—–‡–‘ƒ† ‘‡–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ȋ ȌǤ

(39) †”ƒˆ–‡†–Š‡ˆ‹‰—”‡ȋ ‹‰Ǧ —”‡ ͳȌǤ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ

(40)  ”‡˜‹•‡†ǡ ƒ‡†‡†ǡƒ†—’†ƒ–‡†–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›’—„Ž‹•Š‡†–‡š–•Ǥ. Chapter 6, Section 6.4 ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡ –‹‘͸ǤͶ–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘–‡†ǤŠ‡‘•‹–‹‘ –ƒ–‡‡–‹•ƒ’‘Ž‹ ›†‘ —‡–‘ˆƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡‘”†‡”‹–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆƒ—–Š‘”•‹•†‡–‡”‹‡†„›–Š‡‹””‡Ǧ •’‡ –‹˜‡”‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ–Š‡‡ –‹‘‘‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ’‹”‹–Ǧ —ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ȍƒ†‘–„›–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ™‘”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡†‡Ǧ ˜‘–‡†–‘–Š‡™”‹–‹‰‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡ƒ—–Š‘”•™‡”‡ǡƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ —””‡– Šƒ‹”ǡ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‹”ƒ†•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡ –‹‘Ǥ• ˆ‘—”–Šƒ—–Š‘”ǡ

(41) ™ƒ•–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Šƒ—–Š‘”ȋ‘‘Ȍƒ –—ƒŽŽ›™”‘–‡–Š‡–‡š–ǤŠ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”– ‡ƒ Šƒ—–Š‘”Šƒ•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹–•‡Žˆȋ‘–‘Ž›–Š‡™”‹–‹‰Ȍǡ‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡‘”†‡”‘ˆƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•‹–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆƒ—Ǧ –Š‘”•Ǥ‘‘ƒ†‡”Šƒ‰‡•–ƒ”–‡†™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‹ʹͲͲ͸ǡ‘‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒ–”›’‡ ‹ƒŽ

(42) –‡”Ǧ ‡•– ”‘—’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘›ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘ˆ •› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ‹ ‘†‘ǡ ‡”Šƒ‰‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†ƒ•‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡„‘ƒ”†‘ˆ–Š‡‡ –‹‘Ǥˆ‹”•–˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ.

(43) xiv. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. –Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–™ƒ•”‡ƒ†›‹ʹͲͲͺƒ†’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ʹͲͳͲǤŠ‹•–‡š–Šƒ• „‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•ƒ’’‡†‹š–‘‡ –‹‘͸Ǥͳȋ’’Ǥͳ͵͵Ǧͳ͵ͶȌǤŠ‡‘–Š‡”ƒ—Ǧ –Š‘”•ȋ–Š‡ˆ‹”•––Š”‡‡Ȍ„‡ ƒ‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ–ƒŽƒ–‡”•–ƒ‰‡†—”‹‰–Š‡’”‘Ǧ ‡••‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰–Š‡‘•‹–‹‘–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ. Chapter 8

(44) ƒ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†ƒ‹ƒ—–Š‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ Š”‡—”•”‡ƒ†ǡ ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘‡–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– †”ƒˆ–Ǥ

(45)  –Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ

(46)  —•‡† ƒ ‘†‡Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›‹ ‡–”ò‡”ǡ‡‡”‹–—•’”‘ˆ‡••‘”‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‹Ǧ Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ Š”‡—”•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡‘†‡Ž–‘•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†’•›Ǧ Š‘–Š‡”ƒ’›Ǥ›ˆ‹”•–ƒ‹™ƒ•–‘ƒ‡”ò‡”ǯ•‘†‡Ž‘•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ‹–‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡––‡” ‘™ ‹ –Š‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  Ž‹–‡”ƒǦ –—”‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†ƒ‹ ™ƒ•–‘ ‘‡ ––Š‹•‘†‡Ž™‹–Š–Š‡–—”–‘”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›‹’•›Ǧ Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ

(47)  ƒŽ•‘ ™ƒ–‡† –‘ •–ƒ”– ƒ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ„‘—– ƒ ‡™ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› †‹•‘”†‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡ ‡– Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  †‹•‘”†‡”• Ǧͷ̻Ǥ

(48)  ƒ†‡ –Š—• –Š”‡‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Žǣ Š‡‹‰Š–‡‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ„‘—– ”ò‡”ǯ•‘†‡Žƒ†‹–•’‘••‹„Ž‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ǡ‘’‡‹‰—’ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› —‡š’Ž‘”‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Š†‘ƒ‹ǡƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Šƒ‡™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ.

(49) Chapter 1 General introduction Š‹•–Š‡•‹• ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘–Š‡™‘”–Šƒ– ™ƒ•†‘‡‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ‡ –‹‘ ‘‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒ–”›–‘”‡ƒ Š ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ Š‹• •‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” ‘•‡•—• ™ƒ• †”‹˜‡ „› ƒ —„‡”‘ˆ“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ† ‘ ‡”•Ǥ

(50) ‡–‹‘–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‘‡•ǣ ‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ˆ‘” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ Š‘™ ‹• ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• •–‹ŽŽ •‡‡–‘„‡”‡Ž— –ƒ––‘–ƒ‡–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‹–‘ƒ ‘—–ǫ ‘™‹•‹–’‘•Ǧ •‹„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ–› Ž‹‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ƒ† ‡˜‹Ǧ †‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ™‘”ƒ”‡•‘‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹•‡Ǧ ‰Ž‡ –‡†ǫ

(51) •–Š‹•ƒ„Ž‹†•’‘–‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǫ

(52) •‹–ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆƒ––‹–—†‡ǫ

(53) •‹–ƒ•Š‘”– ‘‹‰‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡ ›–”ƒ‹‹‰ƒ† ‘–‹—‘—•‡†‹ ƒŽ‡†—Ǧ ƒ–‹‘ǫ”‹•‹–ƒ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹–•‡Žˆǡ‘ˆ‹–•Žƒ ‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‘” ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†Ȁ‘””‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ǫŠƒ–‹•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–›‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’ƒ–‹‡–•ǫ‘’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–••–‹ŽŽƒ†‘’–ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǫ —‡•–‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‡•‡’‡”–ƒ‹–‘–™‘ƒ‹ ‘ ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǣ–Š‡ †‹•’—–‡ ‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡ȋƒ–„‡•–”‡Ž— –ƒ–Ȍƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ƒ†‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•–‘™ƒ”†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡˜‹‡™ƒ††‹• —•Ǧ •‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡•‡–™‘ ‘Ǧ ‡”•Ǥ—”†‹• —••‹‘™‹ŽŽǡ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‹•ǡ„‡‹ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡ƒ›†‹•Ǧ —••‹‘•ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ†„‘ƒ”†ƒ†‘–Š‡”‡‡–Ǧ ‹‰•Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡’”‘ ‡••

(54) ˆ‘—†›•‡Žˆ–Š‹‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡Ž‹Ǧ ‰‹‘ǡ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ

(55) •–ƒ”–‡†–‘™‘†‡”™Š‡–Š‡”‹–™‘—Ž† „‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘ ‘’‡Ǧ—’ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› Ž‘•‡† ˜‹‡™•Ǥ

(56)  „‡‰ƒ –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‡ „”‘ƒ†‡”.

(57) 2. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. ‹••—‡‘ˆŠ‘™• ‹‡ ‡”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ ‘™™‘—Ž†‹–„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘•‡‡ –Š‡‘–ƒ•‡‡‹‡•‘”ƒ•‹†‡’‡†‡–ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǡ„—–ƒ•’ƒ”–Ǧ ‡”•‹ƒ—–—ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘ˆ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǫ— Šƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š

(58)  ƒŽŽƒ•–ƒ ‡ǡ™‘—Ž†‘–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‘•‹–‹‘ „—–ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ”‡Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•––‘„‘–Š• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •–ƒ ‡ ”‡ˆ‡”•ǡ ‹ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–‘–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•––‘™ƒ”†–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–ƒ† Š‹•ȀŠ‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ–Š‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‡–ǡ –Š‡• ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡƒ†–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‰‘ƒŽ•ƒ†˜‹‡™•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡–Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹–‘–Š‡ Ž‹‹ ‹ƒƒ†Š‹•‘”Š‡”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Ǥ

(59) ™‹ŽŽ ‘‡„ƒ –‘ –Š‹•‹–Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘Ǥ ”‘–Š‡˜‡”›•–ƒ”–‹–™ƒ•–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘–‘’—–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†•’‹”‹–—Ǧ ƒŽ‹–›‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ –ƒ••‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ –‹‘•‹•–‘†”ƒ™–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ™‘”Ž†–‘™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ

(60) –Šƒ– •‡•‡–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ –‹‘™ƒ•ƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽǡ˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–•–‡’ǡ –Šƒ–™ƒ•™‡Ž ‘‡†„›–Š‡Ǥ

(61) –•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’•—’’‘”–‡†–Š‡‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ”Ž›Ǥ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹– ™ƒ• Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ƒ› ‘–Š‡”•Ȃ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ ”‡Ǧ •‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒ† ‰”‘—’•ȂŠƒ† •‹‹Žƒ” –Š‘—‰Š–• ƒ† ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡Ǧ –‹‘•Ǥ ‡”› •‘‘ ™‡ •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ƒ› ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Groupȋ

(62) Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡Royal College of PsychiatristsǤ

(63) –Š‹•–Š‡•‹•

(64) ”‡’‘”–‘™Šƒ–•–ƒ”–‡†ƒ•ƒDz™‹•Šdzƒ†Dz‹–‡–‹‘dzǡ ƒ†™Šƒ–‰”‡™‘—––‘ƒƒŒ‘”ƒ„‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ –‹‘Ǥ

(65) •‘‘†‹• ‘˜‡”‡† –Šƒ–ƒ‡Ž‡‰ƒ–ƒ†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ™ƒ›–‘™‘”‘–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‡––‹‰”‡Ž‹Ǧ ‰‹‘ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›„ƒ ‘–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›™‘—Ž†„‡–‘ˆ‘”Ǧ —Žƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘’ƒ’‡”–Šƒ–ǡƒˆ–‡”Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ƒ ‡’–‡†„›–Š‡‡š‡ —Ǧ –‹˜‡„‘†‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ ‘—Ž†ƒ “—‹”‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–Šƒ–‹•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ƒ Ž‘‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–—”‡†‘—––‘„‡ƒ”ˆ”—‹–•ǣ

(66) ʹͲͳ͸ƒ‘Ǧ •‹–‹‘ –ƒ–‡‡– ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ „‘˜‡

(67)  —•‡† –Š‡ –‡”• Dz™‹•Šdz ƒ† Dz‹–‡–‹‘dzǤ ‡– ‡ ”‡’Š”ƒ•‡ ™Šƒ–

(68) ™”‘–‡‹–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǣ‘—Ž†‹–„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍ‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ‹ –Š‡  ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ ‘—‹–›ǫ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Š‹Ǧ †”ƒ ‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•ǫ „‘˜‡

(69)  ‡–‹‘‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ƒ•.

(70) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 3. ’‘••‹„Ž‡‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•ǤŠ‹ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡‘•–‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽǫŠƒ– ‘—Ž†„‡ †‘‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡ǫ†ǡ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡŠ‘™•Š‘—Ž†ƒ ‘•‡•—•Ž‘‘ Ž‹‡ǫ Š‡™‹•Šƒ†‹–‡–‹‘•‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†–Š‡‡•—‹‰†‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ ‡–•‹–Š‡‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•–Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ‰—‹†‡—•–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ǣŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽǡ–Š‡‘”‡–Ǧ ‹ ƒŽƒ† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•–Šƒ–‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘‡•–ƒ„Ǧ Ž‹•Šƒȋ’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž›Ȍ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ȋƒ† •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍ ‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǫ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰ “—‡•–‹‘Ǥ —„“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡ǣ ‘™ ƒ ‘‘‰”‘—†„‡‰ƒ‹‡†‹–Š‡†‹• —•Ǧ •‹‘ǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•ǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡‘„•–ƒ Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹–‡”•‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǫ ‘™ ƒ–Š‡•‡ ‘Ǧ –”‘˜‡”•‹‡• ƒ† ‘„•–ƒ Ž‡• „‡ ƒ••‡••‡†ǡ ƒ††”‡••‡† ƒ† •‘Ž˜‡†ǫ †ǡ ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ™Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†ǡ‹†‡ƒŽŽ›ǡ„‡–Š‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘•‡•—•ǫ  Š‡’ƒ’‡”•–Šƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘”’—•‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•ƒ”‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• —•Ǧ •‹‘•‹–Š‡‡ –‹‘ƒ††—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ›•›’‘•‹ƒ–Šƒ–‹–‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥƒ’‡”•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘”†‡”‹™Š‹ Š –Š‡•‡†‹• —••‹‘•–‘‘’Žƒ ‡ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‹•™‹ŽŽ Ž‘•‡™‹–Šƒ ‡‡”ƒŽ†‹•Ǧ —••‹‘Ǥ. Why a mutual approach is needed ‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘ ‡‡†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǡ

(71) ‡‡†–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ››‘™–ƒ‡‘ –Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆŠ‘™’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†ǤŠ›–Š‹•‹–‡–‹‘ǡ –Š‹•ƒ„‹–‹‘ǫ

(72) ˆƒ ––Š‹•‹•ƒ‡ƒ•›ƒ†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡˜‡”› ‘’Ž‹Ǧ ƒ–‡†“—‡•–‹‘Ǥƒ•›ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘‡ ‘—Ž†•‹’Ž›•ƒ›–Šƒ–•‹ ‡–Š‡ͳͻͺͲ• –Š‡”‡Šƒ•„‡‡‰”‘™‹‰ǡ‡˜‡ƒ„—†ƒ–‡˜‹†‡ ‡–Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•‹Ǧ ’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡–ƒŽ †‹•‘”†‡”• ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹•Ǧ —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹–•‡ŽˆǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–‹–•”‡Ž‡Ǧ ˜ƒ ‡ˆ‘” Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ƒ†‡˜‡‡‰Ž‡ –„›’•›Ǧ Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†— ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǡ’‹Ž‡†Ǧ—’‘˜‡”–Š‡ Žƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™ –‘ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ† ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•„‡–™‡‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤŽ‘–‘ˆ”‡Ǧ •‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•„‡‡†‘‡‘–Š‡–‘’‹ ‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•ƒ†ˆƒ‹–ŠǦ.

(73) 4. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–Š‡”ƒ’‹‡•ǡͳ„—––Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡†‹†‘–†™‹†Ž‡Ǥ‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘””‡ŽƒǦ –‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‹†‹ ‡• ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽǦ‡•–ƒ„Ǧ Ž‹•Š‡†ǡ„—–‹–‹•Ž‡•• Ž‡ƒ”™Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•‡š’Žƒ‹Ǥ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡•ƒ”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’‘‹–ƒ–†‹”‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—––Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†Ǥ Šƒ– ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡• ƒ––‡”• ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ”‡ —”‡•‘Ž˜‡† †‡„ƒ–‡• ‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ȋƒ† •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘•–”— –•ǡ†‡•’‹–‡ƒ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘” ‘•‡•—•‘–Š‹•–‘’‹ ȋ‹‰ Ƭ‘‡‹‰ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ„‘–Š’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ•ƒ‡†‹ ƒŽ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ–›ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› — Š —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ˆ‹‡Ž†• ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡• ‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ‹• ƒ—Ž–‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›‹š–—”‡ ‘ˆ‡†‹ ‹‡ǡ ‰‡‡–‹ •ǡ„‹‘ Š‡‹•–”›ǡ‡—”‘• ‹‡ ‡ǡ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡•ǡ‡–Š‹ •ƒ† Žƒ™ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘Š‘Ž†•ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’•› Š‘ŽǦ ‘‰›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ•‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‰‡‡–‹ •ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡• ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹Ǧ ‰‹‘ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ‘‹– ‹• ‘– ƒ– ƒŽŽ Ž‡ƒ” ™Šƒ– ‹• ‡ƒ– ™Š‡ ™‡ •–—†› –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡Ǧ –™‡‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ‘–Šƒ”‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ†—Ž–‹Ǧˆƒ ‡–‡† ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ‹“—‹”›Ǥ

(74) –™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ ‘„‹‡–Š‡ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ ‘Ǧ ’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡’‹ –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ• ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•‘˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡ǡ„—– –Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡‹š‡†ƒ†ǡƒŽ•‘ǡ•‘‡™Šƒ–—Ǧ Ž‡ƒ”ƒ–ˆ‹”•–•‹‰Š–ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‘˜‡”™Š‡Ž‹‰‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ›ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†ƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹†‹ ‡•ƒ†‘—– ‘‡•ǡ„—–‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ†ǡ†‡•’‹–‡—‡”‘—•’”‘’‘•ƒŽ•ˆ‘” –Š‡‡ Šƒ‹••–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡•‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•Šƒ”†Ž› ƒ›–Š‹‰ ˆ‹”Ž› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ—•ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ȋƒ†‡”‡‡Ž‡ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘–‘Ž›–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡‹• ƒ–•–ƒ‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘ȋƒ†‡“—ƒŽŽ›Ȍ–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ. 1 In 2010 the American Psychological Association’s Task Force on Evidencebased Therapy Relationships concluded that “Adapting or tailoring the therapy relationship to specific patient characteristics (in addition to diagnosis) enhances the effectiveness of treatment”. Incorporating religious beliefs and practices is one of the recommendations (Norcross & Wampold, 2011, pp. 423-424)..

(75) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 5. Four epistemic perspectives

(76) ‘”†‡”–‘•Š‡†•‘‡Ž‹‰Š–‘–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹Ǧ ‘—•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•–‘‹–ǡ

(77) ‹–”‘†— ‡ƒ†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘—”‡’‹•–‡‹  ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ǣ–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ‡˜‡”›†ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ†‘™‹‰ǡ–Š‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆdaily, naive experience”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ‹–—‹Ǧ –‹‘–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‹‰•ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡†‹•‘‡™ƒ›ǡ–Šƒ––Š‡›ˆ‘”ƒ™‘”Ž† ƒ†–Šƒ–

(78) ƒ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹•™‘”Ž†ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ ‹–‡””—’–‹‘•ǡ‹””‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ–‡•‹‘•‘”ƒ„‹‰—‹–‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”›ǡ „”‘‡‡••ƒ†ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘—”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹ –Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‡˜‡–•’‡‘’Ž‡‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡‹”‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ• ‘–‹—‘—•ƒ† ‘Š‡”‡–ǤŠ‹•ˆŽ‘™‹•‹–‡””—’–‡†™Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–Š ‡˜‡–• ‘” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• –Šƒ– †‹•–—”„ –Š‡ ƒ† ™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ‘– ‘‡ –Ǥ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‹ ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ™ƒ› ƒ•™‡”• ƒ† ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ‘’‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡ †‹•–—”„ƒ ‡• ƒ† –‡•‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡‹” •‡•‡Ž‡••‡••Ǥ—–ǡƒ•

(79) •ƒ‹†ǡ–Š‡•‡‹–‡””—’–‹‘•ǡ–‡•‹‘•ǡƒ††‹•–—”„Ǧ ƒ ‡••Š‘—Ž†‘–†‡–”ƒ –ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–„›†‡ˆƒ—Ž–‘—”‡˜‡”›†ƒ›‡šǦ ’‡”‹‡ ‡‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ•‡•‡ ‘Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ† ‘–‹—‹–›Ǥ‹–Š–Š‡ ˆ‹”•–‡’‹•–‡‹ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ

(80) ƒ‹ƒ––Š‹•„ƒ•‹ ǡ‹–—‹–‹˜‡™ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡—Ǧ †‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ž† ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽŽ› ‘Š‡”‡– ƒ† ‘–‹—‘—•ȋ Žƒ•ͳͻͻ͸Ǣ‡”Šƒ‰‡ǡʹͲͲͻǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ Š‡ –Š‡› –ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –ƒŽ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” †ƒ‹Ž› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ‡‡–‡”–Š‡clinical level‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡’•›Ǧ Š‹ƒ–”‹•–™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡•‘‡–‹‡–‘Ž‹•–‡–‘–Š‹• ‘‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ„—– –Š‡Š‡‘”•Š‡™‹ŽŽ•–ƒ”––‘Ž‘‘ˆ‘”•›’–‘•ƒ†•‹‰•ǡ”‡‰—Žƒ”‹–‹‡•‘” †‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•‹–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–ǯ•Ž‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–‹‘‡™ƒ›‘”ƒ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡‹”‡–ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ†’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ƒ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ȋ‘”„‡––‡”ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•Ȍƒ†–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ ’”‘’‘•‡ƒ–”‡ƒ–‡–’ŽƒǤ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ†ƒ‹Ž›‡š’‡Ǧ ”‹‡ ‡ǡ –Š‹• ‘„˜‹‘—• ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ •— ‡••‹˜‡ •–‡’• ‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ„Ǧ •–”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ†‹–‹•˜‡”›Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”•ƒ™‘”‹‰ƒŽŽ‹ƒ ‡™Š‡–Š‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‡š’Žƒ‹•™Šƒ––Š‹• Ž‹‹ ƒŽƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘Šƒ•–‘ †‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–Ǥ

(81) ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•–‹ŽŽƒ••Dz‹•–Šƒ– ‡ǫdzǡ–Š‹•‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ’•› Š‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›‘””‡•‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ.

(82) 6. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. ”‘„ƒ„Ž›–Š‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–‡‡†•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹Š‹•‘”Š‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ„‹–„‡–Ǧ –‡”ǡ‘”–‘—•‡‘–Š‡”™‘”†•Ǥ Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–ƒ•••‘‡–Š‹‰Ž‹‡ǣDz ‘™†‘‡•–Š‹• ‘‡ –™‹–Š ›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž‹ˆ‡ǫdz‘—Ž†–Šƒ–„‡ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡“—‡•–‹‘ǫ

(83) ˆ•‘ǡ™Š›ǫ

(84) ˆ–Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‡†ǣDzŠƒ–†‘‡•–Š‹•Šƒ˜‡–‘†‘™‹–Š›•‡š—ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‘”›ˆƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡‘”›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǫdzǡ™‘—Ž†–Šƒ–„‡ƒ•–”ƒ‰‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǫ†‹ˆ‘–ǡ™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡“—‡•–‹‘• ƒ†–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„‘—–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž‹ˆ‡ǫ›Š‘™ǡ†—”‹‰ƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ˆ”‘ †ƒ‹Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Šƒ–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ”‡Ž‘•–ǤŠƒ–‹•‘–ƒ’”‘„Ǧ Ž‡ƒ••— ŠǤŠ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‹•‘––‘Ž‘•‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ† –‘„‡ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‹ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ–‘”‡–—”–‘–Š‡ƒ†–‘Ž‹•–‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ •› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•—•–„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’—–‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ •‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡–”ƒ‹‡†–‘”‡ƒ†ƒ†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Ǧ ‡–•ǡˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” Š†ƒ–ƒƒ†‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘’Ǧ ‹ •–‘„‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

(85) ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ •‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ƒ”‡ •‹ŽŽ‡† ‹ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†–Š‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ ‡”‡™‡‡–‡”ƒ–Š‹”†Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‹•ǣ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ‹–• „ƒ•‹• ‹ scientific knowledge ƒ† –Š‡ —•‡‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡• ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ’•› Š‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰› ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒŠ—‰‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡•ǡ’”‡Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽƒ† Ž‹‹ ƒŽǡƒ†Š‹•Ǧ –‘”‹  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•Ǥ ‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ‘ ‡’– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ’•› Š‘†›Ǧ ƒ‹ –Š‹‹‰ǡ’•› Š‘–Š‡”ƒ’‡—–‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹–Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ’•› Š‘–Š‡”ƒ’›Ǥ

(86) –‹•‘•—”’”‹•‡–Šƒ–•‘‡–Š‹‰•‹‹Žƒ” ƒ „‡•ƒ‹†ƒ„‘—–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ ‡”‡

(87) ‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ•‘„Œ‡ –‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡Ǧ •‡ƒ” ŠǤ‡ƒ›–Š‹‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ‹ƒ ‘—–”›•— Šƒ•–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ‹‡•–‡”—”‘’‡ǡ‘”‹ƒ›’ƒ”– ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ‘”–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ•‡ —Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ’•› Š‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•ƒ›–Š‹‰„—–ƒˆ‹š‡†‡–‹–›Ǣ‹–‡˜‡”™ƒ• ˆ‹š‡†Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‹’”‡••‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹• ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹š‡† †‘ –”‹ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘•ǡ„—–‹–‡˜‡”™ƒ•Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‹•Ž‡ƒ˜‡•—•™‹–Šƒ‹šǦ –—”‡‘ˆ†‹”‡ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–•ǡ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•ǡƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ†ƒ–ƒƒ† •‘‘Ǥ ‘™ ƒ‘‡”‡Žƒ–‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡ƒ•’‡ –•–‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǫŠ‹•„”‹‰•—•–‘ ‘—”‡š–Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡƒ‡˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ǣ–Š‡philosophical level”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰‘–Š‡‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡’Š‡‘Ǧ ‡ƒǡƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘•Ǥ†•–‹ŽŽ‹–”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡.

(88) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 7. ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ™‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Šǡ –Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž›ǡ ‘‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡”›Ǧ –Š‹‰„‡‹‰ ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ǥ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‘—”–ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ Ž‡˜‡Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǥ†ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‹•‹•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘‘‹–‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‘ƒ‹•ǤŠ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡„‘†›ǡ‹†ǡ•‘—Ž ‘”•‡Žˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ †‹• ‹’Ž‹‡••— Š ƒ• ‰‡‡–‹ •ǡ „”ƒ‹ • ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ’•› Š‘Ǧ ’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ † –Š‡•‡ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡• ‹‡ ‡ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡• ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠƒ–ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡†‘ƒ‹•ǫ †™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–ǯ•“—‡•–‹‘ƒ„‘—–Š‹•‘”Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž‹ˆ‡ǫ

(89)  ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’—•–‘„‡––‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•‹ƒŠ‡—”‹•–‹ ™ƒ›Ǥˆ–‡” ƒŽŽǡ‹–™‘—Ž†„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‹‰•ƒ”‡–Š”‘™–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘”‘–†‹•–‹Ǧ ‰—‹•Š‡†™‡ŽŽ‡‘—‰Šǡ™‹–Š ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ‘—Ž†–Š‹•„‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•ǫ

(90) ˆ–Šƒ–™‡”‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒŽ‘–‡ƒ•‹‡”ǣ’ƒ›‹‰‘”‡ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǣ ‡˜‡”›†ƒ› ȋ ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽȌ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‡–ƒǦ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ‹ƒ‰‹‡™Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡™‡‹š—’–Š‡•‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ‘” Žƒ‹–Šƒ–‘Ž›‘‡‘”–™‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡”Ǥ. Strategies. ‹˜‡–Š‹•˜‡”› ‘’Ž‡š’‹ –—”‡ǡƒˆ‡™‡›™‘”†•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘ †‘•‘‡–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–‹–ǡ–‘ƒ‡‹–Ž‘‘Ž‡•• ‘’Ž‡šǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‘‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‹• ”‡†— –‹‘Ǥ

(91)  „”‹‡ˆǣ ‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ƒ”‡ ‘Ǧ ’‘•‡†‘ˆ•‹’Ž‡”ǡŽ‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‡–‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ‘”™‹ŽŽ„‡’‘•Ǧ •‹„Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”„›”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡–‘–Š‡•‹Ǧ ’Ž‡”Ž‡˜‡Žǡ–‘–Š‡Ž‡•• ‘’Ž‡š ‘•–‹–—‡–•ǤŽ–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ”‡†— –‹‘™‹ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ†–‘”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‡ ‘’Ž‡š–Š‡‘”›„›–Š‡Ž‡•• ‘’Ž‡š ‘‡•Ǥ‹’Ž›•–ƒ–‡†ǣ‹†‹•„”ƒ‹ǡƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•„”ƒ‹ǡ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ– ‹† ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘„”ƒ‹ǡƒ†‡“—ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†–‘ „”ƒ‹ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ

(92) –‹•ˆƒ‹”–‘•ƒ›–Šƒ––‘†ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡”‡†— –‹‘•Šƒ˜‡‘– ›‡–„‡‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†‹ƒ•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”›™ƒ›Ǥ

(93) ƒŽ•‘†‘‘–‡š’‡ ––Š‹• •–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘„‡–Š‡‘Ž›‘‡–‘„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žˆ‘”‘—”’—”’‘•‡Š‡”‡Ǥ.

(94) 8. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION.

(95) •‹–”‡ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Šƒ–‹–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•”‡†— Ǧ –‹‘ƒ†”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ”‡–Š‡†‡•‹”‡†•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǫ‘–Š‡”•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹‰Š– „‡ ‘”‡ ’”‘‹•‹‰Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡ ‘‰ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ –Š‹• ”‡†— –‹‘Ǧ”‡Ǧ ’Žƒ ‡‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•ƒ‹š–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”›”‡†— –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‘”›•— Ǧ ‡••‹‘Ǥˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ‘‡–Š‡‘”› ƒ„‡•— ‡‡†‡†„›ƒ•—„•‡“—‡–‘‡ǡ „ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‡™–Š‡‘”›‹•„‡––‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•‘‡ ȋ†‹ƒ Š”‘‹  †‹‡•‹‘Ǣ ‡ ‘‰ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ Dz–Šƒ–ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡’‘‹–‹–‹‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ‡ ‘–ƒ –dzǡƒŽ‘‰ƒ ‘–‹Ǧ ——ˆ”‘‡Ž‡‡–•”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘””‡†— –‹‘•–‘Dzcoexistence of incompatible theoriesdzȋ•› Š”‘‹ †‹‡•‹‘Ǣ‹–ƒŽ‹ •ƒ††‡†ǢʹͲͲʹǡ’ǤͶͶͻȌǤ—–‹ –Šƒ–™ƒ›ǡDz–Š‡‘”‹‡•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ƒ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž˜‡ƒ† —–—ƒŽŽ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”without the higher level theory being replaced by, or reduced to, the lower-level onedz ȋ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ –Š‡‘”‹‡•‘ˆ’•› Š‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡—”‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǣ‹–ƒŽ‹ •ƒ††‡†Ǣ‡ ‘‰ǡ ʹͲͲʹǡ’ǤͶͷͲȌǤ ‡”˜ƒ‹•†”ƒ™•–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǣDzš’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ƒ–†‹ˆǦ ˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ‡šŠ‹„‹–ƒ›–Š‹‰ˆ”‘”‡†— –‹‘–‘—–—ƒŽ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—Ǧ –‹‘ǡˆ”‘‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘–‘‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdzȋ ‡”˜ƒ‹•ǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤʹǢ‹•ƒŽƒǡʹͲͳͺǢ •‡‡ƒŽ•‘”‡‡•ǡʹͲͳͲǡ’ǤͳͶͳȌǤ

(96) ‡š’‡ ––Š‹•Dz ‘–‹——˜‹‡™dz–‘„‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Žˆ‘”•‡˜‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ‡ ƒ”‡‘–ˆ‘” ‡†–‘”—Ž‡‘—–ƒ›–›’‡‘”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†Ǥ ‡• ”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆ’Š‡‘‡ƒƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–ƒ†‹ˆŽ—Ǧ ‡ ‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‹–‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‘’Ž‡šǡ ƒ •–‹—Žƒ–‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ’”‘‰”‡•• ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‘„•–”— –‹‰ ‹– ȋ ‡”˜ƒ‹•ǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤʹȌǤŠ‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›†‘‡•‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›•Šƒ˜‡–‘„‡–Š‡†‹•ƒ–Ž‹‰ȋ”‡†— –‹‘Ȍ‘ˆ–Šƒ– ‘’Ž‡š‹–›Ǥ –Š‹”†ǡ‡˜‡‘”‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ •–”ƒ–‡‰›‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

(97) –•‡‡•–Š‡‘–Š‡” –™‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘‹•–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘–‹——˜‹‡™ǡƒ•˜‹ƒ„Ž‡‘’Ǧ –‹‘•ǡƒ†ƒ††•ƒ–Š‹”†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”„‘–Š‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘”‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡‘–Š‡” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ†‡’‡†•‘• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ‘–‡š–ƒ† ‘–Š‡”ǡ‘”‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ‘ ‡”•ǤŠƒ–†‘™‡•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ǫŠ‡”‡†— –‹‘Ǧ ‹•–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•ƒ‘‹•–’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ǡ„—–‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ‘’–‹‘ǤŠ‡ ‘–‹——ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š •—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–”‡†— –‹‘‹•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•†‘‘–”—Ž‡‘—–ƒ ‘Ǧ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†–Šƒ–„‘–Š ƒ„‡ ‘„‹‡†ǡ–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘” ‹•— ‡••‹‘ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†ǡ‡˜‡‘”‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ •–”ƒ–‡‰› •—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘‘–Š‡”’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǣƒ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹•–ƒ†ƒ‹•‘Ǧ Žƒ–‹‘‹•– ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹•– ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ •–”‹˜‡• –‘ ‹–‡Ǧ.

(98) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 9. ‰”ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––Š‡‘”‹‡•‘”’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†ǡ „—– ’‡”Šƒ’• ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›•ǡ –‘ ƒ „‡––‡” ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‹•– ƒ’Ǧ ’”‘ƒ Šƒ ‡’–•–Šƒ–‘–ƒŽŽ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ƒ†–Šƒ–‹•‘Ǧ Žƒ–‹‘‹•‡‹–Š‡”ƒŽ™ƒ›•ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ„Ž‡ǡ‘”‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‡‡†•–‘„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡† ȋ ‹Œ•„‡”•ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ ‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘ ‹–‡”Ǧ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ǡ ‹–‡”Ǧ Ž‡˜‡Ž”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ȋ”‡†— –‹‘ǡ†‹ƒ Š”‘‹ ƒ†•› Š”‘‹ ǡ‘‹•–ǡ‹–‡Ǧ ‰”ƒ–‹‘‹•–ǡ ƒ† ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘‹•– ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ȍ

(99)  Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ‘—–‘ˆŽƒ–‹–—†‡–‘ˆ”ƒ‡›•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘” ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•ƒ† ‘•‡Ǧ •—•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–•‡‡•ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ—Ž–‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‡• ƒ†‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†™‹–Š‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‘ƒ‹•ƒ› Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ Šƒ‘–‹ ’‘–’‘—””‹‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰‘” ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‘”› –Š‡‘”‹‡•ǡ‹–‹•‘–— Š‘ˆƒ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•™‡ƒ”‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘—•‡–Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ. Outline Š‡ˆ‘”‡‰‘‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”™‹–Š‹™Š‹ Š›•–—†›–ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ǤŠ‡„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•‹•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘’ƒ”–•ǡ‡ƒ Š’”‡ ‡†‡† „›ƒ•Š‘”–‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǤŠƒ’–‡”ʹǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•– Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆƒ”–

(100) Dz‘–”‘Ǧ ˜‡”•‹‡•dzǡ ‹• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘”Ž† •› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡ –‹‘ ‘ ‡Ž‹Ǧ ‰‹‘ǡ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†‹–•ƒ„‹–‹‘—•ƒ‰‡†ƒǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘ƒ ‘•‡•—•‘’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ‘‰’•› Š‹ƒǦ –”‹•–•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ

(101) –•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡•ƒ† ‘–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ –‹‘‘‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ

(102) – ‹•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™™‡•–ƒ”–‡†ǡ™Šƒ–™‡Šƒ†‹‹†ǡ™Šƒ–™‡Š‘’‡†ˆ‘”ǡƒ† ™ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›‹’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ™ƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘™ǡ„—–Š‘™ ‘—Ž†–Šƒ–‘™Ž‡†‰‡‰ƒ‹ƒ ˆ‘‘–Š‘Ž†‹ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǫ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†ƒƒ„‹–‹‘—•’Žƒ‘ˆƒ Ǧ –‹‘Ǥ

(103) –Š”‡‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ Šƒ’–‡”•ȋŠƒ’–‡”͵ǦͷȌ

(104) –Š‡‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡ ‘Ǧ –”‘˜‡”•‹‡•‘’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘„›‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›”‡˜‹‡™‹‰–Š‡”‡ŽǦ ‡˜ƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•”‡˜‹‡™‡†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•–‘™ƒ”†•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ȌǤ .

(105) 10. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. Šƒ’–‡”͵ʹ‹•ƒ”‡˜‹‡™™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ —†‡ ‹†‡†ǡƒ†”ƒ”‡Ž›’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡”‡Ǧ Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍ•–ƒ†•‹ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘–‘‡š–‡•‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‹•‡˜‹†‡ ‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ž›’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–›Ȁ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹†‹ ‡• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡‡‰Ž‡ –‘ˆ –Š‹•ˆƒ –‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘Œ—•–‹ˆ›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Žˆ‘” ‡•ƒ†ƒ›‹’ƒ”–Šƒ”ˆ—Žƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•Ǥ Šƒ–‡˜‡”†‹•ƒ‰”‡‡‡–•–Š‡”‡‹‰Š–„‡‘†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒ†—•‡ǡ•’‹”Ǧ ‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘”‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†‡šǦ ’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•Ǥ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡•Š‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡„‡ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ’ƒ”–‘ˆ Ž‹‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ  Šƒ’–‡”Ͷ‹•ƒ‘”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡˜‹‡™ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ‹•Ǧ •—‡•‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘•ˆ”‘ Šƒ’–‡”͵ǣȋƒȌ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǢȋ„Ȍ’‹”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ž›’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–›Ȁ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†‹ ‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǢȋ Ȍ•›Ǧ Š‹ƒ–”‹•–••Š‘—Ž†ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘”‡•’‡ –ƒ†„‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽȀ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’ƒ–‹‡–•ǡƒ†‘––‘—•‡ –Š‡‹”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘ˆ‘”’”‘•‡Ž›–‹œ‹‰‘”—†‡”‹‹‰ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ

(106) –ƒ‡ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š„ƒ•‡†‘”‡ ‡–• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

(107)  –Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–

(108) ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ† —ŽǦ –—”‡‹–Š‡‡•–‡”™‘”Ž†Ǥ

(109) –Š‡•‡ ‘†’ƒ”–

(110) ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡†‘‡–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋ‘”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ȍƒ†‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ

(111) –Š‡–Š‹”†’ƒ”–

(112)  †‹• —••–Š‡–‘’‹ •‘ˆƒ––‹–—†‡ǡ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ Š‡—”‘’‡ƒƒ†‘”Ž†ƒŽ—‡•—”˜‡›•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡˜‡”›—•‡ˆ—Ž‹ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰™Šƒ–‹•Šƒ’’‡‹‰–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽǦ’•›Ǧ Š‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘–‡š–‹™Š‹ Š‡•–‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‡Ǥ›‡ƒ•‘ˆƒ”‡’”‡Ǧ •‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•–Š‡‹š‡†ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ”‡•Š‘™ƒ†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —ŽǦ –‹‡•ǡ’‹–ˆƒŽŽ•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•‡š’‘•‡†Ǥ’‹”‹–—ƒŽŠ‹•–‘”›Ǧ–ƒ‹‰‹• 2 It turned out to be useful to append some additional comments to the published texts. This is done in the notes. These comments emphatically do not belong to the original texts. However, notes 2 and 3 in Chapter 7 and notes 2 and 3 in Chapter 8 are part of the original texts..

(113) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 11. —•‡†ƒ•ƒ–‘’‹ –‘‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡–Š‡•‘‡–‹‡•Š‡ƒ–‡††‹• —••‹‘•ǡ‹‘”†‡” –‘ˆ‹†ƒ™ƒ›–‘–”ƒ• ‡†„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•–Šƒ–‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡™‹–Š’”‘†— –‹˜‡ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘‹•–Šƒ–’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–••Š‘—Ž† ƒ•–‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹”†‹•Ǧ –”—•–ƒ†ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Šƒ–‹–‹•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‘‹ Ž—†‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›‹’ƒ–‹‡– ƒ”‡Ǥ 

(114)  Šƒ’–‡” ͷ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ ‹• ”‡•—‡† ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†‡†Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ‹š‡†‡–Š‘†•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š

(115)  ‘ˆ”‘––Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–• ™‹–Šƒ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘‘‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ–Š‡„ƒ•‹• ‘ˆˆ‘—””‡˜‹‡™•ˆ”‘ͳͻ͸ͻǦʹͲͳ͵

(116) •Š‘™–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••–Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ†‡ ƒ†–Š‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ

(117) †‘‹‰–Š‡‹”‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ ™‘” –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ ‘’Ž› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡†‹ ‹‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡—•–ƒ•™Šƒ––Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ –Šƒ– ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ƒ”‡Ǥ†‹™Šƒ–•‡•‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ Dz–Š‡ ‘•– ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ Š‡ƒŽ–ŠdzǤ Š‡ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡†‹ ‹‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹–› ‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ’ƒ–‹‡–• ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘”ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(118)  ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘”‡’‹”‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‹’•› Š‹ƒ–”›‹•ˆƒ”ˆ”‘‡—–”ƒŽǤ

(119) ˆƒ –‹–”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‡••‡ ‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹Ǧ ‰‹‘–‘ˆ‹––Š‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹†‡ƒŽǣ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•‰‘‘†ˆ‘” ›‘—”Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ•ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•”‡Ǧ Ž‹‰‹‘‹•‰‹˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡–™‹–Šƒ•–”‘‰‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽǦ‡š’”‡••‹˜‡ ˆ‘ —•Ǥ Š‹• ˆ‘ —• ˆ‹–• ’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› ™‹–Š ‘†‡” ‡•–‡” ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ƒ•

(120)  ”‡Ǧ ’‘”–‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”ͶǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ††‹• —••‹‘•‡ƒ„Ž‡‡–‘ ’”‡•‡– ˆ‘—” ’”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›• ‡ƒ”‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹’ƒ –‘ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ƒ† ‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ 

(121) ƒ”–

(122)

(123) ȋ‘•‡•—•Ȍ

(124) ‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ ‘•‡•—•™‹–Š”‡Ǧ ‰ƒ”†–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǤŠ‹•‹•’”‡ ‡†‡†„›ƒ•Š‘”–‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ

(125) Šƒ’–‡”͸Dz‘™ƒ”†•ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘•–ƒ–‡‡–dzǡ

(126) „”‘ƒ†‡› ƒŽŽˆ‘”ƒ Ǧ –‹‘–‘–Š‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ‘—‹–›™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹• Š‘™–‘‰‘„‡›‘†–Š‡ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹‡•Ǥ ‘—” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•ȋ͸Ǥͳǡ͸Ǥʹǡ͸Ǥ͵ ƒ†͸ǤͶȌƒ”‡ ‘„‹‡†—†‡”–Š‹•Š‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ

(127) ‡ –‹‘•͸Ǥͳƒ†͸Ǥʹ

(128) ˆ‘Ǧ —•‘–Š‡• ‹‡ ‡Ǧƒ†Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ†

(129)  ƒŽŽˆ‘”• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ “—ƒŽ‹–›‹ ‘—””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ‡ –‹‘͸Ǥ͵ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ›ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ Ǥ‡ –‹‘͸ǤͶ ‘ Ž—†‡•–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”™‹–Š–Š‡–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ǧ •‡•—•†‘ —‡–ƒ•‹–™ƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ.

(130) 12. PSYCHIATRY AND RELIGION. 

(131) Šƒ’–‡”͹

(132) †‡• ”‹„‡‘”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›–Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǧ ‡–‹•„ƒ•‡†ƒ†

(133) ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†‡•‹†‡”ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǧ ‡–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‹‹Žƒ”•–ƒ–‡‡–•„›‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ••‘Ǧ ‹ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ”‘—†–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ”ƒ‡™’Šƒ•‡‹–Š‡Š‘’‡ –Šƒ–”‡•‡ƒ” Š™‹ŽŽ•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡‹’ƒ –‘ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ

(134) Šƒ’–‡”ͺ–Š‡• ‘’‡‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ǥ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‘•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹•‹–”‘†— ‡†Ǥ

(135) –Š‡ˆ‹”•–’Žƒ ‡‹–‹•‡ƒ– –‘„‡ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–—”‹’•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ• ƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘†‡Ž‹–‹•ƒ‡™ ‘‡”‹–Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•‘––Š‡ ˆ‹”•––‹‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘†‡ŽŠƒ•„‡‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†’•› Š‹ƒ–”›™‹–Š–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ǤŠ‡†‹• —••‹‘–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–•–‘ƒ’”‘Ǧ ’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–ŠǦͷ̻ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘ƒƒŽǦ –‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› †‹•‘”†‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡‹•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”•— Šƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ  ƒ”–

(136)

(137)

(138) ‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ ‘ Ž—•‹‘Ǥ

(139) ƒ ‡‡”ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘ȋŠƒ’–‡”ͻȌ

(140) •—Ǧ ƒ”‹•‡ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹• —••–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ‘•‹†‡” ‹–•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š‘™‹–ƒ†˜ƒ ‡•–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡƒ†

(141) •‡–‘—–†‡•‹†‡”ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡™‘”„›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰ƒDz ‹Ž„‡”–’”‘„Ž‡dzǤ. About religion Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•ƒ„‘—–’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǧƒ†Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǤŠƒ–‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘– ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ„‘—– ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ † ›‡–ǡ ƒ ˆ‹ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘”‡ƒ‹•ǣ‰‹˜‡›‘™”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡŠ‘™†‘

(142) ”‡Žƒ–‡–‘ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’›•‡Žˆ™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Šƒ–’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ† ‘Ž‘—”ˆ—Ž˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǫ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•“—‡•–‹‘‹•—Ž–‹ǦŽƒ›Ǧ ‡”‡†ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š›ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ

(143) –‹•‘–‘Ž›ƒ„‘—–”‡Žƒ–‹‰ƒ•ƒ’”‘ˆ‡•Ǧ •‹‘ƒŽ–‘†ƒ‹Ž›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

(144) –‹•ƒŽ•‘ ƒ„‘—–Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‹ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥ

(145) ›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘

(146) ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ƒŽŽ–Š‘•‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡˜‡”‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ™Š‘ǡŽ‹‡‡ǡ‹–‡–‹‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ›‘”—‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ž‹˜‡–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ

(147) –‹•ƒŽ•‘ ƒ„‘—–Š‘™–Š‡•‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ†‡ ‘—–‡”•Šƒ˜‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†›‘™ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡ǡƒ†‹†‡‡†›‘™”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•˜‹‡™•Ǥ.

(148) CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. 13.

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