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University of Groningen

Towards a safe home

Vischer, Anne-Fleur Walwilaja Klaaske

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2019

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

Vischer, A-F. W. K. (2019). Towards a safe home: A study on the assessment of parenting among families

in complex problem situations with infants and toddlers to achieve family preservation and permanency.

Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

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References

Samenvatting

(Dutch summary)

Appendix

About the author

Dankwoord

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A

OP WEG NAAR EEN VEILIG THUIS.

Een studie over het beoordelen van ouderschap

binnen gezinnen in complexe en

multi-probleem situaties met baby’s en peuters,

met als doel duurzame gezinshereniging en gezinsbehoud.

SAMENVATTING

Introductie (hoofdstuk 1)

Met de invoering van de kinderwetten in Nederland in 1901 is een situatie ontstaan waarin zo

nodig beslissingen genomen dienen te worden over de opvoedingssituatie van kinderen. In

deze besluitvorming staat het belang van het kind centraal en is een kernvraag of de betreffende

opvoedingssituatie al dan niet toereikend is voor de minimale gezonde en veilige ontwikkeling

van het kind. Wanneer het antwoord op deze laatste vraag ‘nee’ is, bestaan er een aantal

kinderbeschermingsmaatregelen die ingezet kunnen worden om de ontwikkelingsbedreiging op

te heffen. Eén van de meest ingrijpende maatregelen is die van een uithuisplaatsing.

In principe is een uithuisplaatsing altijd tijdelijk. Het doel van deze maatregel is het herstellen of

bewerkstelligen van voldoende veiligheid en voorwaarden voor een gezonde ontwikkeling van het

kind in het eigen gezin. Na een uithuisplaatsing dient zich daardoor het volgende complexe vraagstuk

aan: Is terugplaatsing naar het gezin van herkomst in het belang van het kind? Het is zeer belangrijk

om na een uithuisplaatsing op korte termijn, idealiter binnen een half jaar en maximaal binnen een

jaar, duidelijkheid te hebben over wie de belangrijkste hechtingspersoon wordt zodat een gezonde

hechting tot stand kan komen. Een dergelijk besluit wordt een opvoedingsbesluit genoemd.

Het besluit om uithuisgeplaatste kinderen al dan niet terug te plaatsen naar het gezin van

herkomst dient weloverwogen genomen te worden. Hiermee wordt de kans groter dat kinderen op

de juiste plek terecht komen, waar zij zich gezond kunnen ontwikkelen, en de kans op het ontstaan

van psychiatrische en psychosociale problemen verkleint. Deze besluitvorming zeer complex en uit

onderzoek komen dan ook ongewenste uitkomsten naar voren.

Terugplaatsingen naar het gezin van herkomst zijn niet altijd definitief; een deel van de

kinderen wordt na een terugplaatsing wederom uit huis geplaatst. De percentages van afgebroken

terugplaatsingen die in internationaal onderzoek gevonden worden, lopen zeer uiteen (van 32%

tot 75%). Het is duidelijk dat te veel kinderen te vaak verplaatst worden. Dit geldt ook voor kinderen

die binnen de pleegzorg of residentiële zorg verschillende verplaatsingen ervaren. Gevolgen van

een mislukte plaatsing zijn onder andere het gebrek aan continuïteit van de opvoedingssituatie,

problemen in de ontwikkeling van een veilige hechting tussen kind en een primaire opvoeder en

het opdoen van wederom een traumatische (verlies)ervaring. Al deze factoren hebben een negatieve

invloed op de ontwikkeling van het kind.

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Om tot een gedegen besluit te komen is het essentieel om het betreffende ouderschap in

beeld te krijgen. Het Expertise Centrum voor Behandeling en Beoordeling van Ouderschap en

Psychiatrie van GGZ Drenthe, afdeling gezinspsychiatrie, voert onder meer deze ingewikkelde taak

uit. Het Expertisecentrum biedt een interventieprogramma waar ouders de kans krijgen om aan

hun opvoedingsvaardigheden te werken en hun ouderschap te laten beoordelen. Uniek aan dit

interventieprogramma is de combinatie van behandeling en beoordeling en de klinische opname

van het gezin. Evaluatie-onderzoek is nodig om vast te stellen in hoeverre het Expertisecentrum de

beoogde programmadoelen behaalt. Daarnaast is het nodig om tot nieuwe kennis te komen wat

betreft het beoordelen van ouderschap zodat de kwaliteit van het interventieprogramma vergroot kan

worden. Dit vormt het doel van het evaluatie-onderzoek Gezond Terug waarover in deze dissertatie

gerapporteerd wordt. Met het onderzoek is een antwoord gezocht op negen onderzoeksvragen die

betrekking hebben op drie onderwerpen: 1) theoretisch kader van het onderzoek, 2) begeleiding

naar goed genoeg ouderschap, en 3) evaluatie van besluitvorming.

Theoretisch kader

In hoofdstuk 2 hebben we allereerst een theoretisch kader geschetst. Door middel van een

integratieve review (gebruikmakende van literatuur en de beschrijving van de interventie) hebben we

een analyse gemaakt van de uitdagingen wat betreft de kerntaak van het Expertise Centrum en hebben

we een antwoord geformuleerd op de vraag wat er nodig is om deze uitdagingen aan te gaan en op

welke vlakken oplossingen gecreëerd kunnen worden. Dit heeft geresulteerd in een raamwerk met

sleutelcomponenten die essentieel zijn in het uitvoeren van adequate ouderschapsbeoordelingen.

Dit hoofdstuk kan beschouwd worden als een theoretische onderbouwing van de interventie van

het Expertise Centrum. Daarnaast biedt het een raamwerk voor de bredere praktijk waar dergelijke

behandelingen en beoordelingen uitgevoerd worden.

Begeleiding naar goed genoeg ouderschap/gezinsbehoud

In hoofdstuk 3 staat de vraag centraal of het Expertise Centrum erin slaagt om positieve werkrelaties

op te bouwen met de gezinnen (één van de speerpunten van de interventie) en welke componenten

van het programma volgens de ouders helpend zijn in het toewerken naar gezinsbehoud (family

preservation) gedurende een ouderschapsbeoordeling. Het hoofdstuk geeft de stem weer van ouders

van 22 gezinnen die een half jaar na ontslag uit het Expertise Centrum hebben gereflecteerd op hun

traject tijdens een interview. Hieruit blijkt dat het Expertise Centrum er bij een groot deel van de

gezinnen in is geslaagd om positieve werkrelaties op te bouwen. Duidelijk werd ook dat het ervaren

van een klik met hulpverleners erg belangrijk is en dat individuele gesprekken met hulpverleners

door ouders als het meest zinvol worden ervaren. Op basis van de verhalen van ouders hebben we

een conceptueel model ontwikkeld waarin we uiteggen hoe een positieve werkrelatie kan ontstaan,

wat daarvoor nodig is, en wat het resultaat daarvan kan zijn.

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