University of Groningen The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba Chifamba, Chiyedza Portia

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University of Groningen

The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in

Lake Kariba

Chifamba, Chiyedza Portia

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Publication date: 2019

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Chifamba, C. P. (2019). The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.

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The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and

Limnothrissa miodon

introduced in Lake Kariba

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The research presented in this thesis was conducted at the University Lake Kariba Research Station and the Department of Biological Sciences of the University of Zimbabwe and at the Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute, Zimbabwe, according to the requirements of the Graduate School of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen.

This research was funded by Nuffic grant (grant number NFP-PhD.11/ 858) awarded to Portia Chifamba, International Foundation for Science (IFS) Grant awarded to Portia Chifamba (grant number A/3159-1, Tonolli Memorial Fund Fellowship of the International Society of Limnology (SIL), and University of Zimbabwe Research Grant. The printing was supported by the University of Groningen (RUG).

The preferred citation for this thesis is:

Chifamba PC (2017) The biology and impacts of Oreochromis niloticus and

Limnothrissa miodon introduced in Lake Kariba. PhD thesis, University of

Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Cover design: Portia C. Chifamba & Jan H. Wanink Lay‐out: Jan H. Wanink & Portia C. Chifamba Figures: Portia C. Chifamba Pictures including cover: Portia C. Chifamba, Jan H. Wanink, social media Printed by: Ipskamp Printing, Enschede, The Netherlands ISBN: 978‐94‐034‐1472‐0 ISBN: 978‐94‐034‐1471‐3 (electronic version) © 2019 Portia C. Chifamba (pcchifamba@yahoo.co.uk)

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The biology and impacts of

Oreochromis niloticus and

Limnothrissa miodon introduced

in Lake Kariba

Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

op gezag van de

rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties.

De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op maandag 4 maart 2019 om 16.15 uur

door

Chiyedza Portia Chifamba

geboren op 2 augustus 1963 te Guruve, Zimbabwe

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Promotores

Prof. dr. H. Olff

Prof. dr. B.D.H.K. Eriksson

Beoordelingscommissie

Prof. dr. ir. C. Both Prof. dr. E. van Donk

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This thesis is dedicated to my parents who made it all possible.

Oh, ik ben zo blij

Urombo

by Jane Eugenia Chifamba

Urombo Urombo Urombo Urombo

Mwanasikana muka utarire

Nyika yaugere igungwa rebvura

Nyatotarira rinoda kukunyudza

Vakomana venyika vanokunyengedza

Vanokufurira unyangadze vakuseke

Uri chirombe, chifuza, chinzenza chamakoko

Urombo Urombo Urombo Urombo

Ambuya vangu vakafa, havakasiya mari

Nambuya vako vakafa, havakasiya mari

Taivakirwe chikoro chevanasikana

Vaidzidzira kuchengeta nhaka dzavapwere vavo

Nzvimbo dzacho dzotinetsza

Hwangova urombo

O urombo. O urombo. O urombo. O urombo

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Chapter 1 Introduction 9

PART I BIOLOGY AND IMPACTS OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS

Chapter 2 Replacement of the indigenous Oreochromis mortimeri by the invader Oreochromis niloticus in the Southern-African Lake Kariba: in relation to differences in their reproductive potential

25

Chapter 3 Growth rates of alien Oreochromis niloticus and indigenous

Oreochromis mortimeri in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe

41 Chapter 4 Diet overlap between a native and an invasive tilapia species in

the Southern-African Lake Kariba 57

Chapter 5 Comparative aggression and dominance of Oreochromis

niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Oreochromis mortimeri

(Trewavas, 1966) from paired contest in aquaria

77

PART II BIOLOGY AND IMPACTS OF LIMNOTHRISSA MIODON

Chapter 6 Developing a sustainable pelagic fishery in an African reservoir: trends in the catches of the introduced freshwater sardine

Limnothrissa miodon and associated species in Lake Kariba,

Zimbabwe

93

Chapter 7 Growth of the freshwater sardine, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger 1906) estimated from diurnal increments in otoliths

117

Chapter 8 Synthesis 139

References 165

Authors affiliations and addresses 193

List of publications 197

Summary 201

Samenvatting (Dutch summary) 207

Curriculum Vitae 213

Acknowledgements 217

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