A Frisian Etymological Database

Placement Report:

A Frisian Etymological Database

Language & Cognition Lourens Visser Bosruiter 72, 8532 AC

Lemmer +31(0)634329484

S2206218

Placement supervisor: dr Guus Kroonen

University supervisor: dr Jack Hoeksema

Table of contents

1. Introduction ... 3

2. Organisation ... 4

3. Position ... 4

4. Evaluation ... 8

4.1. What has been accomplished for the supervisor ... 8

4.2. Knowledge and skills from the master’s programme ... 8

4.3. Learning outcomes ... 9

4.4. New knowledge and skills obtained during the internship... 12

4.5. Supervision ... 13

4.6. Professional practices and career prospects ... 13

5. Conclusion ... 14

6. References ... 15

7. Appendix: logbook ... 16

1. Introduction

Within the wider field of linguistics, historical linguistics is one of my main interests, and I am interested in Germanic languages and their histories in particular. Therefore, when I had to find a position for my research internship, I knew that I wanted work on a project in this field. With this information, I was advised to contact dr Guus Kroonen at the University of Leiden to investigate if he had a potential suitable project for me. After doing so, he proposed that I work on the second edition of his Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Kroonen, 2013). This project was then specified to me looking for cognates in the Modern Frisian languages, because, in the current edition, these languages are underrepresented when compared to the other Modern West

Germanic languages. However, no pan-Frisian etymological dictionary or database exists that can be used as a resource. Therefore, we agreed that the production of such a resource was to be my internship project: I was tasked to create a database which incorporated the five different dialects of mainland North Frisian, Old Frisian, West Frisian, and East Frisian

. The project was later expanded by also including the extinct Frisian language of Wangerooge, because this variety is known for its conservativism, as it preserves dental fricatives and certain full vowels in unstressed syllables. These modern forms would then be connected to a Proto-Germanic lemma from the dictionary or a proposed reconstruction of my own. The database should be usable for the aforementioned dictionary, but it could potentially be used for other purposes as well. In total, the internship lasted from September 3

2018 to January 31

2019. This project was a perfect fit for my interests and background, it allows me to gain hands-on experience in the field of historical linguistics, I am familiar with a number of older Germanic languages, including Old Frisian, and I am a native speaker of Modern West Frisian. The University of Leiden is also an excellent choice, as the linguistics department at this university is known for its emphasis on historical linguistics.

This paper is structured as follows: section 2 will give a short overview of the organisation at which I took the internship, section 3 will give a detailed overview of the internship position, which

1

In this report, the term East Frisian refers to the variety of Frisian spoken in Saterland, not the Low German

dialect of the same name.

consists mainly of a description of tasks, section 4 contains a self-evaluation based on various criteria, and section 5 will conclude.

2. Organisation

My internship was done at the University of Leiden, a prominent research university in the Netherlands. Within this university, the organisation that I worked in was the Leiden University Centre for Linguistics (LUCL). This organisation which was founded in 2008 performs research within the fields of theoretical and experimental linguistics, historical sociolinguistics, and descriptive and comparative linguistics, though these can also overlap (About us, n.d.). Specifically, I worked within this last field, which employs both synchronic and historical methods, the study of proto-languages, comparative philological linguistics, and the study of specific language families (About us, n.d.). The organisation is well known for its historical and comparative Indo-European linguistics sections, and my project fit well into this department because of its emphasis on historical linguistics and the inclusion of Proto-Germanic. The LUCL currently has 105 members in its academic staff and 113 PhD candidates (About us, n.d.).

3. Position

The goal of the internship was to create an etymological database for the various Frisian

languages to be used as a resource for the upcoming second edition of the Etymological dictionary

of Proto-Germanic (Kroonen, 2013). To do this, I worked using the etymological dictionary of

Mainland North Frisian (Sjölin, 2006). For each lemma, I determined whether it was a loan word or

an inherited word. If it was the former, it was only included if cognates exist in the other Frisian

languages, and its language of origin was listed in the database. Loan words typically came from Old

Norse, later Scandinavian such as Danish and Jutlandic, Low German, and occasionally Dutch or High

German. If it was an inherited word, it was always included. Currently, North Frisian lacks a unified

standard language, and therefore it was necessary to list various dialects separately. The following

five Mainland dialects, as listed by Sjölin (2006), were included in the database: Wiedingharde,

Goesharden, Halligen, Mooring, and Karrharde. The lexical category was then added, though, unfortunately Sjölin does not list noun gender or verb type (weak, strong, etc.), so I had no resource to include this specific information. The German meaning, as found in Sjölin, was then listed, and I provided an English translation for it along with the page number on which the word was found.

After this, I connected the North Frisian form to its Old Frisian cognate, along with its lexical category and English translation. This information was typically adopted from the Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch (Popkema & Hofmann, 2009). If an Old Frisian form was provided by another source and it does not appear in the dictionary, I always provided a comment indicating this. The Old Frisian form is sometimes provided by Sjölin (2006), but this was not always the case. Bremmer (2011) was occasionally used for grammatical consultations on Old Frisian. I then collected the Modern West Frisian forms using WFT or sometimes the Frysk Hânwurdboek (2008) with their English translations and lexical categories, and dialectal forms were typically included as well. When dialectal West Frisian forms were included, the standard form was always listed first. If not, it was always indicated as such. This occurred in situations in which a specific dialect preserves an archaic form that is not a part of the standard language. I then collected the East Frisian cognate from Düütsk - Seeltersk: Provisoriske Woudeliste (Kramer, 1995) along with its lexical category and its English translation. If a particular form was a loan word, it was typically not included in the database, unless it was an early loan such as Latin words that were borrowed during the Proto-Germanic or (North)west Germanic periods. This applied to forms from all included languages. After the cognates from the Modern Frisian languages had been collected, I then connected them to the appropriate Proto-Germanic form from Kroonen (2013). However, if the word was not yet included in this dictionary, I proposed my own reconstruction, which I did on the basis of Germanic cognates typically listed by Sjölin, WFT (2010), WNT (2015), and the OED (2018). My own proposed

reconstructions were always indicated as such by marking them in blue even in the comment field.

Occasionally these sources provided their own reconstructions, which I could sometimes adopt. In

these instances, I would adapt them to the same format used by Kroonen and also mark them in

blue. In certain instances, I chose to include formally or semantically similar lemmas in the database as well. For Old, West, and East Frisian the lexical categories were further specified in the following way: for nouns gender was listed and for verbs they type of verb was included. Table 1 shows a list of the categories that were included in the database.

After I had completed the task of including all inherited words in Sjölin (2006), my supervisor and I agreed that I would include cognates from Wangerooge Frisian. For this extinct language, two main wordlists exist: the older one by Seetzen from 1799 provided by Versloot (1995) and the younger one, though larger and generally more reliable, by Ehrentraut (1996) from 1837. To do this, I worked on the basis of the older wordlist, which contains approximately 700 words including doublets. I collected all variants of the same word and connected them to the form given by

Ehrentraut along with their English translations. For the latter, I included the word in its original form (including diacritics and spelling variations) rather than the normalised variant provided by Versloot.

I then added the lexical category and further specified as outlined above. This information was adopted from Ehrentraut if available, as Seetzen did not provide any grammatical information. If the Wangerooge forms belonged to an existing entry in the database, I added it there. If not, a new entry was created along with its available cognates in Old, West, and East Frisian, as well as its Proto- Germanic form following the procedure outlined above. Note that there are currently no

etymological resources available for Wangerooge Frisian, which meant that it was not always

possible to connect a particular form to the other languages. Ehrentraut sometimes lists East Frisian

cognates as well, and these were not always present in the East Frisian dictionary or they may be

reflective of the language in an earlier state, so these were included in the database as well in a

separate column. I also spent time collecting the personal and demonstrable pronouns in each

language, so that these could be included as well. For North Frisian, these were based on Walker and

Wilts (2001) who listed the pronouns for the Mooring dialect, as pronouns were not listed by Sjölin

(2006). Personal pronouns were especially relevant for North Frisian, as certain dialects preserved

the Proto-Germanic dual forms until relatively recently, and it was therefore valuable to include these in the database.

See the Appendix for a more specific description of which tasks I performed when.

Table 1.

A list of lexical categories used in the etymological database.

Abbreviation Category

m. Masculine noun

f. Feminine noun

c. Common noun

n. Neuter noun

pl. Plural noun

noun Noun (used when gender is unknown)

adj. Adjective

num. Numeral

pron. Pronoun

adv. Adverb

s.v. Strong verb

w.v. Weak verb

pret.-pres. Preterite-present verb suppl.v Suppletive verb

irr.v. Irregular verb

verb Verb (used when verb type is unknown)

ptc. Participle

prep. Preposition

pref. Prefix

suff. Suffix

conj. Conjunction

interj. Interjection

4. Evaluation 4.1. What has been accomplished for the supervisor

As stated before, the initial goal of the project was to include all inherited words in Sjölin (2006), along with the cognates from the other Frisian languages and Proto-Germanic. This goal was reached on December 5

2018, which allowed me to expand the project by incorporating Seetzen’s wordlist for Wangerooge Frisian (Versloot, 1995) and the respective forms from Ehrentraut’s wordlist (Ehrentraut, 1996). We also later agreed that I should also include the East Frisian forms as recorded by Ehrentraut, which I also did. I was initially only to include Proto-Germanic forms if they appeared in Kroonen (2013), but my supervisor later entrusted me to also propose my own

reconstructions. In my opinion, the etymological database turned out extremely well, and it contains 2102 entries. Therefore, it should function as a solid resource for the second edition of the

Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Kroonen, 2013), and it could potentially be used for other research that includes Frisian etymology as well. This is what I accomplished for my supervisor during my internship.

4.2. Knowledge and skills from the master’s programme

As part of my master’s programme, I followed various summer courses, and some of the

knowledge that I obtained there was directly applicable to my internship. In 2017, I took a course in

Old Frisian at the Leiden Summer School in Languages and Linguistics, in which I learned about Old

Frisian grammar, as well as how the language developed and how to read and translate texts. This

knowledge was highly relevant to the internship, as it also involved working with Old Frisian and

identifying aspects of it in the daughter languages. I also took a combined course in Old Saxon and

Old Dutch, which was mostly oriented at historical phonology and also approached the languages in

a comparative way. In 2018 I also followed a general course on historical linguistics, which my supervisor asked me to take before starting the internship. This course allowed me to practice the comparative method using exercises and learn about internal reconstruction, which proved useful for reconstructing Proto-Germanic, and it also gave me a better understanding of plausible semantic developments. Finally, I also took a course on Gothic, which provided additional knowledge on the older stages of Germanic. In addition to this, I also have knowledge of Old English, Middle English, and Middle Dutch from my bachelor’s programme. Alongside the internship, I also followed the course Indo-European Linguistics I in Leiden to fill in a five-credit space in the programme, in which I learned about the phonology of Proto-Indo-European, how to reconstruct it, and the main sound laws in the language families that descend from it. Here I learned, among other things, about the Indo-European ablaut system and Kluge’s law, both of which helped me to understand variation in Proto-Germanic and its descendants (more on this in section 4.3). I also learned about the

development from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, which was also directly applicable. The knowledge that I obtained in these courses was more applicable to the internship than from those in my main programme, as the subject of the internship was fairly different. However, on a more general level, I could apply research skills that I developed during my bachelor’s and master’s programmes, as I had to research specific linguistic features or lemmas in these languages, which required me to find and evaluate relevant academic literature. These are some of the skills and knowledge which I obtained from my master’s programme that were the most directly applicable to the internship.

4.3. Learning outcomes

The learning outcomes listed here are based on the course guide, and they are as follows:

1) Ability to actively participate in a research group working on an academic project

I mainly worked on the project on my own, which means that the only other person in the

group was my supervisor. In this situation, I would personally say that I functioned well when

working independently, as I was able to meet my deadline and do some extra work. As stated in

section 4.1, we initially set the goal of including all of Sjölin’s (2006) dictionary, and I was able to expand this with Wangerooge Frisian and the inclusion of personal and demonstrative pronouns in all branches. It should also be stated that working in a research group was not a requirement for the internship, as working on one's own research project was also allowed.

2) Ability to work with others on an academic project

As stated above, my internship was a solo project, which meant that I worked mostly independently. Therefore, when it comes to working with others, I mainly collaborated with my supervisor. See section 4.5 for the details regarding the supervision. On one occasion, I consulted dr Rolf Bremmer who is specialised in Old Frisian with questions about a specific lemma which I did by e-mail, and he provided me with suggestions. Other than these instances, I worked on my own.

While my interactions with others were somewhat limited during this project, they were successful and I do not think that it needed to have been more for this specific project.

3) Ability to participate in the international academic debate

The main way I could participate in the academic debate in this internship is by reviewing etymologies for certain forms and making a choice between competing ideas. Different sources would occasionally link a particular word to different Proto-Germanic lemmas, or the same dictionary would propose multiple possible relations. In these instances, I made a choice based on the presented evidence, though I would typically list the other possibilities in the in the comments and make an attempt to justify my decision. In certain cases, I would propose an entirely new solution that differs from the one provided in the source. For example, the reconstructed Proto- Germanic form for the word “paddock” (Dutch “pad,” “toad”) is *pad(d)ōn- (Kroonen, 2013, p. 395).

However, the problem is that this form is irreconcilable with the forms found in the Frisian

languages: West Frisian has “pod” or “podde," East Frisian has “Pudde," and Wangerooge Frisian has

“pudde" (Seetzen) or “pud" (Ehrentraut). These should go back to an earlier form with the vowel *u.

WNT connects the Frisian forms to the Dutch word “puit” (“frog"), but this would require an

irregular shortening of Proto-Germanic *ū, otherwise West Frisian would have *pûde (The actual

West Frisian form “pûde” (“bag") is related, though not a direct cognate, to Dutch “puit,” but this is a separate form). Instead, I chose to reconstruct *pud(d)ōn-, the zero-grade counterpart to

*pad(d)ōn-, which does not have this assumption.

4) Thorough knowledge of one theoretical and methodological approach within linguistics When it comes to linguistic theories that I needed for this internship, I used theories on sound change in order to find appropriate cognates and judge the validity of cognates proposed by other sources. I also used theories on semantic change for the same purpose. In terms of

methodological approaches, I mainly employed the comparative method when it came to

reconstructing new Proto-Germanic forms. I would collect the available Germanic cognates and look for the sound correspondences between them and connect these to the appropriate Proto-

Germanic phonemes, which also required knowledge of the various sound changes, as well as knowledge of some morphological developments. In some instances, I had to consult sources for certain specific developments, which also contributed to my research skills.

5) Knowledge of the latest developments in linguistics

One recent development in the field of Germanic historical linguistics that I have become

aware of while working on the internship is the treatment of Proto-Germanic *ai in the various

daughter languages. One longstanding issue in the development of Old Frisian that I had to research

is the monophthongisation of Proto-Germanic *ai, which seemingly irregularly develops into /ē/, in

the majority of cases, and into /ā/ in certain other instances with the same distribution in each

dialect (Bremmer, 2011). De Vaan (2011) proposed that /ā/ tends to appear before velar fricatives

and when /u/ or /w/ follows in the next syllable, though some unexplained /ā/ remain. More

recently by comparing different distributions in the Germanic languages, Versloot (2017) uses this

idea to propose a new chronology, which involves two waves: the earlier one involves *ai > /ā/ and

the younger involves *ai > /ē/. Old English is only affected by the former, Old Dutch, Old Saxon, and

Old High German are only affected by the latter, and Old Frisian is affected by both. This was helpful

for me to explain certain reflexes, not only in the Frisian languages but also in the other Germanic

languages. I also came into contact with variation caused by Kluge’s law, which is also a relative recent development in the study of Proto-Germanic, though the formulation of this sound law dates back to the nineteenth century. This sound law holds that a sequence of a Proto-Indo-European stop followed by a nasal resulted in a voiceless geminated stop in Proto-Germanic if the Proto-Indo- European accent followed (Kroonen, 2013). This law naturally caused various consonant alternations in Germanic (Kroonen, 2013). I first encountered this during the course on Proto-Indo-European phonology, as mentioned before in section 4.2, but during this internship I occasionally used it to account for variation between verbs that ultimately derive from the same root. These are two examples of relatively recent developments in the field of historical Germanic linguistics with which I gained familiarity during my internship.

4.4. New knowledge and skills obtained during the internship

By working with data from the various modern Frisian languages during the internship, I

acquired knowledge of the sound correspondences between the modern languages among

themselves and the phonetic developments from Old Frisian. This is especially true for the North

Frisian dialects, as the developments are not always immediately obvious. For example, earlier *i

always becomes a or ä in North Frisian, Old Frisian /ā/ sometimes corresponds with North Frisian uu,

whereas the existing /ū/ shifts to üü. This knowledge also allowed me to identify and, to an extent,

date loan words (mainly from Low German and Scandinavian), which may or may not show these

developments. I obtained similar knowledge on the sounds changes that affect Wangerooge Frisian

in order to explain particular forms and link them to existing lemmas. The internship also gave me an

increased understanding of Proto-Germanic morphology, like the development the instrumental

suffixes. It also allowed me to gain practical experience with the comparative method, which I had

only encountered in theory and in certain exercises until now. This direct experience allowed me to

hone my skills in this area. This was, of course, mainly applied to Proto-Germanic. It also allowed me

to familiarise myself with data collection methods in the field of historical linguistics: how to find

various cognates, which information to record (forms, meanings, lexical categories, etc.), and how to systematically record it.

4.5. Supervision

The supervision consisted of weekly meetings in which we discussed the work, my proposed reconstructions, and potential issues that I encountered while making the database. Some common issues that I encountered include North Frisian words that were difficult to link to other cognate, etymological dictionaries providing contradictory information, unclear reconstructions, and forms for which it was unclear whether or not they were loan words. These issues were often resolved during our meetings, though some inevitably remained without a conclusive answer. We also used these meetings to discuss practical matters regarding the internship. Such matters included time management, possible ways to expand the project within the current time frame, and arrangements regarding the evaluation and the report. Overall, I am highly satisfied with the quality of the

supervision that I received, as it not only helped me resolve the aforementioned issues, but it also allowed me to gain a greater understanding of the material that was covered.

4.6. Professional practices and career prospects

As can be read in section 4.2, my university programme provided me with a solid theoretical

foundation with the knowledge from the summer schools being the most directly applicable. This is

the main way in which the programme prepared me for the internship. While the programme did

not explicitly prepare for professional practices as experienced during this internship, I also do not

think that this would have been necessary for this internship, as the subject matter remained fairly

theoretical. I can say that I did not experience any major practical issues during the course of my

internship. In terms of career prospects, this internship not only prepared me for a potential career

in historical linguistics research in general, it also contributed to it more directly. This is because my

supervisor and I discussed the possibility of working for him as a research assistant after I graduate

in order to expand the current project by including additional material. Potential ways of expanding

the project that we discussed so far include Island North Frisian, the rest of Ehrentraut’s wordlist for Wangerooge Frisian, and West Frisian dialects such as the one from Hindeloopen. However, this is still in the early stages and will still require additional discussion, but it is a clear way in which this internship contributed to my career prospects.

5. Conclusion

For my internship, I was tasked with creating an etymological database to be used for the second edition of the Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Kroonen, 2013), which included words from the various Frisian languages connected to each other and to their respective Proto- Germanic forms. Overall, I think this internship was highly successful. Not only did it perfectly fit my background and interest, it also allowed me to develop my skills in historical linguistics and

reconstruction, which opened to the door to a potential career in this field. It further increased my familiarity with the development of Old Frisian from Proto-Germanic and the developments and sound changes affecting the different branches of Frisian, as well as the phonology of Proto- Germanic. For me personally, this internship was a valuable experience that allowed me to engage with historical linguistics on a practical level, which, until now, I had only engaged with on a theoretical level. For my supervisor, I hope to have created a valuable etymological resource that can be used for his dictionary and potentially by other researchers as well.

4023 words.

6. References

About us. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/humanities/leiden-university- centre-for-linguistics/about

Bremmer, R. H. (2011) An introduction to Old Frisian: History, grammar, reader, glossary (Rev. ed.).

Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.

Ehrentraut, H. G. (1996). Mittheilungen aus der Sprache der Wangeroger. A. P. Versloot (Ed.) Ljouwert/Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy.

Frysk hânwurdboek. (2008). Retrieved from https://taalweb.frl/

Kramer, P. (1995). Düütsk - Seeltersk: Provisoriske Woudeliste. Mildaam/Mildam: P. Kramer.

Kroonen, G. (2013). Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden: Brill.

Oxford English Dictionary (OED). (2018). Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/

Popkema, A. T., & Hofmann, D. (2009). Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg:

Universitätsverlag Winter.

Sjölin, B. (2006). Etymologisches Handwörterbuch des Festlandsnordfriesischen. Kiel: Fach Friesische Philologie, Christian-Albrechts-Univ.

de Vaan, M. (2011). West-Germanic *ai in Frisian. Amsterdamer Beiträge zur alteren Germanistik, 67(1), 301-314.

Versloot, A. P. (1995). De Wangereager wurdlist fan U.J. Seetzen fan 1799. Tydskrift foar Fryske Taalkunde, 10(1). pp. 69-105.

Versloot, A. P. (2017). Proto-Germanic ai in North and West Germanic. Folia Linguistica, 51(s38), pp. 281-324.

Walker, A. & Wilts, O. (2001). Die nordfriesischen Mundarten. In H. H. Munske et al. (Eds.) Handbuch des Friesischen /Handbook of Frisian studies (pp. 284-304). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.

Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT). (2015). Retrieved from http://gtb.inl.nl

Wurdboek fan de Fryske Taal (WFT). (2010). Retrieved from http://gtb.inl.nl

7. Appendix: logbook

Date Description Words Hours Hours/week

3-9-2018 Introduction meeting. Work on database ääder-bäät 7.5 4-9-2018 Discussion meeting. Revision. Work on database wääder-

beskaarje

7

5-9-2018 Revision. Work on database biilke-börn 7

6-9-2018 Work on database ske-diie 7

7-9-2018 Work on database diining-ger 7 35.5

10-9-2018 Revision. Work on database. Progress meeting:

introduction of inherited vs loan word system, revision (i.e. splitting different formations) until

"teerm"

eer-ferhååle 7.25

12-9-2018 Completed splitting different formations. Added word origin for North Frisian (i.e. inherited vs loan). Work on database

ferheere-flåke 7

13-9-2018 Work on database. Progress meeting flanjer-fuuili 7

14-9-2018 Work on database fuuitens-glaar 6.75 28

17-9-2018 Revision. Work on database glääre-grant 7

19-9-2018 Work on database. Progress meeting grap-haaks 7

20-9-2018 Revision. Work on database haal-hiir 7

21-9-2018 Work on database hiir (2)-houk 6.5 27.5

24-9-2018 Work on database häisch-jüde (2) 7

26-9-2018 Work on database. Added personal and demonstrative pronouns

jügel-klååse 7

27-9-2018 Revision. Work on database klaawe-kald 7.25

28-9-2018 Revision. Work on database koel-kriis 7 28.25

1-10-2018 Work on database kring-läägen 7

3-10-2018 Revision. Work on database. (Worked at home due to Leidens Ontzet)

lååidi-liip 7.25

4-10-2018 Work on database liiwe-mäg 7

5-10-2018 Work on database mäid-muolke 7 28.25

8-10-2018 Work on database. Progress meeting muul-njööl 6.75 10-10-2018 Started collecting sources. Work on database.

Progress meeting.

njörk-ol 7.25

11-10-2018 Revision. Proto-Germanic reconstruction *upina-

*faimnijō (some gaps left)

7

12-10-2018 Revision. Proto-Germanic reconstruction *beun-

*kubbō(n)- (filled in gaps)

7 28

15-10-2018 Completed Proto-Germanic reconstruction so far *kwēda-*nusta- 4.75

15-10-2018 Work on database olm-oos 2.25

17-10-2018 Work on database orkel-plååske 7

18-10-2018 Work on database placht-prunge 7

19-10-2018 Progress meeting. Work on database. Some research on Wangerooge Frisian

pulske-rekke 7 28

22-10-2018 Work on database. Progress meeting raam-sēka 7.25 24-10-2018 Revision. Work on database. Some research on

certain sound changes (mainly *ai) for reconstruction

rant-rein 7

25-10-2018 Revision. Work on database rode (NFri.)- rode (OFri.)

7

26-10-2018 Revision. Work on database rüütere-skoffel 7 28.25

29-10-2018 Revision. Work on database schäm-siinje 7

31-10-2018 Revision. Work on database siipe-skerf 7

1-11-2018 Work on database. Sent e-mail for the interim evaluation

skiitje-skrääme 6.5 2-11-2018 Progress meeting. Work on database. Sent more

e-mails: to dr Hoeksema and dr Bremmer

skräberiir-skūlia 7 27.5 5-11-2018 Revision. Work on database. Responded to dr

Hoeksema's e-mail

skülwe-sling 7

7-11-2018 Revision. Work on database slēpa-snē 7.75

8-11-2018 Revision. Work on database snije (1) - sparia 7 9-11-2018 Revision. Work on database spaage-spriidje

(some gaps left)

7 28.75

12-11-2018 Revision. Work on database. Interim Evaluation.

Progress meeting

spriin-stääw (filled in gaps)

7.75 14-11-2018 Revision. Work on database stai-stört (some

gaps left)

7

15-11-2018 Revision. Work on database stööne-stüke

(filled in gaps)

6.5

16-11-2018 Work on database stumple-süüwel 7 28.25

19-11-2018 Progress meeting. Work on database swåår-swipe 7

21-11-2018 Revision. Work on database swuie-teedäi 7

22-11-2018 Revision. Work on database teeg-tjaul 7

23-11-2018 Revision. Work on database tjile-waska 7 28

26-11-2018 Revision. Work on database waxa-tuis 7

28-11-2018 Revision. Work on database. Progress meeting tün-twäs 7

29-11-2018 Revision. Work on database tweene-uurder 6.5

30-11-2018 Revision. Work on database uurs-woog 7 27.5

3-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Progress meeting wark-wom 7 5-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Completed Sjölin.

Some reading on Wangerooge Frisian

womli-uusing 7 6-12-2018 Some reading on Wangerooge Frisian. Started

with Seetzen's list for Wangerooge Frisian. Work on database

een-dühker (some gaps left)

7

7-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Started outlining the placement report

dunen-gogel (some gaps left)

7 28

10-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Progress meeting.

Work on report

gooner-ick quoi (some gaps left)

7 12-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Revised the pronoun

section. Work on report

inn-keyse (some gaps left)

6.75 13-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Work on report kenn-krog

(some gaps left)

7

14-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Work on report krull-mondy (some gaps left)

7 27.75

17-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Work on report.

Progress meeting (left early to prepare for an exam)

moond-püht (some gaps left)

6

19-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Included East Frisian forms as listed by Ehrentraut. Work on report

roogebroed-sätt (some gaps left)

7.25 20-12-2018 Revision. Work on database. Work on report sait-schiene

(some gaps left) 7.25 21-12-2018 Revision. Work on database jürick-zwippou

(some gaps left)

7 27.5

7-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Work on report tälen-ull 7 9-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Work on report waade-wer

(some gaps left) 7 10-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Collected Mooring

pronouns and numerals. Work on report

warteln-wyf (some gaps left)

7 11-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Work on report wuck-thrunsdy

(some gaps left)

7 28

14-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Finished the first draft of the report

armpreis-fedder (some gaps left)

7 16-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Finished the Seetzen

word list, though not all issues have been solved.

Started the Lord's Prayer in Wangerooge Frisian

schiefe- sonneifen

7

17-1-2019 Revision. Work on database. Finished the Lord's Prayer and remaining text fragments from Seetzen. Filled in some gaps. Added some additional words

n.a. 7

18-1-2019 Filled in some gaps. Added some additional words. Began checking the entire database for mistakes, unsolved issues, and problems.

n.a. 7 28

21-1-2019 Filled in some gaps. Continued checking the entire database for mistakes, unsolved issues, and problems.

n.a. 7

23-1-2019 Work on report. Added North Frisian familial words. Continued checking the entire database for mistakes, unsolved issues, and problems.

n.a. 7

24-1-2019 Continued checking the entire database for mistakes, unsolved issues, and problems. Progress meeting.

n.a. 7

25-1-2019 Continued checking the entire database for mistakes, unsolved issues, and problems. Added some additional words.

n.a. 7 28

28-1-2019 Continued checking the entire database for mistakes, unsolved issues, and problems.

n.a. 7

30-1-2019 Finished checking the database. Added some additional words.

n.a. 7

31-1-2019 Added some additional words. Closing meeting. n.a. 7 21

Total 560